the flying machine essay

Ray Bradbury: Short Stories

By ray bradbury, ray bradbury: short stories summary and analysis of "the flying machine".

This story takes place in A.D. 400, with Emperor Yuan of China inspecting his dominion. One morning, his servant enters his chambers and tells him that he has seen a miracle. The Emperor names numerous ordinary things - such as the color of the sea, the sweetness of the air, or the taste of his tea, as possible miracles that the servant is referring to, but the servant insists that it is something greater. The servant reports that he has seen a man fly. When the Emperor insists that he was merely dreaming, the servant asks him to come with him and look up at the sky.

When the Emperor went outside and looked up at the sky, he did in fact see a man flying. He had large paper wings that were vibrant and colorful, and the man looked like the largest bird he had ever seen. The Emperor was awestruck by the sight, and he asked his servant to call the man down to earth. It is unclear what the Emperor wants with the man, but the general impression is that the Emperor is very impressed and wants to praise the man.

When the man lands on Earth, the reader discovers that the Emperor actually wants to do something drastically different than praise the inventor. The Emperor asks the flying man, "What have you done?" and the man responds, "I have flown in the sky, Your Excellency" (1.) This answer is not satisfactory to the Emperor - in his eyes, the man has done much more than fly into the sky. He believes that despite the beauty of the device, its creation opens the door for malevolent interpretations of the flying machine.

He asks the flying man who knows about this, and he finds out that this man is the inventor and the only one who knows about the creation. Upon hearing this, the Emperor leads him into the palace, and there he calls his guards to detain the man. The inventor and Emperor's servant are both very surprised - they never expected that the Emperor would disapprove so strongly of the beautiful creation.

Once the guards have seized the inventor, the Emperor calls for the executioner. The inventor is terribly confused. He does not know why he is being killed for doing something so beautiful, especially something that the Emperor also believes is beautiful. The Emperor explains to him that he fears that an evil man will manipulate the technology and destroy its beauty - for instance using the flying machine to throw rocks down upon the Great Wall of China. The Emperor says to the inventor, "There are times when one must lose a little beauty if one is to keep what little beauty one already has" (2.)

The inventor begs for mercy, but the Emperor shows none and orders the executioner to kill him. He orders his other guards to burn the flying machine and dispose of it with the inventor's ashes. The story ends with the Emperor playing with his own invention, a miniature version of his empire where men walk through the valleys and forests and birds flew through the sky. With this creation, the Emperor is in control the entire time and is never forced to be vulnerable.

In "The Flying Machine," the ethics of technological improvement with no clear goal in sight is called into question. Written in 1953 in the midst of the Cold War and nuclear proliferation, these were important questions when Bradbury was writing, and they continue to be important questions today. How can technology be developed responsibly, and who would be accountable for this type of responsible development? Should inventors consider the possible negative ramifications of an invention, or should they proceed by only focusing on the benefits of it?

It raises the important question of how, and if, technology should be monitored and regulated. While there are risks and drawbacks to developing the Flying Machine, the contraption also creates a lot of beauty and releases it into the world. Bradbury's story introduces the concept of weighing the rewards and drawbacks of technology, as well as the negative sides of censorship, which in this case result in the death of the inventor of the Flying Machine. We rarely hear of the invention process being stopped because of negative externalities. Should that be reported and talked about more often? These are ideas that Bradbury would like for us to debate.

If inventors do not think about these possible side effects or choose to move past them, is it then the government's responsibility to step in and censor ideas? It would be seen as very controversial for a government to halt progress simply because they believed that it had the possibility to create evil (and that possibility was not guaranteed). This story forces us to examine censorship from all angles, especially because the censorship ends in the tragic death of the inventor. Is it really protecting society in this case?

The story also examines the idea of beauty. The Emperor adores his invention that allows him to watch the controlled, fake motions of the people living in his Empire. They walk as they should walk, the birds fly as they should fly, and everything operates under his control in this idyllic toy-like microcosm. He finds great beauty in it, and he revels in the idea that he controls all of the actions of these people. The device does not force him to be vulnerable. He is able to maintain constant control.

The beauty produced by the Flying Machine trivializes the Emperor's possession, but it also scares the Emperor because he cannot control it or account for all of the unexpected consequences that the machine could produce. Does beauty need to be controlled in order to be in its ultimate form, or are the most beautiful things unpredictable? These are questions that "The Flying Machine" forces us to ask ourselves.

Ray Bradbury: Short Stories Questions and Answers

The Question and Answer section for Ray Bradbury: Short Stories is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.

From the story There Will Come Soft Rains- In what way does the information you learned shed light on an aspect of the story?

Check out the story analysis in GradeSaver's study guide for Bradbury's short stories. I think you will find what you are looking for there. If you need additional information, feel free to ask. Pay close attention to the section talking about...

What rules are referred to as silly rules and why

I'm sorry, which of Bradbury's short stories are you referring to?

The Flying Machine

The Emperor explains to the flier that he fears that an evil man will manipulate the technology and destroy its beauty - for instance using the flying machine to throw rocks down upon the Great Wall of China. The Emperor says to the inventor,...

Study Guide for Ray Bradbury: Short Stories

Ray Bradbury: Short Stories study guide contains a biography of Ray Bradbury, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis of select short stories.

• About Ray Bradbury: Short Stories
• Ray Bradbury: Short Stories Summary
• Character List

Essays for Ray Bradbury: Short Stories

Ray Bradbury: Short Stories essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of select short stories by Ray Bradbury.

• Ray Bradbury Hates Technology: Analyzing "The Pedestrian"
• "There Will Come Soft Rains": From Poem to Story
• Contextual Study of Science Fiction Texts, and Intertextual Ideas that Transcend Time: "The Pedestrian," "Harrison Bergeron," and Equilibrium
• The Power of Technology: Comparing "Rocket Summer," "There Will Come Soft Rains," and Fahrenheit 451
• “…The house shuddered, oak bone on bone, its bared skeleton …”:A Postmodern Reading of Ray Bradbury’s “The Will Come Soft Rains”

Lesson Plan for Ray Bradbury: Short Stories

• About the Author
• Study Objectives
• Common Core Standards
• Introduction to Ray Bradbury: Short Stories
• Relationship to Other Books
• Bringing in Technology
• Notes to the Teacher
• Related Links
• Ray Bradbury: Short Stories Bibliography

Wikipedia Entries for Ray Bradbury: Short Stories

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The Flying Machine, Ray Bradbury: Analysis & Summary

'the flying machine': symbolism and allegory.

'The Flying Machine' by Ray Bradbury is a thought-provoking short story often analyzed as an allegory for nuclear proliferation during the Cold War. However, the story's symbolism extends beyond this interpretation and requires a closer analysis to fully grasp its meaning. Set in imperial China, the story revolves around an emperor who discovers a man capable of flying and subsequently orders his execution and the destruction of his invention.

Plot Summary: Power, Innovation, and Fear

The narrative takes place in the year 400 AD and introduces Emperor Yuan, who learns from his servant and a nearby farmer that a man has been seen flying in the sky. Initially unbothered, the emperor delays investigating the matter and engages in casual conversation with his servant. Eventually, he agrees to witness the flying man firsthand.

After observing the man soaring high in the sky, Yuan commands the servant to summon him and demands an explanation. The man states that he flew in the name of innovation. Unhappy with this response, the emperor orders the man's arrest and execution.

When questioned about the reason for his death, the man is shown a miniature wind-up world created by the emperor himself. Yuan argues that his miniature creation is beautiful but poses no threat to civilization, unlike the flying machine. The emperor fears that if such a device falls into the wrong hands, it could be used to attack the Great Wall of China.

As the flying man is taken away for execution, the emperor's servants proceed to burn the flying machine. Yuan instructs his servant to ensure that the witness of the flight and the farmer are both silenced, threatening them with death if they reveal what they saw.

The story concludes with Emperor Yuan admiring his miniature world and expressing admiration for the tiny birds in his toy garden.

Symbolism and Themes

'The Flying Machine' is ripe with symbolism and explores various themes, including power, innovation, and fear.

One prominent theme is the fear of the unknown and the power of innovation. Emperor Yuan represents those in power who are resistant to change and innovation, fearing the potential consequences of new discoveries. His decision to execute the inventor and destroy the flying machine reflects a desire to maintain control and prevent any potential threats to his empire.

The flying machine itself symbolizes human progress and the pursuit of knowledge and exploration. It embodies the human desire to push boundaries and reach new heights, both literally and metaphorically. However, the emperor's response highlights the dangers associated with progress, as he fears the potential misuse of such power.

Furthermore, the miniature wind-up world and toy garden crafted by the emperor symbolize his need for control and the artificial nature of his world. While the emperor takes pleasure in his miniature creation, it serves as a stark contrast to the real world and the possibilities that exist beyond his grasp.

'The Flying Machine' delves into themes of power, innovation, and fear, offering a cautionary tale about the suppression of progress and the consequences of resisting change.

Analysis: Ethical Questions and Allegory

'The Flying Machine' by Ray Bradbury, written during the early 1950s, explores complex ethical questions and serves as an allegory for the Cold War and the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. While some of Bradbury's stories from this era, like 'The Golden Kite, the Silver Wind,' offer a more straightforward message against the pointlessness of the Cold War, 'The Flying Machine' presents a subtler exploration of morality and control.

The story raises the question of whether the Emperor, Yuan, is justified in destroying the flying machine and executing its inventor to prevent potential destruction and loss of life. As the flying machine symbolizes nuclear armaments, the allegorical implications suggest that suppressing such dangerous inventions could be seen as a necessary measure to avoid catastrophic consequences.

However, Bradbury portrays Emperor Yuan as a petty tyrant obsessed with maintaining control over his empire. Yuan's preoccupation with his miniature world, in which he has complete authority, highlights his desire for control and fear of losing his grip on power. His praise of the birds within this controlled microcosm further emphasizes his obsession with maintaining stability.

While the Emperor's concerns about the flying machine's potential for destruction are not entirely unfounded, Bradbury encourages readers to critically examine the relationship between technology and morality. The story raises important ethical questions without providing clear-cut answers. It prompts us to consider the balance between innovation and the risks associated with new inventions.

Additionally, the argument that sacrificing one life can save the lives of many, as presented by the Emperor, echoes the justification used in wartime situations. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II, often discussed in this context, illustrate the complexities of weighing human lives against larger-scale consequences.

Overall, 'The Flying Machine' invites readers to contemplate the moral implications of technological advancements and the actions taken to maintain control. It serves as a thought-provoking allegory, urging us to grapple with difficult ethical questions rather than providing straightforward moral answers.

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Flying Machine

• Leonardo da Vinci

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Leonardo da Vinci went to extraordinary lengths in order to design a flying machine, and combined his knowledge of nature and engineering to come up with a variety of ideas.

The Renaissance Man may have been, ultimately, unsuccessful in delivering a working prototype of his flying machine, but he did make a number of significant advancements which aided science and engineering in later centuries. Here we examine that creative path that he went on, and some of the early airplane designs that he came up with.

Leonardo would experiment with different positions for the pilot, even creating a floating ship fairly on in his research. Eventually he would focus more on the traditional flying machine formats, with flapping wings and a much closer remsemblance towards the anatomy and actions of a bird. 3

The engineer attempted to re-create the flapping wing method for humans, but immediately realised a number of issues in generating enough power to keep a human in flight ( Ornithopter ). He contemplated that gliding would be far easier to achieve, producing ideas which are similar to modern day one-man gliders. 3

"...Study the anatomy of the wings of a bird... Do the same for man to show the possibility that man could sustain himself in the air by the flapping of wings..." Leonardo da Vinci, within his study notes, as documented in Leonardo da Vinci by Walter Isaacson

For many centuries Leonardo da Vinci was only remembered as a painter, with most Europeans aware of classic works such as Mona Lisa , The Last Supper and Ginevra de' Benci . However, more recently, his notes and engineering designs have been studied in greater detail, and experts have analysed his work in all of the different disciplines in which he worked.

His innovations within the world of engineering, science and mathematics are now well documented, and a much more rounded view of his achievements has finally been established. Da Vinci's sketches and research into flying machines, and early airplane prototypes, have risen in popularity. Some have even gone as far as to build prototypes in order to test some of his designs out.

Whilst we focus on winged designs resembling early plane designs within this article, Leonardo would continue his curiosity into other related projects, such as parachutes, helicopters and also land-based vehicles. Those who have examined Leonardo's designs for flying machines have generally concluded that his scientific research and experiments were based on sound logic, but he could never overcome the issues around man being able to generate enough power to carry its weight in mid-air.

The artist's study of birds would inspire much of this work. He was essentially attempting to replicate their attributes and abilities using man-made designs. The challenge would ultimately prove too much for Leonardo to solve, but eventually humanity would complete these tasks, giving us today's airplanes, helicopters, gliders and so much more.

Within this article we take a thorough look into the different flying machine designs produced by Leonardo, as well as the findings that he made. We consider the influence and significance of his contributions to this field of innovation, and also his wider impact on the evolution of science as well. There is also some consideration of how his engineering inventions sat alongside his work in other disciplines in this varied career.

Flying Machine in Action, 1486-1490

Studies of a Flying Machine with a Hand and Foot-Powered Mechanism 1487-1490

Studies of Wing Articulation 1487-1490

Table of contents, leonardo's inspiration and dream of flying, leonardo's studies on bird flight, questions regarding da vinci's flying machines, da vinci's findings.

Leonardo had always been interested in the natural world, and would observe it in order to understand how it worked. He would sketch the human and animal anatomy endlessly, delving into the details of how each action was produced. This resulted in an impressive handling of muscle and bone structure within his paintings and drawings .

We would see within Vitruvian Man at how the artist saw the complexity of the human world, and the way in which everything is interlinked, was similar to the wider world. He believed that in understanding the various elements of anatomy, that perhaps he could start to understand the world in which we live, with much still to be discovered at that point in European history.

Theatre Production

The artist worked on several theatrical productions in his early years, under the guidance of his master, Andrea del Verrocchio . The various techniques used to create the illusion of flying human figures amused and inspired the young artist. He would see both birds and people lifted into the air, delighting the crowd - Da Vinci immediately wondered to himself, could this be done in real life? He would later set about trying to achieve this. 2

Leonardo's early interest in bird flight was, therefore, not actually about replicating this in humans, but about creating exciting theatrical productions, akin to a magician seemingly making the impossible happen before the audience's eyes. In order to make these innovations look real, Leonardo spent time in the 1480s researching various flying creatures, to understand how they achieved this feat.

The artist would then make use of existing theatrical methods to bring these designs to life, using a series of basic engineering techniques, such as gears and pulleys, operated by workers out of sight. He may have had no intention of moving towards human flight at this stage, and only considered how to deliver believable experiences for Florence theatre-goers.

Leonardo has always been highly regarded for his skills of observation, which laid the foundations to his success in a wide variety of disciplines. He studied birds in detail, and reached the point at which he could differentiate between various species of bird, and understand how their flight techniques varied. Eventually, he decided to bring together all of his findings into a publication which became known as his Codex on the Flight of Birds .

Codex on the Flight of Birds

This bright man could not simply use the flight of birds as his starting point, for he would have to go further back and deeper into the workings of the world. He tried to understand how any creature could remain in the air, and what part the natural wind would play within that. He had already observed the impact of wind on water in a series of study drawings, and started to connect flight to this topic.

He would eventually develop an early understanding of gravity and air pressure, which helped him to understand how a bird could generate enough strength to remain mid-air, despite its relative weight. His findings would be taken on and developed in later years by major scientists who had additional knowledge and time necessary to formulate accepted laws of physics. 2

Leonardo would also observe that the impact of gravity or air would alter, depending on the speed of an object and from that point onwards he better understood the natural design of birds' wings, and the importance of air flow and glide. It is this knowledge which later led to the Leonardo glider, which appeared after he had concluded that keeping a human in mid-air purely from flapping wings could not be achieved at that stage.

Did Leonardo da Vinci's Flying Machine work?

When was the flying machine invented by leonardo, what machines did leonardo da vinci fly, why did da vinci design flying machines, did da vinci test his flying machines, what types of flying machines did da vinci invent.

Da Vinci's flying machines were never tested by the Renaissance Man himself, but modern engineers would be able to make them work using modern materials and some small adjustments to his original work. The fundamental ideas often proved workable, and with more time Leonardo may well have been able to produce workable prototypes.

There remains a legend of how an apprentice broke his leg whilst trying out one of Leonardo's flying machines, but most academics believe this story to be entirely fictitious as there are no accounts of it within his notes, nor any other supporting evidence.

None of Leonardo's flying machine designs would not make it beyond the planning stage. If the Renaissance Man had attempted to fly any of his designs, he likely would have failed to take off at all, or worse still, caused himself significant injury.

However, modern scientific knowledge and light-weight materials allowed engineers to create working prototypes from his original machine designs in the 20th century which demonstrated the sound scientific discoveries made by Leonardo within the Renaissance era.

Leonardo was obsessed with nature, but also determined to understand its intricacies. He believed that the inner workings of every creature symbolised the wider world. He would stand and watch birds in flight from the hills of Fiesole, on the outskirts of Florence. He eventually would desire to experience the same, and set about producing flying machines for humans to use.

The artist also worked on theatre designs early on in his career and would construct mechanical creatures that could be used on stage to mimic the same behaviour of birds and animals. He believed his early designs were too primitive and he wanted to go beyond just creating the illusion of flight, for theatre go-ers.

The artist was also observing the principles of physics, such as gravity and mass, and in designing flying machines he could attempt to evolve these primitive theories through experimentation. Ultimately it would be left to others to expand on his findings, to produce the workable machines of today.

There is a common tale of how Leonardo da Vinci tested one of his flying machine designs in Fiesole, Tuscany. He persuaded an apprentice to man the machine, and a later accident caused the young man to break his leg.

No real evidence exists to support this story, and most experts on Da Vinci's life have rejected it as mere legend, and highly unlikely to have actually occurred. Crucially, thousands of pages of notes written by Da Vinci have been studied in detail, and there is no mention of this test, whatsoever.

After many attempts at re-creating the actions of a flapping bird, but with enough power to keep a human in flight, Leonardo eventually realised that this was not possible. He simply could not find a way to generate enough power to cover the weight of a human, and so sought new ways of achieving much the same result. This pushed him towards gliders instead, as he realised that far less power was needed when fixed wings could keep a moving objects off the ground.

Leonardo was remembered only as a painter for several centuries, but eventually his achievements in other disciplines would be recognised and documented. By the 20th century it would become fashionable to create genuine prototype models based on some of his early designs, with the more authentic projects only making use of the materials and scientific knowledge that existed at the time.

The general concensus around Leonardo's flying machine designs is that some tweaks would certainly have been required in order to make them work effectively, but that the inventor did contribute a lot to modern science, through the discoveries that he made.

It took time for other specialists to evolve his theories, and in combination with modern, lighter resources, he was close to producing workable ideas. Even the briefest of surveys of his drawings will uncover clear similarities between his ideas and later machines which have evolved over the past few centuries, and this cannot be entirely a coincidence.

• Leonardo. The Complete Paintings and Drawings, Frank Zöllner & Johannes Nathan, Taschen
• Leonardo da Vinci, Walter Isaacson
• The Science of Leonardo, Fritjof Capra

Article Author

Tom Gurney in an art history expert. He received a BSc (Hons) degree from Salford University, UK, and has also studied famous artists and art movements for over 20 years. Tom has also published a number of books related to art history and continues to contribute to a number of different art websites. You can read more on Tom Gurney here.

Until the nineteenth century, Leonardo da Vinci was generally known only as a painter.  Little or nothing of his sculpture or engineering works survived, and his notebooks, the only surviving evidence of his insatiable curiosity and fertile mind regarding science and technology, were long hidden away, dispersed in private hands.  It was only after 1800 that the record of his intellectual and technical accomplishments, the thousands of pages of writings and drawings that we collectively refer to today as Leonardo’s codices, began to surface, be studied, and published.  With the rediscovery of the Leonardo codices, the artist who painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper was recast as the Renaissance visionary who saw the modern world before it was realized.

Among the many subjects Leonardo studied, the possibility of human mechanical flight held particular fascination.  He produced more than 35,000 words and 500 sketches dealing with flying machines, the nature of air, and bird flight.  These investigations of flight are scattered throughout the many da Vinci codices and manuscript collections, but he did produce one short codex almost entirely on the subject in 1505-1506, the Codice sul volo degli uccelli ( Codex on the Flight of Birds ).

Leonardo’s interest in flight appears to have stemmed from his extensive work on military technology which he performed in the employ of the Milanese court.  He filled many notebooks with countless sketches of weapons, military machines, and fortifications.  They included a giant crossbow, a tank, and a submarine, to name just a few.  However, as far as it is known, none of these inventions were ever built.  Leonardo’s focus on military technology and tactics lead him to the idea of aerial reconnaissance.  Once engaged with the notion of a flying machine, it became an obsession.

Given his close observance and use of nature as a foundation for many of his ideas, emulating natural flight was an obvious place to begin.  Most of Leonardo’s aeronautical designs were ornithopters, machines that employed flapping wings to generate both lift and propulsion.  He sketched such flying machines with the pilot prone, standing vertically, using arms, using legs.  He drew detailed sketches of flapping wing mechanisms and means for actuating them.  Imaginative as these designs were, the fundamental barrier to an ornithopter is the demonstrably limited muscle power and endurance of humans compared to birds.  Leonardo could never have overcome this basic fact of human physiology.

Interestingly, most of these avian mimicking designs predated Leonardo’s serious study of bird flight, which we find in the Codex on the Flight of Birds , begun in 1505.  In this work, compiled during the same period as the Mona Lisa was painted, we see some of the ideas and observations by Leonardo about flight that were more forward looking than his better known earlier ornithopter drawings.  In the Codex , da Vinci discusses the crucial concept of the relationship between the center of gravity and the center of lifting pressure on a bird’s wing.  He explains the behavior of birds as they ascend against the wind, foreshadowing the modern concept of a stall.  He demonstrates a rudimentary understanding of the relationship between a curved wing section and lift.  He grasps the concept of air as a fluid, a foundation of the science of aerodynamics.  Leonardo makes insightful observations of gliding flight by birds and the way in which they balance themselves with their wings and tail, just as the Wright brothers would do as they evolved their first aeronautical designs.  He comments on the pilot’s position in a potential flying machine and how control could be achieved by shifting the body weight, precisely as the early glider pioneers of the late nineteenth century would do.  He notes the importance of lightweight structures that aircraft would require.  He even hints at the force Newton would later define as gravity.

In less than 20 pages of notes and drawings, the Codex on the Flight of Birds outlines a number of observations and beginning concepts that would find a place in the development of a successful airplane in the early twentieth century.  Leonardo never abandoned his preoccupation with flapping wing designs, and did not develop the insights he recorded in the Codex on the Flight of Birds in any practical way.  Nonetheless, centuries before any real progress toward a practical flying machine was achieved, the seeds of the ideas that would lead to humans spreading their wings germinated in the mind of da Vinci.  In aeronautics, as with so many of the subjects he studied, he strode where no one had before.  Leonardo lived a fifteenth century life, but a vision of the modern world spread before his mind’s eye.

Leonardo da Vinci’s Codex on the Flight of Birds will be on display at the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum from September 13—October 22, 2013, in The Wright Brothers & The Invention of the Aerial Age gallery. 

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