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1 Cite Share Spatiotemporal modeling of molecular holograms. Qiu X, Zhu DY, Lu Y, Yao J, Jing Z, Min KH, Cheng M, Pan H, Zuo L, King S, Fang Q, Zheng H, Wang M, Wang S, Zhang Q, Yu S, Liao S, Liu C, Wu X, Lai Y, Hao S, Zhang Z, Wu L, Zhang Y, Li M, Tu Z, Lin J, Yang Z, Li Y, Gu Y, Ellison D, Chen A, Liu L, Weissman JS, Ma J, Xu X, Liu S, Bai Y. Qiu X, et al. Cell. 2024 Nov 11:S0092-8674(24)01159-0. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.10.011. Online ahead of print. Cell. 2024. PMID: 39532097 Cite Share Item in Clipboard

2 Cite Share Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention. Jastreboff AM, le Roux CW, Stefanski A, Aronne LJ, Halpern B, Wharton S, Wilding JPH, Perreault L, Zhang S, Battula R, Bunck MC, Ahmad NN, Jouravskaya I; SURMOUNT-1 Investigators. Jastreboff AM, et al. N Engl J Med. 2024 Nov 13. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2410819. Online ahead of print. N Engl J Med. 2024. PMID: 39536238 Cite Share Item in Clipboard

3 Cite Share Mexico Summit 20 years on-gains and challenges. Pang T, Panisset U, Becerra-Posada F, Frenk J. Pang T, et al. Lancet. 2024 Nov 8:S0140-6736(24)02354-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02354-7. Online ahead of print. Lancet. 2024. PMID: 39536771 No abstract available. Cite Share Item in Clipboard

4 Cite Share Fecal microbial load is a major determinant of gut microbiome variation and a confounder for disease associations. Nishijima S, Stankevic E, Aasmets O, Schmidt TSB, Nagata N, Keller MI, Ferretti P, Juel HB, Fullam A, Robbani SM, Schudoma C, Hansen JK, Holm LA, Israelsen M, Schierwagen R, Torp N, Telzerow A, Hercog R, Kandels S, Hazenbrink DHM, Arumugam M, Bendtsen F, Brøns C, Fonvig CE, Holm JC, Nielsen T, Pedersen JS, Thiele MS, Trebicka J, Org E, Krag A, Hansen T, Kuhn M, Bork P; GALAXY and MicrobLiver Consortia. Nishijima S, et al. Cell. 2024 Nov 4:S0092-8674(24)01204-2. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.10.022. Online ahead of print. Cell. 2024. PMID: 39541968 Cite Share Item in Clipboard

5 Cite Share The relationship between peer support and sleep quality among Chinese college students: the mediating role of physical exercise atmosphere and the moderating effect of eHealth literacy. Li J. Li J. Front Psychol. 2024 Jul 31;15:1422026. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1422026. eCollection 2024. Front Psychol. 2024. PMID: 39144583 Free PMC article. Cite Share Item in Clipboard

6 Cite Share NK2R control of energy expenditure and feeding to treat metabolic diseases. Sass F, Ma T, Ekberg JH, Kirigiti M, Ureña MG, Dollet L, Brown JM, Basse AL, Yacawych WT, Burm HB, Andersen MK, Nielsen TS, Tomlinson AJ, Dmytiyeva O, Christensen DP, Bader L, Vo CT, Wang Y, Rausch DM, Kristensen CK, Gestal-Mato M, In Het Panhuis W, Sjøberg KA, Kernodle S, Petersen JE, Pavlovskyi A, Sandhu M, Moltke I, Jørgensen ME, Albrechtsen A, Grarup N, Babu MM, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S, Seeley RJ, Worthmann A, Heeren J, Pers TH, Hansen T, Gustafsson MBF, Tang-Christensen M, Kilpeläinen TO, Myers MG Jr, Kievit P, Schwartz TW, Hansen JB, Gerhart-Hines Z. Sass F, et al. Nature. 2024 Nov 13. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08207-0. Online ahead of print. Nature. 2024. PMID: 39537932 Cite Share Item in Clipboard

7 Cite Share Experimental feasibility of xenon-enhanced dual-energy radiography for imaging of lung function. Basharat F, Tanguay J. Basharat F, et al. Phys Med Biol. 2022 Dec 12;67(24). doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/aca3f8. Phys Med Biol. 2022. PMID: 36395522 Cite Share Item in Clipboard

8 Cite Share Melatonin and circadian rhythms in liver diseases: Functional roles and potential therapies. Sato K, Meng F, Francis H, Wu N, Chen L, Kennedy L, Zhou T, Franchitto A, Onori P, Gaudio E, Glaser S, Alpini G. Sato K, et al. J Pineal Res. 2020 Apr;68(3):e12639. doi: 10.1111/jpi.12639. Epub 2020 Mar 4. J Pineal Res. 2020. PMID: 32061110 Free PMC article. Review. Cite Share Item in Clipboard

9 Cite Share Clinical functional proteomics of intercellular signalling in pancreatic cancer. Huang P, Gao W, Fu C, Wang M, Li Y, Chu B, He A, Li Y, Deng X, Zhang Y, Kong Q, Yuan J, Wang H, Shi Y, Gao D, Qin R, Hunter T, Tian R. Huang P, et al. Nature. 2024 Nov 13. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08225-y. Online ahead of print. Nature. 2024. PMID: 39537929 Cite Share Item in Clipboard

10 Cite Share A β-hydroxybutyrate shunt pathway generates anti-obesity ketone metabolites. Moya-Garzon MD, Wang M, Li VL, Lyu X, Wei W, Tung AS, Raun SH, Zhao M, Coassolo L, Islam H, Oliveira B, Dai Y, Spaas J, Delgado-Gonzalez A, Donoso K, Alvarez-Buylla A, Franco-Montalban F, Letian A, Ward CP, Liu L, Svensson KJ, Goldberg EL, Gardner CD, Little JP, Banik SM, Xu Y, Long JZ. Moya-Garzon MD, et al. Cell. 2024 Nov 7:S0092-8674(24)01214-5. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.10.032. Online ahead of print. Cell. 2024. PMID: 39536746 Cite Share Item in Clipboard

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Basic searching in PubMed   is straightforward. Enter your keyword term(s) in the search box at the top and click the Search button.

PubMed may suggest topics for you, and if you like any of them you can simply click on one. It's usually a good idea to start with a broad search, then narrow your results.

Please note, PubMed is not like Google! You cannot use full sentences. Use keywords, author names, or journal titles to begin your searching. 

An Advanced Search in PubMed allows you to narrow your search and find specific resources. By selecting "Advanced" under the search bar, you are taken to the PubMed Advanced Search Builder .  From here, you can "add terms to the query box" and search by the specified field you choose. You can search by fields such as (but not limited to): 

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• Field Descriptions (tags) 

There are many techniques to refine your search in PubMed, including Boolean Operators, truncation, and search filters. 

Boolean Operators are used to connect pieces of information within a search. You can use the operators AND OR and NOT to focus your search results. 

• Used to narrow your search 
• All terms connected must be present in the results 
• e.g. virus AND cell death AND influenza
• Used to broaden your search 
• Either of the terms must be present in the results 
• e.g. flu OR influenza 
• Used to exclude terms in your search 
• Ignoring terms that may typically be present in your search 
• e.g. virus NOT influenza 

Truncation in PubMed is used with an asterisk (*). It builds on the asterisked word from the right. 

• Broadens your search
• Searches for multiple variants of a word (singular/plural/conjugations etc)
• this would search for words such as: gene, genetic, genetically, etc

Often, you may want to find a particular citation in PubMed. There are a couple of quick and easy ways to do this, so that you don't have to go through a formal search.

One way is the PubMed ID (PMID) . It is a series of number and appears with each citation. If you have that, simply type (or copy and paste) it into the search box and the citation appears.

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Welcome to PubMed

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PubMed Central ® (PMC) is a free full-text archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature at the U.S. National Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine (NIH/NLM). In keeping with NLM's legislative mandate to collect and preserve the biomedical literature, PMC is part of the NLM collection, which also includes NLM's extensive print and licensed electronic journal holdings and supports contemporary biomedical and health care research and practice as well as future scholarship.

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About the Content

Since its inception in 2000, PMC has grown from comprising only two journals, PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and Molecular Biology of the Cell, to an archive of articles from thousands of journals. In addition, PMC also contains author manuscripts deposited through the NIH Manuscript Submission System (NIHMS), and preprints collected through the NIH Preprint Pilot .

The PMC archive contains more than 10 million full-text article records spanning several centuries of biomedical and life science research (late 1700s to present). This content includes articles that have been formally published in a scholarly journal, author manuscripts that have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication in a journal, and preprint versions of articles that have been made public prior to peer review.

Content is deposited in the PMC archive through collaborations with publishers, societies, research funders, and international organizations. Our Collections page provides an overview of the collections that result from these content collaborations.

For more information on content in PMC, see our Policies page and the PMC Disclaimer .

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NLM has a statutory mission to collect, index, preserve, and make available biomedical and health-related literature of the present-day and from the past. As such, PMC is designated to provide permanent access to all of its content, even as technology evolves. (Learn more in the Collection and Preservation Policy of the NLM .)

PMC makes all content free to read (in some cases, following an embargo period), as NLM believes that the best way to ensure the accessibility and viability of digital material over time is through consistent and active use of the archive. However, free access does not mean that there is no copyright protection (see the PMC Copyright Notice ).

PMC stores content in eXtensible Markup Language (XML), which represents the structure and meaning of a document in a relatively simple and human-readable form. All PMC content is converted to and stored in the NISO Z39.96-2015 JATS XML format. This standard format is the most effective and widely used archival format for journal articles.

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Because PMC has the capacity to store and cross reference data from diverse sources in a common format within a central repository, a PMC user can quickly search the entire collection of full-text articles and locate all relevant material. The structure of the PMC archive also supports the integration of the literature with other resources.

Bulk retrieval of files for text mining and other purposes is permitted within certain collections or subsets of the PMC archive. An overview of these subsets of the archive is available at PMC Article Datasets .

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In addition to ensuring the long-term preservation of the scientific literature, PMC provides access to the archive in human- and machine-readable formats. Use of PMC has increased as the archive has grown. Numbers reported below for FY13-FY21 reflect access to the PMC website in the last month of each fiscal year (September). Beginning with FY22, the numbers reflect the weekday average for the entire fiscal year.

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• Before You Start Searching . . .
• Step 1: Identifying Key Search Concepts Using PICO
• Step 2: Locating Relevant MeSH Terms
• Step 3: Locating Relevant Keywords & Synonyms
• Step 4: Combining MeSH & Keywords Pt. 1
• Step 5: Combining MeSH & Keywords Pt. 2
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We encourage students, researchers, and faculty members throughout NEOMED's campus and at our clinical sites to use this overview of how to search in PubMed for their research and instruction needs.

Contents (click on items to jump ahead)

Overview: When should I use this database?

How to access PubMed at NEOMED

Before you start searching, keep in mind . . .

Keywords  

Automatic Term Mapping 

How to Find & Use Keywords

Controlled Vocabularies 

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Explode vs. No Explode

Subheadings

Combining Searches Using Boolean Operators (OR, AND, NOT)

Applying Filters

How to Access Full Text

More Information

PubMed Tipsheet (pdf)

Overview: when should I use this database?

PubMed comprises more than 27 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. The public database is maintained by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information, and this tip sheets applies to this public-facing version, not the version of Medline supported by Ovid. It offers a fairly broad overview of existing literature on a particular topic, but it should not be seen as a complete overview.

How to access PubMed at NEOMED

Please note that to access full text for articles located within PubMed, authentication with your NEOMED Library credentials  is required both  on- and  off-campus to  PubMed. The NEOMED instance of PubMed can be located from our landing page searchbox or via the following link:  PubMed . Do not simply google PubMed; it will not provide NEOMED full text links. Learn more about  how to Access Full Text  within a specific PubMed record.

Save your search in a document, citation management software (Endnote, Refworks, etc.), and/or the database

By saving your search, your strategy will be reproducible for another time and properly documented.

Explore options and instruction for citation management here , and find tips on how to export results.

To save searches in PubMed, create an NCBI account by clicking on the sign in to NCBI link in the upper-right corner of the screen (sign up for a My NCBI account by clicking here ). Once you complete a search, click on "Create an alert" underneath the search box. From here you can create a search alert or save your search strategy.

Automatic Term Mapping

PubMed uses Automatic Term Mapping (ATM) when you search with keywords. This means that the search terms you type into the search box are automatically mapped to controlled vocabulary (MeSH) terms. To see ATM in action, scroll to the "Search details" box on the left hand side of the results page. Warning: ATM is not always correct. For example, if you search for “cold AND zinc,” PubMed will include the controlled vocabulary for "cold temperatures" in the search.

Using quotes around a phrase or truncation turns off Automatic Term Mapping. The terms are instead searched as keywords.

Keywords — How to Find & Use

Keyword terms can be single words or phrases.

Use quotes around all phrases to ensure that the phrase is searched instead of each word individually. (e.g. “public health”)

For more possible search terms, visit the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) database and look at the "entry terms" listed for each MeSH record . MeSH is NLM’s controlled vocabulary of biomedical terms used to describe the subject of each journal article in MEDLINE. The entry terms are synonyms, alternate forms, and other closely related terms generally used interchangeably with the preferred term.

Consult controlled vocabularies in other subject databases for additional help. For example, the Embase has a controlled vocabulary called Emtree . Emtree records contain synonym lists similar to the "entry terms" in a MeSH record.  The Emtree synonym list often contains European spellings/variations.

Controlled Vocabularies -- How to Find & Use

Locate controlled vocabulary (mesh).

MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) is NLM’s controlled vocabulary of biomedical terms used to describe the subject of each journal article in MEDLINE. These are a standardized set of terms that are used to bring consistency to the searching process. In total, there are approximately 26,000 terms, and they are updated annually to reflect changes in medicine and medical terminology. Using MeSH terms helps account for variations in language, acronyms, and British vs. American English.

MeSH can be searched from a NCBI interface: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh

Terms are arranged hierarchically by subject categories with more specific terms arranged beneath broader terms. MeSH terms in PubMed automatically include the more specific MeSH terms in a search.

To turn off this automatic explode feature, click on the button next to, "Do not include MeSH terms found below this term in the MeSH hierarchy" in the MeSH record or type [mh:noexp] next to the search term, e.g. neoplasms [mh:noexp]. See next page for additional information on no explode.

Once MeSH terms have been searched, terms will appear in a box labelled “Search details,” located beside the list of the results on the right side of the screen. This box will display how each term has been searched, and can be useful for editing your search. Corrections can be made directly within this box, and once corrections have been made, the search button beneath the box will re-run your search.

Difference between “Explode,” “No Explode,” and “Major Heading”

“Explode” will search with all subheadings beneath the main heading included and bring up all results listing any of these terms subject heading subheadings combinations. PubMed will default to explode any MeSH you search.

Choosing to focus (also referred to as “not exploding”) will only search for your chosen MeSH term. Terms are chosen by MeSH indexers to be the primary focus of an individual article. Command to search: [Mesh:noexp] will only find the term specified, not the terms beneath it (for example: “diarrhea”[Mesh:noexp] only finds records indexed with diarrhea, not acute diarrhea or bloody diarrhea, etc.)

Searching for “major headings” will narrow your search to only find MeSH terms listed as a major topic of an article. Command to search: [majr] (e.g. “diarrhea”[majr] will find articles with diarrhea as a major topic. Major topic MeSH terms will have an asterisks (e.g. Diarrhea*), while non-major topics will not have one.

MeSH can be made more specific by the addition of  subheadings such as "therapy" and "prevention and control"

When in the MeSH record, add subheadings by clicking on the boxes next to the desired subheadings. Then click "Add to Search Builder." Warning: Adding too many subheadings may lead to missing important articles.

MeSH/Subheading Combinations: You can manually add subheadings in the search box by using the format MeSH Term/Subheading, e.g. neoplasms/diet therapy. You can also use the two letter abbreviation for subheadings rather than typing out the full phrase, e.g. neoplasms/dh. Click here for the abbreviations of other MeSH subheadings. ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/table/pubmedhelp.T.mesh_subheadings/ )

For a MeSH/Subheading combination, only one Subheading at a time may be directly attached to a MeSH term. For example, a search of hypertension with the subheadings diagnosis or drug therapy will appear as hypertension/diagnosis or hypertension/drug therapy.

As with MeSH terms, PubMed search results, by default, include the more specific terms arranged beneath broader terms for the MeSH term and also includes the more specific terms arranged beneath broader  Subheadings .

Combining Searches Using Boolean Operators

A comprehensive and systematic search of PubMed includes both controlled vocabulary and keyword terms (i.e. free text, natural language, and synonyms).

Boolean operators are used to combine search terms. In PubMed, you can use the operators AND, OR, and NOT.

Go to the “Advanced Search” page to combine searches. This is where your search history is located during your search session.

Boolean operators MUST be used as upper case (AND, OR, NOT).

OR --use OR between similar keywords, like synonyms, acronyms, and variations in spelling within the same idea or concept

AND —use AND to link ideas and concepts where you want to see both ideas or concepts in your search results

NOT —used to exclude specific keywords from the search, however, you will want to use NOT with caution because you may end up missing something important.

You can use field tags to specify where the database looks for the search term. In PubMed, first type the search term and then the field tag in brackets. e.g. Cardiology [TIAB] looks for cardiology in the title and abstract.

[All Fields] or [ALL] – Untagged terms and terms tagged with [all fields] are processed using  Automatic Term Mapping . Terms enclosed in double quotes or truncated will be searched in all fields and not processed using automatic term mapping.

[Text Words] or [TW] – Includes all words and numbers in the title, abstract, other abstract, MeSH terms, MeSH Subheadings, Publication Types, Substance Names, Personal Name as Subject, Corporate Author, Secondary Source, Comment/Correction Notes, and Other Terms.

[Title/Abstract] or [TIAB] – Words and numbers included in the title, collection title, abstract, and other abstract of a citation. English language abstracts are taken directly from the published article. If an article does not have a published abstract, NLM does not create one.

NCBI explanation of Field Descriptions and Tags  

Applying Filters

On the left side of the results are options to filter your search by Article types, Publication dates, Language, Age, Gender, etc. To access the complete list of filters, click on the “Show additional filters” link.

Use the PubMed built-in limits cautiously. Limits other than date or language will limit your search to indexed records only. In most cases it is best to develop another concept to use as a limiter.

For example, if you would like to limit your results to "human studies," use the following search to exclude animal studies instead of using the "humans" limit from the search results page. Simply add this to the rest of your search strategy using the NOT Boolean operator

(animals[MeSH Terms] NOT humans[MeSH Terms])

• In PubMed you can use a * at the root of a word to find multiple endings.  For example:

arthroplast* will return arthroplasty, arthroplasties, arthroplastic, arthroplastics, etc.

mobili* will return mobility, mobilization, mobilisation, mobilize, etc.

• Note: In PubMed you cannot combine phrase searching with truncation. Either use quotes, e.g. " early childhood mobility ," or use truncation, e.g. early childhood mobili*

In PubMed, the “Northeast Ohio Medical University” icon (pictured above) will often appear within an item record. To access the full text, click the pictured icon to go to an external page listing available full-text options. If the full text is not available, you will see a heading that says, "ILLiad - Request this item through interlibrary loan." When prompted, enter your ILLiad login and password and then submit the request via the pre-filled in template. The article will be emailed to you free of charge (only available for NEOMED students, faculty, and staff).

General principles on searching in any database

PubMedTutorials

Additional tips on exploring journal table of contents, subject filters, and topic alerts

Detailed information about MeSH ( https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/intro_retrieval.html )

This content was adapted from “PubMed Search Tips” by Simon Robins, which is licensed under  Creative Commons 4.0 License, CC BY , and content found on Welch Medical Library's  Nursing Resources Guide  which is licensed under  a  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License   attributable to the Welch Medical Library

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