presentation about diabetes

Diabetes is a common condition that affects people of all ages. There are several forms of diabetes. Type 2 is the most common. A combination of treatment strategies can help you manage the condition to live a healthy life and prevent complications.

What is diabetes?

Diabetes is a condition that happens when your blood sugar (glucose) is too high. It develops when your pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin or any at all, or when your body isn’t responding to the effects of insulin properly. Diabetes affects people of all ages. Most forms of diabetes are chronic (lifelong), and all forms are manageable with medications and/or lifestyle changes.

Glucose (sugar) mainly comes from carbohydrates in your food and drinks. It’s your body’s go-to source of energy. Your blood carries glucose to all your body’s cells to use for energy.

When glucose is in your bloodstream, it needs help — a “key” — to reach its final destination. This key is insulin (a hormone ). If your pancreas isn’t making enough insulin or your body isn’t using it properly, glucose builds up in your bloodstream, causing high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) .

Over time, having consistently high blood glucose can cause health problems, such as heart disease , nerve damage and eye issues.

The technical name for diabetes is diabetes mellitus. Another condition shares the term “diabetes” — diabetes insipidus — but they’re distinct. They share the name “diabetes” because they both cause increased thirst and frequent urination. Diabetes insipidus is much rarer than diabetes mellitus.

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What are the types of diabetes?

There are several types of diabetes. The most common forms include:

• Type 2 diabetes : With this type, your body doesn’t make enough insulin and/or your body’s cells don’t respond normally to the insulin ( insulin resistance ). This is the most common type of diabetes. It mainly affects adults, but children can have it as well.
• Prediabetes : This type is the stage before Type 2 diabetes. Your blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be officially diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes.
• Type 1 diabetes : This type is an autoimmune disease in which your immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in your pancreas for unknown reasons. Up to 10% of people who have diabetes have Type 1. It’s usually diagnosed in children and young adults, but it can develop at any age.
• Gestational diabetes : This type develops in some people during pregnancy . Gestational diabetes usually goes away after pregnancy. However, if you have gestational diabetes, you’re at a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.

Other types of diabetes include:

• Type 3c diabetes : This form of diabetes happens when your pancreas experiences damage (other than autoimmune damage), which affects its ability to produce insulin. Pancreatitis , pancreatic cancer , cystic fibrosis and hemochromatosis can all lead to pancreas damage that causes diabetes. Having your pancreas removed ( pancreatectomy ) also results in Type 3c.
• Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) : Like Type 1 diabetes, LADA also results from an autoimmune reaction, but it develops much more slowly than Type 1. People diagnosed with LADA are usually over the age of 30.
• Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) : MODY, also called monogenic diabetes, happens due to an inherited genetic mutation that affects how your body makes and uses insulin. There are currently over 10 different types of MODY. It affects up to 5% of people with diabetes and commonly runs in families.
• Neonatal diabetes : This is a rare form of diabetes that occurs within the first six months of life. It’s also a form of monogenic diabetes. About 50% of babies with neonatal diabetes have the lifelong form called permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus. For the other half, the condition disappears within a few months from onset, but it can come back later in life. This is called transient neonatal diabetes mellitus.
• Brittle diabetes : Brittle diabetes is a form of Type 1 diabetes that’s marked by frequent and severe episodes of high and low blood sugar levels. This instability often leads to hospitalization. In rare cases, a pancreas transplant may be necessary to permanently treat brittle diabetes.

How common is diabetes?

Diabetes is common. Approximately 37.3 million people in the United States have diabetes, which is about 11% of the population. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form, representing 90% to 95% of all diabetes cases.

About 537 million adults across the world have diabetes. Experts predict this number will rise to 643 million by 2030 and 783 million by 2045.

Symptoms and Causes

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

Symptoms of diabetes include:

• Increased thirst ( polydipsia ) and dry mouth .
• Frequent urination .
• Blurred vision .
• Unexplained weight loss .
• Numbness or tingling in your hands or feet.
• Slow-healing sores or cuts.
• Frequent skin and/or vaginal yeast infections .

It’s important to talk to your healthcare provider if you or your child has these symptoms.

Additional details about symptoms per type of diabetes include:

• Type 1 diabetes : Symptoms of T1D can develop quickly — over a few weeks or months. You may develop additional symptoms that are signs of a severe complication called diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA) . DKA is life-threatening and requires immediate medical treatment. DKA symptoms include vomiting , stomach pains, fruity-smelling breath and labored breathing.
• Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes : You may not have any symptoms at all, or you may not notice them since they develop slowly. Routine bloodwork may show a high blood sugar level before you recognize symptoms. Another possible sign of prediabetes is darkened skin on certain parts of your body ( acanthosis nigricans ).
• Gestational diabetes : You typically won’t notice symptoms of gestational diabetes. Your healthcare provider will test you for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy.

What causes diabetes?

Too much glucose circulating in your bloodstream causes diabetes, regardless of the type. However, the reason why your blood glucose levels are high differs depending on the type of diabetes.

Causes of diabetes include:

• Insulin resistance : Type 2 diabetes mainly results from insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles , fat and liver don’t respond as they should to insulin. Several factors and conditions contribute to varying degrees of insulin resistance, including obesity, lack of physical activity, diet, hormonal imbalances, genetics and certain medications.
• Autoimmune disease : Type 1 diabetes and LADA happen when your immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in your pancreas.
• Hormonal imbalances : During pregnancy, the placenta releases hormones that cause insulin resistance. You may develop gestational diabetes if your pancreas can’t produce enough insulin to overcome the insulin resistance. Other hormone-related conditions like acromegaly and Cushing syndrome can also cause Type 2 diabetes.
• Pancreatic damage : Physical damage to your pancreas — from a condition, surgery or injury — can impact its ability to make insulin, resulting in Type 3c diabetes.
• Genetic mutations : Certain genetic mutations can cause MODY and neonatal diabetes.

Long-term use of certain medications can also lead to Type 2 diabetes, including HIV/AIDS medications and corticosteroids .

What are the complications of diabetes?

Diabetes can lead to acute (sudden and severe) and long-term complications — mainly due to extreme or prolonged high blood sugar levels.

Acute diabetes complications

Acute diabetes complications that can be life-threatening include:

• Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) : This complication mainly affects people with Type 2 diabetes. It happens when your blood sugar levels are very high (over 600 milligrams per deciliter or mg/dL) for a long period, leading to severe dehydration and confusion. It requires immediate medical treatment.
• Diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA) : This complication mainly affects people with Type 1 diabetes or undiagnosed T1D. It happens when your body doesn’t have enough insulin. If your body doesn’t have insulin, it can’t use glucose for energy, so it breaks down fat instead. This process eventually releases substances called ketones, which turn your blood acidic. This causes labored breathing, vomiting and loss of consciousness. DKA requires immediate medical treatment.
• Severe low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) : Hypoglycemia happens when your blood sugar level drops below the range that’s healthy for you. Severe hypoglycemia is very low blood sugar. It mainly affects people with diabetes who use insulin. Signs include blurred or double vision, clumsiness, disorientation and seizures. It requires treatment with emergency glucagon and/or medical intervention.

Long-term diabetes complications

Blood glucose levels that remain high for too long can damage your body’s tissues and organs. This is mainly due to damage to your blood vessels and nerves, which support your body’s tissues.

Cardiovascular (heart and blood vessel) issues are the most common type of long-term diabetes complication. They include:

• Coronary artery disease .
• Heart attack .
• Atherosclerosis .

Other diabetes complications include:

• Nerve damage ( neuropathy ), which can cause numbness, tingling and/or pain.
• Nephropathy , which can lead to kidney failure or the need for dialysis or transplant .
• Retinopathy , which can lead to blindness.
• Diabetes-related foot conditions .
• Skin infections.
• Amputations .
• Sexual dysfunction due to nerve and blood vessel damage, such as erectile dysfunction or vaginal dryness .
• Gastroparesis .
• Hearing loss.
• Oral health issues, such as gum (periodontal) disease .

Living with diabetes can also affect your mental health. People with diabetes are two to three times more likely to have depression than people without diabetes.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is diabetes diagnosed.

Healthcare providers diagnose diabetes by checking your glucose level in a blood test . Three tests can measure your blood glucose level:

• Fasting blood glucose test : For this test, you don’t eat or drink anything except water (fast) for at least eight hours before the test. As food can greatly affect blood sugar, this test allows your provider to see your baseline blood sugar.
• Random blood glucose test : “Random” means that you can get this test at any time, regardless of if you’ve fasted.
• A1c : This test, also called HbA1C or glycated hemoglobin test, provides your average blood glucose level over the past two to three months.

To screen for and diagnose gestational diabetes, providers order an oral glucose tolerance test .

The following test results typically indicate if you don’t have diabetes, have prediabetes or have diabetes. These values may vary slightly. In addition, healthcare providers rely on more than one test to diagnose diabetes.

Management and Treatment

How is diabetes managed.

Diabetes is a complex condition, so its management involves several strategies. In addition, diabetes affects everyone differently, so management plans are highly individualized.

The four main aspects of managing diabetes include:

• Blood sugar monitoring : Monitoring your blood sugar (glucose) is key to determining how well your current treatment plan is working. It gives you information on how to manage your diabetes on a daily — and sometimes even hourly — basis. You can monitor your levels with frequent checks with a glucose meter and finger stick and/or with a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). You and your healthcare provider will determine the best blood sugar range for you.
• Oral diabetes medications : Oral diabetes medications (taken by mouth) help manage blood sugar levels in people who have diabetes but still produce some insulin — mainly people with Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. People with gestational diabetes may also need oral medication. There are several different types. Metformin is the most common.
• Insulin : People with Type 1 diabetes need to inject synthetic insulin to live and manage diabetes. Some people with Type 2 diabetes also require insulin. There are several different types of synthetic insulin. They each start to work at different speeds and last in your body for different lengths of time. The four main ways you can take insulin include injectable insulin with a syringe (shot), insulin pens , insulin pumps and rapid-acting inhaled insulin .
• Diet: Meal planning and choosing a healthy diet for you are key aspects of diabetes management, as food greatly impacts blood sugar. If you take insulin, counting carbs in the food and drinks you consume is a large part of management. The amount of carbs you eat determines how much insulin you need at meals. Healthy eating habits can also help you manage your weight and reduce your heart disease risk.
• Exercise: Physical activity increases insulin sensitivity (and helps reduce insulin resistance), so regular exercise is an important part of management for all people with diabetes.

Due to the increased risk for heart disease, it’s also important to maintain a healthy:

• Blood pressure .
• Cholesterol .

How can I prevent diabetes?

You can’t prevent autoimmune and genetic forms of diabetes. But there are some steps you can take to lower your risk for developing prediabetes, Type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes, including:

• Eat a healthy diet, such as the Mediterranean diet.
• Get physically active. Aim for 30 minutes a day at least five days a week.
• Work to achieve a weight that’s healthy for you.
• Manage your stress .
• Limit alcohol intake.
• Get adequate sleep (typically 7 to 9 hours) and seek treatment for sleep disorders.
• Quit smoking .
• Take medications as directed by your healthcare provider to manage existing risk factors for heart disease.

It’s important to note that there are some diabetes risk factors you can’t change, such as your genetics/family history, age and race. Know that Type 2 diabetes is a complex condition that involves many contributing factors.

Outlook / Prognosis

What is the prognosis for diabetes.

The prognosis (outlook) for diabetes varies greatly depending on several factors, including:

• The type of diabetes.
• How well you manage the condition over time and your access to diabetes care.
• Your age at diagnosis/how long you’ve had diabetes.
• If you have other health conditions.
• If you develop diabetes complications.

Chronic high blood sugar can cause severe complications, which are usually irreversible. Several studies have shown that untreated chronic high blood sugar shortens your lifespan and worsens your quality of life.

In the United States, diabetes is the eighth leading cause of death. A large number of people with diabetes will die from a heart attack or stroke.

However, it’s important to know that you can live a healthy life with diabetes. The following are key to a better prognosis:

• Lifestyle changes.
• Regular exercise.
• Dietary changes.
• Regular blood sugar monitoring.

Studies show that people with diabetes may be able to reduce their risk of complications by consistently keeping their A1c levels below 7%.

Living With

When should i see my healthcare provider.

If you haven’t been diagnosed with diabetes, you should see a healthcare provider if you have any symptoms of diabetes, such as increased thirst and frequent urination.

If you have diabetes, you should see your provider who helps you manage diabetes (such as an endocrinologist ) regularly.

A note from Cleveland Clinic

Being diagnosed with diabetes is a life-changing event, but it doesn’t mean you can’t live a happy and healthy life. Managing diabetes involves consistent care and diligence. While it’ll likely be very overwhelming at first, over time you’ll get a better grasp on managing the condition and being in tune with your body.

Be sure to see your healthcare provider(s) regularly. Managing diabetes involves a team effort — you’ll want medical professionals, friends and family on your side. Don’t be afraid to reach out to them if you need help.

Last reviewed on 02/17/2023.

Learn more about our editorial process .

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What Is Diabetes?

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Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Glucose is your body’s main source of energy. Your body can make glucose, but glucose also comes from the food you eat.

Insulin is a hormone  made by the pancreas  that helps glucose get into your cells to be used for energy. If you have diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough—or any—insulin, or doesn’t use insulin properly. Glucose then stays in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells.

Diabetes raises the risk for damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart. Diabetes is also linked to some types of cancer. Taking steps to prevent or manage diabetes may lower your risk of developing diabetes health problems.

What are the different types of diabetes?

The most common types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes

If you have type 1 diabetes , your body makes little or no insulin. Your immune system  attacks and destroys the cells in your pancreas that make insulin. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, although it can appear at any age. People with type 1 diabetes need to take insulin every day to stay alive.

Type 2 diabetes

If you have type 2 diabetes , the cells in your body don’t use insulin properly. The pancreas may be making insulin but is not making enough insulin to keep your blood glucose level in the normal range. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. You are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you have risk factors , such as overweight or obesity , and a family history of the disease. You can develop type 2 diabetes at any age, even during childhood.

You can help delay or prevent type 2 diabetes  by knowing the risk factors and taking steps toward a healthier lifestyle, such as losing weight or preventing weight gain.

Gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. Most of the time, this type of diabetes goes away after the baby is born. However, if you’ve had gestational diabetes, you have a higher chance of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Sometimes diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy is type 2 diabetes.

Prediabetes

People with prediabetes  have blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. If you have prediabetes, you have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. You also have a higher risk for heart disease than people with normal glucose levels.

Other types of diabetes

A less common type of diabetes, called monogenic diabetes , is caused by a change in a single gene . Diabetes can also come from having surgery to remove the pancreas, or from damage to the pancreas due to conditions such as cystic fibrosis or pancreatitis .

How common are diabetes and prediabetes?

More than 133 million Americans have diabetes or prediabetes. 1

As of 2019, 37.3 million people—or 11.3% of the U.S. population—had diabetes. 1 More than 1 in 4 people over the age of 65 had diabetes. Nearly 1 in 4 adults with diabetes didn’t know they had the disease. 2

About 90% to 95% of diabetes cases are type 2 diabetes. 3

In 2019, 96 million adults—38% of U.S. adults—had prediabetes. 4

What other health problems can people with diabetes develop?

Over time, high blood glucose can damage your heart , kidneys , feet , and eyes . If you have diabetes, you can take steps to lower your chances of developing diabetes health problems  by taking steps to improve your health  and learning how to manage the disease . Managing your blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels can help prevent future health problems.

This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Content produced by NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts.

NIDDK would like to thank: Daniel Bessesen, M.D., University of Colorado; Domenico Accili, M.D., Columbia University

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Minimal Diabetes Mellitus Disease Slides

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Elevate your health seminar with this bold, illustrated Diabetes Mellitus Disease template. Crafted specifically for health professionals, its dominant colors of black and red create a corporate yet engaging look. Ideal for presenting complex information about diabetes management, research findings or awareness programs. Enhance your slideshow with this visually striking template and make your presentation unforgettable. Dive in, create impact and educate your audience. Act now and transform your presentation into a powerful educational tool with this template.

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Diabetes Presentations

This list of presentations is designed to be a resource for people with diabetes, health care professionals, diabetes educators, and students. These presentations can be downloaded but the original authors should be referenced if used elsewhere. To download, right-click the link and choose “Save Link As” to download the PDFs. Take a look at presentations by:

John Walsh PA, CDE – Physician assistant and diabetes clinical specialist at Advanced Metabolic Care and Research in Escondido, CA. The webmaster of Diabetesnet.com, co-author of Pumping Insulin , Using Insulin , and Stop the Rollercoaster.

Gary Scheiner MS, CDE – Certified diabetes educator and owner and operator of Integrated Diabetes Services , which specializes in intensive blood glucose control and lifestyle intervention for people with diabetes.

Andrea Gasper, MS, PA-C – Physician assistant who provides clinical care at the VA San Diego Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism.

Presentations by John Walsh

Full list of presentations, past and present

Novel and Basic Pump Ideas

A presentation John gave to 60 industry personnel on novel and basic ideas to improve glucose outcomes for insulin pump wearers.

New devices and research regarding Type 1 diabetes from the 2018 ADA Conference in Orlando

Presented to the San Diego Pump Club on July 9, 2018

Tried and True Tips and New Advances in Diabetes

These slides review pump tips and pump advances with new information on artificial pancreas projects, implanted CGMs, and faster insulins. This presentation was given at the San Diego Take Control of Your Diabetes (TCOYD) meeting and at the San Diego Pump Club meeting in late 2016.

Clinical Benefits of CGM

Scripps Whittier Diabetes Institute on May 3, 2016 and Canadian endocrinologists visiting Dexcom on April 29, 2016 This talk covers benefits of pumps and CGMs, the 5 paths to better readings, identification of glucose patterns, and lots of tips on how to use real time and downloaded CGM data.

Infusion Sets—The Weakest Link?

San Diego Pump Club in September 2015 Little attention has been paid over the years to the effectiveness of the infusion set in the push to improve insulin pumps and CGMs and connect them with an algorithm into an artificial pancreas. Not all infusion sets are delivering insulin well. Too often Unexplained High Glucose or UHG happens from a malfunctioning infusion set and the wearer misdiagnoses it as “I ate the wrong thing.” Is the problem coming from a mismatch between poor infusion set design, the user’s technique, or other physiology? See what the latest research and thinking has to say about the state of infusion sets, including a discussion of a reduction in silent occlusions with BD’s new FlowSmart infusion set.

Glucose Control With Today’s Insulin Pumps and CGMs

3rd Annual Diabetes Type 1 Conference at ANA Intercontinental Tokyo in May 2015 Great info on all the latest insulin pumps available. Also has information on CGMs, optimal TDDs and more.

Insulin Pumps Secrets and Settings and for Great Glucose Control

Type One Nation Presentation at the Sansum Clinic Support Group in March 2015 Tips on state-of-the-art pumping with a CGM, steps to optimize pump settings, plus things you never knew about pumping. Why your TDD and DIA are so important. Common causes for unwanted readings. How CGM downloads and trend lines can help you trouble-shoot frequent highs, frequent lows, roller-coaster readings, post-meal spikes, and more. Tips on when your bolus calculator or infusion set may be part of the problem.

Insulin Pump Settings and Secrets for Great Glucose Control (PDF 9.7 mb)

Presentation by John Walsh PA, CDTC at Type One Nation in March 2015 Learn the nuts and bolts of pumping and get an overview of today’s state-of-the-art insulin pumps and how to set them up for best results. Get ready to learn the things you never knew about pumps and pumping.

Troubleshooting Common Control Issues (PDF 12.3 mb)

Presentation by John Walsh PA, CDTC at Type One Nation in March 2015 Review common sources for failure on an insulin pump and how to solve them. Learn how to trouble shoot unexpected high or low patterns and learn clever tricks to get the most out of your pump and CGM.

Insulin Pump Tune Up (PDF 2.7 mb)

Presentation by John Walsh PA, CDTC and Chris Sadler MA, PA-C, CDE, CDTC for TCOYD

Latest on Pumps, CGMs, and Connectivity  (PDF 9.9 mb)

A presentation given in Ft Murray in November 2014

The Latest on Insulin Pumps and Glycemia (PDF 6.3 mb)

This Grand Rounds presentation, entitled “The Latest on Insulin Pumps and Glycemia” was given at the UCSD/VA Hospital in La Jolla, CA, on Feb. 12, 2014. Lots of tools, tips, and insights.

Advanced Pumping Techniques – TCOYD 2013 (PDF 6.8 mb)

A presentation on the latest in pumps and CGM, tips to achieve better glucose levels, and the latest breakthrough technologies in diabetes.

Exercise Tech – insulinINdependance Conference 2013 (PDF 7.2 mb)

John’s presentation at the Insulindependence Conference 2013 on the latest diabetes technology with a focus on insulin pumps and exercise.

The Latest on Insulin Pumps (PDF – 3.2 mb)

How to get the most out of an insulin pump for pump wearers. Includes lots of tips and tricks and how to remedy common mistakes.

Advanced Pump Workshop (PDF – 5.9 mb)

This half-day clinical workshop covers insulin pump therapy in great detail using results of the Actual Pump Practices Study. Topics include glucose management, how to tune the bolus calculator, BOB, DIA, insulin stacking, infusion set issues and solutions, and CGMs for better control.

Insulin Therapy – Taking it to the Next Level (PDF – 1.9 mb)

This presentation discusses insulin therapy and includes numerous tips on how to achieve the best results.

Glucose Management and the Actual Pump Practices Study

Presentation for St. Michael’s Hospital Staff for Medtronic of Canada, June 22, 2012

Slideshow (in parts) – #1-Glucose Management and Actual Pump Practices Study – #2-Bolus Calculator Settings – # 3 -DIA, BOB, and Insulin Stacking – # 4- Infusion Set Issues – # 5-CGMs for Better Control – or A PDF of all 5 Workshops

Advanced Pump Strategies – The Latest on Pumps and CGMs

Presentation at Toronto Congress Center for Animas Canada, June 23, 2012

2 Presentations- The Latests on Pumps & CGMs – or a PDF of Both Talks (4.6 mb)

Patch or Line Pump – Which Works Best?

Presentation at TCOYD Conference with Karmeen Kulkarni, RD, in San Diego, CA – November 12, 2011

Presentation on Patch and Line Pumps (PDF – 9.6 mb)

Evolution of Insulin Pumps & CGMs Toward An Artificial Pancreas

Presentation at Diabetes Technology Meeting in Burlingame, CA – Oct 27, 2011

Evolution of Insulin Pumps & CGMs – Toward An Artificial Pancreas (PDF – 9.4 mb)

Emerging Technologies: Bolus Calculators, Pumps And CGMs

Presentation to Children With Diabetes in Orlando, FL – July 2011

Web Presentation – Emerging Technologies (PDF – 12 mb)

Advanced Pumping Strategies That Work

Presentation to Children With Diabetes in Orlando, FL -July 2011

Web Presentation – PDF or Advanced Pumping Strategies (PDF – 9.8 mb)

Pumps and Sensors Practical Problem Solving

Presentation to Children With Diabetes in Charlotte, NC – September 2010

Web Presentation – PPT Presentation (8.5 mb ) – PDF (9.6 mb)

Advanced Pump Features And Their Use

Presentation to Children With Diabetes in La Jolla, CA- Oct 2009

Advanced Pump Features and Their Use provides information on special and future pump features, CGMs, pump settings, pumps for Type 2s, DIA and BOB. Please view the slideshow .

Pumping Basics: Start for Success

Pumping Basics provides information on reasons to use a pump, who’s a candidate, brands and features, CGMs, infusion set choices, pump start and the future of pumping. Please view the slideshow .

Management Tips For Insulin Use

Presentation to Diabetes Educators in Calgary, Alberta

Management Tips For Insulin Use covers why insulin is needed, what it does, and how to replace it when production is lost in Type 1a and Type 2 diabetes. Discusses long and rapid acting insulins, mixed insulin, insulin pens, use in Type 2 diabetes, causes for lows and highs, and new treatments in using insulin. Please view the slideshow or download a PDF version (2.6 MB) for easy viewing.

Future Insulin Pump Features

We have been developing new ideas for several years to make insulin pumps more helpful to wearers. You can see the full list of proposed insulin pump features as a slideshow or Powerpoint . Previous Versions: 12/18/08 – Slideshow , PDF

Proposed Insulin Pump Standards

This slideshow presents a preliminary set of Manufacturing Standards For Insulin Pumps designed to improve insulin pump use and medical outcomes. Comments and suggestions on these guidelines are welcomed. Please view the slideshow . Be patient — there are 29 proposed features presented over 157 slides. Previous versions: 12/03/08 ( Slideshow or Powerpoint ), 11/10/08 ( Slideshow or Powerpoint ) and 10/10/08 ( Slideshow or Powerpoint ).

Current & Emerging Technologies In Insulin Pumps & Continuous Monitors – May 2008

Learn about new trends in insulin pumps and continuous monitors in this web slideshow or downloadable Powerpoint presentation .

Introduction to Pumping – Starting and Success

August 2007 at the CWD Conference

Learn how to start pumping the right way with this helpful presentation. View the slideshow or download the Powerpoint Presentation .

Exercise, Pumps, & Continuous Monitors – June 2007 at the DESA Exercise Conference

Get the latest tips and tricks for combining insulin pumps and continuous monitors with your fitness plan from this slideshow or the downloadable Powerpoint presentation .

Insulin Pumps Give Different Bolus Recommendations When BOB Is Large – February 2007

Find out why differences in Bolus on Board calculations are important and when they will occur by viewing the BOB slideshow . You can also download the Powerpoint presentation .

Comparison Of The Two Currently Available Continuous Monitors – January 2007

The Dexcom STS and the Paradigm RT continuous monitors are currently available in the U.S. with a prescription. In this study, they are compared head to head while being worn by one person with Type 1 diabetes. Is one monitor better than the other? How close are the monitor readings to the Ultra fingerstick readings? Find out by viewing the comparison slideshow or downloading the Powerpoint presentation .

Smart Pumps & Tomorrow’s Intelligent Devices – July 2005

See how classic diabetes devices have improved and will continue to improve in this presentation. View the Slideshow or download the Powerpoint Presentation

Changes In Diabetes Care – September 2004

Learn about the history of insulin pumps in this slideshow

The Super Bolus and the Intelligent BG Alert – September 2004

This slideshow details new insulin pump ideas to improve glucose levels, avoid hypoglycemia, and speed correction of hyperglycemia.

Intelligent Devices – September 2004

This slideshow details the idea of a “Smart Pen” that demonstrates the possibilities for intelligent diabetes devices.

Simultaneous Device Wear May Disclose Disparate Continuous Glucose Monitoring Performance (PDF – 739 kb) by John Walsh PA CDE and Timothy Bailey MD FACE CPI Disparate Bolus Recommendations In Insulin Pump Therapy (PDF – 363 kb) by John Walsh PA CDE and Timothy Bailey MD FACE CPI Insulin Pump Settings A Major Source For Insulin Dose Errors (PDF – 507 kb) by John Walsh PA CDE, Dariusz Wroblewski PhD, and Timothy S. Bailey MD FACE CPI

Presentations by Gary Scheiner

Improving diabetes control with accurate carb counting.

One major advantage of carbohydrate counting is that it can improve your blood glucose levels. This slideshow details the best tips, tricks, and methods to accurately count carb. You can also download the Powerpoint Presentation .

Strategies for Combating After-Meal Highs

Learn how to measure and control after meal blood sugar levels in this helpful slideshow . You can also download the Powerpoint Presentation .

Hypoglycemia: Prevention and Treatment

This slideshow details a number of ways to prevent and treat hypoglycemia. You can also download the Powerpoint Presentation .

Presentations by Andrea Gasper

Pumps and dosing software: the latest advances.

Presented in 2007 at the ADA Diabetes Technology Clinical Focus Meeting

Read about the latest advances in insulin pump and dosing software in this helpful PDF presentation.

Diabetes PowerPoint Template

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The following presentations provide a multifaceted review of topics relating to diabetes. Overviews of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and gestational diabetes (diabetes developing during pregnancy) are discussed. In addition, complications associated with both forms of diabetes are discussed along with measures to lower the risk for these complications. The importance of monitoring maternal glucose in relation to infant growth and development is also discussed.

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• Complications of Diabetes
• Diabetes and Macrosomia
• Gestational Diabetes
• Metabolic Syndrome
• Nutrient Sensing
• Type 1 Diabetes
• Type 2 Diabetes

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Diabetes PowerPoint Template

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Understanding Diabetes

Understanding Diabetes is a Power-point presentation that explains what is diabetes, pre-diabetes and ways by which we can effectively manage it. The aim of the presentation is to create awareness about diabetes and its effective management. Read less

More Related Content

• 1. MADE BY: JONATHAN D’SOUZA MEDICAL WRITER
• 3. World’s population: 6,600,000,000 Population with diabetes 246,000,000 Population with HIV/AIDS 33,000,000 8 TIMES the number of people with HIV/AIDS Projected to increase to 380,000,000 by 2025!
• 4. DIABETES IN INDIA 2013 India is the new Diabetes Capital of the World ! ! ! 63,000,000 Number of Diabetes Patients in India 2013 77,000,000 Number of Pre-Diabetics in India 2013 1,000,000 Number of Indians Die Every Year Because of Diabetes
• 5. than 63 Million people have been diagnosed with Diabetes in India. (According to International Diabetes Federation)  More  Metabolic Syndrome: Risk factors related to obesity  Type I: Pancreas cells produce little or no insulin  Type II: Fat, Liver and muscle cells do not respond to insulin (insulin resistance)  Gestational Diabetes: High blood sugar during pregnancy
• 6.  Pre-diabetes is a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes.  It is a metabolic condition and growing global problem that is closely tied to obesity.  A diagnosis of prediabetes is a warning sign about your health  While not everyone diagnosed with prediabetes will develop Type 2 diabetes, many will—and people with prediabetes are at higher risk for heart disease and stroke.
• 7. Insulin Resistanceis a condition in which the insulin produced in the body is not utilized efficiently.
• 8. Fasting plasma glucose test (FPG) results Diabetes 126 mg/dL or Greater Pre-Diabetes 125 mg/dL to 100 mg/dL Normal Less than 100 mg/dL
• 9. Type 2 is more common in people who:  Are overweight.  Are 45 or older.  Are physically inactive.  Have a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes.  Have abnormal cholesterol levels.  Have had gestational diabetes  Have high blood pressure.
• 10. Diabetic Retinopathy-trouble with vision Nephropathy- kidney problems  Heart Disease Nerve Damage
• 11.  Pre-meal or fasting: 80-120  2 hours post-meal: 80-140  Bedtime: 80-140 or 100-140
• 12.  On insulin: Every 6 hours  Not on insulin: Once in the morning and once in the evening
• 15. Key elements of diabetes self-management: Monitoring blood glucose Taking medication Following a meal plan Getting regular exercise
• 17. TRY  Swimming  Exercise balls or exercise bands  Walking  Stationary bikes  Exercise videos  Yoga  Local Recreation Centers
• 18.  Vary your routine.  Don’t be afraid to try something new.  Participate in things you like to do.  Use music or books on tape to make the time pass more quickly.
• 19.  Check your blood glucose before and after every activity.  Always warm up and cool down.  Wear comfortable footwear.  Drink plenty of water.
• 20. Most adults with diabetes have one or more cholesterol problems, such as:  high  low triglycerides HDL (“good”) cholesterol  high LDL (“bad”) cholesterol
• 21.  A – A1c, or hemoglobin A1c test.  B – Blood pressure < 130/80 mmHg for non-pregnant adults.  C – Cholesterol HDL (good) cholesterol – >40 mg/dl (men); >50 mg/dl (women) LDL (bad) cholesterol – <100 mg/dl Triglycerides – <150 mg/dl
• 23.  Weight control  Blood glucose control  Prevention and management of short-term and long-term complications of diabetes
• 24.  Eat more fruit and vegetables  Reduce animal or saturated fat  Cut down on sugar  Reduce salt
• 26.  Fresh  Frozen  Dried
• 27. To help maintain blood glucose levels and cholesterol levels     Fruit Vegetables Pulses Oats Helps to maintain a healthy gut     Wholegrain cereals Wholemeal bread Whole-wheat pasta Brown rice
• 28.  Use low fat milk  Use low fat spread instead of butter  Use oil high in unsaturated fat, eg olive oil, rapeseed oil
• 29. Grill  Dry-roast  Microwave  Steam 
• 30. SATURATED MONO- UNSATURATED POLY- UNSATURATED • Full fat dairy produce (eg cheese, butter, full cream milk) • Olive oil • Sunflower oil (products) • Pies • Biscuits • Savoury snacks • Lard • Hard vegetable fat • Rapeseed oil • Groundnut oil • Oily fish
• 31.    Cut out sweets Cut out sugary drinks Reduce Sugar intake
• 32. Cut down on added salt  Use alternative seasonings  Look out for reduced/low sodium foods, eg. bread  Avoid salt substitutes 
• 33.  Jonathan D’Souza is actively involved in providing scientific inputs to pharmaceutical clients for the development of clinically significant scientific content in order to enable a smooth brand launch. He has been an essential asset who is actively involved in the planning and management of various brand launch strategies across pharmaceutical organizations.  In his capacity as a Medical Writer, Jonathan has been instrumental in successfully launching several pharmaceutical brands with a specific focus on target segments. He is presently working as a Medical Writer and has a keen desire to share his experience, knowledge and expertise with others.  For any further assistance, kindly contact him on the following email id: [email protected]  http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Jonathan_Elias_D'Souza

Rare forms of monogenic diabetes in non-European individuals. First reports of CEL and RFX6 mutations from the Indian subcontinent

• Original Article
• Published: 27 August 2024

Cite this article

• Antonella Marucci   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5456-5336 1   na1 ,
• Claudia Menzaghi   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7438-8955 1   na1 ,
• Alessandro Roberto Dodesini   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4762-1643 2 ,
• Mascia Albizzi   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0009-1149-7116 2 , 3 ,
• Angelo Acquafredda   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6231-027X 4 ,
• Grazia Fini   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7304-5312 1 ,
• Vincenzo Trischitta   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1174-127X 1 &
• Rosa Di Paola   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5837-9111 1  

Explore all metrics

Monogenic diabetes is one of the few examples in metabolic diseases in which a real precision medicine approach can be implemented in daily clinical work. Unfortunately, most of what is known today comes from studies in Whites, thus leaving much uncertainty about the genetics and the clinical presentation of monogenic diabetes in non-Europeans. To fill this gap, we report here two pedigrees from Bangladesh with CEL- and RFX6- diabetes, two rare types of monogenic diabetes which have never been described so far in individuals of the Indian subcontinent.

Next generation, Sanger sequencing and Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) were performed. Variants’ interpretation was according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines.

In the pedigree with CEL -diabetes, a large and never described deletion of exon 2–11 of CEL (confirmed by MLPA) affecting the entire catalytic domain and being likely pathogenic (LP) was observed in both the proband (who had diabetes at 16) and his mother (diabetes at 31), but not in relatives with normoglycemia. In the pedigree with RFX6 -diabetes, a LP protein truncation variant (PTV, p.Tyr192*) in RFX6 was found in both the proband (diabetes at 9) and his mother (diabetes at 30), thus suggesting high heterogeneity in disease onset. Normoglycemic relatives were not available for genetic testing.

Conclusions

We report genetic features and clinical presentation of the first two cases of CEL - and RFX6 -diabetes from the Indian subcontinent, thus contributing to fill the gap of knowledge on monogenic diabetes in non-Europeans.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente: RC2023 and RC2024 (A.M., C.M., R.D.P., V.T.) and Italian Ministry of University and Research: PON_2017_BIO-D ARS01_00876 (V.T.).

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Rosa Di Paola and Vincenzo Trischitta contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Foggia, 71013, Italy

Antonella Marucci, Claudia Menzaghi, Grazia Fini, Vincenzo Trischitta & Rosa Di Paola

Endocrine and Diabetology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, 24127, Italy

Alessandro Roberto Dodesini & Mascia Albizzi

Research Foundation, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy

Mascia Albizzi

Unit of Pediatrics and Neonatology, “G. Tatarella” Hospital, Cerignola, Foggia, Italy

Angelo Acquafredda

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All authors have contributed to the study development, data analysis, and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Vincenzo Trischitta or Rosa Di Paola .

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This study involves human participants and was approved by Institutional Ethic Committee Fondazione Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.

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Marucci, A., Menzaghi, C., Dodesini, A.R. et al. Rare forms of monogenic diabetes in non-European individuals. First reports of CEL and RFX6 mutations from the Indian subcontinent. Acta Diabetol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-024-02357-3

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Received : 11 June 2024

Accepted : 04 August 2024

Published : 27 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-024-02357-3

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