smart devices essay

What Is a Smart Device?

We use smart devices every day, but what exactly makes a device smart?

Smart devices play a fundamental role in today’s  Industry 4.0 . They are at the center of the  Internet of Things (IoT) and  smart cities . And yet, when I looked for a definition of ‘smart device’ a few years ago, I couldn’t find much. So I resorted to  creating a new methodological approach for developing a scalable concept of smart devices.

A smart device has three main features: (1) context awareness, (2) autonomous computing and (3) connectivity.

This definition aligns with the main idea of the Internet of Things. In other words, any one thing can become part of the IoT. A chair can become a smart chair if we add a sensor , a tiny bit of computing capabilities and network connectivity.

Read More From Our IoT Experts Why Is IoT Security Important?

Smart Devices Have Context Awareness

Context awareness is a system or system component’s ability to gather information about its environment at any given time and adapt behaviors accordingly. Cameras, microphones and Global Positioning Satellite ( GPS ) receivers, radar and LiDAR sensors are all potential sources of data for context-aware computing. A context-aware system may gather data through these and other sources and respond according to pre-established rules or through computational intelligence.

Smart Devices Have Autonomous Computing

The key aspect of autonomous computing is a device or multiple devices performing tasks autonomously without the direct command of the user. For example, our smartphones make suggestions based on our geolocation or the weather. To accomplish this seemingly simple task, a smartphone needs to be autonomous and use context data to make decisions.

Smart Devices Have Connectivity

Connectivity refers to the ability of a smart device to connect to a data network. Without connectivity, there is no point in a smart device being autonomous and having context awareness. Network connectivity, whether wired or wireless, is a crucial feature that enables a device to be a part of the IoT .

How Do Smart Devices Work?

Smart devices rely on the IoT to connect to sensors. These sensors are attached to objects or other network-connected devices and gather data from their surroundings. Smart devices can then store this data, share it with other smart devices and conduct data analyses to provide insights to users.

If multiple smart devices are connected to the same network, a single platform or device can be used to operate different smart devices. As long as there’s an internet connection , smart devices have the ability to exchange information and communicate with one another, making it easier to send data and monitor devices.

Do Smart Devices Need Humans?

Don’t make the mistake of assuming all smart devices are designed for interacting with humans. If you think that way then you’re only thinking of the most common smart devices, such as smartphones, smart TVs or smartwatches . There are so many more possibilities. A smart device can have direct or indirect interaction with humans. A weather probe, for example, might collect weather data and transmit it to the IoT. Humans will end up using that data of course, but the weather probe did not require any direct interaction with humans.

Do Smart Devices Need to Be Portable?

Does a smart surveillance camera need to be mobile? Remember the three rules: context awareness (it’s a camera, which means it passes the test), autonomous computing (it uses computer vision to recognize particular objects), and network connectivity (it sends a report of the objects it recognizes to a server). In this example, portability is not required.

Read More From Our IoT Experts How IoT Is Launching Customer Experience to the Next Level

Are Autonomous Vehicles Smart Devices?

Yes! Autonomous vehicles comply with the three key criteria needed to make a device smart. It has network connectivity, context awareness (sensors such as GPS, LIDAR and Radar), and autonomous computing.

In the end, a smartphone might be a lot simpler than an autonomous vehicle, but they’re both smart devices.

A few years ago, when I developed the definition of a smart device, I reviewed all the literature and found a major lack of agreement in terminology. I saw everything from ‘ smart mobile device ’ to ‘mobile smart device’ to ‘ smart green IT device ’ — the list goes on. It doesn’t really matter what we call these devices because, in the end, what’s important is we understand what makes a smart device smart.​

Benefits of Smart Devices

From smart homes to autonomous vehicles, smart devices have become a mainstay in various aspects of daily life due to several advantages they offer.

Energy Savings

Smart devices can be designed to turn off automatically when not in use. They can also be programmed to follow scheduled tasks, such as dimming the lights at the end of the day. These actions cut down on excessive energy use and reduce costs in the long run.    

Worker Productivity

Because smart devices can be controlled with a quick click or voice command, they give individuals and businesses more time back in their days. Smart devices can automate repetitive tasks in the workplace as well, freeing up employees to focus on more complex projects.  

Health Monitoring 

Many smart devices come in the form of smartwatches, sensors and other wearables that send health data to medical teams. This way, doctors and healthcare personnel can monitor patients and respond more quickly to health anomalies. 

Security Measures

Companies and homeowners can set up cameras and sensors , allowing them to monitor an office space, home or other area around the clock. And since smart devices can communicate with each other, they can easily share data and send alerts when unusual activity is detected.  

Drawbacks of Smart Devices

Although smart devices can enhance everyday routines and processes, individuals and businesses alike need to consider a few downsides of the technology.

Additional Costs

Installing smart devices, sensors and other accompanying technologies comes with immediate expenses. In addition, not everyone has the resources required to maintain, repair or replace smart devices if they fail to function properly.  

Cyber Threats

The same connections smart devices use to gather and share data can also serve as openings for hackers. If users don’t have the proper security measures in place, their devices could be susceptible to a range of cyber attacks .  

Compatibility Issues 

Different competitors in the smart devices sector often design devices that only work with devices of the same brand. Users who have devices of varying brands may not be able to sync up their devices, limiting their networks and potentially isolating certain devices. 

Reliant on the Internet 

The digital divide makes smart devices pointless for many consumers since 2.6 billion people still don’t have internet access . As for those who can and do use smart devices, automating too many processes can leave them vulnerable if devices break down or get breached.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a smart device.

A smart device is any internet-connected device — wired or wireless — that can compile data from its surroundings, share this data with other devices and perform tasks autonomously.

What is an example of a smart device?

Autonomous vehicles, smartphones and smart thermostats are a few examples of smart devices.

What is the difference between a smart device and a connected device?

The main difference between smart devices and connected devices is their purposes. Connected devices gather and exchange data to provide insights on how to improve systems or make business operations more efficient. Smart devices compile data to find ways to automate processes and perform other tasks that enhance the lives of users.

Making Sense of Smartness in the Context of Smart Devices and Smart Systems

• Published: 24 April 2019
• Volume 22 , pages 381–393, ( 2020 )

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• Steven Alter   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1629-638X 1  

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Careless usage of the term smart in today’s world leads to wondering whether it means anything beyond involving a currently impressive application of IT. This paper characterizes smart and smartness in relation to describing, analyzing, and designing smart devices and systems. Examples of nominally smart devices and systems and principles that support thinking about smartness lead to a definition of smartness in the context of devices and systems. The definition leads to a classification matrix for smart capabilities organized around four categories: information processing, internal regulation, action in the world, and knowledge acquisition. Each category includes a set of separate capabilities that can be described on a continuum from not smart to somewhat smart to extremely smart based on the definition of smart. A concluding section describes how this multidimensional view of smartness can be applied in thinking about smartness while describing, analyzing, and designing devices and systems.

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Appendix: Searching for a Relevant Definition of Smart

As noted in the body of the text, a search of Google Scholar for various “smart” things (e.g., smart phones, smart cities, etc.) or intelligent things (e.g., intelligent machines, intelligent databases, etc.) did not come close to producing a consensus definition that is useful here. Searching the eLibrary of the Association for Information Systems, which includes leading IS journals and proceedings of major IS conferences, seemed an appropriate next step.

A search on “smart” on March 7, 2019 across the eLibrary found 4957 articles that used the term smart (759 in 2018; 671 in 2017; 448 in 2016; 426 in 2015; 342 in 2014; 365 in 2013, between 115 and 282 per year during 2007–2012; between 70 and 98 during 2000–2006; much lower numbers in earlier years). The 759 articles from 2018 demonstrated the same range of diversity as the examples in the introduction. For example, articles whose title included the term smart used that term in conjunction with the following topics: smart application development, smart cars, smart cities, smart classrooms, smart contracts, smart devices, smart glasses, smart grids, smart homes, smart locks, smart objects, smart robotic warehouses, smart service systems, smart spaces, smart speakers, smart systems, smart tourism, smart toys, and smart watches.

A more focused search looked for “smart” in the abstract of articles in the eLibrary. It found 442 articles (114 in 2018; 87 in 2017; 44 in 2016; 38 in 2015; 34 in 2014; 24 in 2013; 28 in 2012; 15 in 2011; 15 in 2010; 13 in 2009; 8 in 2008; and four or fewer in previous years).

The titles of this more manageable set of documents led to identification of papers that seemed potentially relevant for defining smartness. Many of those papers seemed valuable and interesting, but did not define smartness in a way that is useful here. For example, an article about smart technology and European standards (Jakobs 2017 ) said “basically, the ‘smartness’ emerges from the incorporation of ICT-enabled capabilities into ‘traditional’ applications.” Similarly, a paper presenting a taxonomy of smart elements for designing effective services for smart cities (Pourzolfaghar and Helfert 2017 ) said that “a smart city is an innovative city that uses … [ICT] and other means to improve citizens’ quality of life and efficiency of the urban operation and services.” The taxonomy of elements included many components, just a few of which include interoperability, usability, availability, runtime monitoring, transaction services, principles, and standards. Hirt et al. ( 2018 ) cite the following definition of from Barile and Polese 2010 ), “Smart service systems are “service systems that are specifically designed for the prudent management of their assets and goals while being capable of self-reconfiguration to ensure that they continue to have the capacity to satisfy all the relevant participants over time.” That type of definition expresses expectations that seem far removed from many of the examples in this paper’s introduction.

Two articles came closest to providing hints for a definition that could be used here. The first article was Kaisler et al. ( 2018 ), which defines smart object as “an object representation that is computationally aware – meaning self-defining and self-reflecting, and, possibly, self-modifying/self-adapting. … Smart objects (1) embed one or more computational models that enable the associated data to dynamically respond to CRUD (Create, Read/Retrieve, Update and Delete) operations; (2) enable higher level actions such as aggregation, negotiation, or collaboration with other smart objects; and (3) exhibit intelligent behavior.” None of the examples mentioned in the introduction satisfy this definition, although most perform some type of information processing.

The second article was Püschel et al. ( 2016 ), which presents a multi-level taxonomy of smart things “that comprises ten dimensions structured along the architectural layers of existing IoT stacks (i.e., the thing itself, interaction, data, and services).” The taxonomy subdivided those four layers into 10 dimensions: Thing (action capabilities sensing capabilities), interactions (thing compatibility, partner, multiplicity, direction), data (data usage, data source), and service (main purpose, off-line functionality). The taxonomy is much more associated with Internet of Things than with other aspects of the “smart” world, such as artificial intelligence, self-control, and knowledge acquisition.

Ultimately, ideas about smart service systems from Medina-Borja ( 2015 ), an editorial in the journal Service Science, which is not included in the eLibrary, provided the best hint at a possible direction for thinking about a notion of smartness that covers the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and the smart things mentioned in the introduction. That definition is mentioned in the body of the text.

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Alter, S. Making Sense of Smartness in the Context of Smart Devices and Smart Systems. Inf Syst Front 22 , 381–393 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-019-09919-9

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The pros and cons of smart devices

With the continuous and rapid development of smart devices, it’s easy to imagine a comfortable and convenient future. And it isn’t just consumers who will benefit, either — smart devices can help business owners, expanding their visibility and control over their operations, among other advantages. This is just one-half of the picture, however. In this blog, we look at the benefits and risks of smart devices, especially in the context of cybersecurity.

What are smart devices?

Simply put, a smart device is an electronic gadget or machine that has the ability to interact, connect, and share information with other smart devices. Although smart devices may use technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning , the term has become closely associated with the Internet of Things (IoT) in particular.

IoT refers to the network of physical devices that use sensors to gather data about their environment and share information with each other through the internet. There are billions of devices and machines making up the IoT. These include smartphones, fitness trackers, driverless cars, and even sensor-equipped jet engines, among others.

What are the applications and benefits of smart devices?

Smart devices are still a developing technology, so we have yet to capture the full extent of their benefits. Some of the most readily apparent, however, are:

Greater control and convenience

Imagine arriving at work and finding the office to always be at the perfect temperature. That’s possible with smart thermostats that automatically adjust indoor temperatures. Smart devices can have a more expansive usage as well. For instance, they can be used to ensure that traffic lights match changes in traffic and road conditions throughout the day, minimizing the occurrence of congestion.

Increased productivity and efficiency

Specialized sensors that let you monitor valuable resources, such as inventory, fuel, and available spare parts are among the best examples of efficiency-enhancing smart devices. These can help reduce the occurrence of delays and downtime in your business. They also take the burden of doing mundane tasks off your staff, allowing them to focus on their job.

Improved healthcare

Wearable smart devices, such as fitness trackers and heart and blood pressure monitors, provide accurate and real-time information about a person’s health. These allow physicians to administer appropriate treatments and develop effective strategies to improve patients’ well-being.

What are the disadvantages of smart devices?

Like any technology, smart devices have crucial drawbacks that need to be addressed. These are:

Dependence on power and the internet

Smart devices are electronic, so they obviously need a power supply to function. What’s more, you can only reap a smart device’s full benefits when it’s connected to the internet. As 40% of the world does not have internet coverage , a large chunk of the human population still won’t be able to benefit from it.

High cost and skill requirements

The utility of smart devices comes at a steep price — just compare a conventional and a smart fridge. A regular fridge costs between $1,000 and $2,000 , while a smart model can have a price tag between $2,000 and $4,000.

Additionally, smart devices usually require some level of tech knowledge to operate properly. This can be problematic for older people and those who are not so tech-savvy.

Cybersecurity risks

Perhaps the biggest pitfall of smart devices has to do with cybersecurity. Keep in mind that these electronics collect large volumes of information, some of which are personal and sensitive in nature. For example, your phone contains passwords, your car’s global positioning system monitors your location, and your office security cameras track comings and goings in your company’s premises. These data are essential for smart devices to function properly, but cybercriminals can intercept data transmissions. They can also hack these devices to steal stored data or disrupt their functionality, similar to what happens during distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks .

To prevent malicious actors from hacking into your smart devices, make sure these are equipped with anti-tampering and endpoint protection solutions . You must also implement encryption protocols to ensure that, should hackers be able to infiltrate a smart device or intercept its data, that data will be unreadable.

Smart devices can be a powerful addition to your company’s tech, but make sure to account for their risks prior to adoption. Our specialists at [company_short] can help you identify and address possible blind spots in your cybersecurity to augment your defenses against multiple cyberthreats. Consult with us today .

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Essay on Mobile Phone: 100 Words, 300 Words, 500 Words

• Updated on  
• Feb 21, 2024

Mobile Phones are portable electronic devices used to make calls, browse the internet, click pictures, and do several other tasks. However, the mobile phones discovered in the early 1970s were quite different from the compact and slim devices we use today. Cell phones were invented by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973.

As modern humans, we all use mobile phones for our day-to-day functioning. At academic and higher education levels, students are given the task of writing an essay on mobile phones. An essay on mobile phones requires a comprehensive and detailed study of their history, major developments and the purposes it serve. In this article, we have provided essays on mobile phones for class 6,7,8.9, 10, and 12th standard students. Students can refer to these sample essays on mobile phones to write their own. Keep reading to find out essays on mobile phones and some fun facts about the device.

Table of Contents

• 1 Sample Essay on Mobile Phone (100 Words)
• 2 Sample Essay on Mobile Phone (300 words)
• 3 Sample Essay on Mobile Phone (500 words)
• 4 Essay on Mobile Phone: 5+ Facts About Smartphones

Sample Essay on Mobile Phone (100 Words)

Also Read: The Beginner’s Guide to Writing an Essay

Sample Essay on Mobile Phone (300 words)

Also Read: Essay on Importance of the Internet

Sample Essay on Mobile Phone (500 words)

Essay on Mobile Phone: 5+ Facts About Smartphones

Here we have listed some of the interesting facts about smartphones. These facts can be added to the ‘essay on mobile phones’ to make it more interesting. Below are the 5 interesting facts about smartphones:

• The most expensive smartphone in the world is the Falcon Supernova iPhone 6 Pink Diamond. It is worth  $48.5 million.
• The cheapest mobile phone in the world is the Freedom 251. It just cost INR 251.
• Apple is the world’s most popular smartphone
• The first phone greeting was “Ahoy-hoy, who’s calling please?” 
• The first smartphone was invented by IBM. It was released by IBM in 1994. The original screen name of the 1st smartphone was “Simon.” 
• The first text message in the world was ‘Merry Christmas’

Also Read: Holi Essay: Free Sample Essays 100 To 500 Words In English

A mobile phone system gets its name from diving the service into small cells. Each of these cells has a base station with a useful range in the order of a kilometre/mile.

Mobile phones have become extremely important due to the ease of communication it has brought about. Moreover, it can perform several major tasks easily and effectively. For example, a calculator. Aside from this mobile phones can help a user connect to the internet, and use social media applications, and other applications. Mobile phones can even assist in online payment. 

The full form or the meaning of a Moble is Modified, Operation, Byte, Integration, Limited, Energy”. John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola discovered the device in 1973. An essay on mobile phones can include the mobile phone full form.

Related Articles

Mobile phones have become an indispensable part of our lifestyle. There are several advantages and disadvantages of having a smartphone. However, the pros outweigh the cons. A mobile phone essay can be written by including both the advantages and disadvantages. To discover more articles like this one, consult the study abroad expert at Leverage Edu.

Blessy George

Blessy George is a Content Marketing Associate at Leverage Edu, boasting over a year of experience in the industry. Her expertise lies in crafting compelling content tailored to online courses, making her a go-to source for those navigating the vast landscape of digital learning. In addition to online classes, she writes content related to study abroad, English test preparation and visas. She has completed her MA degree in Political Science and has gained valuable experience as an intern.She is known for her extensive writing on various aspects of international education, garnering recognition for her insights and contributions. Apart from her professional pursuits, Blessy is passionate about creative writing, particularly poetry and songwriting.

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Essay on Mobile Phone for Students [100, 150, 250, 400 Words]

Essay on Mobile Phone: Mobile Phone is a wonderful gift of science. In this article, you are going to learn to write an essay on Mobile Phone in English (100, 150, 250 and 400 Words). So, let’s get started.

Table of Contents

Essay on Mobile Phone: 100 Words

The mobile phone is one of the greatest gifts of modern science. It is also called cell phone or smart phone.  It is a great medium of communication. In earlier times mobile phones were used only for communication. But now-a-days a mobile phone is used as an entertainment device. We can use it for watching videos, listening to music, capturing pictures, web browsing, calculating, navigating and many more purposes.

The mobile phone has many advantages but we should use it in moderation. Excessive use of mobile phones can affect our physical and mental health. Students often misuse it and their study is affected badly. We should use our mobile phones very wisely.

Mobile Phone Essay: 150 Words

The mobile phone is a miracle of science. From a minor student to an ordinary Worker, everyone possesses a cell phone. Indeed, this is a very popular item today. It is truly, a mark of modern living, a part of the modern life-style. Of course, its usefulness is undeniable. Now a man can have communication anywhere, anytime to anyone sitting thousands of kilometers from him.

Today it is not only a communication device. It can be used for a number of purposes like online ticket booking, navigation, playing video games, taking pictures, recording videos, web browsing, video calling etc. In fact, now we use mobile phone for taking online classes. Hence it is called a Smart Phone. At the same time, the excessive craze for this is not desirable and may even prove dangerous. Mobile phone is to be taken as an utility service, and not as a show-piece.

Also Read: Paragraph on Computer in English

Essay on Mobile Phone: 250 Words

A mobile phone or cell phone is a hand-held portable radiophone that uses the cellular or satellite network for voice or data communication. Unlike landline phones, which are fixed, mobile phones can be easily carried, and one can contact a person anywhere whether at home, on the bus, in street, or in a meeting. Apart from talking, it can be used for sending SMS, e-mail and for taking photos and videos.

High-end mobiles act as mini computers, offering services like internet, diary, music, iPod, calculator, alarm clock, etc. It is extremely useful in emergencies. But there is a tendency to abuse it. To many, it is an Addiction rather than a necessity. A cell phone ringing in an auditorium is most annoying. Using a mobile phone while driving a car or a motorbike and crossing a road or a railway track had led to many accidents.

Teleshopping is a great nuisance. Privacy is often violated, as most mobile users are unaware that they could be photographed or tracked. Terrorists use this gadget to trigger bombs and achieve their ends. Mobiles can also cause health hazards. The radiations from mobiles may cause injury to the brain. Cellphones on vibration mode put in front pocket may damage the heartbeat system. With all its advantages, what is, therefore, needed is moderation in the use of mobile phones.

Also Read: Essay on Television in English

Essay on Mobile Phones: 400 Words

When telephone was first introduced in the world in the 1950s, people were keenly interested in it. As an easier way of communication, telephone has its own merit. Of late, the introduction of mobiles makes an easy access to communication. It is in fact inevitable in the present day of hurry and business. People have warmly accepted mobiles as the blessing of science. There is little doubt that without the use of mobiles none is nowadays able to lead one’s life quite normally. One is capable of communicating with people, staying far away very quickly. Thus many a problem can be well- solved by way of using these mobiles.

But everything has its merit and demerit. As science is a bane as well as a boon, mobiles are to some extent to be cursed. People, especially the young generation, have been abusing mobiles. They not only chat in an unexpected way but also indulge themselves in leading immoral life by abusing mobiles. Apart from this, several mercenary companies exploit the advantage of mobiles to meet their selfish ends. They do business through mobiles. As a result, young people have been misguided. To use mobiles is for them to be up to date. They avail themselves of the opportunity of the internet connection in their mobiles and do whatever they like to do. Obscene video clippings and some other versions of immoral entertainment are now available in mobiles. Therefore, the students have now tremendous fascination for the mobiles. Consequently, instead of studying, concentrate on using mobiles for sheer fun.

Another demerit is that because of the excessive use of the mobiles different companies plunge themselves into doing profitable business. Consequently, numerous towers have been erected for the network of mobiles. It is well known that a particular wave which is responsible for the mobile network does harm to the ecological balance of the environment. It is evident in the pale colors of the trees and fruits adjacent to the mobile towers.

Thus, it is the time to be conscious of the abuse of the mobiles. The concerned authority should take immediate steps to stop immoral business which is proliferating in abusing mobiles. All should remember that the sole purpose of mobile is to communicate. Entertainment may be available in the network of mobiles. But there should be no immoral design. Above all, the government should restrict the use of mobiles, so much so that anti-social activities may not be done through mobiles.

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Band 6+: Smart devices have put all of the world's information at our fingertips. What are the drawbacks of this development?

People today are capable of accessing the Internet through their mobile smart devices. This puts them in touch with an infinite amount of information. Although this trend has many positive ramifications, it is not without drawbacks. To illustrate this, the effect smart devices have on memory and privacy will be analyzed.

For one, smart devices have caused people to rely less on their memories. For example, sites like Wikipedia make it easy for smartphone users to quickly access information related to history and geography. The problem with this convenience is that these same people are committing fewer and fewer things to memory, and this makes them slaves to their devices. Thus, this is one of the main drawbacks to having a wide availability of information through smart devices.

In addition to this, smart devices have encroached upon people’s privacy. For instance, last year a child in America was unknowingly filmed by his classmate while performing an embarrassing dance routine. After the video was uploaded, this child suffered extreme teasing, which ultimately led him to develop a mental disorder. As this shows, the exchanging of information through smart devices is not always a positive thing.

As the above makes clear, the access smartphones have to vast amounts of information poses some drawbacks. It is predicted that these weaknesses will continue to grow in size and scale into the foreseeable future.

Check Your Own Essay On This Topic?

Generate a band-9 sample with your idea, overall band score, task response, coherence & cohesion, lexical resource, grammatical range & accuracy, other topics:, the migration of people to cities is one of the biggest problems facing the world's cities today, discuss the main causes. what solutions could be used to tackle the situation.

As the world developmental process, there are many serious problems which need solutions today. One of them is the increasing number of people who move to urban areas. In my opinion, this is the result of population increasing and low intellectual level. However, there are many measures which can be used to tackle the situation. […]

Most of our information comes from the internet nowadays. some people say that a large part of the information we get is incorrect. do you agree or disagree? give your opinion.

In the present situation, the internet is an essential factor in the modern world. People are more dependent on the internet for various purposes, like jobs, to contact your family or friends, or to gain access to unknown information. I disagree with the statement that a huge area of information on the web is incorrect. […]

In the present situation, internet is an essential factor in the modern world. People are more dependent on the internet for various purposes like jobs, to contact your family or friends or to gain access to unknown information. I disagree with the statement, a huge area of information on the web is incorrect. Firstly, the […]

Hamburgers and pizzas maybe convenient but they can also be unhealthy. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of fast food.

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Currently there is a trend towards the use of alternative forms of medicine. However, at best these methods are ineffective , and at worst they may be dangerous. To what extend do you agree with statement ?

In contemporary society, as technology has developed, there is a trend of using alternative forms of medicine. Some argue that in the best case scenario, the methods would just be ineffective, but others fear that at worst they may be dangerous. Additionally, these new methods aren’t scientifically proven yet. Therefore, in my opinion, I do […]

Nowadays, technology is widely used in education. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

Technology has become an important part of our lives. Most people use it in their everyday routines, including education. From my perspective, the benefits of electronic and online devices in education outweigh the negatives. On the one hand, technology in studying appears to have some potential drawbacks. A particular disadvantage would, in fact, be the […]

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Essay on Smartphone 500+ Words

Smartphones have become an integral part of our lives, revolutionizing how we communicate, access information, and navigate our daily tasks. In this essay, we will explore the significance of smartphones, their evolution, and the profound impact they have on our society and daily routines.

The Birth of the Smartphone

The first smartphone, IBM’s Simon Personal Communicator, was introduced in 1992. It combined the functionalities of a mobile phone with those of a personal digital assistant (PDA). This marked the beginning of a technological revolution that would change the way we interact with the world.

Multifunctional Devices

Smartphones are versatile devices that serve multiple purposes. They are not just phones; they are also cameras, GPS navigators, personal organizers, and entertainment centers. The ability to consolidate these functions into one device has made smartphones indispensable.

Instant Communication

One of the most significant advantages of smartphones is their ability to facilitate instant communication. With features like text messaging, phone calls, and video chats, we can connect with friends and family no matter where they are in the world.

Access to Information

Smartphones provide us with instant access to a vast amount of information. Whether we need to look up facts, read news articles, or conduct research, the internet is at our fingertips. This access to knowledge has transformed the way we learn and stay informed.

Navigation and Maps

Smartphones have revolutionized how we navigate our world. GPS technology allows us to find directions, locate nearby places, and plan our routes with ease. This has made traveling more convenient and reduced the chances of getting lost.

Digital Photography

The built-in cameras in smartphones have turned everyone into amateur photographers. We can capture precious moments, document our lives, and share our experiences through photos and videos. This has transformed the way we create and preserve memories.

Productivity and Organization

Smartphones help us stay organized and productive. They come with calendar apps, to-do lists, and note-taking tools that assist us in managing our schedules and tasks. This level of organization has improved our efficiency.

Entertainment on the Go

Smartphones have become portable entertainment centers. We can listen to music, watch videos, play games, and read books whenever and wherever we want. This has made our downtime more enjoyable and accessible.

Social Connection

Social media apps on smartphones keep us connected to friends and family. We can share updates, photos, and messages instantly. This connectivity has strengthened relationships and bridged geographical gaps.

Accessibility and Inclusivity

Smartphones have also improved accessibility for individuals with disabilities. Specialized apps and features, such as screen readers and voice assistants, make it easier for everyone to use these devices.

Conclusion of Essay on Smartphone

In conclusion, smartphones have transformed the way we live, work, and connect with the world. They have evolved from basic communication devices to multifunctional tools that enhance our productivity, creativity, and social connections. The power of smartphones lies in their ability to provide instant access to information, facilitate communication, and serve as versatile companions in our daily lives. As we continue to embrace the ever-evolving technology of smartphones, it is essential to recognize their positive impact on our society while also being mindful of responsible and balanced usage. Smartphones are not just gadgets; they are powerful tools that have reshaped our world and will continue to shape the future.

Also Check: Simple Guide on How To Write An Essay

what are advantages and disadvantages of using smart devices?

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Include an introduction and conclusion

A conclusion is essential for IELTS writing task 2. It is more important than most people realise. You will be penalised for missing a conclusion in your IELTS essay.

The easiest paragraph to write in an essay is the conclusion paragraph. This is because the paragraph mostly contains information that has already been presented in the essay – it is just the repetition of some information written in the introduction paragraph and supporting paragraphs.

The conclusion paragraph only has 3 sentences:

• Restatement of thesis
• Prediction or recommendation

To summarize, a robotic teacher does not have the necessary disciple to properly give instructions to students and actually works to retard the ability of a student to comprehend new lessons. Therefore, it is clear that the idea of running a classroom completely by a machine cannot be supported. After thorough analysis on this subject, it is predicted that the adverse effects of the debate over technology-driven teaching will always be greater than the positive effects, and because of this, classroom teachers will never be substituted for technology.

Start your conclusion with a linking phrase. Here are some examples:

• In conclusion
• To conclude
• To summarize
• In a nutshell

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Why do you think self discipline is better than motivation?

Men and women are different in terms of their characteristics and abilities. for this reason, some jobs are better done by men and others by women. do you agree or disagree, in some countries, celebrities complain about the way the media publicize their private lives. some people say that they should accept it as part of their fame. do you agree, in some countries it is now illigal to reject someone applying for a job because of his or her age. do you think this is a positive or negative development, television is dangerous because it destroys family life and any sense of community; instead of visiting people or talking with our family, we just watch television. to what extent fo you agree or disagree with this opinion.

IELTS Essay: Technological Devices

by Dave | Real Past Tests | 3 Comments

This is an IELTS writing task 2 sample answer essay on the topic of technological devices from the real IELTS exam.

Make sure you don’t miss out on my exclusive sample answer PDFs by signing up for my Patreon for as little as $1 here .

Many people think technological devices such as smart phones, tablets and mobile phones bring more disadvantages than advantages.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

The availability of new technologies to the average citizen in the form of consumer electronics brings with it both advantages and disadvantages. In my opinion, though these devices are convenient, their use is a negative overall given the impact on mental health.

Proponents of phones and tablets can point to the all but limitless functionality they provide. It is possible, just by owning a small, affordable device that fits in your pocket, to instantly capture video, take photos, send emails, check social media, make phone calls, watch movies, listen to music, play games and use a wide variety of productivity applications. There is no arguing with the near miraculous achievements found in smartphones and tablets. Used properly, these save time and widen the possible outlets for self-expression and creativity. An amateur film-maker, for example, can shoot and edit digital video directly on their phone, add in sound effects and post it easily to a website like YouTube.

Nonetheless, the potential of phones is hindered by their corrosive effect. It is almost impossible to use a phone as a tool to enhance creativity and productivity because it is also home to applications designed to prey on the weaknesses of the human psyche. Companies like Facebook tap into a natural human desire for affirmation and trigger addictive dopamine bursts as rewards for posting selfies. Those not addicted to social media, may find themselves wasting hours playing videogames, receiving roughly the same chemical incentive. Over time, users become dependent on unhealthy habits that humans have not had time to evolve counters for and the ostensible convenience of these handheld devices becomes an excuse, rather than a reason, to own one.

In conclusion, phones and tablets open up new possibilities but their abuse has led to a generation of dependent users. It is up to individuals, not organisation and governments, to limit their screen time to preserve their mental well-being.

1. The availability of new technologies to the average citizen in the form of consumer electronics brings with it both advantages and disadvantages. 2. In my opinion, though these devices are convenient, their use is a negative overall given the impact on mental health.

• Paraphrase the overall essay topic.
• Write a clear opinion and include your main ideas if possible. Read more about introductions here .

1. Proponents of phones and tablets can point to the all but limitless functionality they provide. 2. It is possible, just by owning a small, affordable device that fits in your pocket, to instantly capture video, take photos, send emails, check social media, make phone calls, watch movies, listen to music, play games and use a wide variety of productivity applications. 3. There is no arguing with the near miraculous achievements found in smartphones and tablets. 4. Used properly, these save time and widen the possible outlets for self-expression and creativity. 5. An amateur film-maker, for example, can shoot and edit digital video directly on their phone, add in sound effects and post it easily to a website like YouTube.

• Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.
• Use specific details to support your main idea.
• Vary long and short sentences.
• State the results to keep developing.
• Write a specific example for further support.

1. Nonetheless, the potential of phones is hindered by their corrosive effect. 2. It is almost impossible to use a phone as a tool to enhance creativity and productivity because it is also home to applications designed to prey on the weaknesses of the human psyche. 3. Companies like Facebook tap into a natural human desire for affirmation and trigger addictive dopamine bursts as rewards for posting selfies. 4. Those not addicted to social media, may find themselves wasting hours playing videogames, receiving roughly the same chemical incentive. 5. Over time, users become dependent on unhealthy habits that humans have not had time to evolve counters for and the ostensible convenience of these handheld devices becomes an excuse, rather than a reason, to own one.

• Write a new topic sentence with a new main idea .
• Explain your main idea.
• Develop it with specific examples.
• Continue developing it by considering all the effects.
• Conclude with a strong statement.

1. In conclusion, phones and tablets open up new possibilities but their abuse has led to a generation of dependent users. 2. It is up to individuals, not organisation and governments, to limit their screen time to preserve their mental well-being.

• Summarise your main ideas and repeat your opinion.
• Add in a final thought/detail. Read more about conclusions here .

What do the words in bold below mean?

The availability of new technologies to the average citizen in the form of consumer electronics brings with it both advantages and disadvantages. In my opinion, though these devices are convenient , their use is a negative overall given the impact on mental health .

Proponents of phones and tablets can point to the all but limitless functionality they provide. It is possible, just by owning a small, affordable device that fits in your pocket , to instantly capture video , take photos, send emails, check social media, make phone calls, watch movies, listen to music, play games and use a wide variety of productivity applications . There is no arguing with the near miraculous achievements found in smartphones and tablets. Used properly , these save time and widen the possible outlets for self-expression and creativity . An amateur film-maker , for example, can shoot and edit digital video directly on their phone, add in sound effects and post it easily to a website like YouTube.

Nonetheless, the potential of phones is hindered by their corrosive effect . It is almost impossible to use a phone as a tool to enhance creativity and productivity because it is also home to applications designed to prey on the weaknesses of the human psyche . Companies like Facebook tap into a natural human desire for affirmation and trigger addictive dopamine bursts as rewards for posting selfies . Those not addicted to social media, may find themselves wasting hours playing videogames, receiving roughly the same chemical incentive . Over time, users become dependent on unhealthy habits that humans have not had time to evolve counters for and the ostensible convenience of these handheld devices becomes an excuse , rather than a reason , to own one.

In conclusion, phones and tablets open up new possibilities but their abuse has led to a generation of dependent users. It is up to individuals, not organisation and governments, to limit their screen time to preserve their mental well-being .

availability can be used now

new technologies more advanced tech

average citizen normal person

in the form of manifested in

consumer electronics phones, tablets, etc.

brings with it also includes

convenient easy to use, helpful

negative overall given not good on the whole because

mental health psychological state

proponents supporters

point to argue

all but almost

limitless functionality unlimited uses

affordable cheap

fits in your pocket can be put in your pocket, can be carried

instantly capture video right away shoots videos

wide variety of productivity applications many types of programs for saving time

there is no arguing with it is indisputable

near miraculous achievements almost impossible successes

found in on

used properly not abused

save time more efficient

widen the possible outlets increase the avenues for

self-expression expressing yourself

creativity art

amateur film-maker not professional movie maker

edit digital video directly work on videos right after shooting on their phones

add in sound effects put in sounds

post it share it online

hindered by slowed by

corrosive effect impact that hurts

enhance creativity make one more creative

home to has

designed to prey on made to take advantage of

weaknesses drawbacks

human psyche psychology

tap into exploit

natural human desire part of human nature

affirmation reassurance

trigger addictive dopamine bursts make you feel happy

posting selfies putting up pictures you took of yourself

addicted can’t stop using

wasting hours not using time well

receiving roughly getting abotu the same

chemical incentive bursts of happiness

dependent rely on

unhealthy habits not good for you

evolve counters for find ways to defend oneself from

ostensible convenience seemingly good for you

handheld devices phones, tablets

excuse a reason for doing something

rather than a reason instead of a real cause

open up new possibilities allows for new opportunities

abuse not use properly

generation group of people born around now

up to responsible for

limit restrict

screen time time spent on computers, phones

preserve maintain

mental well-being mental health

Pronunciation

əˌveɪləˈbɪlɪti   njuː tɛkˈnɒləʤiz   ˈævərɪʤ ˈsɪtɪzn   ɪn ðə fɔːm ɒv   kənˈsjuːmər ɪlɛkˈtrɒnɪks   brɪŋz wɪð ɪt   kənˈviːniənt ˈnɛgətɪv ˈəʊvərɔːl ˈgɪvn   ˈmɛntl hɛlθ prəˈpəʊnənts   pɔɪnt tuː   ɔːl bʌt   ˈlɪmɪtlɪs ˌfʌŋkʃəˈnælɪti   əˈfɔːdəbl   fɪts ɪn jɔː ˈpɒkɪt ˈɪnstəntli ˈkæpʧə ˈvɪdɪəʊ waɪd vəˈraɪəti ɒv ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvɪti ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)nz ðeər ɪz nəʊ ˈɑːgjuːɪŋ wɪð   nɪə mɪˈrækjʊləs əˈʧiːvmənts   faʊnd ɪn   juːzd ˈprɒpəli seɪv taɪm   ˈwaɪdn ðə ˈpɒsəbl ˈaʊtlɛts   sɛlf-ɪksˈprɛʃən   ˌkriːeɪˈtɪvɪti ˈæmətə(ː) fɪlm-ˈmeɪkə ˈɛdɪt ˈdɪʤɪtl ˈvɪdɪəʊ dɪˈrɛktli   æd ɪn saʊnd ɪˈfɛkts   pəʊst ɪt   ˈhɪndəd baɪ   kəˈrəʊsɪv ɪˈfɛkt ɪnˈhɑːns ˌkriːeɪˈtɪvɪti   həʊm tuː   dɪˈzaɪnd tuː preɪ ɒn   ˈwiːknɪsɪz   ˈhjuːmən ˈsaɪki(ː) tæp ˈɪntuː   ˈnæʧrəl ˈhjuːmən dɪˈzaɪə   ˌæfɜːˈmeɪʃ(ə)n   ˈtrɪgər əˈdɪktɪv ˈdəʊpəmiːn bɜːsts   ˈpəʊstɪŋ ˈsɛlfiz əˈdɪktɪd   ˈweɪstɪŋ ˈaʊəz   rɪˈsiːvɪŋ ˈrʌfli   ˈkɛmɪkəl ɪnˈsɛntɪv dɪˈpɛndənt   ʌnˈhɛlθi ˈhæbɪts   ɪˈvɒlv ˈkaʊntəz fɔː   ɒsˈtɛnsəbl kənˈviːniəns   ˌhændˈhɛld dɪˈvaɪsɪz   ɪksˈkjuːs ˈrɑːðə ðæn ə ˈriːzn ˈəʊpən ʌp njuː ˌpɒsəˈbɪlɪtiz   əˈbjuːs   ˌʤɛnəˈreɪʃən   ʌp tuː   ˈlɪmɪt   skriːn taɪm   prɪˈzɜːv   ˈmɛntl wɛl-ˈbiːɪŋ

Listening Practice

Remember and fill in the blanks:

The a_____________y of n_____________________s to the a_____________n i_________________f c_____________________s b______________t both advantages and disadvantages. In my opinion, though these devices are c_____________t , their use is a n________________l g_______n the impact on m______________h .

P_____________s of phones and tablets can p_________o the a_______t l______________________y they provide. It is possible, just by owning a small, a____________e device that f__________________t , to i_____________________o , take photos, send emails, check social media, make phone calls, watch movies, listen to music, play games and use a w______________________________________s . T_____________________h the n________________________________s f____________n smartphones and tablets. U________________y , these s____________e and w_____________________s for s______________________n and c___________y . An a____________________r , for example, can shoot and e____________________y on their phone, a______________________s and p_________t easily to a website like YouTube.

Nonetheless, the potential of phones is h____________y their c___________________t . It is almost impossible to use a phone as a tool to e_____________________y and productivity because it is also h__________o applications d__________________________n the w_____________s of the h___________________e . Companies like Facebook t_________o a n_______________________e for a______________n and t_______________________________s as rewards for p_____________s . Those not a____________d to social media, may find themselves w_________________s playing videogames, r____________________y the same c___________________e . Over time, users become d_______________t on u__________________s that humans have not had time to e__________________r and the o_______________________e of these h__________________s becomes an e__________e , r____________________n , to own one.

In conclusion, phones and tablets o_______________________s but their a________e has led to a g______________n of dependent users. It is u____o individuals, not organisation and governments, to l_________t their s__________e to p__________e their m________________g .

Listen below about the effects of social media on your brain:

Reading Practice

Read below about the effects of mobile phones on teenagers:

https://www.momjunction.com/articles/side-effects-of-mobile-phones-on-teenagers_00352682/

Speaking Practice

Answer the following questions from the real speaking exam :

Time Management

• How can people manage their time better now compared to the past?
• What are the differences in what people do with their time now?
• How has technology helped people to save time?
• What are the qualities of a person with good time management?
• Will people have more free time in the future?

Writing Practice

Write about the following topic then check with my sample answer:

Some people believe that smartphones are destroying social interaction today.

IELTS Writing Task 2 General Training Sample Answer Essay: Mobile Phones and Social Interaction (Real Past IELTS Exam/Test)

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Thank you Dave, for compiling all the resources and helping us getting better-acquainted with the IELTS

You’re very welcome Robin! Where are you from?

It is often said that the availability of technological gadgets has more drawbacks than benefits. Personally, I believe that, despite the convenience, devices have a detrimental effect on the people’s concentration and the well-being of the nation.

To begin with, being tethered to the mobile phones, both adults and children do not realize how are they distracted by dozens of notifications from social media, messages and games. If it were not smart phones, children would study properly without having poor concentration and short attention span. To illustrate, when children work on tablets or laptops, they usually do not devote attention to the teacher as they try to surf the Internet or even play video games. In addition, the majority of adults are tend to use phones while they are driving to answer on the call or to use GPS; thus, not focusing on the road, they are likely to cause an accident and even die or injure other people such as pedestrians and drivers.

Another point to consider is that interaction with electronic devises has an adverse impact on the mental and physical health of human beings. Gadgets contribute to eyestrain, headaches and blurred vision by emitting human’s organism. Moreover, long engagement with laptops and mobile phones affects the brain work causing mental illnesses such as insomnia, depression and panic attacks. There is a growing body of research which suggests that almost all people in the future will suffer from one of these illnesses.

In conclusion, while some people are certain that technological devices is the most genius invention, I am convinced that it has more harmful features than useful, and people should think properly before using it in some moments of their life like driving the car or studying, otherwise they can be affected by physical or mental illnesses.

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Uses of Mobile Phones Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on uses of mobile phones.

Mobile phones are one of the most commonly used gadgets in today’s world. Everyone from a child to an adult uses mobile phones these days. They are indeed very useful and help us in so many ways.

Mobile phones indeed make our lives easy and convenient but at what cost? They are a blessing only till we use it correctly. As when we use them for more than a fixed time, they become harmful for us.

Uses of Mobile Phone

We use mobile phones for almost everything now. Gone are the days when we used them for only calling. Now, our lives revolve around it. They come in use for communicating through voice, messages, and mails. We can also surf the internet using a phone. Most importantly, we also click photos and record videos through our mobile’s camera.

The phones of this age are known as smartphones . They are no less than a computer and sometimes even more. You can video call people using this phone, and also manage your official documents. You get the chance to use social media and play music through it.

Moreover, we see how mobile phones have replaced computers and laptops . We carry out all the tasks through mobile phones which we initially did use our computers. We can even make powerpoint presentations on our phones and use it as a calculator to ease our work.

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Disadvantages of Mobile Phones

While mobile phones are very beneficial, they also come to a lot of disadvantages. Firstly, they create a distance between people. As people spend time on their phones, they don’t talk to each other much. People will sit in the same room and be busy on their phones instead of talking to each other.

Subsequently, phones waste a lot of time. People get distracted by them easily and spend hours on their phones. They are becoming dumber while using smartphones . They do not do their work and focus on using phones.

Most importantly, mobile phones are a cause of many ailments. When we use phones for a long time, our eyesight gets weaker. They cause strain on our brains. We also suffer from headaches, watery eyes, sleeplessness and more.

Moreover, mobile phones have created a lack of privacy in people’s lives. As all your information is stored on your phone and social media , anyone can access it easily. We become vulnerable to hackers. Also, mobile phones consume a lot of money. They are anyway expensive and to top it, we buy expensive gadgets to enhance our user experience.

In short, we see how it is both a bane and a boon. It depends on us how we can use it to our advantage. We must limit our usage of mobile phones and not let it control us. As mobile phones are taking over our lives, we must know when to draw the line. After all, we are the owners and not the smartphone.

FAQs on Uses of Mobile Phones

Q.1 How do mobile phones help us?

A.1 Mobile phones are very advantageous. They help us in making our lives easy and convenient. They help us communicate with our loved ones and carry out our work efficiently. Furthermore, they also do the work of the computer, calculator, and cameras.

Q.2 What is the abuse of mobile phone use?

A.2 People are nowadays not using but abusing mobile phones. They are using them endlessly which is ruining their lives. They are the cause of many ailments. They distract us and keep us away from important work. Moreover, they also compromise with our privacy making us vulnerable to hackers.

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Smart Home Devices

Introduction.

Smart home devices have transformed home life. It has become essential to examine them from an ethical perspective, leading to the promotion of independent living with support from devices such as Amazon Echo reshaping the current life. In line with using the devices to maintain and improve functional capabilities, they have become tools whereby personal data can be used. Challenges within the smart home device use have been the ethical design and development. Understandable is the usage of devices that present various problems in promoting autonomy, privacy, and data security. Ethical concerns about smart home devices, such as the infringement of personal data, hacking, and irresponsible data sharing, require an in-depth evaluation. Hence, this paper examines that though these devices can create convenience for homeowners, knowing the risk challenges and many ethical concerns can help us address and mitigate these challenges in the future.

Background information about smart home devices and ethical issues

Smart home devices have taken a central position in contemporary society. With their adoption taking root more than a decade ago, the devices are geared toward improving home living. The devices rely on a network society for a better quality of life. Hassan et al. (2020) recognize that tools used in computer systems are integrated into smart home systems and play an essential part in improving daily life. Advancements within the field of smart home devices are not an isolated case. Firstly, the developments that occur are within the purview of the society that has been shaped by various trends (Stip & Rialle, 2005). Acknowledgment of the added value of the devices entails an intelligent setting shaped by the internet, Wi-Fi, smartphones, smart audio, visual devices, and interconnected computer systems (Stip & Rialle, 2005). On the other hand, smart devices such as smart speakers, home control, and thermal stat systems are deemed complex systems influencing daily life.

Reliance on smart home devices translates into an integrated home that can realize the interactive process between the user and technology. Obtaining information and establishing the parameter for an easy life translate into activities such as interconnected computers, television, and smartphones that can ease communication (Gerber et al., 2018). Further, smart home devices enhance comfort, safety, and interactivity by optimizing various activities. The facets of concern include ease at controlling the thermostat to one’s specification to orders from Amazon and control of information services at home (Hassan et al., 2020). Establishing a real-time platform whereby the devices improve the purchase and cross-interaction has a paradigm shift in operations.

Further, home appliance interactive control is also a feature of smart home devices that translates into ease of operations (Chan et al., 2009). Hosting services and automatic rational management of home appliances are evident through the internet. Further, home electricity management is also at ease which is positively influential.

Nonetheless, problems arise in the ethical setting, especially in data management. Critics such as Umbrello (2020) assert that privacy is a primary moral concern. The interactive process of devices highlights significant data collection. For example, Amazon Echo regularly collects personal data when sales are made, and questions arise on how the data is used by the organizations (Umbrello, 2020). Raised concerns on the interactive process of data from the smartphone to television in making outside interaction is equally a concern. The execution of normative ethics highlights that privacy shapes the tenets of evaluation. Emphasis on monitoring personal data comprises respect in its assessment (Wolf et al., 2019). Proper practices in data collection and access to the third party are equally essential to examine, which can lead to an assessment of the interests of multiple parties. Autonomy is an essential dimension in reviewing the drastic adoption of smart home devices. Awareness of the shared data highlights that the customers need help determining what is undertaken to safeguard their data. Examination of the ethical setting denotes establishing the standards for informed consent in the specificity of using smart home devices (Sánchez et al., 2017). Thus, the in-depth assessment of the parameters of smart home devices and ethics should align with examining the existent challenges. Acceptance that these devices can create convenience for homeowners and knowing the risk challenges and many ethical concerns can help us address and mitigate these challenges in the future.

Ethical issues in smart home devices

Acm code of ethics applies to smart home devices..

Computing devices and actions have led to considerable changes in the world. Thus, acting responsibly should reflect on the work’s and products’ broader impacts while promoting the public good. Sánchez et al. (2017) emphasize that the ACM code of ethics encourages the profession’s conscience and device used as the way forward. The code is construed towards designing, inspiring, and guiding the ethical code of conduct, especially for all computing professionals. Inclusive of current and aspiring professionals, the need to affirm principles of behavior can lead to positive outcomes (Sánchez et al., 2017).

An essential principle of ACM relatable to smart home devices is the need to contribute to societal well-being and acknowledge that people have vested interests in computing. People are critical to upholding the values and expectations of an effective decision-making platform (Nelson & Allen, 2018). The concerns of quality of life of all individuals should be within the use of computer products. The technology should also be adopted from an individual and collective setting to benefit society, workers, and the surrounding environment. People’s obligation is based on the promotion of fundamental human rights and conformity to the values of autonomy (Maalsen, 2020). Computing professionals aim to reduce negatable consequences of computing, such as safety, security, and privacy (Birchley et al., 2017). With multiple stakeholders’ interests, the users’ attention and priority should be geared toward autonomy, upholding human rights, and conformity to value-centric operations.

Therefore, it is fundamental to consider that computing tools should respect diversity while ensuring socially responsible initiatives. Meeting the citizen’s needs and being socially accessible is an influential parameters of technology use (Ehrenberg & Keinonen, 2021). Consequently, the basis for technological implementation is upholding the principles of a social environment that promotes human well-being.

On the other hand, respect should be geared toward the devices that can be the foundation for producing new ideas and promoting ease in the execution of multiple works (Erica, 2022). In technology use, it is crucial to respect copyrights and patents while ensuring that the protection of results prevails (Purkayastha, 2022). From custom and copyrights, the ACM code emphasizes that public and private computing goods should be within the paradigm of accessibility. Technology should be eared at helping society (Maalsen, 2020). From computer professionals to the computing process, it is essential to promote the principles of the ethical use and improvement of life. Equally central to the use of technology, the following values should be upheld.

Respect privacy

The ACM code is set on establishing responsible computing professionals who respect privacy. Arguably, technology is a tool that rapidly collects, monitors, and exchanges personal information. Privacy is vital with smart home devices showing extensive knowledge exchange (Sánchez et al., 2017). Therefore, the focus on conversing in the various definitions and forms of privacy can be the basis for understanding the rights and responsibilities. The collection and usage of personal information is a specific technology feature whose value can be examined extensively (Birchley et al., 2017). Technology should be used effectively to ascertain legitimate ends without violating the rights of individuals and groups. Consequently, precautions should be taken to prevent the re-identification of the anonymized data or unauthorized data collection.

Promoting the accuracy of data, ensuring understanding of the provenance of the data while promoting unauthorized access or accidental disclosure. Promoting transparent policies and steps that allow for comprehension of which data is being collected or used should be within the parameters of giving informed consent. Data collection should promote personal data’s value (Sánchez et al., 2017). For smart home devices, the amount of important personal information is usually collected in a system. Thus, it is vital for the retention and disposal periods of the information should be clearly stated, enforced, and communicated to the existent data subjects (Sánchez et al., 2017). Personal information from the devices should not be used for other purposes without one’s consent. Taking special care of privacy using devices should emerge when data collection.

Adequate privacy protection minimizes the level at which identifiable personal data is shared. Smart home devices, from television to smart speakers, phones, and computing systems at home, must maintain a balance against the need for data from users (Sánchez et al., 2017). Data usage should require particular attention to unauthorized access to in-home store data. Examining the viability of the security measures implemented to safeguard personal data should be the basis for decision-making.

Promotion of confidentiality in the use of data

Despite the ACM code focusing on computing professionals called upon to promote a confidential management process, ripple effects must prevail in the technology use. The developers of smart home devices should focus on privileged information, such as client data and financial information, to be protected confidentially (Grant, 2022). The code’s ethics requires assessing the nature of contents and the implications for disclosure. Thoughtful consideration of personal data should be consistent with managing sensitive information (Maalsen, 2020). Efforts should be geared at safeguarding high-quality and sensitive information effectively. Smart home devices, through their developers, should be geared toward promoting the dignity of customer data (Umbrello, 2020). Deviating from the ethically unacceptable ways of sharing data should shape access to smart home devices. Opportunities for inclusivity in assessing the devices should be aligned with confidentiality.

Ethical Analysis Framework

Beauchamp and childress’ principles model in analyzing smart home devices.

The principle of ethical autonomy plays an integral role in understanding the use of smart home devices. Accordingly, it is essential to respect the data of individuals the home devices collect. Application to the technology is within the purview of valuing people’s data and should not be viewed merely as good. Companies should deviate from the view of personal data as a way to earn money and share it with others (Maalsen, 2020). Focus on the ethical justification for the use of smart home devices should be based on acceptance of individual consent in the data use. The intersection between confidentiality protection and respect for autonomy should be the purview of decision-making (Purkayastha, 2022). Explicit personal consent in accessing data from smart home devices should be within the purview of operations. Reduction of data accessibility among the organizations should establish an enabling platform for the involvement of the devices in decision-making.

Non-maleficence

The principle is essential in examining smart home devices since it can be used to establish the parameter of not inflicting harm on others based on access to personal data (Maalsen, 2020). Addressing the principle denotes sensitization on the use of the technologies and how data accessibility can emerge. From hacking and sharing personal data on the dark web to governments using data obtained from unscrupulous sellers of intelligent home devices, it is crucial to examine the implications. Privacy-related harms to personal data should emerge from aspects such as stalking (Purkayastha, 2022). Therefore, the social and reputational harm of data sharing should form the basis of awareness for the customers or family members. Consideration of the non-maleficence principle should shift the burden in the data review (Wolf et al., 2019). Potentially harmful effects of data sharing should be examined as the basis for smart home device usage.

Real-life examples

From an ACM code of ethics perspective, the collective responsibilities of the organizations, professional computing stakeholders, and the public have assumed real-life examples. Arguably, notions of ethical data usage, privacy, and confidentiality have not been upheld (Sánchez et al., 2017). Companies have remained unwilling to strive to engage in professional communication on the implications of smart home devices.

For Nelson & Allen (2018), using routers at home requires tight security or encryption to ensure that the interconnected devices are not subject to data hacks. Numerous families have had to grapple with hacking incidents with detrimental outcomes. From posting their photos on public sites to stalking incidents, smart home devices are prone to unscrupulous or unwarranted access (Purkayastha, 2022). Arguably, the challenge for most families is developing simple to complex encryption processes that can ensure that even their children’s phones or personal computers may not be intruded upon.

Further, Sani (2022) emphasizes that a primary ethical dilemma of a smart home is the misuse of personal information. The Dark web has become a trove of illegal activities, such as selling credit card information to photos of children. In a technologically empowered home, it is unsurprising that credit card purchases are undertaken, which establish the foundation for hacks (Pirzada et al., 2022). Technologically empowered houses revolve around how businesses can use personal information. From browsing internet sites to making online purchases, information becomes open. Engaging equally with multiple online businesses translates into companies often sharing the info (Sánchez et al., 2017). Companies gather personal data to hyper-personalize online experiences (Purkayastha, 2022). Consequently, information sharing among businesses translates into individualized marketing. The accessibility to multiple sites the moment people browse often highlights the prospect of sharing information without consent.

Sánchez et al. (2017) assert that personal information is deemed the new gold traded across the online platform. Attempting to reach the customer base through accurate data is a facet of concern that raises concerns about privacy and confidentiality. Valuable data points are exploited for businesses to make money or advance their marketing agender (Ehrenberg & Keinonen, 2021). Amazon and Facebook, at times, have come under fire for the sale of personal data they gather from multiple platforms. The wide-reaching effects of personal data sales were evident, especially in the Cambridge Analytica scandal, whose information ranged from various platforms (Purkayastha, 2022). The recognition of privacy invasion and the implications of manipulating people from multiple platforms raises ethical concerns.

Lack of oversight and organizational acceptance of responsibility in sharing personal information is an ethical area. Fowler (2022) acknowledges that companies operate with impunity in sharing personal data. Comprising a blend of third-party to own smart home devices, gathering your information is expected. As a result, confusion and dilemma are apparent regarding data governance and responsibility. Using big data within the operational setting sheds light on the engagement of information-sharing and processing systems without consultation (Pirzada et al., 2022). Businesses must adopt a perspective in their data collection process and third-party selling. Despite many experts lobbying for corporate governance and local policies on data sharing, its widespread mismanagement is rife in big data companies.

Lessons learned

Personal data is easily accessible, and most importantly, with the devices interconnected through Wi-Fi, it is crucial to promote good security management. Creating a secure home should commence with the router, the foundation for efficient operations (Sani, 2022). What connects all devices is valuable and should denote an integrated operation dimension. Furthermore, setting unique passwords can lead to a daunting prospect of outside hacks (Chan et al., 2009). Additionally, emphasizing the highest degree of encryption is crucial and recommends the WPA2 as an effective platform that requires establishing an enabling platform to ensure third-party access does not emerge (Zhu et al., 2022).

Further, at-home mobile applications should use super-strong passwords. The devices are accessible for family members who need passwords for decision-making. Devices associated with mobile apps call for login credentials to establish a parameter for family engagement in their management (Ehrenberg & Keinonen, 2021). Creating a unique credential from each smart device and an account is the framework for safeguarding from infringement.

Future projections

Ai (artificial intelligence) to control homes.

AI will become a prominent feature in the management of homes. Its potential to establish systems that will control various facets of the house will lead to an ethical line requiring new evaluation (Nancy, 2022). Accordingly, establishing a dangerous territory in the management of homes will emanate from the ease at which people relinquish control to the systems. For example, the ethics of confidentiality will arise from the data management and tracking process that will be left to the AI. Encouraging intelligent systems to be a standard fixture in homes will raise concerns about their decision-making process. Since technology is flawed, it is crucial to examine informed consent and the parameters that should enable it to be independent in data management (Pirzada et al., 2022). The AI will be based on training and coding of data, which may be tainted by human bias. An AI that solely responds to historical, social inequalities may emerge, which may be detrimental to effective home systems management and privacy concerns. For example, a male-centric AI may assume the role of women in the homes and not engage in confidentiality or privacy management of data or monitoring of the home members.

Recommendations

Policies for smart home device providers.

Organizations should be held accountable for personal data. The way forward is to establish parameters for the data and coordinate with the members. The development of a firm moral sense, especially for customer data protection, is within the parameter of operations for the organization (Nancy, 2022). Data is valuable and undoubtedly continues to influence the contemporary customer targeting process. Organizations should liaise with customers to develop ethical data management.

Encourage a moral sense of data management.

Communication with the public should be an essential dimension of operations for organizations on the ethical value of preserving their data. Emphasis on instruction and an information-centric approach to the importance of data and ways to protect it should align with ethical expectations (Chung et al., 2016). Data protection measures and compliance procedures being open to the customers in their use of devices should prevail to ensure security and not leak or be misused.

Conclusions

Smart home devices are a trend that continues to shape contemporary society. Ease in daily life at home is a crucial transition to reshape the technical landscape. Accordingly, the devices can create convenience for homeowners, and knowing the risk challenges and many ethical concerns can help us address and mitigate these challenges in the future. Data management is an essential component that requires an in-depth analysis from privacy to confidentiality and informed consent; it is fundamental for people to examine the underlying issues. Smart home device owners should be aware of the ethical concerns associated with the use, and it is paramount to maintain awareness for positive outcomes is paramount.

Birchley, G., Huxtable, R., Murtagh, M., Ter Meulen, R., Flach, P., & Gooberman-Hill, R. (2017). Smart homes, private homes? An empirical study of technology researchers’ perceptions of ethical issues in developing smart-home health technologies.  BMC medical ethics ,  18 (1), 1-13.

Chan, M., Campo, E., Estève, D., & Fourniols, J. Y. (2009). Smart homes—current features and future perspectives.  Maturitas ,  64 (2), 90-97.

Chung, J., Demiris, G., & Thompson, H. J. (2016). Ethical considerations regarding the use of innovative home technologies for older adults: an integrative review. Annual review of nursing research ,  34 (1), 155-181.

Ehrenberg, N., & Keinonen, T. (2021, May). Technology is an enemy for me now: How innovative home technologies assert control beyond intent. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems  (pp. 1-11).

Erica, W. (2022). How to make your home more energy efficient – and get a tax break too.

Fowler, G. (2022). There’s a spy in your home, and its name is Alexa.

Gerber, N., Reinheimer, B., & Volkamer, M. (2018, August). Home sweet home? Investigating users’ awareness of innovative home privacy threats. In Proceedings of An Interactive Workshop on the Human Aspects of Smarthome Security and Privacy (WSSP)  (p. 2018).

Grant, C. (2022). Making Your Home Smart Can Make Your Life Easier.

Hassan, H., Jamaluddin, R. A., & Marafa, F. M. (2019). Internet of Thing (IoT) Smart Home Systems: Conceptual Ethical Framework for Malaysian Developers. In  Advances in Visual Informatics: 6th International Visual Informatics Conference, IVIC 2019, Bangi, Malaysia, November 19–21, 2019, Proceedings 6  (pp. 451-462). Springer International Publishing.

Leigh, K. (2022). Keep Your Smart Home Safe from Hackers; As Internet-connected devices in homes become more popular, so do the risks of unwanted intruders.

Maalsen, S. (2020). Revising the smart home as an assemblage. Housing Studies ,  35 (9), 1534-1549.

Nancy, K. (2022). When a Smart Home Is Too Smart for its Own Good, Smart-home systems can control everything from the lighting to the temperature to the music, but they don’t always make life easier for homeowners.

Nelson, B. W., & Allen, N. B. (2018). Extending the passive-sensing toolbox: using smart-home technology in psychological science.  Perspectives on psychological science ,  13 (6), 718-733.

Pirzada, P., Wilde, A., Doherty, G. H., & Harris-Birtill, D. (2022). Ethics and acceptance of smart homes for older adults.  Informatics for Health and Social Care ,  47 (1), 10-37.

Purkayastha, R. (2022). A Study on Ethical Issues and Related Solutions for Smart Home Technologies. In  Exploring Ethical Problems in Today’s Technological World  (pp. 272-287). IGI Global.

Sánchez, V. G., Taylor, I., & Bing-Jonsson, P. C. (2017). Ethics of innovative house welfare technology for older adults: A systematic literature review.  International journal of technology assessment in health care ,  33 (6), 691-699.9

Sani, C. (2022). Smart technology has benefits for seniors and caregivers, too.

Stip, E., & Rialle, V. (2005). Environmental, cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: Ethical implications of “smart home” technology. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ,  50 (5), 281-291.

Umbrello, S. (2020). Meaningful human control over smart home systems: a value-sensitive design approach. HUMANA. MENTE ,  13 (37), 40-65.

Wolf, M. J., Gotterbarn, D., & Kirkpatrick, M. S. (2019, February). ACM code of ethics: Looking back and forging ahead. In  Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education  (pp. 801-802).

Zhu, J., Shi, K., Yang, C., Niu, Y., Zeng, Y., Zhang, N., … & Chu, C. H. (2022). Ethical issues of smart home‐based elderly care: A scoping review.  Journal of nursing management ,  30 (8), 3686-3699.

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The role of smart city technology in improving urban living.

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Punnam Raju Manthena, Co-Founder & CEO at Tekskills Inc . Partnering with clients across the globe in their digital transformation journeys.

"Smart city" is a buzzword, but what is so "smart" about a "smart city?"

Cities have evolved over the last few decades along the same lines that we moved from landline phones to regular cell phones to present-day smartphones. This transformation applies to several facets of city planning and infrastructure, including basic facilities like water, electricity, sewer, education, healthcare and transportation.

The Role Of IoT In Smart Cities

At the heart of smart cities is the Internet of Things (IoT).

In smart cities, IoT sensors and devices collect data relating to, for example, the condition of cities' roads, buildings, water bodies and bridges. IoT sensors can also monitor and control traffic, optimize maintenance and improve public safety.

Here are a few important use cases to understand.

1. Sensors in bridges can monitor structural stability and detect possible damage to minimize the risk of accidents.

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2. IoT devices can monitor electrical power consumption to optimize usage.

3. Video surveillance systems and sensors can help detect suspected movements and possible unlawful activities. These systems are also used to watch for and respond to accidents and natural calamities.

4. Smart dustbins equipped with fill-level sensors that can alert city sanitation departments which bins need to be emptied.

In other words, IoT helps cities make good use of their resources. As these technologies keep advancing, they will play an even bigger role in cities.

Key Examples Of Smart Cities

While these benefits can seem great in theory, it's important to understand that many of the world's leading cities have made immense progress in implementing these technologies.

Singapore, for example, was ranked the top smart city in the world in 2018 and the top smart city in Asia in 2023 by the Institute for Management Development. They have been building and improving their " intelligent transport system " for the last several years, which has helped to improve their sustainability efforts and reduce congestion.

Likewise, a suburb of Cape Town in South Africa has reported a 65% drop in crime following the deployment of a vehicle license recognition solution. This solution uses 40 cameras to monitor an average of over 300,000 vehicle movements per hour.

Finally, for a pilot project in San Francisco , the city installed sensors in 48 of the city’s 3m800 public street bins. The pilot was able to show a reduction of 80% in overflowing waste, a 64% reduction in illegal dumping and a 66% reduction in street cleaning requests.

Future Evolutions Of Smart Cities

What next for smart cities?

Urbanization is on the rise across the world, and people are flocking to big cities. The UN predicts that two-thirds of the world’s population will likely live in urban areas by 2050 . These populations will require large resources, all of which require intelligent use of "smart city" concepts and deployment of IoT technologies.

Having said that, smart cities, like every technology, have challenges, such as security and privacy issues, which will require laws , policies and frameworks . Added to this, IoT devices come with limitations in terms of possible hardware failure, data storage, processing capabilities and dependence on external power sources, which will require technical improvements and increased budgets .

Technologies, city developers and other stakeholders will need to work together to solve these challenges because smart cities are no longer a futuristic concept but a very real and ever-improving idea that can hugely benefit the lives of city inhabitants worldwide.

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Review of smart-home security using the internet of things, 1. introduction.

• User awareness level: Users are always considered one of the weak links on the cyber risk chain, and usually, home users are not aware of the cyber threats related to smart-home devices, or may not know how to properly secure them. This can lead to weak passwords, false configurations, failure to update software, and other security vulnerabilities.
• Complexity: Smart homes can be complex systems with many devices, sensors, and services. This complexity can make it difficult to manage security and identify vulnerabilities.
• Interoperability and Heterogeneity: Smart-home devices are often developed by different manufacturers and use different communication protocols, which makes it difficult to ensure that they can all work together securely.
• Remote access: Smart-home devices often allow for remote access via Internet connection, which increases the risk of unauthorized access by attackers. This is especially concerning as many users may not secure their remote access properly.
• Limited resources: Smart-home devices often operate with limited resources, such as low power consumption, limited memory, and processing power. This makes it challenging to implement strong security protocols.
• Lack of regulation: There are currently no standardized security regulations for smart-home devices, which means that security measures can vary widely between different devices and manufacturers.

2. Related Works

3. smart-home ecosystem, 3.1. iot in smart homes, 3.2. infotainment devices, 3.3. physical home security and monitoring, 3.4. ambient living devices, 3.5. other aspects and actuators, 4. analysis and discussions of the iot setting, 4.1. architectural structure of iot ecosystems.

• International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): The ISO and IEC have developed several standards related to IoT, including ISO/IEC 30141 [ 93 ] which provides guidelines for the architecture and interoperability of IoT systems. While the ISO/IEC standards may not explicitly define the layers of an IoT architecture, they offer principles and recommendations for designing scalable and interoperable IoT solutions.
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): The IEEE has published numerous standards and guidelines for IoT, including IEEE P2413 [ 94 ] which defines an architectural framework for IoT. While IEEE P2413 does not prescribe specific layers, it outlines key architectural concepts and considerations for IoT systems.
• Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC): The IIC has developed the Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA) [ 95 ], which provides a comprehensive framework for designing industrial IoT solutions. While focused on industrial applications, the IIRA can be adapted for other IoT use-cases and includes concepts related to layered architectures.
• Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF): The OCF has developed standards for interoperability and connectivity in IoT devices and ecosystems [ 96 ]. While the OCF standards primarily focus on interoperability protocols, they also address architectural principles that may align with layered approaches.
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): The NIST has published several documents related to IoT security and architecture, including the NIST Cybersecurity Framework [ 97 ] and NIST Special Publication 800-183 [ 98 ], which provide guidance on IoT device cybersecurity. While not explicitly defining layers, these documents offer principles and recommendations for designing secure IoT architectures.
• Application: smart environment, smart home, smart city;
• Perception: movement sensors, smoke sensors, pressure sensors;
• Network: nodes, servers, topologies;
• Physical: smart phones, smart appliances, power supplies.

4.2. Threats Faced by a Smart Home and Related Countermeasures

4.2.1. application layer analysis, 4.2.2. perception layer analysis, 4.2.3. network layer analysis, 4.2.4. physical layer analysis, 4.2.5. summary of threats and countermeasures, 5. best-practices guide for a secure smart home.

• Identify Needs: Determine what you want your smart-home devices to accomplish. This could range from enhancing security to improve energy-efficiency or simply adding convenience to your daily routines.
• Select Compatible Devices: Choose devices that are compatible with each other and can be easily integrated into a single ecosystem. Look for devices that support common standards or platforms (e.g., Apple HomeKit, Google Home, Amazon Alexa).
• Update/Upgrade Regularly: Set a process to automatically or periodically seek for and install updates/upgrades. Both for firmware and application software.
• Disposal Policy: Set safe disposal strategies for all equipment, including secure deletion/destruction of data and even physical destruction of digital components and memories/storage.
• Device’s Security Controls: Set all potential defenses that are provided by the main manufacturer (e.g., pins, extra security code, networking safeguards, etc.).
• Minimize Exposure: Restrict connectivity to the least open/public LANs and networks that are necessary. Minimize the exposure of the system.
• Set User Privileges: Restrict the number of authorized users to the minimum required. For each user, restrict access rights to the least privileges required.
• Security Software: Set anti-virus, anti-malware, host-firewall, and host-IDS where applicable.
• Delete Unnecessary Elements: Remove services, applications, or other elements that are insecure or not in use by the current system (e.g., Telnet).
• Avoid Outdated Equipment: Do not use outdated devices that are not supported by the vendor anymore.
• Configure Before Deployment: Before incorporating a new device to your system, verify that it is updated/upgraded, and all security and configurations are properly set.
• Use Only Secure Versions: Install the latest secure and stable versions.
• Set And Update Before Use: Upon installation, proceed immediately with the proper updates/upgrades, configurations, and settings of security/privacy.
• Automate Updates: Set automated or periodic updates/upgrades.
• Strong Authentication: Use strong passwords, as well as multi-factor authentication, wherever possible.
• Application-Level Protections: Enable application-level firewalls, IDS, extra pins, or other defenses, wherever possible.
• Restrict Access: Restrict access rights/permissions and connectivity to the minimum required.
• Restrict Users: If applicable, restrict the number of users to the minimum required.
• Especially for the technicians/engineers, always check the validity of the elements that are about to be installed (e.g., check the digital certification of the website, as well as the digest of the downloaded software).
• For elements of unknown or less popular vendors, also check for recommendations from other users in related forums.
• Do not install less trusted applications/software in the core of the system, especially if you have not tested them in a less critical part of your setting.
• Monitor Operation: Where applicable, install security software for monitoring of the runtime environment and alerting.
• Set Build-In Security and Privacy Controls: Check the offered options and set the privacy policies to the minimum required.
• Secure Deletion: Apply secure removal strategies, logging out from all accounts and applications, revoking all acquired accesses/permissions, and securely erasing all permanent and temporary data.
• Respond to Incidents: Set a response strategy, including details of whom you have to call and your first actions in case you notice something strange. For example, if you start receiving unknown notifications of purchase attempts in your mobile banking, you block your cards immediately and call your bank’s 24/7 security service.
• Recover from Incidents: Set a recovery strategy in case something happens.
• Security Configuration: Set the highest possible protections and set as a high priority the protection of the equipment that facilitates networking, especially for the devices that have direct access/exposure to Internet, and especially the main router.
• Security Primitives: Activate or set additional firewalls and IDS/IPS. Use the most restrict policies possible.
• Usage Zones: Create different LANs and virtual LANs (VLANs) for different usage zones of the smart home.
• Remote Access: Consider setting an in-house virtual private network (VPN) for accessing the smart home remotely (e.g., the surveillance system).
• Least Privileges: Restrict the privileges of services that are exposed to the Internet.
• Network Monitoring: Install monitoring systems and periodically audit the activity of your system.
• Decrease Attack Surface: Disable insecure communication protocols and services (e.g., http), as well as elements that are not currently in use.
• Regular Updates: Similar with the devices, do not use outdated equipment.
• Strong Passwords: Use strong, unique passwords for your Wi-Fi network and each of your smart-home devices.
• Network Segmentation: Consider creating a separate Wi-Fi network for your smart devices to isolate them from the network you use for personal computing, reducing the risk of cross-device hacking.
• Regular Updates: Keep your router’s firmware and your smart devices’ software up to date to protect against known vulnerabilities.
• Follow Installation Guides: Carefully read and follow the installation instructions provided with your devices. This may include downloading an application, connecting to Wi-Fi, or performing initial setup steps.
• Optimal Placement: Place devices in locations where they can function effectively (e.g., smart cameras with a clear field of view, smart thermostats away from direct sunlight).
• Choose a Central Control System: Select a central hub or application that can control all your devices. This unifies control and makes managing your devices more convenient.
• Customize Settings: Adjust settings for each device according to your preferences. This may involve setting schedules, creating automation rules, or defining scenes.
• Test Operations: After setting up, test your devices individually and the system as a whole to ensure they work as expected.
• Troubleshoot Issues: If a device is not working correctly, consult the troubleshooting section of the device manual or contact customer support.
• User Training: Educate all household members on how to use the smart devices, emphasizing the importance of security practices, like not sharing passwords.
• Manage Your Passwords and Accounts: Consider utilizing password/account managers.
• Backup Your Data: Set a backup strategy.
• Regular Reviews: Regularly review your smart-home setup to ensure it continues to meet your needs. Adjust settings, add new devices, or remove unnecessary ones as needed.

6. Directions for Future Research

• Enhanced Biometric Security: Developing more sophisticated biometric authentication methods that leverage the unique capabilities of smart-home devices.
• Context-Aware Security Protocols: Creating security protocols that adapt to the user’s context and environment within the smart home.
• Decentralized Security Mechanisms: Exploring blockchain and other decentralized technologies for managing identity verification and ensuring data integrity.
• Privacy-Enhancing Techniques: Developing methods for protecting personal data captured by smart-home devices, using advanced anonymization techniques and local data processing.
• Secure Multi-User Interactions: Enhancing security for environments where multiple users interact with the same devices, like smart TV or AR/VR equipment.
• Robust Malware Detection: Implementing sophisticated systems for detecting malware in IoT devices, including smart locks and cameras.
• Physical and Network Security Integration: Investigating ways to integrate physical security measures with network security protocols across smart-home devices.
• Energy-Efficient Security Protocols: Creating security solutions that minimize energy consumption, particularly for devices like smart locks and smart plugs.
• Secure Device Management and Disposal: Ensuring secure lifecycle management of smart-home devices, from installation to disposal, to prevent data leaks.
• International Security Standards for IoT: Developing and promoting the adoption of global security standards for IoT devices to ensure consistent security practices.
• Anomaly Detection Using AI: Leveraging AI to detect and respond to unusual behavior or threats in smart-home environments.
• IoT Device Interoperability and Security: Ensuring that all interconnected smart-home devices adhere to strict security protocols to prevent vulnerabilities.
• Ethical Design and User Consent: Examining ethical issues in smart-home technology deployment, especially regarding surveillance and data-collection practices.
• Forensic Capabilities for IoT Security: Developing forensic tools and techniques for investigating and mitigating security incidents in smart homes.
• Consumer Awareness and Education: Enhancing user understanding of the potential risks and security practices associated with smart-home technologies.
• Regulatory Compliance and Privacy Laws: Addressing compliance with existing and emerging privacy laws and regulations that affect smart-home technologies.
• Advanced Encryption Methods: Researching more robust encryption techniques to secure data transmission between smart-home devices and external networks.
• Hybrid Energy-Efficient Privacy Preserving Schemes: Developing privacy-preserving protocols that balance energy efficiency with effective privacy protection, especially in communication-heavy IoT environments, like smart homes.

7. Conclusions

Author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Vardakis, G.; Hatzivasilis, G.; Koutsaki, E.; Papadakis, N. Review of Smart-Home Security Using the Internet of Things. Electronics 2024 , 13 , 3343. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13163343

Vardakis G, Hatzivasilis G, Koutsaki E, Papadakis N. Review of Smart-Home Security Using the Internet of Things. Electronics . 2024; 13(16):3343. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13163343

Vardakis, George, George Hatzivasilis, Eleftheria Koutsaki, and Nikos Papadakis. 2024. "Review of Smart-Home Security Using the Internet of Things" Electronics 13, no. 16: 3343. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13163343

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