presentation on nutrition in animals class 7

• CBSE Notes For Class 7
• CBSE Class 7 Science Notes
• Chapter 2: Nutrition In Animals

Nutrition in Animals Class 7 Science Notes - Chapter 2

Different ways of taking food.

• Each species or type of organism has its own way of taking in food.
• Bees and hummingbirds suck plant-nectars, infants of humans, and some animals feed on mother’s milk. For example, snakes such as pythons consume animals upon which they prey.
• Aquatic animals filter small food particles floating close by and feed on them.

To know more about “Different Ways of Taking Food”, visit here .

Digestion in Humans

• The digestive tract and the associated glands together constitute the digestive system in humans.
• This constitutes the whole path along which food moves through the body, starting from the mouth and ending at the anus.
• The digestive tract includes the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
• Salivary glands, liver and pancreas are the major digestive glands.

For more information on Human Digestive System, watch the below video

Buccal Cavity

• The buccal cavity is more commonly known as the mouth, and it is the beginning of the digestive system for humans.
• It consists of the tongue and teeth.
• Teeth: Helps in chewing food and breaking down food into smaller particles.
• Tongue: Fleshy muscular organ attached at the back to the floor of the buccal cavity.
• Saliva is secreted in the mouth and helps in the breakdown of food.
• It is a muscular organ, fleshy in nature, attached to the back of the base of the buccal cavity.
• It helps in mixing saliva with food while chewing and aids in swallowing.
• The tongue possesses taste buds that help us recognise different tastes.

Tooth Decay

• Bacteria present in the mouth break down the sugars present from the leftover food and release acid.
• These acids gradually damage the teeth and result in tooth decay.

Oesophagus or food pipe

• The food that is swallowed passes into the oesophagus.
• It is a muscular tube, about 25 cm long, with a sphincter (valve/opening) at each end.
• Its function is to transport food and fluid, after being swallowed, from the mouth to the stomach.
• Food is propelled down as there is movement through the walls of the food pipe.
• It is a thick-walled bag-like structure.
• It obtains food from the food pipe and opens into the small intestine towards the other opening.
• The inner lining of the stomach produces mucus, hydrochloric acid(HCl)and other digestive juices.
• Food is churned into a semi-solid mass in the stomach.
• Enzymes present in gastric juice disintegrate the food.
• Hydrochloric acid helps in partial digestion of proteins and also kills harmful bacteria.

Small Intestine

• This is a highly coiled organ of 7.5 metres in length.
• It receives the secretion from the liver and pancreas.
• Complete digestion and absorption of food take place in the small intestine.
• The inner walls of the intestine have finger-like outgrowth called villi.
• Villi increase the surface area for the absorption of food.
• Each villus has a small network of blood vessels.
• Absorbed food by villi is transferred to the body via blood vessels.

Large Intestine

• It is wider and shorter than the small intestine.
• It is 1.5m in length.
• Absorption of water and salt from undigested food occurs in the large intestine.
• The remaining waste matter is passed out through the rectum.
• From time to time, faecal matter is removed through the anus (egestion).
• The anus is the opening at the end of the human digestive tract.
• The removal of faecal matter from the large intestine occurs through the anus and this process is called egestion.

Saliva and Salivary glands

• Three pairs of salivary glands are present around the mouth and they pour their secretion, saliva, into the mouth by salivary ducts.
• Saliva has mucous and salivary amylase.
• Mucous helps in easy passage of food through the food pipe.
• Salivary amylase is an enzyme responsible for breaking of starch content of food into simpler sugars.

Gall Bladder

• The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ present under the liver, on the right side of the body.
• It stores bile juice secreted by the liver.
• Bile plays an important role in the digestion of fats.

The process of taking food into the body is called ingestion

The breakdown of complex components of food into simpler substances is called digestion.

• Partial digestion takes place in the stomach and complete digestion takes place in the intestine.

Absorption & Assimilation in Small Intestine

• The digested food is taken up by the blood vessels lining the small intestine’s walls. This phenomenon is referred to as  absorption .
• The inner walls of the small intestine have many finger-like outgrowths called villi.
• The substances that are absorbed are transported through blood vessels to various organs of the body where it is utilized to build complex substances like proteins essential for the body. This is called assimilation .

To know more about Human Digestive System, visit here .

Digestion in Grass-Eating Animals

• The digestive system in grass-eating animals is different from that of humans.
• These animals chew continuously, even when they are not eating.
• They swallow the grass very fast and store it in a chamber called Rumen.
• In the rumen, the bacteria partially digest the food, and now it is called as cud.
• Later, the cud reverts to the mouth, and the animal chews it again slowly.
• This phenomenon is referred to as rumination, and the animals are called ruminants.
• They also have a very long small intestine, which helps in the complete digestion of cellulose, the main component of grass.
• Partially digested food, returned from the rumen into the mouth, for further chewing is called cud.
•   Rumination  is the process by which the  cattle regurgitate previously consumed feed and masticate it a second time.

To know more about “Digestion in Grass Eating Animals”, visit here .

Feeding and Digestion in Amoeba

• Amoeba is a single-celled organism, microscopic in nature, found in pond water.
• Amoeba regularly changes its shape and position.

Process of Digestion in Amoeba

• Amoeba captures the food particles with the help of pseudopodia. The process is called phagocytosis.
• A food vacuole is thus created with the food material inside.
• Digestive juices are produced into the food vacuole when it is moving through the cytoplasm.
• They act on the food and disintegrate it into simpler substances, and the digested food is then absorbed.
• Finally, the food vacuole opens to the outside and undigested food is released into the surrounding water.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 7 Science Notes Chapter 2 Nutrition in Animals

What are the main parts of the digestive system.

The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.

What is meant by ingestion?

The process of taking food into the body is called ingestion.

Why do cows ruminate?

Rumination is the process by which the cow regurgitates previously consumed feed and chews it further. This physical process improves the digestion rate in cows and, thereby, allows for higher levels of feed intake, thus, greater nutrient input.

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CHAPTER - 2 NUTRITION IN ANIMALS

Nov 02, 2014

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CHAPTER - 2 NUTRITION IN ANIMALS. 1) Animal nutrition :-. The mode of taking food by an organism and its utilisation in the body is called nutrition. Animals get their food directly or indirectly from plants.

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CHAPTER - 2NUTRITION IN ANIMALS

1) Animal nutrition :- The mode of taking food by an organism and its utilisation in the body is called nutrition. Animals get their food directly or indirectly from plants. Animal nutrition :- includes nutrient requirement, mode of taking food and its utilisation in the body. Digestion :- The process by which complex food substances are broken down into simpler substances is called digestion. 2) Different ways of taking food :-

3) Digestion in humans :- The main parts of the alimentary canal are :- buccal cavity (mouth), oesophagus (food pipe), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. The main glands are :- salivary glands, liver and pancreas. The alimentary canal and the glands together is called the digestive system.

i) The mouth and buccal cavity :- Food is taken into the body through the mouth. This process is called ingestion. In the mouth the food is broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth. The mouth has salivary glands which secrete saliva. The saliva breaks down starch into sugars. The tongue helps to mix the food with saliva and swallow the food.

Tongue :- The tongue has taste buds to detect different tastes of food. The different regions of the tongue detect different tastes.

Teeth :- There are four types of teeth. They are incisors, canines, permolars and molars. Incisors :- help in biting and cutting the food. Canines :- help in piercing and tearing the food. Premolars and molars :- help in chewing and grinding the food. Number of teeth Type of teeth Lower Upper Total jaw jaw Incisors 4 4 8 Canines 2 2 4 Premolars 10 10 20 and molars

ii) The food pipe (oesophagus) :- The food pipe passes along the neck and chest. The swallowed food is pushed down by the movement of the walls of the food pipe into the stomach. iii) The stomach :- The stomach secretes digestive juices, hydrochloric acid and mucous. The digestive juices breaks down proteins. Hydrochloric acid makes the medium acidic and kills bacteria which enter along with the food. Mucous protects the walls of the stomach from the acid. iv) The small intestine :- The small intestine is a long coiled tube. It receives secretions from liver and pancreas. It also secretes digestive juices. The liver is the largest gland in the body. It secretes bile juice which is stored in the gall bladder. It breaks down fats. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down carbohydrates and proteins. The intestinal juice completes the digestion of starch into glucose, fats into fatty acid and glycerol and proteins into amino acids.

Absorption of digested food in the small intestine :- The digested food is absorbed by the walls of the small intestine. This process is called absorption. The small intestine has several finger like projections called villi having blood vessels. The villi helps to increase the surface area for absorption. The absorbed materials are carried by the blood to the different parts of the body and used by the body. This is called assimilation. The undigested food then passes into the large intestine. v) The large intestine :- In the large intestine water and some salts are. The remaining waste then passes to the rectum and remains there as faeces. It is removed through the anus from time to time.This process is called egestion.

4) Digestion in grass eating animals (Ruminants) :- Grass eating animals like cows and buffaloes quickly swallow the grass and store it in a separate part of the stomach called rumen. Here the food is partly digested and is called cud. Then the cud is brought back to the mouth in small lumps and chewed. This process is called rumination. The chewed food then passes into a sac like structure between the small intestine and large intestine. The cellulose in the grass is digested with the help of some bacteria.

5) Feeding and digestion in amoeba :- Amoeba is a single celled organism found in pond water. The cell has a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus. The cytoplasm has many bubble like vacuoles. The cell has finger like projections called pseudopodia or false feet which helps it to move and capture food. When amoeba comes near food particle, pseudopodia is produced around the food particle. The food particle is trapped in a food vacuole. In the food vacuole the food is digested by digestive enzymes and absorbed. The undigested waste is then sent out by the vacuole.

Activity – 1 :- Food and modes of feeding in animals :-

Activity – 2 :- To observe the types and number of teeth :- Look into a mirror. Use the index finger and feel the teeth. Count the number of incisors, canines, premolars and molars. Record your observations in the table below. Type of teeth Number of teeth Total Upper jaw Lower jaw Incisors Canines Premolars and molars

Activity – 3 :- Effect of saliva on starch :- Take two test tubes. In one test tube put some boiled rice. In the other test tube but some boiled rice after chewing for 3 – 5 minutes. Add some water to both the test tubes. Then pour 2 – 3 drops of iodine solution in each test tube. The boiled rice turns blue black due to presence of starch. The chewed rice does not turn blue black because the saliva converted the starch into sugar.

Activity – 4 :- To determine the different taste regions of the tongue :- Prepare solutions of sugar, common salt, lemon juice and juice of crushed neem leaves or bitter gourd. Use a clean tooth pick and put each solution one by one on different areas of the tongue. Mark the areas of the tongue which could detect the sweet, salty, bitter and sour substances.

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Nutrition in Animals Class 7 Notes CBSE Science Chapter 2 (Free PDF Download)

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• Chapter 2 Nutrition In Animals

Revision Notes for CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 2 - Free PDF Download

The CBSE Class 7 Science Notes Chapter 2 available on Vedantu’s official site will explain the concepts taught in the chapters. The Class 7 Chapter 2 Science Notes have been designed according to the CBSE syllabus. All the notes can be easily downloadable and refer as per their convenience. The advantage of referring to these notes is that the notes are easy in a language that is very easy to understand and will help the students to perform well. 

Vedantu is a platform that provides free CBSE Solutions (NCERT) and other study materials for students. You can download Class 7 Maths NCERT Solutions to help you to revise complete syllabus and score more marks in your examinations. 

Vedantu offers CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 2 Nutrition in Animals Revision Notes in PDF format. The chapter explains the fundamentals of nutrition in animals. It covers topics like digestion in humans, digestion in grass-eating animals, feeding and digestion in amoeba, etc. Our subject matter experts at Vedantu have prepared these notes as per the latest NCERT textbooks and CBSE syllabus for Class 7 Science. Students can download this Revision Notes PDF for free and refer to the notes for their exam preparation.

Important Topics covered in CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 2 Nutrition in Animals

Different Ways of Taking Food

Ingestion of Food

Digestion in Humans

Salivary Glands and Saliva

Gall Bladder

Buccal Cavity

Tooth Decay

Food Pipe or Oesophagus 

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Absorption and Assimilation of Food

Digestion in grass-eating Animals

Feeding and Digestion in Amoeba

Process of Digestion in Amoeba

Download CBSE Class 7 Science Revision Notes 2024-25 PDF

Also, check CBSE Class 7 Science revision notes for other chapters:

Access Class 7 Science Chapter 2 - Nutrition in Animals Notes

Animal nutrition:.

This is a term that includes the nutrient requirement of the animal, its mode of food intake and the utilisation of the food in their bodies.

Classification of Animals Based on Feeding Habits:

It is of great importance that all organisms intake food in some way or the other for their growth and normal functioning of their body. Based on their feeding habits they can be classified as:

Herbivorous: This is the group of animals that feed only on plants or their products as the name suggests; ‘herbi’ meaning plant and ‘vore’ meaning eaters. Example: cow, sheep, deer, rabbit, camel, kangaroo, giraffe, etc.

Carnivorous: This is the group that feeds on the meat of other animals and the name suggests the same as, ‘carni’ means meat. Example: tiger, lion, bear, snake, eagle etc.

Omnivorous: This group of animals can feed on plants as well as the meat of other animals and the name ‘omni’ means all. Example: dog, human beings, etc.

Scavengers: This group of animals feed on dead and decaying meat left by other animals. Example: vulture, crows, jackal, etc.

Mode of Taking Food:

Although all organisms require food, the way they take it into their body differs from each other. All of them have special adaptations that help them for this. They could be as follows:

Chewing: This mode involves the biting and grinding of the food in the mouth by the teeth. Example - humans, dogs, etc.

Scraping: In this mode, the food is scraped off the surface by the jaw or an organ. Example - snails, ants etc.

Siphoning: In this mode, the food is sucked into the mouth. Example - bees, butterflies etc.

Capturing and swallowing: In this mode they usually capture the food and then swallow them. Example: lizard, etc.

Sucking: This mode involves the piercing of the food and then sucking the liquid out of it. Example: mosquitoes, etc.

Sponging: In this mode, the saliva is secreted over the food to dissolve it in order to draw it into the mouth. Example: houseflies etc.

The process of taking in the food and converting it into necessary energy and nutrients for the growth and development of an organism is termed as nutrition. The process of nutrition is a complex one and includes some steps which are:

Ingestion: The process of intake of food into the body.

Digestion: The process of breaking down the ingested complex food molecules to simpler molecular form that can be absorbed by the body.

Absorption: The process by which the digested food is taken into the blood vessels.

Assimilation: The process of transporting the absorbed food to the various organs to build substances like proteins, etc.

Egestion: The process of eliminating the waste products from the body.

Digestion in Humans:

In humans the food is taken in through the mouth and it passes through a continuous canal starting at the buccal cavity and ending at the anus. 

All the components of this canal together are termed as the alimentary canal or digestive tract. 

The digestive tract along with the associated digestive glands are termed as digestive system. 

The different components of the digestive tract and their role in the process of digestion is as follows:

Buccal cavity: 

The buccal cavity is the mouth which contains the teeth, tongue and the palate. This is the beginning of the alimentary canal and thus digestion. The food enters the mouth and is mechanically ground by the different sets of teeth, like the incisors, canines, premolars and the molars. 

The salivary glands present here secrete the clear liquid, saliva, that helps in lubricating the food.

The saliva is mixed with the food by the tongue, which has the taste buds for detecting the various tastes. 

This turns the chewed food into a ball called a bolus, which travels down the alimentary canal for further digestion.

Oesophagus or the food pipe:

The partly digested food moves along the oesophagus.

The wall of the oesophagus propels the food forward and downwards towards the stomach. 

Any food that is not accepted by our body is pushed back through the mouth and is known as vomiting.

The food from the oesophagus is pushed into the stomach, which is a J-shaped thick-walled bag, being the widest part of the alimentary canal. 

The inner wall of the stomach secretes mucus, which protects the stomach lining, hydrochloric acid, which destroys most of the bacteria in the food, helping the digestive juices to act upon the food. 

The stomach also secretes digestive juices that break down the proteins to simple substances.

Small intestine:

Now the partially digested food enters the small intestine, which is a coiled structure, about 7.5 metres in length. 

It has secretions from liver, bile, that acts on the fats and secretions from pancreas, pancreatic juice that acts on carbohydrates, proteins. 

At the end of the small intestine, intestinal juice completes the process of digestion of food, and carbohydrates are broken into glucose, fats into fatty acids and proteins into amino acids. 

This digested food is then absorbed by the intestinal walls, by the finger-like projections called villi, present in them. These absorbed substances are then transported to the various organs of the body through blood vessels. 

Once they are in the cell, the glucose is converted to carbon dioxide and water with the release of energy.

Large intestine: 

The undigested food is passed onto the large intestine, which is shorter and wider in comparison to the small intestine, measuring around 1.5 metres. 

The water and salts are absorbed here and the remaining solid waste is passed into the rectum as faeces for egestion from the anus.

Digestion in Grass-Eating Animals:

Many animals that eat grass like cows, buffaloes etc eat the grass quickly and store it in a special part of their stomach which is called as rumen. 

The food is partially digested here and that is known as cud. After some time this cud comes into the mouth, and this makes the animal chew it gradually. This process is known as rumination and these animals that exhibit this are known as ruminants. 

These grass eating animals, like cattle the bacteria present in their rumen helps digest the cellulose of the grass. 

Some animals like horse, rabbit etc, have a large sac-structure, Caecum, which is located between the oesophagus and small intestine for digesting the cellulose.

Feeding and Digestion in Amoeba:

Amoeba is a single celled microscopic organism that keeps changing its shape constantly with the help of their finger-like projections, pseudopodia. 

It captures the food with this and engulfs it and the food gets trapped in a food vacuole. 

Digestive juices are secreted into this that break down the food to simple substances for absorption to help it grow and maintain itself.

Class 7 Science Chapter 2 Revision Notes PDF Download

The PDF form of Class 7 Science Nutrition in Animals notes can be accessed on any device, and you can use it offline. These notes explain the concepts very well and can be utilized by the students to score more. This pdf provided by Vedantu lays a great foundation of the topics covered in this chapter, which will help the students learn about Nutrition in Animals of Class 7. The PDF printable form of these notes can be served as the best resource for your exams. 

Class 7 Science Chapter 2 Revision Notes 

All the Plants can prepare their food by the method of photosynthesis, but on the other hand, animals cannot make their own. Animals eat plants directly or indirectly by eating animals that eat plants. Some animals eat both plants and animals.

2.1 Animals Are Classification Based on Eating Habits

(i) Herbivorous: The kind of animals that eat plants or plant products. Example: cow, goat, sheep, deer, kangaroo, giraffe, elephant, etc.

(ii) Carnivorous: The kind of animals that eat only the flesh of other animals. They never eat plants. Example: tiger, lizard, lion, etc.

(iii) Omnivorous: The kinds of animals that consume plants and other animals as their food. Example: bear, dog, human being, etc.

(iv) Parasites: The organisms that obtain their food from other animals either by outside (ectoparasites) or living inside (endoparasites) their body. Example: tapeworm and roundworm (inside body), tick and lice (outside body).

(v) Scavengers: Animals that feed on the remains of dead animals preyed by predators. Example: crows, jackal, vulture. etc. 

2.2. Digestion in Animals 

Animal nutrition includes the mode of intake of food and its utilization and the nutrient requirement in the body.

The human digestive system contains the alimentary canal and secretory glands. It includes :

buccal cavity,

oesophagus,

small intestine,

large intestine ending in the rectum

The Significant Digestive Glands which Secrete Digestive Juices Are

(i) the salivary glands,

(ii) the liver and

(iii) the pancreas.

The stomach wall and the wall of the small intestine also secrete digestive juices.

The modes of feeding vary in different organisms.

Nutrition is a Complex Process Involving:

(i) ingestion,

(ii) digestion,

(iii) absorption,

(a) assimilation and

(b) egestion

The wall of the small intestine and stomach secrete the digestive juices. Different organisms have different modes of feeding. Nutrition is a very complex process having ingestion, Digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.

The taking of food through your mouth is the first step, which is called indigestion. Teeth can help in chewing the food and break it down, mechanically into small pieces. The tongue mixes saliva with the food during chewing and aids in swallowing food. Foodpipe will help the food to be pushdown. The stomach receives the food from the food pipe at one end, and it opens into the small intestine at the other. The Digestion of carbohydrates, like starch, starts in the buccal cavity and the Digestion of protein begins in the stomach. The liver secretes the bile. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice. The digestive juice from the intestinal wall completes all the digestion procedures of all components of food in the small intestine. The food which is digested is absorbed in the blood vessels. 

The absorbed substances from the food are transported to different parts of the body. In the large intestine, water and some salts are absorbed from the undigested food. 

Anus helps to expel the undigested and unabsorbed residues. 

The grazing animals like buffaloes, cows, and deer are called ruminants. They ingest very fast, then swallow their leafy food and keep it in the rumen. After that, the food returns to the mouth, and the animal chews it peacefully.

The false feet or pseudopodia in amoeba ingests its food. After that, the food is digested in the food vacuole. It pushes out finger-like pseudopodia, which engulfs the prey.

Key Features of Class 7 Science Chapter 2 Nutrition in Animals

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Covers all important topics and sub-topics of Nutrition in Animals

Easy-to-understand explanations 

Precise short notes

Prepared by Biology subject-experts

Can be downloaded for free of cost

These notes are as per the updated CBSE syllabus for Class 7 Science

Benefits of Studying Class 7 Science Chapter 2 Nutrition in Animals

Our subject experts have prepared these notes on CBSE Class 7 Nutrition in Animals to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topics covered in this chapter.

In this Revision Notes PDF, most topics and sub-topics are explained in a concise point-wise manner so that students can learn them easily before the exam.

All the important topics of the chapter on Nutrition in Animals are covered in these notes with proper definitions, examples, and labelled diagrams.

The best part of the CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 2 Nutrition in Animals Revision Notes PDF is that students can access it online as well as download it for offline study purposes - all for free. 

Chapter wise Revision Notes for Class 7 Science

Chapter 1 - Nutrition in Plants Notes

Chapter 3 - Fibre to Fabric Notes

Chapter 4 - Heat Notes

Chapter 5 - Acids, Bases and Salts Notes

Chapter 6 - Physical and Chemical Changes Notes

Chapter 7 - Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate Notes

Chapter 8 - Winds, storms and cyclones Notes

Chapter 9 - Soil Notes

Chapter 10 - Respiration in Organisms Notes

Chapter 11 - Transportation in Animals and Plants Notes

Chapter 12 - Reproduction in Plants Notes

Chapter 13 - Motion and Time Notes

Chapter 14 - Electric Current and Its Effects Notes

Chapter 15 - Light Notes

Chapter 16 - Water: A Precious Resource Notes

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CBSE Class 7 Chapter 2 Revision Notes on Nutrition in animals are prepared by our subject experts according to the updated CBSE Class 7 syllabus. Students can rely on these notes for their last-minute revisions as these notes cover all important topics and sub-topics of this chapter. In fact, the point-wise explanations of topics like digestion in humans, absorption, and assimilation of food, ingestion, and digestion in grass-eating animals and amoeba are highly beneficial when it comes to revising the chapter the day before the exam. So download and refer to the Nutrition in Animals Notes PDF from Vedantu and revise the chapter thoroughly in a short time span to ace your Science exam.

FAQs on Nutrition in Animals Class 7 Notes CBSE Science Chapter 2 (Free PDF Download)

1. Cows and buffaloes, like ruminants, swallow their food quickly and then sit restfully and chew their food. Why?

Ruminants hurriedly swallowed the food and kept it in an isolated part of the stomach known as rumen, where the food gets partially digested and is known as cud, which later on returns to the mouth in the form of small lumps and then chewed up by an animal. This process is known as rumination, and these animals are called ruminants.

2. We get instant energy from glucose. Why?

We get immediate energy from glucose because it can easily break down in the cell with oxygen, which instantly provides energy to the organism. It is directly absorbed into the blood. So, it does not need digestion.

3. What are the steps of nutrition?

There are five steps in which the process of nutrition takes place in animals. These are ingestion, egestion, absorption, assimilation, and digestion. 

In the process of ingestion, food enters the mouth and is broken down into smaller pieces by teeth. 

Digestion is a biological process in which complex food molecules are digested with the help of enzymes. These molecules are used to produce energy by the cells. 

In absorption, the digested food molecules are absorbed by the body to build new tissues. 

Digested food particles move into the cells through the process of assimilation. 

The unwanted food particles are removed from the body through egestion.  If you want to get more information regarding the chapter, visit the page NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Science and get free of cost NCERT Solutions. 

4. What is nutrition? 

Nutrition is a biochemical process of absorption of essential nutrients from food molecules. These nutrients help to generate energy for carrying out the necessary biological functions of the cells. Nutrition is important for doing activities like- 

For development and growth of the body. 

For producing energy to do work.

For strengthening the immunity system

To repair damaged cells

To generate new cells

5. How can you prevent tooth decay?

You can prevent tooth decay by following the given measures. 

You should rinse and clean your teeth after having different meals. 

You must clean your teeth with the help of a brush to prevent gradual tooth decaying and at least twice a day. 

Use dental floss to remove food particles between your teeth. 

You should avoid putting dirty objects or unwashed fingers into your mouth. 

Don’t eat toffees, chocolates, ice-creams, sweets, too much. 

6. Write various components of food with their simple forms. 

There are different components of food that are listed as-

A complex molecule of carbohydrate is broken into glucose. 

Fat molecules are changed into glycerol and fatty acids. 

A large protein molecule is broken down into multiple amino acids. 

Vitamins don’t break.

Water and minerals are absorbed as it is. 

If you want to get more information regarding the chapter, download the Vedantu app. 

7. What are the differences between permanent teeth and milk teeth? 

The differences between permanent teeth and milk teeth are-

Milk teeth occur at a young age. They grow while the infancy period is going on. Whereas, permanent teeth grow when the child’s age is 6 to 8 years. 

Milk teeth are also known as temporary teeth as they can be shed at the age of 6 to 8 years. However, permanent teeth don’t shed till old age. 

Milk teeth are replaced by permanent teeth. But, if permanent teeth fall, then no new teeth will grow in its place. 

Class 7 Science Revision Notes

Ncert solutions.

Revision Notes on Nutrition in Animals

Quick revision.

The animals depend upon other plants and animals for their food.

Animal nutrition comprises the mode of taking in the food in the body, nutritional requirements of the body and how animals can utilize their food.

Digestion - it is a process by which animals break down complex food substances in simpler substances.

Different ways of taking the food

Figure 1: Mode of feeding in Animals

Digestion in Humans

The food that we eat passes through a Canal inside our body.

The food is processed and utilized in the body and unused food is collected inside the canal only.

This Canal is often called as the Alimentary Canal or the Digestive Tract .

The canal is divided into different parts:

The Mouth or Buccal Cavity

Food pipe or oesophagus, small intestine.

Large Intestine

Figure 2: Digestive Tract in Humans

There are three glands associated with the alimentary canal that secrete digestive juices that are used to convert the complex food substances into simpler substances.

salivary glands

The Digestive System - The alimentary canal and the digestive glands together form a system in the human body which is responsible for the digestion of food in the body. This system is called the Digestive System .

Figure 3: The Mouth or Buccal Cavity

Ingestion - the process of taking in the food through the mouth is called ingestion.

The food is chewed with the help of teeth, saliva and the tongue present in the mouth.

The salivary glands present in our mouth secrete saliva which mixes with the food, moist it and breaks the starch present in the food into sugar.

The tongue present in the mouth helps in mixing the food with the saliva and helps in swallowing it inside the mouth. It also has taste buds which help in identifying the taste of anything that we eat. Besides this, the tongue also helps in talking.

Milk Teeth - In the early childhood a set of teeth growth in children that then fall off after certain age 6 to 8 years. These teeth are called Milk Teeth .

Permanent Teeth - The teeth that grow after milk teeth fall off are called Permanent Teeth . They generally remain during the lifetime of a person or at least until old age.

Different Types of Teeth

Figure 4: Different types of teeth

Tooth Decay –

A gradual damage of teeth is often called tooth decay.

The main cause of tooth decay is the presence of bacteria in the mouth that grow if we do not keep our mouth and teeth clean.

Any leftover food present inside our teeth is broken down by such bacteria.

As a result, an acid is released which damages the teeth slowly.

Tooth decay can cause severe pain and even toothless.

Tooth decay is caused mainly because of eating food with high sugar content, soft drinks and chocolates.

Figure 5: Stages of Tooth Decay

How can we prevent tooth decay?

Clean your teeth with a brush or dental floss at least twice a day

Rinse your mouth after every meal you eat

Do not put a dirty finger or any unwashed food items in your mouth

The food pipe starts from the neck region and runs until the chest area in animals.

The food, when the chewed, moves through the food pipe and reach the stomach through this path.

The food moves in download direction in the food pipe.

The Stomach

Figure 6: Stomach

It is the widest part of the alimentary canal.

It's a bag like structure in a flat U shape.

The stomach is connected with the food pipe and the small intestine.

The stomach’s inner lining produces three things:

Mucous: It protects the stomach lining

Hydrochloric Acid : It kills the bacteria present inside the stomach and activates the digestive juices

Digestive Juices : They help in digestion of the food by breaking down the proteins present in the food into simple substances (olympiads)

It is a highly coiled structure.

The length of the small intestine is almost 7.5m.

The liver and pancreas release digestive juices into the small intestine.

The inner lining of the intestine also secretes some digestive juices on its own.

The small intestine breaks the carbohydrates into glucose, fats into fatty acids and proteins into amino acids.

It is a gland reddish brown in colour.

It is known as the largest gland of the human body.

It secretes a digestive juice called bile juice.

The bile juice is stored in the gallbladder.

The bile juice makes it possible for the body to digest the fats.

The Pancreas

It is a cream coloured gland present in the human body.

It secretes pancreatic juice that helps in digestion of fats, carbohydrates and proteins.

How small intestine absorbs food?

Absorption : it is a process by which the digested food enters the blood vessels of the small intestine.

Villi in the intestine : the small intestine contains small finger-like structures called Villi . They increase the surface area of the intestine thereby increasing the amount of absorption. The digested food gets into the blood vessels through villi and then reaches the whole body. (Olympiads)

Figure 7: Villi in Small Intestine

Assimilation : The process by which the organs of the body utilize the digested food and form complex substances which the body needs such as proteins are called Assimilation .

Parts of Small Intestine

The small intestine has been divided into three parts:

1. Duodenum

It is the first part of the small intestine whose main function is to initiate the digestive process. In this process, the food that enters the small intestine from the stomach is mixed with the digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) and is further broken down into simpler substances.

It is the middle part of the small intestine that contains the villi and hence undergoes absorption and assimilation.

It is the third and last part of the small intestine that contains villi-like structures. The ileum absorbs vitamin B12, bile acids and any other nutrients present in the food.

The Large Intestine

Any food that is left undigested passes through the small intestine and enters the large intestine.

It is a wide tube-like structure.

It is only 1.5 m long.

The main function of the large intestine is to absorb water and salts from the undigested food.

The rest of the waste, undigested food passes through the rectum.

Egestion : The process by which the waste, undigested food (the faecal matter) get out of the body through the anus.

  What is diarrhoea?

A condition when watery stools appear frequently is called Diarrhoea .

Food poisoning and infection are two main causes of diarrhoea.

It is a serious disease and can lead to death in severe cases because it involves extensive loss of water and salts from the body.

Generally, ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution) which is boiled cooled water in which a pinch of salt or sugar is added is recommended to the patients to maintain the water loss of the body.

Digestion in Grass Eating Animals

Figure 8: Digestive System in Cow

Rumen - It is a sac-like structure present between the food pipe and the small intestine in grass eating animals like cows and buffaloes.

At first, the animals do not chew their food (basically grass) and instead swallow it.

This partly digested food is stored in the rumen.

Cud: The partly digested food present in the rumen is called Cud .

Rumination: The cud returns to the mouth in these animals and then they chew it. This is called Rumination .

Ruminants : the animals that swallow their food at first and then chew it, later on, are called Ruminants .

Grass eating animals can digest cellulose while several other animals cannot. These animals have a different type of bacteria present in the stomach that helps in digesting the cellulose. (Olympiads)

Feeding and Digestion in Amoeba

The Amoeba is a microscopic organism which is made up of only one cell

The Amoeba has a cell membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus which is round and dense and small vacuoles which are like bubbles present all over it.

The Amoeba is capable of changing its shape and position on its own.

 It uses false teeth called pseudopodia to take in the food present in the surroundings.

Whenever it wants to intake the food the pseudopodia or finger-like projections come out of its body.

The pseudopodia engulf the food in and the food gets stored in the food vacuoles .

Then it secretes some digestive juices inside the vacuoles that help in its digestion of the food.

The Amoeba then absorbs the digested food and uses it for fulfilling different life processes such as multiplication and growth.

The Amoeba also secretes out waste products or undigested food out of its body. (Olympiads)

Figure 9: How amoeba digests the food

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