essay on technology in urdu

Zeerak Ahmed (MDE ’18) brings software innovation to Urdu

In this essay, Zeerak Ahmed (MDE ‘18) writes about his journey to modernize software for the Urdu language and the Arabic script. An additional article, “The Fight to Preserve the Urdu Script in the Digital World”, has been featured in TIME magazine.

Across Pakistan, computers and smartphones are used in English. Most of the population does not speak English, but is unable to access technology in Urdu. Even when people don’t have the desire or ability to speak in English, text from local languages is transliterated into the Latin script, instead of being typed in its native forms. 

This is a situation that has unraveled over many decades, and if you look more closely, perhaps even many centuries. The truth is that modern technology, and especially software, has been built with the Latin script in mind. As it extends to the rest of the world, it is slowly adapted to fit local needs. But the complexity of the Urdu language, the strong cultural traditions of the area, economic and political conditions have left local languages in Pakistan on the brink of being non-functional in today’s professional world. 

Where technology is used to publish Urdu text, it exists in an almost parallel-reality. Urdu newspapers use specialized desktop publishing software built in the 90s, and which has since not received the advances made in software for other languages. Nearly all Urdu text is published in one font, which in its early years couldn’t be used to type new technical vocabulary. And average users do not go through the many hoops needed to type in Urdu effectively. The technological barriers are so high that the culture is adapting faster than software is iterating. If necessary investments aren’t made to halt this trend, we may relegate an entire population that does not speak English natively to remain outside the benefits of modern technology, not to speak of irreversible loss of cultural heritage. 

Zeerak Ahmed collaborated with engineers, designers and researchers across disciplines. He works with professionals in Human-Computer Interaction, Urdu literature, Language & History scholars, UX Designers, and Engineers to continue his work on Urdu software. Many of these collaborations were built during the MDE program. Photo: Massan Photography.

Encouraged by colleagues in the MDE program to address this issue, I chose it as the subject of my Independent Design Engineering Project. An extensive study of the issues surrounding non-Latin technology were conducted. I interviewed dozens of Urdu speakers, collated the development of language technology, and unraveled the technological layers used to reproduce language in modern software. 

It became clear through this study that modern software does not really apply human-centered design principles to large parts of the world. A human-centered design process focuses its attention not on metrics of cost, aesthetic, existing technology or timeline, but rather on usefulness to humans. This process is conducted by observing the difficulties of users in their particular setting, ideating ways to alleviate these issues, and conducting iterative tests. 

Software built in the West understands the needs of Western users well. Unfortunately as it is spread to other parts of the world, the whole process of understanding the needs of non-Western users is not conducted. Instead, already built technology is retro-fitted with translated language or simple transformations. Inevitably, this lack of focus on non-Western users means that the nuances of their traditions are not accurately represented in published text.

A few examples can illustrate these issues. Existing standards for fonts cannot accommodate the rules and nuances of calligraphy in the Arabic script, which date back 1000 years. Pakistani audiences are particular about the exact calligraphic form that Urdu text is published in, and as a result Pakistani newspapers hand wrote their newspapers until the late 80s, rather than using subpar fonts and typeset them. The most commonly used Urdu keyboard layout in Pakistan phonetically maps Urdu letters to the English keyboard. In both cases, the end user was envisioned as someone who would behave like someone already familiar with Western technology, rather than a user with their own social context and needs. Further research revealed that these were hardly the only examples and such compromises could be seen all the way back to the very first developments in printing the Arabic script.

Our research showed that the failures of modern technology existed in multiple areas. To address these issues with a  systems approach was critical. I chose my interventions specifically to create ripple effects not just to one branch of technology but to as many as possible.

Given the cultural importance of Arabic calligraphy, much research and development interest had already turned to typography. While gaps remained in this area, I chose not to focus on the output of the Urdu language but instead on input. By building better ways to input Urdu text we were opening the doors for many more customers to participate in new technology. A realm of AI that relies on existing human-produced content, as well as utilities such as search engines, would benefit further from new bodies of Urdu text.

Much of South Asia will access the internet for the first time through smartphones. They have little technological baggage from past decisions, and so we were free to explore radical departures to existing technological infrastructure. By focusing not on the small percentage of users that are already fluent with technology, but rather on the bigger fraction that is new, we found a blank canvas to innovate.

This is how we began work on Matnsaz , a breakthrough keyboard technology for Urdu. This keyboard provides a number of innovations in interaction design. 

By studying the design of the Arabic script itself, we found that many letters share the same basic shape. We took this learning and compressed the Urdu keyboard layout from 39 to 21 keys. Users select the basic shape they want to type, and software selects the correct underlying character. This simplification significantly reduces the learning cost of the keyboard layout, encouraging more users to type and increasing the accuracy and speed of their typing.

A graphic shows how the shape-based Matnsaz keyboard for the Urdu language compares to the default Android Urdu keyboard. The shape-based layout requires less keys, and is hence easier to learn and use. Image courtesy Shanasai LLC. 

The Arabic script is also cursive, meaning letters join together and change shape. We created another technical innovation which lets the keyboard show the shape letters will take before they are typed in a word. This is particularly useful for those learning the Urdu language. 

The Matnsaz keyboard allows users to see the shapes that Arabic script’s cursive letters will take in any word. The context of the already typed letters is shown in light gray on the keys, and the letters which will be typed as a key is pressed, have their upcoming shape indicated in black. Image courtesy Shanasai LLC.

Both these innovations were only possible using touchscreens and computing power of modern smartphones, and would not have been possible on older technology.

By understanding the historical failures of language technology design, the economic reality of the computing market in the region, and the technology stack available, we were able to create a new set of innovations previously overlooked by software manufacturers.

Building Matnsaz was, however, made difficult by the lack of technical infrastructure in the Urdu language. 

Our innovations in interaction design were built on how letters are shaped in Arabic script. Unfortunately, the software stacks on which modern smartphone applications are built are not aware of these character shapes. So in order to group characters into buckets of similar shape, or identify the right way a character may appear in the context of a word, we had to build new string processing software from scratch. 

As software development kits are released alongside modern operating systems, many functions thought to be core to the development of new applications are abstracted into libraries. These libraries provide easy ways to conduct common operations, allowing application developers the ability to focus on problems unique to their work. To build Matnsaz, we had to wrangle with and extend the limited functionality of existing libraries when it came to the Arabic script. We open-sourced our new library to handle the Arabic script, by the name of Naqqash . 

A bigger problem awaited us when building the autocorrect system that underpins Matnsaz. Smartphone keyboards require corrective abilities to allow users to type effectively. To create corrective software, or any Artificial Intelligence based on language features, a good training dataset is needed. Unfortunately for Urdu, existing datasets were difficult to access and had no attributions. We could not audit data sources for quality or bias. Furthermore, existing published text across the Internet is riddled with errors due to the failings of existing publishing software and fonts. 

Our aim was to enable not just the development of Matnsaz, but to catalyze new technology for Urdu broadly. So we took on the goal of creating a new, high-quality, open-sourced dataset or Urdu text that was free to use for commercial and non-commercial uses. We partnered with multiple organizations that had high editorial standards for Urdu, to get donations of Urdu text in their purview. We then assembled a cross-border team of researchers to annotate this text, fix errors, and build new software tools that help assemble our dataset and continually improve its quality. Today this dataset, called Makhzan , is good enough to be the go-to starting point for building new AI for the Urdu language.

Going into this project, we were not completely unaware of these hurdles. In fact, the decision to work on a keyboard was catalyzed by the realization that building a keyboard would allow us to work on intermediary technological infrastructure that itself could enable other applications downstream. 

As a result of our systems analysis, and multi-layered approach to technological design, we have been able to build a strong community of collaborators and supporters. The Matnsaz keyboard itself was beta tested by hundreds of users before launch, providing critical feedback on our language model, app design, functionality and creating strong word of mouth. The exercise of using our community of beta testers to build a high-quality software project was an important output of our work. Because of the history of compromised technology for the Urdu language, many customers in Pakistan believe that using Urdu will forever relegate them to using subpar software that will not engage well with modern software they are using in other languages. Matnsaz poses a fundamental challenge to this belief, and set us up as an authoritative force that can be trusted to pursue further innovations in this field.

Through the development of Matnsaz we have built critical partnerships with other collaborators as well: technology teams based in Pakistan, type designers, publishers, academics in technology and the Urdu language, as well as Pakistani interaction designers and technology companies building new software for the local market. This is in addition to corporate infrastructure of legal, public relations and marketing.

Our hope is to take this culturally-aware, deeply technical, and innovative approach to solving a broad cultural issue forward. For now, Matnsaz serves as evidence that solving difficult, entangled technological problems requires a refreshed approach. But large, underserved populations across the world have reason to hope that technology can serve them better than it ever has.

Technological advancements have led to significant changes in society. The earliest known technology is the stone tool, used during prehistoric times, followed by the control of fire, which contributed to the growth of the human brain and the development of language during the Ice Age. The invention of the wheel in the Bronze Age allowed greater travel and the creation of more complex machines. More recent technological inventions, including the printing press, telephone, and the Internet, have lowered barriers to communication and ushered in the knowledge economy.

Essay On New Technology In Urdu

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While technology contributes to economic development and improve human prosperity, it can also have negative impacts like pollution or resource depletion, or may cause social harms like technological unemployment resulting from automation. As a result, there are ongoing philosophical and political debates about the role and use of technology, the ethics of technology, and ways to mitigate potential downsides.

Other technological advances made during the Paleolithic era include clothing and shelter.[17] No consensus exists on the approximate time of adoption of either technology, but archeologists have found archeological evidence of clothing 90-120 kya[18] and shelter 450 kya.[17] As the Paleolithic era progressed, dwellings became more sophisticated and more elaborate; as early as 380 kya, humans were constructing temporary wood huts.[19][20] Clothing, adapted from the fur and hides of hunted animals, helped humanity expand into colder regions; humans began to migrate out of Africa around 200 kya, initially moving to Eurasia.[21][22][23]

The 20th century brought a host of innovations. In physics, the discovery of nuclear fission in the Atomic Age led to both nuclear weapons and nuclear power. Computers were invented and later shifted from analog to digital in the Digital Revolution. Information technology, particularly optical fiber and optical amplifiers led to the birth of the Internet, which ushered in the Information Age. The Space Age began with the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957, and later the launch of crewed missions to the moon in the 1960s. Organized efforts to search for extraterrestrial intelligence have used radio telescopes to detect signs of technology use, or technosignatures, given off by alien civilizations. In medicine, new technologies were developed for diagnosis (CT, PET, and MRI scanning), treatment (like the dialysis machine, defibrillator, pacemaker, and a wide array of new pharmaceutical drugs), and research (like interferon cloning and DNA microarrays).[56]

Recent years have brought about a rise in social media's cultural prominence, with potential repercussions on democracy, and economic and social life. Early on, the internet was seen as a "liberation technology" that would democratize knowledge, improve access to education, and promote democracy. Modern research has turned to investigate the internet's downsides, including disinformation, polarization, hate speech, and propaganda.[61]

With the growing reliance of technology, there have been security and privacy concerns along with it. Billions of people use different online payment methods, such as WeChat Pay, PayPal, Alipay, and much more to help transfer money. Although security measures are placed, some criminals are able to bypass them.[74] In March 2022, North Korea used Blender.io, a mixer which helped them to hide their cryptocurrency exchanges, to launder over $20.5 million in cryptocurrency, from Axie Infinity, and steal over $600 million worth of cryptocurrency from the games owner. Because of this, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Blender.io, which marked the first time it has taken action against a mixer, to try and crack down on North Korean hackers.[75][76] The privacy of cryptocurrency has been debated. Although many customers like the privacy of cryptocurrency, many also argue that it needs more transparency and stability.[74]

Philosophy of technology is a branch of philosophy that studies the "practice of designing and creating artifacts", and the "nature of the things so created."[77] It emerged as a discipline over the past two centuries, and has grown "considerably" since the 1970s.[78] The humanities philosophy of technology is concerned with the "meaning of technology for, and its impact on, society and culture".[77]

Initially, technology was seen as an extension of the human organism that replicated or amplified bodily and mental faculties.[79] Marx framed it as a tool used by capitalists to oppress the proletariat, but believed that technology would be a fundamentally liberating force once it was "freed from societal deformations". Second-wave philosophers like Ortega later shifted their focus from economics and politics to "daily life and living in a techno-material culture," arguing that technology could oppress "even the members of the bourgeoisie who were its ostensible masters and possessors." Third-stage philosophers like Don Ihde and Albert Borgmann represent a turn toward de-generalization and empiricism, and considered how humans can learn to live with technology.[78][page needed]

The ethics of technology is an interdisciplinary subfield of ethics that analyzes technology's ethical implications and explores ways to mitigate the potential negative impacts of new technologies. There is a broad range of ethical issues revolving around technology, from specific areas of focus affecting professionals working with technology to broader social, ethical, and legal issues concerning the role of technology in society and everyday life.[84]

A wide branch of technology ethics is concerned with the ethics of artificial intelligence: it includes robot ethics, which deals with ethical issues involved in the design, construction, use, and treatment of robots,[87] as well as machine ethics, which is concerned with ensuring the ethical behavior of artificial intelligent agents.[88] Within the field of AI ethics, significant yet-unsolved research problems include AI alignment (ensuring that AI behaviors are aligned with their creators' intended goals and interests) and the reduction of algorithmic bias. Some researchers have warned against the hypothetical risk of an AI takeover, and have advocated for the use of AI capability control in addition to AI alignment methods.

Existential risk researchers analyze risks that could lead to human extinction or civilizational collapse, and look for ways to build resilience against them.[90][91] Relevant research centers include the Cambridge Center for the Study of Existential Risk, and the Stanford Existential Risk Initiative.[92] Future technologies may contribute to the risks of artificial general intelligence, biological warfare, nuclear warfare, nanotechnology, anthropogenic climate change, global warming, or stable global totalitarianism, though technologies may also help us mitigate asteroid impacts and gamma-ray bursts.[93] In 2019 philosopher Nick Bostrom introduced the notion of a vulnerable world, "one in which there is some level of technological development at which civilization almost certainly gets devastated by default", citing the risks of a pandemic caused by bioterrorists, or an arms race triggered by the development of novel armaments and the loss of mutual assured destruction.[94] He invites policymakers to question the assumptions that technological progress is always beneficial, that scientific openness is always preferable, or that they can afford to wait until a dangerous technology has been invented before they prepare mitigations.[94]

Emerging technologies are novel technologies whose development or practical applications are still largely unrealized. They include nanotechnology, biotechnology, robotics, 3D printing, blockchains, and artificial intelligence.

In 2005, futurist Ray Kurzweil claimed the next technological revolution would rest upon advances in genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics, with robotics being the most impactful of the three.[95] Genetic engineering will allow far greater control over human biological nature through a process called directed evolution. Some thinkers believe that this may shatter our sense of self, and have urged for renewed public debate exploring the issue more thoroughly;[96] others fear that directed evolution could lead to eugenics or extreme social inequality. Nanotechnology will grant us the ability to manipulate matter "at the molecular and atomic scale",[97] which could allow us to reshape ourselves and our environment in fundamental ways.[98] Nanobots could be used within the human body to destroy cancer cells or form new body parts, blurring the line between biology and technology.[99] Autonomous robots have undergone rapid progress, and are expected to replace humans at many dangerous tasks, including search and rescue, bomb disposal, firefighting, and war.[100]

Some segments of the 1960s hippie counterculture grew to dislike urban living and developed a preference for locally autonomous, sustainable, and decentralized technology, termed appropriate technology. This later influenced hacker culture and technopaganism.

The transhumanism movement is founded upon the "continued evolution of human life beyond its current human form" through science and technology, informed by "life-promoting principles and values."[103] The movement gained wider popularity in the early 21st century.[104]

The earliest known revolt against technology was Luddism, a pushback against early automation in textile production. Automation had resulted in a need for fewer workers, a process known as technological unemployment.

Between the 1970s and 1990s, American terrorist Ted Kaczynski carried out a series of bombings across America and published the Unabomber Manifesto denouncing technology's negative impacts on nature and human freedom. The essay resonated with a large part of the American public.[108] It was partly inspired by Jacques Ellul's The Technological Society.[109]

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Artificial Intelligence Essay

مصنوعی ذہانت، جیسا کہ لفظ خود بتاتا ہے، ذہانت مصنوعی طور پر بنائی گئی ہے تاکہ مشینوں کو انسانوں جیسا برتاؤ کرنے کے لیے بنایا جا سکے، ذہانت کے تناظر میں۔ مشینوں کو اگر ذہانت کے احکامات کے ساتھ عمل میں لایا جائے تو سو فیصد نتائج دیتی ہیں، کیونکہ وہ کارآمد ہوتی ہیں۔ انسانی دماغ اتنی ہی صلاحیت کا حامل ہو سکتا ہے یا نہیں بھی ہو سکتا ہے جس کا انحصار اس دوران دماغ کے کام کرنے پر ہوتا ہے۔

مصنوعی ذہانت، جسے ہم انگریزی میں مصنوعی ذہانت بھی کہتے ہیں، سال 1950 میں پیدا ہوئی۔ جان میکارتھی سب سے پہلے مصنوعی ذہانت کی اصطلاح تیار کرنے والے تھے، اسی لیے انہیں AI کا باپ سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ یہ کمپیوٹر کو ایک انسان کے طور پر سوچنے، سمجھنے اور انجام دینے کے ساتھ ساتھ ان پٹ اور کمانڈز کی شکل میں ڈیٹا تیار کرنے اور انجام دینے کے قابل بنانے کا عمل ہے۔ مصنوعی ذہانت کے بارے میں مزید تفصیل سے جاننے کے لیے، ہم یہاں آپ کے لیے مختلف الفاظ کی حد میں کچھ مضامین لائے ہیں۔

Table of Contents

اردو میں مصنوعی ذہانت پر مختصر اور طویل مضامین

مضمون 1 (250 الفاظ) – مصنوعی ذہانت.

اللہ تعالیٰ نے انسان کو سوچنے اور ردعمل کرنے یا عمل کرنے کی طاقت دی ہے۔ ذہانت کو سمجھنا اور اس طرح جواب دینے کی صلاحیت انسانوں میں جانوروں سے بالکل مختلف ہے۔ ذہانت سیکھنے، استدلال اور مسئلہ حل کرنے کی صلاحیت ہے۔ جب یہ تمام چیزیں مشینوں کے تعاون سے ہو رہی ہوں تو اسے مصنوعی ذہانت کہا جاتا ہے۔

مصنوعی ذہانت – ایک عام خیال

مصنوعی ذہانت مشینوں کے کاموں کو اسی طرح انجام دینے کی صلاحیت کو بڑھا رہی ہے جس طرح انسان کرتا ہے۔ مختلف ابھرتی ہوئی ٹیکنالوجیز مصنوعی ذہانت کو بہتر بنانے میں نسبتاً مدد کر رہی ہیں۔ مشینیں کمپیوٹر، موبائل اور دیگر آلات کی شکل میں ایک معاون آلہ ہیں۔ مشین کو دیئے گئے ان پٹ کے مطابق ڈیٹا کا الگ سیٹ کسی بھی کام کو انجام دینے میں مدد کرتا ہے۔ لہذا بہتر طریقے سے، ہم آپ کو بتا سکتے ہیں کہ مصنوعی سیکھنے میں ڈیٹا یا الگورتھم کا ایک سیٹ تیار کرکے انسانی ذہانت کے ساتھ مشینوں کو جوڑنا شامل ہے۔

یہاں مصنوعی سیکھنے کی بہت سی مثالیں ہیں۔ صرف بول کر کچھ بھی تلاش کرنا وقت بچانے کا بھی ایک زبردست طریقہ ہے۔ لیکن مشین دینے سے پہلے نتیجہ کا تجزیہ بھی کرتی ہے۔ مصنوعی ذہانت میں بہت سی پیشرفت ہوئی ہے۔ یہ پیرامیٹرز تحقیق میں بھی بہت کارآمد ہیں۔

ٹیکنالوجی مسلسل ترقی کر رہی ہے۔ وہ ثابت کر رہے ہیں کہ وہ بنی نوع انسان کے لیے ایک نعمت ہیں۔ وہ کسی بھی کام کو آسان بناتے ہیں، اور بعد میں انسانی طریقے سے کسی مسئلے کو حل کرنے میں بھی مدد کرتے ہیں۔ ہر ٹیکنالوجی کے مثبت اور منفی دونوں اثرات ہوتے ہیں اور اسی طرح مصنوعی ذہانت بھی۔ مختلف صنعتوں اور تحقیقی شعبوں میں اس کی بہت اہمیت ہے لیکن اگر غلط استعمال کیا جائے تو یہ مصنوعی ذہانت بھی لعنت ثابت ہوتی ہے اور بنی نوع انسان کے لیے خطرہ بن سکتی ہے۔

مضمون 2 (400 الفاظ) – مصنوعی ذہانت

مصنوعی ذہانت کمپیوٹر سائنس میں پیشرفت میں سے ایک ہے، لہذا اسے کمپیوٹر سائنس کی ایک شاخ کے طور پر دیکھا جا سکتا ہے۔ یہ مشینوں کی ذہانت ہے۔ عام طور پر، ہم صرف انسانوں کی ذہانت کو سمجھتے ہیں، لیکن جب اس کی نمائندگی مشین سے کی جائے تو اسے مصنوعی ذہانت کہا جاتا ہے۔

مشین صرف اس وقت کام کرتی ہے جب اسے ہدایت کی جاتی ہے لیکن اگر اسی مشین میں انسان جیسی سوچ اور تجزیہ، مسئلہ حل کرنے کی صلاحیت، آواز کو پہچاننے کی صلاحیت وغیرہ ہو تو یہ سمارٹ ثابت ہوتی ہے۔ انسانی ذہانت کچھ پراسیس شدہ ہدایات کے ذریعے منسلک ہوتی ہے۔ مشینوں کو ہدایات کی شکل میں بہت سے پروسیسڈ کمانڈز ہیں تاکہ وہ مطلوبہ نتیجہ دے سکیں۔

مصنوعی ذہانت کی اقسام

مصنوعی ذہانت کی بنیادی طور پر دو قسمیں ہیں جو کہ درج ذیل ہیں۔

• کمپیکٹ مصنوعی ذہانت – یہ صرف ایک کام انجام دے سکتی ہیں، مثال کے طور پر – آواز کی شناخت۔
• جنرل مصنوعی ذہانت – اس قسم کی ذہانت میں انسان جیسے کام انجام دینے کی صلاحیت ہوتی ہے۔ آج تک ایسی کوئی مشین تیار نہیں کی گئی۔
• بہترین مصنوعی ذہانت – AI میں انسان سے بہتر کارکردگی کا مظاہرہ کرنے کی صلاحیت ہے۔ تاہم اس پر تحقیق ابھی جاری ہے۔
• رد عمل والی مشین – یہ مشین کسی بھی صورت حال پر تیزی سے رد عمل ظاہر کرتی ہے۔ یہ موجودہ یا مستقبل کے استعمال کے لیے کسی بھی ڈیٹا کو ذخیرہ کرنے کے قابل نہیں ہے۔ یہ فیڈ ڈیٹا کے مطابق کام کرتا ہے۔
• محدود میموری – یہ مشین ایک محدود مدت کے لیے تھوڑی مقدار میں ڈیٹا محفوظ کر سکتی ہے۔ اس کی مثالیں سیلف ڈرائیونگ کاریں اور ویڈیو گیمز ہیں۔
• تھیوری آف مائنڈ – یہ وہ مشینیں ہیں جو انسانی جذبات کو سمجھتی ہیں، یہ بہت زیادہ ذہین ہوتی ہیں۔ تاہم ایسی مشینیں ابھی تک تیار نہیں کی گئیں۔ اس لیے یہ تصور خالصتاً فرضی ہے۔
• خود آگاہی – اس قسم کی مشینوں میں انسانوں سے بہتر کام کرنے کا معیار ہوتا ہے۔ یہ اور بات ہے کہ آج تک ایسی کوئی مشین نہیں بن سکی۔ تاہم اس سمت میں مسلسل کوششیں جاری ہیں۔

مصنوعی ذہانت: بنی نوع انسان کے لیے خطرہ

ایک ترقی پذیر ٹیکنالوجی کے طور پر مصنوعی ذہانت ایک اعزاز ثابت ہو رہی ہے۔ یہ کام کے بوجھ کو کم کرنے کے ساتھ ساتھ مذکورہ کام کو خاص طور پر حل کرکے بہت آسان بنا سکتا ہے۔ جدید ٹیکنالوجی کے استعمال سے انسان اپنے کام میں بہت سے فوائد حاصل کر سکتا ہے۔ چونکہ اس دنیا میں ہر چیز کے مثبت اور منفی دونوں اثرات ہوتے ہیں اور مصنوعی ذہانت کے ساتھ کچھ ایسا ہی ہوتا ہے۔

مصنوعی ذہانت کے بہت سے منفی اثرات بھی ہیں۔ اگر اس تکنیک کو منفی سوچ کے ساتھ استعمال کیا جائے تو یہ کہنا غلط نہ ہو گا کہ یہ پوری نسل انسانی کو تباہ کر دے گی۔ کسی بھی ٹیکنالوجی کو تیار کرنے کا مطلب یہ نہیں ہے کہ ہم کام کرنا چھوڑ دیں، وہ صرف ہمارے کام کو آسان بنانے کے لیے ہیں۔ لیکن اگر ہم یہ بھول جائیں تو ہمیں مایوسی کے سوا کچھ نہیں ملے گا۔

مصنوعی ذہانت کی سمت میں مسلسل کوششیں جاری ہیں۔ مصنوعی ذہانت والی بہت سی مشینیں آج دستیاب ہیں، جو ہمارے کام کو آسان بناتی ہیں۔ مصنوعی ذہانت سے لیس تمام آلات کی ترقی کی وجہ سے کم علم والے لوگوں کو بھی کافی مدد ملتی ہے۔ مصنوعی ذہانت کی ترقی کو فوجداری مقدمات کو حل کرنے کے لیے بھی استعمال کیا جا سکتا ہے۔

مضمون 3 (600 الفاظ) – مصنوعی ذہانت: ایک استحقاق یا نقصان

مشینیں ہمارے کام کو آسان اور آسان بناتی ہیں لیکن اگر مشینیں انسانوں جیسے مسائل کو حل کرنے اور نتائج دینے کی صلاحیت رکھتی ہیں تو اسے مصنوعی ذہانت کہا جاتا ہے۔ یہ کمپیوٹر سائنس کی جدید شاخوں میں سے ایک ہے۔ مصنوعی ذہانت کی تعریف مشینوں میں انسانی ذہانت کی مختلف خصوصیات کو تیار کرنے پر توجہ مرکوز کرتے ہوئے کی جا سکتی ہے۔ یہ خصوصیات مختلف ڈیٹا، ذہین الگورتھم کے ذریعے تیار کی جا سکتی ہیں جنہیں ان پٹ کے طور پر استعمال کیا جانا ہے۔ ہم اس وقت مصنوعی ذہانت کے حامل ہر قسم کے آلات سے گھرے ہوئے ہیں، مثلاً ایئر کنڈیشنر، کمپیوٹر، موبائل، بائیو سینسرز، ویڈیو گیمز وغیرہ۔ مصنوعی ذہانت کی بڑے پیمانے پر ترقی سے بنی نوع انسان کو مختلف پہلوؤں سے فائدہ پہنچے گا۔

تنگ ، عام اور کامل مصنوعی ذہانت کیا ہے؟

کمپریسڈ مصنوعی ذہانت

• یہ ایک مصنوعی ذہانت ہے جو مخصوص کام ہے یعنی ایک کام کرنے کے لیے بنائی گئی ہے۔
• کسی بھی ایک پروگرام کو کرنے کی صلاحیت رکھنے والا۔
• یہ عام طور پر وسیع پیمانے پر دستیاب ہے۔
• مثال کے طور پر آواز کی شناخت، چہرے کی شناخت وغیرہ۔

عام مصنوعی ذہانت

• اس قسم کی مصنوعی ذہانت انسانی جذبات جیسے غم، خوشی، غصہ وغیرہ کو سمجھنے کی صلاحیت رکھتی ہے۔
• کام میں، انسان جتنا بہتر ہوگا، اتنا ہی بہتر ہے، حالانکہ ایسی ذہین مشین تیار کرنے کی کوششیں جاری ہیں۔

بہترین مصنوعی ذہانت

• مصنوعی ذہانت کی ایک قسم جو مسئلہ حل کرنے اور دیگر کاموں میں انسانوں کو پیچھے چھوڑتی ہے۔
• اس پر تحقیق کا عمل ابھی جاری ہے۔ ایسا کوئی آلہ آج تک تیار نہیں کیا گیا، فی الحال یہ فرضی ہے۔

مصنوعی ذہانت: ایک استحقاق یا نقصان

مشین میں انسانی ذہانت کو تیار کرنے کے لیے، کام کو آسان بنانے کے لیے، کمپیوٹر سائنس نے مصنوعی ذہانت کے میدان میں ترقی کی ہے۔ یہ استعمال کے معیار پر منحصر ہے جس کی شناخت خصوصی حق یا نقصان کے طور پر کی جائے۔

مصنوعی ذہانت ہمارے کام کو آسان بنانے میں مدد فراہم کر کے ہماری مدد کر رہی ہے،

• اگر یہ تعلیم کے ساتھ ہے، تو یہ تیز رفتار سیکھنے کے مختلف طریقوں سے اوپر اٹھنے میں مدد کرتا ہے، بغیر کسی غلطی کے زیادہ مقدار میں ڈیٹا مرتب کرتا ہے۔
• طبی میدان میں، یہ مختلف قسم کی تشخیص کے لیے ڈیٹا کی تشریح کی سہولت فراہم کرتا ہے، کسی قسم کی کوشش کی توقع کیے بغیر یہ مختلف مریضوں کی تفصیلات، بعد میں کسی بیماری سے متعلق سوالات یا مریضوں کی مشاورت کے بارے میں معلومات حاصل کر سکتا ہے۔ بات چیت کے لیے ایک مشترکہ فورم ثابت کرنے میں مدد کرتا ہے۔ روٹین چیک اپ کی نگرانی کے لیے مصنوعی ذہانت کے ساتھ ساتھ بہت سے دوسرے ٹولز بھی دستیاب ہیں۔
• یہ روزمرہ کی سرگرمیوں میں بھی کافی مفید ہے، مزید تحقیق اور ترقی کے شعبے کو بہت مدد فراہم کرتا ہے۔

ہم جس طرح مصنوعی ذہانت کو اپنی زندگیوں میں لاگو کرتے ہیں، اس سے یہ فیصلہ ہونے والا ہے کہ یہ استحقاق ہوگا یا نقصان۔

سب سے اہم مسئلہ جو ماحولیاتی نقطہ نظر سے ہے وہ یہ ہے کہ ٹیکنالوجی ماحول دوست نہیں ہے۔ اس سے ای ویسٹ کو جنم دیتا ہے جسے گرنے کے قابل نہیں سمجھا جاتا اور اگر اسے پھینک دیا جائے تو بھی اس سے ہر قسم کی زہریلی بھاری دھاتیں نکلتی ہیں، جس سے مٹی کی زرخیزی کم ہو جاتی ہے۔

• ٹیکنالوجی کے استعمال پر حد سے زیادہ انحصار انسان کی سستی کی وجہ بنتا جا رہا ہے۔ مختلف بیماریوں کو دعوت دینے کے ساتھ ساتھ آپ کی کام کرنے کی صلاحیت بھی وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ کم ہوتی جاتی ہے۔ لہذا کسی کو مکمل طور پر ان علاج پر انحصار نہیں کرنا چاہئے۔
• وہ دن دور نہیں جب مشینیں انسانوں سے بہتر ہوں گی۔
• مصنوعی ذہانت، جب مناسب طریقے سے استعمال کی جائے تو اچھے نتائج برآمد ہوتے ہیں، لیکن اگر مشین کو دی گئی ہدایات منفی یا تخریبی ہوں تو یہ کمیونٹی کو نقصان پہنچا سکتی ہے۔
• ٹیکنالوجیز روز بروز ترقی کر رہی ہیں، اور اس طرح وہ وقت قریب آ جائے گا جب ان ٹیکنالوجیز کے ذریعے کیا جانے والا ہر عمل انسانی معدومیت کا باعث بنے گا۔

اس میں کوئی شک نہیں کہ تکنیکی ترقی بنی نوع انسان کی ترقی میں مددگار حکمت عملی ثابت ہو رہی ہے۔ آج انسان چاند پر آباد ہونے کا منصوبہ بنا رہا ہے۔ جب مصنوعی ذہانت کو جدید مصنوعی ذہانت کی سطح پر تیار کیا جاتا ہے، تو یہ بہت زیادہ تکنیکی مدد فراہم کرے گا۔ روبوٹکس جو کہ مصنوعی ذہانت کی ایک ترقی پذیر شاخ ہے اس میں بہت زیادہ شراکت ہو سکتی ہے۔ تربیت یافتہ روبوٹ کو جانچ اور نگرانی کی سرگرمیوں کے لیے انفرادی نمونے حاصل کرنے کے لیے خلا میں بھیجا جا سکتا ہے۔ لہٰذا مجموعی طور پر یہ کہا جا سکتا ہے کہ مصنوعی ذہانت بنی نوع انسان کو فائدہ پہنچانے کی طرف ہے اگر اسے صحیح اور مثبت انداز میں استعمال کیا جائے۔

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آسان ٹیکنالوجی

کمپیوٹر کے فوائد اور نقصانات پر مضمون.

اگر آپ اردو زبان میں کمپیوٹر کے فوائد اور نقصانات پر مضمون تلاش کررہے ہیں۔ تو اس صفحہ پر ہم نے کمپیوٹر کے فوائد اور نقصانات پرمفصل اور جامع اردو مضمون لکھا ہے۔ 

کمپیوٹر کے فوائد اور نقصانات

کمپیوٹر جدید زندگی کا لازمی حصہ بن چکے ہیں۔ جو مختلف مقاصد جیسے تفریح، مواصلات، تعلیم، تحقیق اور کام کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔ اگرچہ کمپیوٹرز نے زندگی کو کئی طریقوں سے آسان اور زیادہ کارآمد بنایا ہے، لیکن ان کے اپنے نقصانات بھی ہیں۔ اس مضمون میں ہم کمپیوٹر کے استعمال کے فوائد اور نقصانات پر بات کریں گے۔

کمپیوٹر کے فوائد

کمپیوٹر بہت سے فوائد پیش کرتے ہیں جو انہیں جدید معاشرے میں ایک ناگزیر ذریعہ بناتے ہیں۔ کمپیوٹر کے سب سے اہم فوائد میں سے ایک ان کی کارکردگی ہے۔ وہ انسانوں کے مقابلے میں بہت تیز رفتار سے کام انجام دے سکتے ہیں، اور وہ ملٹی ٹاسک کر سکتے ہیں، جس سے وہ زیادہ کارآمد ہو سکتے ہیں۔ اس بڑھتی ہوئی کارکردگی نے لوگوں کو کم وقت میں زیادہ کام کرنے کی اجازت دی ہے۔

کمپیوٹرز کا ایک اور فائدہ ان کی مواصلات کو آسان بنانے کی صلاحیت ہے۔ ای میل، فوری پیغام رسانی، اور ویڈیو کانفرنسنگ کے ذریعے، کمپیوٹر لوگوں کو ان کے مقام سے قطع نظر ایک دوسرے سے جڑنے کی اجازت دیتے ہیں۔ اس سے لوگوں کے لیے خاندان، دوستوں اور دور رہنے والے ساتھیوں کے ساتھ تعلقات برقرار رکھنا آسان ہو گیا ہے۔

کمپیوٹر نے تعلیم کو بھی بدل دیا ہے۔ وہ طلباء کو بہت زیادہ معلومات تک رسائی حاصل کرنے اور اپنی رفتار سے سیکھنے کی اجازت دیتے ہیں۔ سیکھنے کے تجربے کو بڑھانے کے لیے تعلیمی سافٹ ویئر اور سمولیشن بھی دستیاب ہیں۔ اس نے ان لوگوں کے لیے تعلیم کو مزید قابل رسائی بنا دیا ہے جنہیں ماضی میں اسکول جانے کا موقع نہیں ملا تھا۔

یہ بھی پڑھیں: جدید ٹیکنالوجی پر مضمون – جدید ٹیکنالوجی کی فوائد، نقصانات اور اثرات

کام کی جگہ پر، کمپیوٹر نے ہمارے کام کرنے کے طریقے میں انقلاب برپا کر دیا ہے۔ انہوں نے ورڈ پروسیسنگ، ڈیٹا انٹری، اور اکاؤنٹنگ جیسے کاموں کو انجام دینا آسان بنا دیا ہے۔ انہوں نے دور سے کام کرنا بھی ممکن بنایا ہے جس سے وقت اور پیسے کی بچت ہو سکتی ہے۔ اس نے کاروبار کے لیے ان کے مقام سے قطع نظر، مؤثر طریقے سے کام کرنا آسان بنا دیا ہے۔

آخر میں، کمپیوٹر تفریحی اختیارات کی ایک وسیع رینج پیش کرتے ہیں جیسے گیمنگ، اسٹریمنگ ویڈیوز، اور موسیقی۔ وہ سوشل میڈیا پلیٹ فارم بھی فراہم کرتے ہیں جہاں لوگ ایک دوسرے سے جڑ سکتے ہیں۔ اس نے لوگوں کے لیے تفریح تلاش کرنا اور دوسروں کے ساتھ جڑنا آسان بنا دیا ہے جو ان کی دلچسپیاں بانٹتے ہیں۔

کمپیوٹر کے نقصانات

کمپیوٹر کے بے شمار فوائد کے باوجود کمپیوٹر کے نقصانات بھی ہیں جن پر غور کرنا ضروری ہے۔ سب سے اہم نقصانات میں سے ایک کمپیوٹر کے طویل استعمال سے منسلک صحت کے خطرات ہیں۔ مثال کے طور پر، زیادہ دیر تک کمپیوٹر کے سامنے بیٹھنا آنکھوں میں تناؤ، کمر میں درد، اور کارپل ٹنل سنڈروم کا باعث بن سکتا ہے۔ کمپیوٹر کا طویل استعمال موٹاپے اور بیٹھے رہنے والے طرز زندگی کا باعث بھی بن سکتا ہے۔

کمپیوٹر کا استعمال بھی نشہ آور ہو سکتا ہے، خاص کر جب بات سوشل میڈیا اور گیمنگ کی ہو۔ کمپیوٹر کا زیادہ استعمال سماجی تنہائی اور دیگر ذمہ داریوں سے غفلت کا باعث بن سکتا ہے۔ یہ ذہنی صحت پر نمایاں اثر ڈال سکتا ہے، جس سے ڈپریشن اور اضطراب پیدا ہوتا ہے۔

حفاظتی خطرات کمپیوٹر کے استعمال کا ایک اور اہم نقصان ہے۔ کمپیوٹرز ہیکنگ، مالویئر اور شناخت کی چوری کا شکار ہو سکتے ہیں۔ اس کے نتیجے میں مالی نقصان اور ذاتی ساکھ کو نقصان پہنچ سکتا ہے۔ ذاتی معلومات کی حفاظت اور حفاظتی خلاف ورزیوں کو روکنے کے لیے اقدامات کرنا بہت ضروری ہے۔

مزید برآں، کمپیوٹر نے لوگوں کو ان پر منحصر کر دیا ہے۔ لوگوں کو کمپیوٹر کی مدد کے بغیر کام انجام دینے میں مشکل پیش آسکتی ہے جو کہ بجلی بند ہونے یا کمپیوٹر کی خرابی کی صورت میں پریشانی کا باعث بن سکتا ہے۔ یہ انحصار تنقیدی سوچ اور مسئلہ حل کرنے کی مہارت کی کمی کا باعث بھی بن سکتا ہے۔

آخر میں، کمپیوٹر مہنگے ہو سکتے ہیں، خاص طور پر اگر وہ کام یا گیمنگ کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔ کمپیوٹر کو برقرار رکھنے اور اپ گریڈ کرنے کی لاگت بھی زیادہ ہو سکتی ہے۔ یہ افراد اور کاروباری اداروں کے لیے ایک اہم مالی بوجھ ہو سکتا ہے۔

 کمپیوٹر کے فوائد اور نقصانات دونوں ہیں۔ انہوں نے زندگی کو بہت سے طریقوں سے آسان اور زیادہ کارآمد بنایا ہے، لیکن ان کی وجہ سے صحت کے خطرات، لت، سلامتی کے خطرات، انحصار، اور زیادہ اخراجات بھی ہوئے ہیں۔ کمپیوٹر کو ذمہ داری سے استعمال کرنا اور ان کے نقصانات کو کم کرنے کے لیے اقدامات کرنا ضروری ہے۔ اس سے اس بات کو یقینی بنانے میں مدد ملے گی کہ ہم کمپیوٹر ٹکنالوجی کے بہت سے فوائد سے استفادہ کرتے ہوئے اس کی ممکنہ خرابیوں کو کم سے کم کر سکتے ہیں۔

یہ بھی پڑھیں: کمپیوٹر پر مضمون

متعلقہ تحریریں

Essay On Computer In Urdu 500 words

کمپیوٹر آج کے دنیا میں ایک بہت اہم آلہ ہے۔ یہ انسانی زندگی کے تمام شعبوں میں استعمال ہوتا ہے۔ کمپیوٹر انسان کی زندگی کو بہت آسان بناتا ہے، کیونکہ یہ بہت سے کام جس میں انسان کا بہترین کام کرنا ممکن نہیں ہوتا، کر سکتا ہے۔

کمپیوٹر ہمیں بہت سے فوائد فراہم کرتا ہے۔ یہ ہمیں انفارمیشن اور ٹیکسٹ کی اسانی سے مہیا کرتا ہے، یہ ہماری ڈیٹا کو اسکیور رکھتا ہے، اور ہمیں وقت کی بچت کرتا ہے۔ کمپیوٹر کے ذریعے، ہم انٹرنیٹ کے ذریعے دنیا کی معلومات سے لطف اٹھا سکتے ہیں، اور اپنے کاموں کو انٹرنیٹ کے ذریعے پورے دنیا کے ساتھ شیئر کر سکتے ہیں۔

کمپیوٹر ہمیں نیز ویڈیو اور آڈیو کو پلے کرنے کی بھی سہولت فراہم کرتا ہے۔ یہ اس طرح کی تکنالوجی ہے جسے استعمال کر کے ہمیں پیش رفت کی سمت میں بڑھنا چاہیے۔

آج کل، کمپیوٹر کی دنیا بہت تیزی سے بدل رہی ہے۔ اب کمپیوٹر کے ذریعے انٹرنیٹ ہوتا ہے

کمپیوٹر ایک آج کل کا اہم اور ضروری ذریعہ ہے جو ہماری زندگی کے تمام پہلوؤں سے وابستہ ہے۔ یہ ایک الیکٹرانک دستیاب ذریعہ ہے جس سے ہم لازمی معلومات حاصل کرتے ہیں، ڈیٹا اور انفارمیشن کو اس میں سٹور کرتے ہیں اور متعدد دیگر کاموں کے لئے استعمال کرتے ہیں۔ کمپیوٹر کے ظہور سے، ہماری زندگی کے تمام پہلوؤں کا نظام مستحکم ہوا ہے۔

یہ ایک بڑا اور شاندار ذریعہ ہے جو ہمیں تجرباتی علوم سے لے کر تجارت اور کمپیوٹر کے شعبے تک کے کئی حصوں میں مدد فراہم کرتا ہے۔ اس کے ذریعے، ہم ایک دن میں کئی کھانے تیار کرسکتے ہیں، دنیا بھر کی خبریں حاصل کرسکتے ہیں، ویڈیو چیٹس کے ذریعے دوستوں اور رشتہ داروں سے بات کرسکتے ہیں اور معلومات کی تلاش کرنے کے لئے انٹرنیٹ استعمال کرسکتے ہیں۔

کمپیوٹر کا ایک بڑا فائدہ یہ ہے کہ ہم اس کے ذریعے کسی بھی علمی یا تحقیقاتی معلومات کو ایک دفعہ میں بہت سارے لوگوں کے ساتھ شئیر کرسکتے ہیں۔

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Sana Mursleen is a student studying English Literature at Lahore Garrison University (LGU). With her love for writing and humor, she writes essays for Top Study World. Sana is an avid reader and has a passion for history, politics, and social issues.

• _وضاحتی مضامین
• _مختصر مضامین

Essay on Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer in Urdu

آج ہم اُردو میں کمپیوٹر کے فوائد اور نقصانات پر مضمون فراہم کرنے جا رہے ہیں۔ یہ مضمون ان طلباء کی مدد کر سکتا ہے جو کمپیوٹر کے فوائد اور نقصانات کے بارے میں معلومات تلاش کر رہے ہیں۔ یہ مضمون یاد رکھنے میں بھی آسان ہے۔ اس مضمون کو آسان اور سادہ الفاظ میں لکھا گیا ہے لہذا کوئی بھی طالب علم اس موضوع پر لکھ سکتا ہے۔

کمپیوٹر کے فوائد اور نقصانات پر مضمون

کمپیوٹر ایک ایسی ایجاد ہے جو ہماری زندگی کو کافی آسان بناتا ہے اورہماری زندگی میں بہت اہم کردار ادا کرتا ہے۔ یہ بہت سے فیصلے کافی تیزی سے لے سکتا ہے جبکہ انسان کے لئے یہ سب کرنا ممکن نہیں ہے۔ کمپیوٹر نے ہمارے معاشرے میں رہنے کا انداز بدل دیا ہے۔

معاشرے پر کمپیوٹر کے اثرات

ٹیکنالوجی کی دنیا میں، کمپیوٹر ہمارے لئے آسانی اور تیزی سے کام کرنے کے لیے کافی مفید ہے۔ کمپیوٹر نے معاشرے پر کافی مثبت ور منفی اثر ڈالا ہے۔ اس نے زندگی کا زاویہ بدل دیا ہے۔ کمپیوٹر کے استعمال نے زندگی کے ہر شعبے کو متاثر کیا ہے۔ لوگ مختلف کاموں کو انجام دینے کے لیے کمپیوٹر کا استعمال کر رہے ہیں۔ کمپیوٹر کا ایک بڑا فائدہ محنت اور کسی خاص کام کو مکمل کرنے کے وقت کو کم کرنا ہے۔

کمپیوٹر کے فوائد

کمپیوٹر نہ صرف ذاتی مقاصد کے لیے بلکہ زیادہ تر اداروں میں بھی استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔ مختلف دفاتر ور ادارے اپنے صارفین کے ڈیٹا (Data ) کو ریکارڈ کرنے کے لیے کمپیوٹر کا استعمال کر رہے ہیں۔ یہ ایجاد بینک اکاؤنٹس (Bank Accounts) اور مالی لین دین کے انتظام کو برقرار رکھنے کے لئے کافی مفید ہے۔ کمپیوٹر آن لائن بینکنگ (Online Banking) کی سہولیات فراہم کررہا ہے۔ صارف انٹرنیٹ اور کمپیوٹر کا استعمال کرکے اپنے بینک اکاؤنٹ میں موجودہ رقم بھی دیکھ سکتا ہے۔ کمپیوٹر کے ذریعے مختلف کام خود بخود انجام پاتے ہیں۔ یہ لوگوں کی ضروریات کو پورا کرتا ہے اور ان کے وقت کو بچاتا ہے۔ کمپیوٹر کا استعمال کرکے بہت آسانی سے مختلف موضوعات پر معلومات حاصل کی جا سکتی ہے۔

کمپیوٹر کے نقصانات

کمپیوٹر کا استعمال دنیا کو ایک الگ بلندی پر لے جاتا ہے۔ لیکن ہر سکے(Coin) کے دو رخ ہوتے ہیں، اسی طرح کمپیوٹر کے استعمال سے اس کے کچھ فائدے بھی ہوتے ہیں اور کچھ نقصانات بھی ہوتے ہیں۔ ایک طرف جہاں طلباء کمپیوٹر کے ذریعے معلومات حاصل کرتے ہیں، تو دوسری طرف کچھ طلباء کمپیوٹر کو کھیلنے کے لئے بھی استعمال کرتے ہیں جو ان کی صحت کے لئے کافی نقصان دہ ہے۔ گیم کھیلنے وغیرہ جیسی سرگرمیوں میں کمپیوٹر کا مسلسل استعمال کرنے سے ہمارا بہت زیادہ وقت اور توانائی ضائع ہوتی ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ، طلباء تعلیم کے لیے کاغذ اور قلم کی جگہ کمپیوٹر کا استعمال کرتے ہیں اور یوں ان کی ہاتھ سے لکھنے کی مہارت متاثر ہو سکتی ہے۔ اسی طرح، کچھ طلباء کمپیوٹر میں غیر پیداواری کام کر کے وہ اپنی پڑھائی کو نظر انداز کر دیتے ہیں۔

نتیجہ (Conclusion)

کمپیوٹر بہت سے فوائد فراہم کرتا ہے، (خاص طور پر کاروباری اداروں کو)۔ یہ ہمیں کو گاہک (Customer) کی ضروریات کو پورا کرنے اور کاروباری منصوبہ بندی کو سنبھالنے میں زیادہ موثر بناتا ہے۔ کمپیوٹر پر بہت زیادہ انحصار کا کافی نقصان بھی ہوسکتا ہے۔ لہذا ہمیں چائیے کہ ہم کمپیوٹر کے منفی پہلو سے بچیں۔

کمپیوٹر کے فوائد اور نقصانات پر دس جملے

1) کمپیوٹر کےذریعے ہم پوری دنیا سے رابطہ برقرار رکھ سکتے ہیں۔

2) ہم پوری دنیا کے حالات سے واقف ہوسکتے ہیں۔

3) کمپیوٹر بڑی تعداد میں معلومات کو محفوظ رکھنے کی صلاحیت رکھتا ہے۔

4) کمپیوٹر کےذریعے ہم اپنے کئی کام بہت جلدی اور آسانی سے کر سکتے ہیں۔

5) کمپیوٹر ہمارے علم کو بہتر بنانے میں مدد کرتا ہے۔

6) کمپیوٹر میں اتنی ذہانت نہیں ہے جتنی کے انسانوں میں ہوتی ہے۔

7) کمپیوٹر کا زیادہ استعمال آنکھوں کے لیے اچھا نہیں ہے۔

8) کمپیوٹر کے زیادہ استعمال سے بچے اپنی پڑھائی پر توجہ نہیں دیتے۔

9) کمپیوٹر کا زیادہ استعمال لوگوں کو سست کر دیتا ہے۔

10) کمپیوٹر کے زیادہ استعمال سے انسان بیمار بھی ہو سکتا ہے۔

مزید پڑھیے:

آلودگی پر مضمون

کھیلوں کی اہمیت پر مضمون

پانی پر مضمون

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OPINION: Technology and its relationship with our education.

From notebooks to laptops, and from pencils to keyboards, technology has completely changed our methods of learning. Our education barely resembles what it did a couple of years ago. Gone are the days of a classroom within four walls and the confinement of education within it. The education world has seen a dramatic upheaval, with the implementation of technology spanning every department and every school.   

With the COVID-19 pandemic unexpectedly falling upon us in March 2020, technology played a crucial role in not just connecting us with each other as we stayed confined to our houses but also ensuring there were the least possible number of disruptions when it came to our learning as students.   

Technology has been extremely beneficial for the growth of educational systems around the world, as it provides a wide array of opportunities and different resources. Today, technology provides us with a range of resources for flexible learning, including educational apps, online quizzes and flashcards, which has become a huge driver in modern education systems. Additionally, various softwares programs, including Zoom and Google Docs, support students both inside and outside of the classroom, as they choose what learning method works for them best. With most of these resources being free and available in a single internet search, students can investigate a whole new style of learning, one that can be tailored to suit their individual needs.  

As a student who went to school before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, I have first-hand experience when it comes to seeing how rapidly technology and its relationship to our education has developed. From working through my notebooks to joining Zoom calls from the comfort of my bedroom, I have experienced both the pros and cons of technology. I have always been extremely grateful for such a resource that gave me the opportunity to engage in my education at such a crucial time. However, I, like many other students, have become a victim of the cons associated with technology, whether it is my attention span deteriorating or being unable to keep focus on something as simple as an open tab on my laptop. Often the TikTok app on my phone acts as the biggest distraction.  

The growing use of technology comes with its drawbacks, with the worst of the impacts being on the actual students it seems to benefit. Being unable to interact with their professors in person and having to study in an environment that students tend to use for non-academic purposes on a day-to-day basis has led to a global loss in attention span over all ages, making working more difficult and learning more challenging. Moreover, the constant use of devices brings forth the idea of temptation and misuse, with students occasionally being caught playing games or browsing social media, disrupting valuable learning time. Kim I. Mill, a senior director of strategic external communications and public affairs for the American Psychological Association , said on their podcast with psychologist Gloria Mark that, “when (students are) distracted, it takes them longer to get back and focus again on that thing that they were distracted from.   

“So, I worry that when young children are spending so much time on the screen, it acculturates them to think that this is normal behavior to be on a screen,” psychologist Gloria Mark said on the podcast.  

Additionally, having devices around students has led them to use platforms such as ChatGPT to complete assignments that they are not willing to work on themselves. About one-third of college students reported using ChatGPT for academic work in the past year, and 46% said they frequently used the tool to do their homework. Additionally, about three in four users are likely to recommend ChatGPT to another student. The loss of this control on the quality of work has severely impacted teachers’ style of teaching and ability to have a long-lasting educational impact, a worrying sign for the future of technology in education.  

Overall, the introduction of technology into our day-to-day education has been a mixed bag. It has changed the way students are taught but also the way we learn with it, becoming a staple in our newest generation.   

Nonetheless, although technology comes with many benefits, its drawbacks must be kept in mind to ensure that students are not being influenced in a negative manner. This can be done by simply controlling how much technology is involved in a student's day-to-day life and in their daily learning. It is up to those who are involved in students’ academic and social lives to initiate changes that can develop how they learn whether that is encouraging them to draft an essay on paper or read a hard-copy book to make up for the time spent scrolling on their devices. Working with technology and its relationship with our education is extremely essential for the overall learning and growth of students around the world, as it not just develops their skills and knowledge, but also prevents them from the damage that technology has had on students in recent years.

Ayzah Khan (she/her) is a sophomore studying journalism and marketing.

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CBSE Board Exam 2025: Sample Papers Released For Education, Skill Subjects, Check Details

Published By : Sukanya Nandy

Trending Desk

Last Updated: September 02, 2024, 15:07 IST

New Delhi, India

CBSE Board exams are scheduled from February 15, 2025 (Representative/File)

Topics covered in the sample papers include Information Technology, Automotive, Introduction to Tourism, Agriculture, Marking and Sales, and Food Production, among others.

The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has released the Sample Paper 2024–25 for education and skill subjects taught in Classes 9, 10, 11, and 12. It will be available on the official website, cbseacademic.nic.in, for registered students. Board exams are scheduled from February 15, 2025.

Topics covered in the sample papers include Information Technology, Automotive, Introduction to Tourism, Agriculture, Marking and Sales, and Food Production, among others. Students can familiarise themselves with the format with the help of the sample papers. It has section-by-section scoring, maximum points, and basic directions.

These papers are crucial as they help one prepare better for the exams. Students can use last year’s question papers and sample papers to study for their half-yearly exam. However, they can view the papers and their corresponding marking schemes in PDF format only. It’s advisable to check for updates on the official website often.

How To Download CBSE 10th, 12th Board Exam 2025 Sample Papers?

Step 1. Visit the official website, cbseacademic.nic.in.

Step 2. Select the CBSE Skill Education tab

Step 3. Click the link to download

Step 4. According to the preferred subject related to skill education review the CBSE 2025 for subjects

Step 5. Download and print it out for future use

The sample question papers for other subjects are likely to come out soon. For classes 10 and 12, more than 30 lakh pupils are waiting for the CBSE sample papers. According to sources, the board may issue the same information today or tomorrow.

CBSE had earlier issued fresh guidelines regarding the use of NCERT textbooks in schools. For classes 9 to 12, CBSE has advised schools to mandatorily use NCERT textbooks prescribed by the board. In cases where NCERT/SCERT books are unavailable, the schools must use the CBSE books available on the board’s website. Schools can use supplementary materials if required. They can also use any digital content but it must be in line NCF-SE. They must cross-check that the supplement books do not include any objectionable content that could offend any community, gender, or religious group, the central board said in its official notice.

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Key things to know about U.S. election polling in 2024

Confidence in U.S. public opinion polling was shaken by errors in 2016 and 2020. In both years’ general elections, many polls underestimated the strength of Republican candidates, including Donald Trump. These errors laid bare some real limitations of polling.

In the midterms that followed those elections, polling performed better . But many Americans remain skeptical that it can paint an accurate portrait of the public’s political preferences.

Restoring people’s confidence in polling is an important goal, because robust and independent public polling has a critical role to play in a democratic society. It gathers and publishes information about the well-being of the public and about citizens’ views on major issues. And it provides an important counterweight to people in power, or those seeking power, when they make claims about “what the people want.”

The challenges facing polling are undeniable. In addition to the longstanding issues of rising nonresponse and cost, summer 2024 brought extraordinary events that transformed the presidential race . The good news is that people with deep knowledge of polling are working hard to fix the problems exposed in 2016 and 2020, experimenting with more data sources and interview approaches than ever before. Still, polls are more useful to the public if people have realistic expectations about what surveys can do well – and what they cannot.

With that in mind, here are some key points to know about polling heading into this year’s presidential election.

Probability sampling (or “random sampling”). This refers to a polling method in which survey participants are recruited using random sampling from a database or list that includes nearly everyone in the population. The pollster selects the sample. The survey is not open for anyone who wants to sign up.

Online opt-in polling (or “nonprobability sampling”). These polls are recruited using a variety of methods that are sometimes referred to as “convenience sampling.” Respondents come from a variety of online sources such as ads on social media or search engines, websites offering rewards in exchange for survey participation, or self-enrollment. Unlike surveys with probability samples, people can volunteer to participate in opt-in surveys.

Nonresponse and nonresponse bias. Nonresponse is when someone sampled for a survey does not participate. Nonresponse bias occurs when the pattern of nonresponse leads to error in a poll estimate. For example, college graduates are more likely than those without a degree to participate in surveys, leading to the potential that the share of college graduates in the resulting sample will be too high.

Mode of interview. This refers to the format in which respondents are presented with and respond to survey questions. The most common modes are online, live telephone, text message and paper. Some polls use more than one mode.

Weighting. This is a statistical procedure pollsters perform to make their survey align with the broader population on key characteristics like age, race, etc. For example, if a survey has too many college graduates compared with their share in the population, people without a college degree are “weighted up” to match the proper share.

How are election polls being conducted?

Pollsters are making changes in response to the problems in previous elections. As a result, polling is different today than in 2016. Most U.S. polling organizations that conducted and publicly released national surveys in both 2016 and 2022 (61%) used methods in 2022 that differed from what they used in 2016 . And change has continued since 2022.

One change is that the number of active polling organizations has grown significantly, indicating that there are fewer barriers to entry into the polling field. The number of organizations that conduct national election polls more than doubled between 2000 and 2022.

This growth has been driven largely by pollsters using inexpensive opt-in sampling methods. But previous Pew Research Center analyses have demonstrated how surveys that use nonprobability sampling may have errors twice as large , on average, as those that use probability sampling.

The second change is that many of the more prominent polling organizations that use probability sampling – including Pew Research Center – have shifted from conducting polls primarily by telephone to using online methods, or some combination of online, mail and telephone. The result is that polling methodologies are far more diverse now than in the past.

(For more about how public opinion polling works, including a chapter on election polls, read our short online course on public opinion polling basics .)

All good polling relies on statistical adjustment called “weighting,” which makes sure that the survey sample aligns with the broader population on key characteristics. Historically, public opinion researchers have adjusted their data using a core set of demographic variables to correct imbalances between the survey sample and the population.

But there is a growing realization among survey researchers that weighting a poll on just a few variables like age, race and gender is insufficient for getting accurate results. Some groups of people – such as older adults and college graduates – are more likely to take surveys, which can lead to errors that are too sizable for a simple three- or four-variable adjustment to work well. Adjusting on more variables produces more accurate results, according to Center studies in 2016 and 2018 .

A number of pollsters have taken this lesson to heart. For example, recent high-quality polls by Gallup and The New York Times/Siena College adjusted on eight and 12 variables, respectively. Our own polls typically adjust on 12 variables . In a perfect world, it wouldn’t be necessary to have that much intervention by the pollster. But the real world of survey research is not perfect.

Predicting who will vote is critical – and difficult. Preelection polls face one crucial challenge that routine opinion polls do not: determining who of the people surveyed will actually cast a ballot.

Roughly a third of eligible Americans do not vote in presidential elections , despite the enormous attention paid to these contests. Determining who will abstain is difficult because people can’t perfectly predict their future behavior – and because many people feel social pressure to say they’ll vote even if it’s unlikely.

No one knows the profile of voters ahead of Election Day. We can’t know for sure whether young people will turn out in greater numbers than usual, or whether key racial or ethnic groups will do so. This means pollsters are left to make educated guesses about turnout, often using a mix of historical data and current measures of voting enthusiasm. This is very different from routine opinion polls, which mostly do not ask about people’s future intentions.

When major news breaks, a poll’s timing can matter. Public opinion on most issues is remarkably stable, so you don’t necessarily need a recent poll about an issue to get a sense of what people think about it. But dramatic events can and do change public opinion , especially when people are first learning about a new topic. For example, polls this summer saw notable changes in voter attitudes following Joe Biden’s withdrawal from the presidential race. Polls taken immediately after a major event may pick up a shift in public opinion, but those shifts are sometimes short-lived. Polls fielded weeks or months later are what allow us to see whether an event has had a long-term impact on the public’s psyche.

How accurate are polls?

The answer to this question depends on what you want polls to do. Polls are used for all kinds of purposes in addition to showing who’s ahead and who’s behind in a campaign. Fair or not, however, the accuracy of election polling is usually judged by how closely the polls matched the outcome of the election.

By this standard, polling in 2016 and 2020 performed poorly. In both years, state polling was characterized by serious errors. National polling did reasonably well in 2016 but faltered in 2020.

In 2020, a post-election review of polling by the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) found that “the 2020 polls featured polling error of an unusual magnitude: It was the highest in 40 years for the national popular vote and the highest in at least 20 years for state-level estimates of the vote in presidential, senatorial, and gubernatorial contests.”

How big were the errors? Polls conducted in the last two weeks before the election suggested that Biden’s margin over Trump was nearly twice as large as it ended up being in the final national vote tally.

Errors of this size make it difficult to be confident about who is leading if the election is closely contested, as many U.S. elections are .

Pollsters are rightly working to improve the accuracy of their polls. But even an error of 4 or 5 percentage points isn’t too concerning if the purpose of the poll is to describe whether the public has favorable or unfavorable opinions about candidates , or to show which issues matter to which voters. And on questions that gauge where people stand on issues, we usually want to know broadly where the public stands. We don’t necessarily need to know the precise share of Americans who say, for example, that climate change is mostly caused by human activity. Even judged by its performance in recent elections, polling can still provide a faithful picture of public sentiment on the important issues of the day.

The 2022 midterms saw generally accurate polling, despite a wave of partisan polls predicting a broad Republican victory. In fact, FiveThirtyEight found that “polls were more accurate in 2022 than in any cycle since at least 1998, with almost no bias toward either party.” Moreover, a handful of contrarian polls that predicted a 2022 “red wave” largely washed out when the votes were tallied. In sum, if we focus on polling in the most recent national election, there’s plenty of reason to be encouraged.

Compared with other elections in the past 20 years, polls have been less accurate when Donald Trump is on the ballot. Preelection surveys suffered from large errors – especially at the state level – in 2016 and 2020, when Trump was standing for election. But they performed reasonably well in the 2018 and 2022 midterms, when he was not.

During the 2016 campaign, observers speculated about the possibility that Trump supporters might be less willing to express their support to a pollster – a phenomenon sometimes described as the “shy Trump effect.” But a committee of polling experts evaluated five different tests of the “shy Trump” theory and turned up little to no evidence for each one . Later, Pew Research Center and, in a separate test, a researcher from Yale also found little to no evidence in support of the claim.

Instead, two other explanations are more likely. One is about the difficulty of estimating who will turn out to vote. Research has found that Trump is popular among people who tend to sit out midterms but turn out for him in presidential election years. Since pollsters often use past turnout to predict who will vote, it can be difficult to anticipate when irregular voters will actually show up.

The other explanation is that Republicans in the Trump era have become a little less likely than Democrats to participate in polls . Pollsters call this “partisan nonresponse bias.” Surprisingly, polls historically have not shown any particular pattern of favoring one side or the other. The errors that favored Democratic candidates in the past eight years may be a result of the growth of political polarization, along with declining trust among conservatives in news organizations and other institutions that conduct polls.

Whatever the cause, the fact that Trump is again the nominee of the Republican Party means that pollsters must be especially careful to make sure all segments of the population are properly represented in surveys.

The real margin of error is often about double the one reported. A typical election poll sample of about 1,000 people has a margin of sampling error that’s about plus or minus 3 percentage points. That number expresses the uncertainty that results from taking a sample of the population rather than interviewing everyone . Random samples are likely to differ a little from the population just by chance, in the same way that the quality of your hand in a card game varies from one deal to the next.

The problem is that sampling error is not the only kind of error that affects a poll. Those other kinds of error, in fact, can be as large or larger than sampling error. Consequently, the reported margin of error can lead people to think that polls are more accurate than they really are.

There are three other, equally important sources of error in polling: noncoverage error , where not all the target population has a chance of being sampled; nonresponse error, where certain groups of people may be less likely to participate; and measurement error, where people may not properly understand the questions or misreport their opinions. Not only does the margin of error fail to account for those other sources of potential error, putting a number only on sampling error implies to the public that other kinds of error do not exist.

Several recent studies show that the average total error in a poll estimate may be closer to twice as large as that implied by a typical margin of sampling error. This hidden error underscores the fact that polls may not be precise enough to call the winner in a close election.

Other important things to remember

Transparency in how a poll was conducted is associated with better accuracy . The polling industry has several platforms and initiatives aimed at promoting transparency in survey methodology. These include AAPOR’s transparency initiative and the Roper Center archive . Polling organizations that participate in these organizations have less error, on average, than those that don’t participate, an analysis by FiveThirtyEight found .

Participation in these transparency efforts does not guarantee that a poll is rigorous, but it is undoubtedly a positive signal. Transparency in polling means disclosing essential information, including the poll’s sponsor, the data collection firm, where and how participants were selected, modes of interview, field dates, sample size, question wording, and weighting procedures.

There is evidence that when the public is told that a candidate is extremely likely to win, some people may be less likely to vote . Following the 2016 election, many people wondered whether the pervasive forecasts that seemed to all but guarantee a Hillary Clinton victory – two modelers put her chances at 99% – led some would-be voters to conclude that the race was effectively over and that their vote would not make a difference. There is scientific research to back up that claim: A team of researchers found experimental evidence that when people have high confidence that one candidate will win, they are less likely to vote. This helps explain why some polling analysts say elections should be covered using traditional polling estimates and margins of error rather than speculative win probabilities (also known as “probabilistic forecasts”).

National polls tell us what the entire public thinks about the presidential candidates, but the outcome of the election is determined state by state in the Electoral College . The 2000 and 2016 presidential elections demonstrated a difficult truth: The candidate with the largest share of support among all voters in the United States sometimes loses the election. In those two elections, the national popular vote winners (Al Gore and Hillary Clinton) lost the election in the Electoral College (to George W. Bush and Donald Trump). In recent years, analysts have shown that Republican candidates do somewhat better in the Electoral College than in the popular vote because every state gets three electoral votes regardless of population – and many less-populated states are rural and more Republican.

For some, this raises the question: What is the use of national polls if they don’t tell us who is likely to win the presidency? In fact, national polls try to gauge the opinions of all Americans, regardless of whether they live in a battleground state like Pennsylvania, a reliably red state like Idaho or a reliably blue state like Rhode Island. In short, national polls tell us what the entire citizenry is thinking. Polls that focus only on the competitive states run the risk of giving too little attention to the needs and views of the vast majority of Americans who live in uncompetitive states – about 80%.

Fortunately, this is not how most pollsters view the world . As the noted political scientist Sidney Verba explained, “Surveys produce just what democracy is supposed to produce – equal representation of all citizens.”

• Survey Methods
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Scott Keeter is a senior survey advisor at Pew Research Center .

Courtney Kennedy is Vice President of Methods and Innovation at Pew Research Center .

How do people in the U.S. take Pew Research Center surveys, anyway?

How public polling has changed in the 21st century, what 2020’s election poll errors tell us about the accuracy of issue polling, a field guide to polling: election 2020 edition, methods 101: how is polling done around the world, most popular.

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ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER  Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of  The Pew Charitable Trusts .

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Telegram Founder’s Indictment Thrusts Encryption Into the Spotlight

The criminal charges against Pavel Durov, Telegram’s founder, raised concerns in Silicon Valley about encryption and the app’s approach to privacy and security.

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By Mike Isaac and Sheera Frenkel

Mike Isaac covers Meta and Silicon Valley. Sheera Frenkel reports on online misinformation, security and technology companies.

When French prosecutors charged Pavel Durov , the chief executive of the messaging app Telegram, with a litany of criminal offenses on Wednesday, one accusation stood out to Silicon Valley companies.

Telegram, French authorities said in a statement , had provided cryptology services aimed at ensuring confidentiality without a license.

In other words, the topic of encryption was being thrust into the spotlight.

The cryptology charge raised eyebrows at U.S. tech companies including Signal, Apple and Meta’s WhatsApp, according to three people with knowledge of the companies. These companies provide end-to-end encrypted messaging services and often stand together when governments challenge their use of the technology, which keeps online conversations between users private and secure from outsiders.

But while Telegram is also often described as an encrypted messaging app, it tackles encryption differently than WhatsApp, Signal and others. So if Mr. Durov’s indictment turned Telegram into a public exemplar of the technology, some Silicon Valley companies believe that could damage the credibility of encrypted messaging apps writ large, according to the people, putting them in a tricky position of whether to rally around their rival.

“If we assume this becomes a fight about encryption, it is kind of bad to have a defendant who looks irresponsible,” said Daphne Keller, who directs the Program on Platform Regulation at Stanford’s Cyber Policy Center.

Encryption has been a long-running point of friction between governments and tech companies around the world. For years, tech companies have argued that encrypted messaging is crucial to maintain people’s digital privacy, while law enforcement and governments have said that the technology enables illicit behaviors by hiding illegal activity .

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