benefits of research paper journal

Why You Should Journal During Your Research Journey

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Written by  J es Gonzalez

You’re already defining a research problem, reviewing the literature, formulating hypotheses, preparing a research design, and collecting, analyzing, and interpreting your data. That's not to mention all the steps that come after conducting your research, including drafting your paper, having your paper edited by a professional , revising your paper, having your paper proofread , finalizing your paper, choosing a target journal, and submitting your paper .

Why add journaling to the list of steps? Will your half-baked thoughts even be useful to you as you are writing your research papers or journal articles later?

Actually, they very well could! If you're asking why you should journal during your research journey, in this post we outline the main benefits of journaling as an academic writer. But first, you might be asking yourself …

What Is a Research Journal?

A research journal is a space for you to record any thoughts that pop into your head during your research journey. Like any journal, it should be a judgment-free zone for your eyes only; as such, you shouldn't have to worry about perfecting the writing within it.

Instead, you should feel free to write whatever you like about your research, including notes on the topic, analyses of the research, personal observations, and doodles. Most research journals aim to reflect on the research process, seek a deeper understanding of the topic at hand, and keep a record of the research journey for later review. 

With these noble aims in mind, you might be asking yourself why you should journal. What are the main benefits of keeping a research journal? Below, we have outlined three ways journaling can benefit any academic writer. Take a look!

1. Sort Your Thoughts

Seeing your thoughts recorded during your research journey in real time will allow you to see what you were thinking and when you were thinking it, which could become invaluable information upon later review. You could record your thoughts when you are drafting your paper, when you are revising your first draft, or even later.

Journaling could also result in further reading, observations, notetaking, and thinking. It may even help you make connections between themes you hadn't seen before visualizing them in written form.

In addition, journaling will aid in your data collection, your data analysis, and your reflection on all of your research steps. Finally, it will give you the practice you need to structure and communicate your research findings. Notably, this will all occur in a low-pressure environment, which is good practice for any academic writer!

2. Record Your Data Points

Writing notes about your observations as they occur during a literature review, interview, data analysis, etc., may allow you to record data points even before you recognize them as such. A journal will also allow you to record opinions and half-baked ideas about whatever pops into your head about your research at whatever time, and you will be able to review these thoughts later.

You can also include responses to research or interviews that may be deemed inappropriate if they were written in your research paper, such as emotional responses. Though these musings may not be mentioned in your final research report, they could still be interesting to note during your research, and they could end up enhancing your understanding and/or interpretations of past research or findings.

3. Break Your Writer's Block

Keeping a research journal will help you get into the practice of writing and continuing to write in a no‑pressure situation, which is especially helpful for beginner researchers or those who are out of practice.

In addition, if writing is rewriting (as they say), your scribbly journal text might be what you need to break that writer's block once you sit down to draft that dreaded research paper. In fact, a research journal may be the much-needed first step in your research journey, moving you toward publishing and away from the dreaded perishing your academic friends may have warned you about (read Publish or Perish ). Though your scrawled jottings may be just that for now, with a bit of work, they just may turn into your next big project!

Researching, with the many steps that make up the arduous journey, is tough enough as it is. Instead of asking why you should journal, ask why shouldn't you take advantage of as many useful tools at your disposal as possible?

A research journal could be just what you need to ease your burden. Sort your thoughts, record your data points, and break your writer's block with this handy tool! In doing so, you may be able to lighten your workload and thus make the process of formulating that first draft a little bit easier.

After you have done that, make the editing process a breeze with Scribendi. We will help you take the first draft of your research paper from good to great so that you can take on the rest of the research journey with the peace of mind you need.

About the Author

Jes is a magician and a mechanic; that is to say, she creates pieces of writing from thin air to share as a writer, and she cleans up the rust and grease of other pieces of writing as an editor. She knows that there 's  always something valuable to be pulled out of a blank page or something shiny to be uncovered in one that needs a little polishing. When Jes isn 't  conjuring or maintaining sentences, she 's  devouring them, always hungry for more words.

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Educational resources and simple solutions for your research journey

7 Benefits of Reading Research Papers Regularly

Understanding the benefits of reading research papers and developing a regular reading habit is an advantage, irrespective of the profession you’re in, but especially so if you’re an academic. However, this is often easier said than done given the many tasks and professional commitments researchers need to juggle every day. The constant rush to meet deadlines while balancing personal responsibilities often means researchers deprioritize research reading. Additionally, many researchers, regardless of where they are in their career, find it challenging to keep up with the overwhelming volume of literature being produced; consequently they end up reading selective journals or giving articles a cursory run through. This can prove counterproductive.  

Table of Contents

Key benefits of reading research papers  

It is critical for researchers to develop a habit of reading research papers from the very beginning of their careers. Take a look at the benefits of reading research articles regularly.  

1. Enhances knowledge and fuels scientific curiosity

Research reading is an integral part of research. By embracing a rigorous approach to reading research papers, academics can add to their existing knowledge and improve their overall understanding of a subject. Research reading also helps scholars understand previous studies on their subject and identify questions that remain unanswered. It also fuels a sense of scientific curiosity, encouraging researchers to delve into or even question ideas that contradict your line of thought. This can prove useful for researchers trying to identify an interesting and novel research topic.  

2.Encourages inter-disciplinary opportunities

By cultivating an active research reading habit, researchers can also gain insights into the latest scientific tools and techniques being used in their own and related fields. One of the other major benefits of reading research papers is that it exposes academics to potential opportunities and developments across disciplines, which could spark ideas for their own research and open the door for multiple fruitful inter-disciplinary collaborations.  

3. Builds on scientific innovations

Scientific knowledge is constantly evolving and growing. There is a constant cycle of learning and unlearning that takes place based on emerging technologies and new processes. In fact, a study of scholarly literature over time forms an archive of scientific innovations, including developing methodologies, evolving processes, and cutting-edge technologies. A sustained habit of reading scientific literature helps researchers learn from and build on past work.  

4. Creates a rich repository of relevant references

Research reading is imperative for researchers, and one of the key benefits of research reading is being able to create a library of data. Using keywords to find relevant research papers, critically reading and analyzing the data, and saving the most useful articles to your reference library can prove invaluable for researchers. Instead of starting from scratch, having a rich library of potential references gives those conducting research or writing a manuscript a head-start – one of the benefits of reading scholarly articles and papers that usually goes unrecognized .

5. Develops critical thinking

Another key benefit of reading research papers is that it helps you develop critical thinking abilities by creating and strengthening synaptic connections between your brain’s nerve cells and strengthening neural pathways that already exist. 1 This significantly enhances your ability to retain and use important information and helps you in your own research.

6.Teaches you how to identify credible information

Given the sheer quantum of information available in the public domain, it’s sometimes difficult to distinguish information that comes from reliable and credible sources. An important benefit of reading research papers is that you will, over time, be able to discern between what is reliable and what is not. This ensures you read and engage with trusted scientific articles, which can then form the basis of your own work and further strengthen your profile as a researcher.  

7. Builds professional relationships and stronger networks

The last but one of the most important benefits of reading research papers is that it allows you to build professional connections with like-minded peers and colleagues. Connect with and actively discuss ideas with authors of ground-breaking research, which will help you enrich the existing knowledge but also allow for an exchange of new ideas and opportunities in the field.  

We hope the points above reiterate the importance and benefits of reading research paper s as a habit. Reading research papers on different scientific topics gives you a deeper appreciation of the work of peers, helps build wider perspectives, allows you to see things in new light, and gives you the confidence to think outside the box. So while research reading may seem daunting, it’s an integral part of the research process and cannot be ignored. Happy reading!  

• Fernyhough E. How reading changes your brain. The Brave Writer, Medium, January 8, 2021. [Accessed on November 12, 2022] Available on https://medium.com/the-brave-writer/how-reading-changes-your-brain-b00cc7f8eb2c#:~:text=When%20you%20read%2C%20your%20brain,neural%20pathways%20that%20already%20exist

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Try R Discovery Prime FREE for 1 week or upgrade at just US$72 a year to access premium features that let you listen to research on the go, read in your language, collaborate with peers, auto sync with reference managers, and much more. Choose a simpler, smarter way to find and read research – Download the app and start your free 7-day trial today !  

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Guide to Getting Published in Journals

• Why publish in journals?
• Identifying potential journals
• Creating a journal comparison spreadsheet
• Aims & Scope
• Editorial Board
• How different journals approach peer review
• Different open access models
• Interpreting traditional metrics like the Impact Factor
• Alternative metrics
• Ethics and malpractice statements
• Recognising and avoiding predatory journals
• Instructions for authors
• Submitting your paper

Introduction

What is a journal? And why is important to publish your work in one? Finding the right journal for your work can make a big difference to the way it is received, so the process of selecting a journal can be an important one.

There are several key benefits to publishing research in journals:

DISCOVERABILITY

• Publishing in journals can give your work visibility among other researchers in your field, outside of your immediate circle of contacts and colleagues.
• Journals can makes your work more discoverable, as they are already being read by circles of interested readers.
• Journals often have sophisticated distribution networks, placing work into libraries, organisations and institutes, and through letterboxes of readers around the world.

CONTRIBUTING TO THE RECORDS OF RESEARCH IN THE FIELD

• Journal publication helps to preserve your work in the permanent records of research in the field.
• Adding your work to this record involves you in the active research community for a topic, helping to expand your professional network, increasing potential for collaboration and interaction with peers.
• Publishing your work through visible sources helps others to learn. By adding your experiences to the literature of the field, it helps to build the corpus of knowledge in your subject area.

THE BENEFITS OF PEER REVIEW

• The peer review process helps improve the presentation and communication of research. The feedback can help you to frame your arguments in the most effective ways, and may even present valuable new insights into your own work. In addition, the peer review process can also help you reach peers and senior members of the research community by having journal editors, editorial boards and reviewers read your work.

DISSEMINATION AND IMPACT

• Selecting the appropriate journals can help add information to the public discussion of contemporary topics, beyond academic circles.
• You may be required by funding agencies to publish your work in certain journals, as open access, or meeting other criteria stipulated in your grant award.
• As well as the publication itself, particular journals may help you to engage with audiences, and meet requirements to achieve or provide certain impact metrics, evidence of engagement and interaction with your work.

CAREER ADVANCEMENT

• Publishing in particular journals can be an essential component to advance your career, by meeting necessary assessment criteria and output performance targets.

PREVENTING DUPLICATION OF EFFORT

• And last but by no means least, publishing your work can prevent waste and increase efficiencies, by enabling others to build on your achievements or avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts.

As you can see, your choice of journal can make a significant difference to the impact your paper may have. With much to consider, choosing the right journal for your research is both important and difficult.

The different modules will dig further into the ideas presented here, helping you identify the journals that will maximise the potential in your paper, reach the most appropriate audiences, and enhance your career.

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What are the advantages of publishing a research paper?

Publishing a research paper can have many advantages for researchers, including: Career advancement, professional recognition, opportunities for collaboration, increased visibility, impact on society, credibility and trust, professional development, inspiration for future research, and contribution to the field. It can help researchers to establish themselves as experts in their field, open doors to new opportunities, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge and understanding in a specific field.

• Career Advancement: Publishing a research paper is often a requirement for academic promotions and tenure. It can also help researchers to establish themselves as experts in their field and to gain recognition for their work. This can lead to new opportunities for advancement and can help researchers to build a reputation for high-quality research.
• Professional recognition: Publishing a research paper in a reputable journal can lead to professional recognition and prestige, both within the academic community and outside of it. This can open doors to new opportunities, such as funding, collaborations, and speaking engagements.
• Opportunities for collaboration: Publishing a research paper can lead to opportunities for collaboration with other researchers and institutions, both within the researcher’s field and across different fields. This can help to further the research and accelerate progress.
• Increased visibility: Publishing a research paper can increase visibility for the researcher and their work, which can lead to new opportunities, funding, and collaborations.
• Impact on society: Publishing a research paper can have a positive impact on society by contributing to the advancement of knowledge and understanding in a specific field. This can lead to new discoveries, technologies, and understanding that can improve people’s lives.
• Credibility and trust: Publishing research papers in reputable journals lends credibility to the researcher and the research, and can increase public trust in the researcher and their work. This can help the researcher to secure funding, collaborations, and other opportunities.
• Professional development: Publishing a research paper is a process that requires the researcher to conduct a thorough literature review, to understand the research methodologies and the ethical considerations, it helps the researcher to develop their skills and knowledge in their field.
• Inspiration for future research: Publishing a research paper can inspire future research by identifying gaps in the literature or by suggesting new directions for research. This can help researchers to identify new opportunities for investigation and to stay at the forefront of their field.
• Contribution to the field: Publishing a research paper adds to the body of knowledge in the field. It helps researchers and practitioners to understand the current state of research and knowledge in the field and it helps to advance the field.

Overall, publishing a research paper can be a valuable experience for researchers, providing opportunities for career advancement, professional recognition, collaboration, and impact on society. It can also help researchers to develop their skills and knowledge, and to contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their field.

What is the difference between a Research Paper and a Review Paper?

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The Power of Journaling

Can journaling help us cope during troubled times.

Posted September 20, 2020 | Reviewed by Abigail Fagan

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The six months since the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic have been harrowing ones, to say the least. Against the backdrop of the disease and the economic impact it has brought, the world has witnessed ongoing racial injustice, natural disasters, and widespread wildfires, among other painful events.

For many people, it has been hard to stay emotionally afloat. Even the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has published guidelines regarding how to cope, with suggestions running the gamut from engaging in leisure activities and taking media breaks to getting sufficient sleep and eating right. This article adds one additional idea to that list: journaling.

There’s a one-in-two chance you’ve kept a journal. Perhaps you needed an outlet for your thoughts, or maybe you were recording your experiences to revisit later in life. According to surveys , about half of us have written in a journal at some point in our lives, and somewhere in the neighborhood of 1 in 6 people are active journalers right now. The number may be even higher for kids, with a 2014 survey showing that 21 percent of children and young people write in a diary at least once a month.

But considering the current need for additional coping practices, maybe more of us should.

Over the past couple of decades, dozens of studies have shown that certain journaling practices can positively impact a variety of outcomes, including happiness , goal attainment , and even some aspects of physical health . This research is often challenging to locate, given that the word “journaling” is not often used by investigators. Instead, they may label their interventions with names like “setting implementation intentions” or “engaging in expressive writing.”

Some of the effects of journaling are well-known. Most of us know, for instance, that keeping a gratitude journal can improve mood, an idea that first gained traction in a seminal paper published in 2003 by Robert Emmons and Michael McCullough in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology .

Although versions of this practice differ slightly, the basic idea is to write down a few good things that occur every day for anywhere from 2 to 10 weeks. They can be big things like “I just got a new job” or small things we might normally overlook, like “The flowers in the back yard were blooming today.” Given the turmoil in our world, it’s easy to overlook the little things that fill us with gratitude, instead focusing exclusively on the many negatives around us. Journaling may be a way of “hacking into” the brain, helping us be more mindful of the positive.

But the effects of journaling can also be more dramatic. In a 2013 study published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine , researchers found that a certain kind of journaling—sometimes known as expressive writing—may help in healing physical wounds, at least small ones. Investigators asked healthy adults ages 64 to 97 to journal for 20 minutes a day, three days in a row. But not everybody used the same journaling practice: Half were encouraged to write about things that upset them, honestly discussing their thoughts and feelings about those events. The other half wrote about a much dryer topic: how they manage time during the day.

Two weeks later, all participants had a tiny biopsy performed on their arms, creating a small wound. Researchers then tracked how that wound healed by taking a picture every day. By day 11, a full 76 percent of the group who wrote the more genuine journal about upsetting life events had healed, compared to just 42 percent of those that wrote about time management .

Something important to notice about this research is that not all journaling is equal. There’s little evidence that simply spilling our minds out onto a blank page does any good. In the study just mentioned, all the participants kept journals, but the effects were different depending on the particular journaling practices they employed. In other words, what we write about and how we write about it seem to matter.

So, if you’re considering a writing practice, how should you begin? Like many things in life, it’s a personal choice, and it depends on what you feel would be the most helpful. However, a good place to start might be with a gratitude journal. Although writing about what we’re thankful for may not bring about dramatic changes in our lives, research consistently shows that it helps. Nobody’s pretending that keeping a journal will magically solve the many problems in our world. But during these troubling times, every little bit counts.

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David B. Feldman, Ph.D. , is a professor in the department of counseling psychology at Santa Clara University.

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Purpose and benefits of maintaining a Research Journal

By charlesworth author services.

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• 05 February, 2022

A research journal can be a very useful supplement to your research work . There are no hard and fast rules to using one but its versatility is its strength. In this article, we outline some practical ways to make full use of a research journal. But first, an important point about maintaining a research journal…

By you, for you

Note that you, and only you, will be writing and reading your research journal. This can be quite liberating ! So often when we are planning, conducting or writing up research , we are thinking about how it will be received:

Who is going to read it and what are they going to think about it? How will they assess this work? What, in turn, will they think about me? 

Instead, a research journal is an entirely private space for you to just be yourself, to make notes on the things you find useful, to brainstorm ideas and to check in with yourself about how you feel as you undertake this research. 

Benefits of maintaining a research journal

For starters, your research journal can double up as a planner, where you can make note of important dates and milestones for your research project. 

b. Thought-starter

You can use your research journal to sketch out rough ideas and directions that you might like to take for your research. If you are more visually inclined, you could also use your research journal as a sketchbook for drawing out your thoughts and plans, or as a platform for practices such as mindmapping and storyboarding.

c. Annotated bibliography

At times, your research journal may look more like an annotated bibliography , including detailed notes on texts that you have read or plan to read, or lectures/talks that may be useful to your work.

d. Note of accomplishments

You could even use it as a place for making note of your small wins and to record significant breakthroughs and accomplishments. 

d. Space for reflection

Most importantly, your research journal can provide an important tool for reflecting on your work, for instance, to think about…

What is going well? What is not going well and why? What steps can you take next?

For example, if you are researching highly sensitive issues and working directly with other human participants, you may be confronted with many challenging, emotional moments that could be best chronicled and made sense of by recording in your research journal. 

In this sense, a research journal might also play an important role as a personal diary , offering you space to reflect on your feelings and work through the more personal and emotional components of doing research .

Practical reasons for keeping a research journal

Apart from its ‘basic, everyday’ uses, there are some pragmatic reasons why you may wish to regularly maintain a journal.

a. Maintaining the writing habit

Due to lengthy research periods, teaching or other personal commitments, researchers easily and often fall out of the habit of writing . By keeping a research journal – whether digital or a physical notebook – you can maintain a consistent habit of writing .

b. Facilitating a breakthrough

Research journals can help facilitate highly effective and powerful research breakthroughs! The act of actively reflecting on and writing about an issue you are stuck on can help you work past the block . Or, if you are not entirely sure about the findings from your data, use your journal as an informal, non-judgmental space to write out your thoughts, ask yourself new questions or consider alternative ideas. Working freely in a safe space where you know you will not be assessed can help you to consider and formulate unexpected, new perspectives and creative solutions .

c. Recording your progress

Finally, keeping a research journal is an excellent way to maintain a record of your progress that can be preserved for posterity. It can help to remind you that you are doing important work and achieving something, even in the moments that have you feeling stuck. It can also be really useful to look back on your journal through the course of your research, to track how your ideas have evolved and developed. 

So, open up a blank document or choose a new notebook, and start journalling!

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How to Write and Publish a Research Paper for a Peer-Reviewed Journal

• Open access
• Published: 30 April 2020
• Volume 36 , pages 909–913, ( 2021 )

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• Clara Busse   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0178-1000 1 &
• Ella August   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-1036 1 , 2  

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Communicating research findings is an essential step in the research process. Often, peer-reviewed journals are the forum for such communication, yet many researchers are never taught how to write a publishable scientific paper. In this article, we explain the basic structure of a scientific paper and describe the information that should be included in each section. We also identify common pitfalls for each section and recommend strategies to avoid them. Further, we give advice about target journal selection and authorship. In the online resource 1 , we provide an example of a high-quality scientific paper, with annotations identifying the elements we describe in this article.

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Introduction

Writing a scientific paper is an important component of the research process, yet researchers often receive little formal training in scientific writing. This is especially true in low-resource settings. In this article, we explain why choosing a target journal is important, give advice about authorship, provide a basic structure for writing each section of a scientific paper, and describe common pitfalls and recommendations for each section. In the online resource 1 , we also include an annotated journal article that identifies the key elements and writing approaches that we detail here. Before you begin your research, make sure you have ethical clearance from all relevant ethical review boards.

Select a Target Journal Early in the Writing Process

We recommend that you select a “target journal” early in the writing process; a “target journal” is the journal to which you plan to submit your paper. Each journal has a set of core readers and you should tailor your writing to this readership. For example, if you plan to submit a manuscript about vaping during pregnancy to a pregnancy-focused journal, you will need to explain what vaping is because readers of this journal may not have a background in this topic. However, if you were to submit that same article to a tobacco journal, you would not need to provide as much background information about vaping.

Information about a journal’s core readership can be found on its website, usually in a section called “About this journal” or something similar. For example, the Journal of Cancer Education presents such information on the “Aims and Scope” page of its website, which can be found here: https://www.springer.com/journal/13187/aims-and-scope .

Peer reviewer guidelines from your target journal are an additional resource that can help you tailor your writing to the journal and provide additional advice about crafting an effective article [ 1 ]. These are not always available, but it is worth a quick web search to find out.

Identify Author Roles Early in the Process

Early in the writing process, identify authors, determine the order of authors, and discuss the responsibilities of each author. Standard author responsibilities have been identified by The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) [ 2 ]. To set clear expectations about each team member’s responsibilities and prevent errors in communication, we also suggest outlining more detailed roles, such as who will draft each section of the manuscript, write the abstract, submit the paper electronically, serve as corresponding author, and write the cover letter. It is best to formalize this agreement in writing after discussing it, circulating the document to the author team for approval. We suggest creating a title page on which all authors are listed in the agreed-upon order. It may be necessary to adjust authorship roles and order during the development of the paper. If a new author order is agreed upon, be sure to update the title page in the manuscript draft.

In the case where multiple papers will result from a single study, authors should discuss who will author each paper. Additionally, authors should agree on a deadline for each paper and the lead author should take responsibility for producing an initial draft by this deadline.

Structure of the Introduction Section

The introduction section should be approximately three to five paragraphs in length. Look at examples from your target journal to decide the appropriate length. This section should include the elements shown in Fig.  1 . Begin with a general context, narrowing to the specific focus of the paper. Include five main elements: why your research is important, what is already known about the topic, the “gap” or what is not yet known about the topic, why it is important to learn the new information that your research adds, and the specific research aim(s) that your paper addresses. Your research aim should address the gap you identified. Be sure to add enough background information to enable readers to understand your study. Table 1 provides common introduction section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

The main elements of the introduction section of an original research article. Often, the elements overlap

Methods Section

The purpose of the methods section is twofold: to explain how the study was done in enough detail to enable its replication and to provide enough contextual detail to enable readers to understand and interpret the results. In general, the essential elements of a methods section are the following: a description of the setting and participants, the study design and timing, the recruitment and sampling, the data collection process, the dataset, the dependent and independent variables, the covariates, the analytic approach for each research objective, and the ethical approval. The hallmark of an exemplary methods section is the justification of why each method was used. Table 2 provides common methods section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

Results Section

The focus of the results section should be associations, or lack thereof, rather than statistical tests. Two considerations should guide your writing here. First, the results should present answers to each part of the research aim. Second, return to the methods section to ensure that the analysis and variables for each result have been explained.

Begin the results section by describing the number of participants in the final sample and details such as the number who were approached to participate, the proportion who were eligible and who enrolled, and the number of participants who dropped out. The next part of the results should describe the participant characteristics. After that, you may organize your results by the aim or by putting the most exciting results first. Do not forget to report your non-significant associations. These are still findings.

Tables and figures capture the reader’s attention and efficiently communicate your main findings [ 3 ]. Each table and figure should have a clear message and should complement, rather than repeat, the text. Tables and figures should communicate all salient details necessary for a reader to understand the findings without consulting the text. Include information on comparisons and tests, as well as information about the sample and timing of the study in the title, legend, or in a footnote. Note that figures are often more visually interesting than tables, so if it is feasible to make a figure, make a figure. To avoid confusing the reader, either avoid abbreviations in tables and figures, or define them in a footnote. Note that there should not be citations in the results section and you should not interpret results here. Table 3 provides common results section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

Discussion Section

Opposite the introduction section, the discussion should take the form of a right-side-up triangle beginning with interpretation of your results and moving to general implications (Fig.  2 ). This section typically begins with a restatement of the main findings, which can usually be accomplished with a few carefully-crafted sentences.

Major elements of the discussion section of an original research article. Often, the elements overlap

Next, interpret the meaning or explain the significance of your results, lifting the reader’s gaze from the study’s specific findings to more general applications. Then, compare these study findings with other research. Are these findings in agreement or disagreement with those from other studies? Does this study impart additional nuance to well-accepted theories? Situate your findings within the broader context of scientific literature, then explain the pathways or mechanisms that might give rise to, or explain, the results.

Journals vary in their approach to strengths and limitations sections: some are embedded paragraphs within the discussion section, while some mandate separate section headings. Keep in mind that every study has strengths and limitations. Candidly reporting yours helps readers to correctly interpret your research findings.

The next element of the discussion is a summary of the potential impacts and applications of the research. Should these results be used to optimally design an intervention? Does the work have implications for clinical protocols or public policy? These considerations will help the reader to further grasp the possible impacts of the presented work.

Finally, the discussion should conclude with specific suggestions for future work. Here, you have an opportunity to illuminate specific gaps in the literature that compel further study. Avoid the phrase “future research is necessary” because the recommendation is too general to be helpful to readers. Instead, provide substantive and specific recommendations for future studies. Table 4 provides common discussion section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

Follow the Journal’s Author Guidelines

After you select a target journal, identify the journal’s author guidelines to guide the formatting of your manuscript and references. Author guidelines will often (but not always) include instructions for titles, cover letters, and other components of a manuscript submission. Read the guidelines carefully. If you do not follow the guidelines, your article will be sent back to you.

Finally, do not submit your paper to more than one journal at a time. Even if this is not explicitly stated in the author guidelines of your target journal, it is considered inappropriate and unprofessional.

Your title should invite readers to continue reading beyond the first page [ 4 , 5 ]. It should be informative and interesting. Consider describing the independent and dependent variables, the population and setting, the study design, the timing, and even the main result in your title. Because the focus of the paper can change as you write and revise, we recommend you wait until you have finished writing your paper before composing the title.

Be sure that the title is useful for potential readers searching for your topic. The keywords you select should complement those in your title to maximize the likelihood that a researcher will find your paper through a database search. Avoid using abbreviations in your title unless they are very well known, such as SNP, because it is more likely that someone will use a complete word rather than an abbreviation as a search term to help readers find your paper.

After you have written a complete draft, use the checklist (Fig. 3 ) below to guide your revisions and editing. Additional resources are available on writing the abstract and citing references [ 5 ]. When you feel that your work is ready, ask a trusted colleague or two to read the work and provide informal feedback. The box below provides a checklist that summarizes the key points offered in this article.

Checklist for manuscript quality

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Acknowledgments

Ella August is grateful to the Sustainable Sciences Institute for mentoring her in training researchers on writing and publishing their research.

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Busse, C., August, E. How to Write and Publish a Research Paper for a Peer-Reviewed Journal. J Canc Educ 36 , 909–913 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-020-01751-z

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What are Preprints, and How Do They Benefit Authors?

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Preprints are research papers shared before peer review. Here we discuss the benefits to authors including rapid credit, visibility & feedback.

Updated on March 29, 2018

Most researchers don't share their work until after it's been published in a journal. Due to lengthy publication times, this can result in delays of months, sometimes years. Authors are understandably frustrated by the amount of time it takes to share their research & reap the benefits of a published, citable research article.

But what if you could put post your manuscript online while it's going through peer review so that your peers and colleagues can see what you're working on? That's the idea behind preprints, and more and more researchers are using them for exactly this purpose.

Definition of a preprint

A preprint is a full draft research paper that is shared publicly before it has been peer reviewed. Most preprints are given a digital object identifier (DOI) so they can be cited in other research papers.

A preprint is a full draft of a research paper that is shared publicly before it has been peer reviewed.

Benefits of preprints

Preprints achieve many of the goals of journal publishing, but within a much shorter time frame. The biggest benefits fall into 3 areas: credit , feedback , and visibility .

When you post a preprint with your research results, you can firmly stake a claim to the work you've done. If there is any subsequent discussion of who found a particular result first, you can point to the preprint as a public, conclusive record of your data. Most preprints are assigned a digital object identifier (DOI), which allows your work to become a permanent part of the scholarly record - one that can be referenced in any dispute over who discovered something first.

For these reasons, the US National Institutes of Health and Wellcome Trust , among other funders, allow researchers to cite preprints in their grant applications.

For a complete list of funder policies see here .

In the traditional system, a submitted manuscript receives feedback from 2 or 3 peer reviewers before publication. With a preprint, other researchers can discover your work sooner, potentially pointing out critical flaws or errors, suggest new studies or data that strengthen your argument or even recommend a collaboration that could lead to publication in a more prestigious journal. The feedback can be provided publicly through commenting, or privately through email. Here is one scientist's story about the benefit of sharing his work as a preprint:

Last year I posted a preprint. Doing this set off a chain of events that convinced me I should post a preprint for ALL my manuscripts.Here's my story (1/17)— Dan Quintana (@dsquintana) February 10, 2018

Here's another author's journey from skepticism to loving preprints. By posting a preprint, this author was able to share their research 10 months earlier & it was viewed over 1,500 times in the first 2 months.

“To all researchers out there, I encourage you to stop worrying and love the preprint. Submit your manuscripts, but also read preprints and make comments.”

Visibility (and citations)

Preprints are not the final form of a research paper for most authors. Thankfully, preprints and infrastructure providers like Crossref link to the final published article whenever possible, meaning that your preprint can serve to bring new readers to your published paper. A study in the Journal of the American Medical Association saw notable increases in citations and Altmetric scores when authors had posted their work first as a preprint.

Posting a preprint led to a significant increase in Altmetric attention scores and citations for the final published paper.

The citation effect is small, and more studies will be needed to confirm this finding, but the evidence for more attention in news and social media is strong (nearly a 3-fold increase in Altmetric attention scores). The more places you can be discovered by your peers and the public, the more attention your research is likely to get.

Conclusions

Preprints are a small but rapidly growing piece of scholarly communication. They present several strong advantages to improve the way research is shared - including credit for your work, early feedback & increased visibility - and we hope you will consider giving them a try.

A note to readers: AJE is a division of Research Square Company . Our colleagues built and operate the Research Square preprint platform. For more author resources on preprints we encourage you to browse the content on the Research Square Blog .

This article was updated by our team February 2020 .

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Top Evidence-Based Benefits of Journaling for Mental Health

Why is journaling important?

Journaling is a simple activity that has an outsized return when practiced regularly. It’s been shown to have significant mental and physical health benefits and to improve a person’s overall quality of life.

In this post, we’re going to examine five science-backed benefits of journaling.

#1: Journaling for Mental Health: Journaling Can Reduce Depression and Anxiety Symptoms

Does journaling help with anxiety and depression?

Numerous studies have shown that journaling can reduce overall levels of depression. A 2006 study by Stice, Burton, Bearman, & Rohde showed that writing in a journal can be as effective as cognitive-behavioral therapy when it comes to reducing the risk of depression in young adults.

Studies have also shown that journaling can reduce the frequency of intrusive, depressive thoughts, help college students who are vulnerable to depression, and reduce overall levels of depression in those diagnosed with a Major Depressive Disorder.

There are also benefits of journaling for anxiety symptoms. One study by Hasanzadeh, Khoshknab, & Norozi found that the simple act of journaling reduced anxiety in women who were suffering from multiple sclerosis. Another study found that journaling could help students effectively manage stress and anxiety, as well as improve overall classroom engagement.

How does journaling help with depression and anxiety?

Both depression and anxiety are often accompanied by negative thoughts. Journaling allows you to get these thoughts down on paper, process them in a more analytical, non-emotional way, and then respond appropriately to them.

Social psychologist and researcher James Pennebaker puts it this way:

Emotional upheavals touch every part of our lives. You don't just lose a job, you don't just get divorced. These things affect all aspects of who we are — our financial situation, our relationships with others, our views of ourselves. ... Writing helps us focus and organize the experience.

Instead of simply letting negative thoughts run rampant in your mind, journaling for anxiety allows you to engage with your thoughts and determine whether they are true or false.

Benefit #2: Journal Writing Can Help Boost Immune Function

This may come as a surprise, but journaling has also been proven to improve overall immune function and decrease your risk of illness. As researchers Karen A. Baikie and Kay Wilhelm report , those who journaled for 20 minutes per day on 3-5 occasions saw the following benefits:

• Fewer stress-related visits to the doctor
• Improved immune system functioning
• Reduced blood pressure
• Improved lung function
• Improved liver function

How can the simple act of journaling improve your health?

Journaling allows a person to develop what’s called a “coherent narrative” of their life. In other words, it enables a person to take the events they experience and integrate them into their overall perspective on life.

This, in turn, enables a person to think more positively about their life and create a holistic picture of themselves in relation to the rest of the world. It follows that a person with a positive, holistic view of themselves is less prone to things like depression and anxiety, both of which can cause a variety of physical health problems.

Benefit #3: Journaling Helps Cultivate Gratitude

In addition to helping overcome depression and anxiety, as well as improving overall physical health, journaling has also been shown to promote gratitude. Why, you ask, is gratitude so important?

Numerous studies have shown that gratitude has specific health benefits. Gratitude is directly tied to things like increased exercise and improved quality of sleep, both of which promote long-term well-being. It has been shown to significantly increase optimism, which indirectly affects both your happiness and your health.

Gratitude is tied to reduced levels of depression, making progress toward goals, and making a person more sociable and friendly.

Here is a video from Robert A. Emmons, Ph.D., a leading researcher on gratitude:

When it comes to living a healthy, happy life, gratitude can make all the difference. Journaling allows you to reflect on all the good things in your life, which, in turn, enables you to be grateful. When you don’t journal, it’s easy to forget about all the good things happening in your life and slide into depression or anxiety.

Benefit #4: Journaling About Trauma: Journaling Can Help With Recovery From Traumatic Events

It has also been shown that journaling can help a person recover more quickly from traumatic events. Writing things down allows you to process what has occurred and see the good side of life, even when things are difficult. Journaling also allows you to directly confront the things you’ve experienced instead of avoiding them and not taking the time to process them.

If you’ve experienced the death of a loved one, journaling can enable you to effectively grieve in a manner that’s both healthy and healing. As you journal, you can take the necessary time to remember your loved one, process the loss, and begin to move forward.

A 2002 study by researchers Provencher, Gregg, Mead, & Mueser also found that journaling can speed the recovery of those who are struggling with various psychiatric conditions. Psychiatric conditions are often accompanied by repetitive, intrusive thoughts that can be difficult to process. Journaling allows you to get those thoughts down on paper, process them effectively, and finally dispatch with them.

Benefit #5: Keeping a Journal can Improve Memory Function

It shouldn’t come as any surprise that journaling can also improve overall memory function. Neurologist Judy Willis says :

The practice of writing can enhance the brain’s intake, processing, retaining, and retrieving of information… it promotes the brain’s attentive focus … boosts long-term memory, illuminates patterns, gives the brain time for reflection, and when well-guided, is a source of conceptual development and stimulus of the brain’s highest cognition.

When you journal, you are both recording and processing the events of a particular time period. As you do this, you are remembering and reflecting upon the details of the events, which then helps you retain those memories for a significantly longer amount of time.

Additionally, journaling allows you to analyze past events for patterns. As you look at your journal over time, you may begin to see particular patterns emerge, whether in your own behavior or in the behavior of others. Once you spot these patterns, you can respond appropriately.

In Conclusion: The Many Benefits of Writing a Journal

Journaling has numerous benefits for both mental and emotional well-being. Not only does it provide a creative outlet for self-expression, but it can also help reduce stress, improve mood, and enhance self-awareness. Research has shown that regular journaling can even boost immune function and improve cognitive processing. Whether you prefer to jot down your thoughts in a physical notebook or use a digital platform, the act of journaling can be a powerful tool for personal growth and self-reflection. So, if you're looking for a simple yet effective way to improve your overall well-being, consider incorporating journaling into your daily routine.

If you aren’t journaling yet, I hope these five reasons encourage you to start.

Journaling is incredibly beneficial, both mentally and physically.

It enables you to process the events you experience, which leads to a healthy and holistic view of yourself.

It empowers you to work through trauma, bringing healing to past wounds and insight into the way forward.

It also improves your memory of events and enhances your ability to see patterns in life.

Ready to start journaling? Start today with our Online Journal: Reflection.app , a simple app to help you start and keep a meaningful reflection practice.

Not sure where to begin? Learn How to start and keep a meaningful journaling practice .

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What’s All This About Journaling?

One of the more effective acts of self-care is also, happily, one of the cheapest.

By Hayley Phelan

It was my ex-husband who got me journaling again. Our marriage was falling apart, and, on the advice of his friend, he had started to do “morning pages,” a daily journaling practice from the seminal self-help book “The Artist’s Way.”

Though I had kept a diary throughout my teen years and early 20s, somewhere along the way I’d fallen out of the habit. At 29, though, I was deeply unhappy and looking for answers wherever — anywhere — I could find them.

Once the domain of teenage girls and the literati, journaling has become a hallmark of the so-called self-care movement , right up there with meditation. And for good reason: Scientific studies have shown it to be essentially a panacea for modern life. There are the obvious benefits, like a boost in mindfulness, memory and communication skills. But studies have also found that writing in a journal can lead to better sleep, a stronger immune system , more self-confidence and a higher I.Q .

Research out of New Zealand suggests that the practice may even help wounds heal faster . How is this possible? James W. Pennebaker, a social psychologist at the University of Texas at Austin who is considered the pioneer of writing therapy, said there isn’t one answer. “It’s a whole cascade of things that occur,” he said.

Labeling emotions and acknowledging traumatic events — both natural outcomes of journaling — have a known positive effect on people, Dr. Pennebaker said, and are often incorporated into traditional talk therapy.

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Why everyone should keep a journal — 7 surprising benefits

What do Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Frida Kahlo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Frederick Douglass all have in common? Each of these famous figures kept a journal or diary to record their experiences, thoughts, or feelings. Kahlo and da Vinci even used illustrations to express emotions and sketch out ideas.

How journaling can help you

From scientists to artists — and everyone in between — keeping a journal can be an important self-care practice. In fact, journaling can help you in the following ways.

Achieve goals

When you use your journal to write down your goals, you can keep better track of your intentions. This will help you stay accountable and serve as a reminder of what you need to do to reach your goals. Be sure to get specific.

Track progress and growth

If you make journaling a regular habit, you can see how much progress or growth you’ve made by revisiting previous entries.

Gain self-confidence

Seeing your progress can also give you a serious confidence boost. You can feel proud looking back at the challenges you faced and seeing how far you’ve come.

Improve writing and communication skills

Writing, like anything, improves with practice. When you journal every day, you’re practicing the art of writing. And if you use a journal to express your thoughts and ideas, it can help improve your communication skills.

Reduce stress and anxiety

Sometimes negative thoughts and emotions can run on a loop in our heads. This can be stressful when you’re dealing with a challenging situation. And it can even make your present situation feel worse. But if you stop and put your emotions down on paper, it can help you release negative thoughts from your mind. As you write, you may even come up with a solution you hadn’t thought of before.

Find inspiration

Leonardo da Vinci drew some incredible invention ideas in his journals. Like him, you can also use your journaling time to brainstorm or let your imagination run wild. The inspiration that may pop up while you’re writing or sketching might even surprise you.

Strengthen memory

The Journal of Experimental Psychology published research that shows how writing your thoughts down can reduce intrusive thoughts about negative events and improve working memory.* Even the simple act of writing something down lets your brain know you want to remember it. That’s why note-taking is such an effective practice when learning something new.

Explore the many different types of journaling

Ready to start but not sure how? Here are a few different types of journaling options to consider.

Stream of consciousness

Write down your thoughts as they happen. The words and thoughts don’t need to make sense, you’re simply capturing your thoughts in action.

Dream journal

Take note of your dreams each night as a way of getting in touch with your subconscious. Remember to make your journal entries right when you wake up.

Food journal

Make a note of what you’ve eaten each day. This will help you be more mindful about the foods you choose to eat. If you’re struggling with a healthy weight-loss journey, documenting what you ate can offer insight into areas you may need to change.

Fitness journal

Keep track of your workouts so you can stay committed to an active lifestyle. The best part of keeping this type of journal is seeing the progress you made over time.

Gratitude journal

Before going to sleep, make a list of everything you were thankful for that day, week, or month.

Sketch journal

Express your feelings, thoughts, and ideas through illustrations, doodles, or sketches.

Day’s events journal

Keep track of your experiences throughout the day. Whether it’s making note of a funny conversation or describing a new recipe you enjoyed.

Instead of keeping a running tally of to-do items in your head, write them down. You can cross things off as you complete them and get a great sense of accomplishment.

No matter which type of journal you decide to keep, remember there is no right or wrong approach. It’s all up to you. The simple act of taking the time to get in touch with your mind, body, and spirit is what’s truly important.

Explore mental health and wellness resources

Choose from a broad range of on-demand self-care resources, including self care apps to help with stress, sleep, anxiety, and more.

* “ Expressive writing can increase working memory capacity  ,”  Journal of Experimental Psychology , September 2001.

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APA: Citing Journal Articles  from  Lawrence W. Tyree Library  on  Vimeo . View a transcript  here.

In this tutorial, you will learn the basics for citing journal articles with and without a DOI and how to cite open access journal articles.

Every APA reference needs four parts:  author, date, title,  and  source . As you go through these examples, you will learn how to identify these four parts and how to place and format them into a proper APA reference.

Example 1: A Journal Article with a DOI

For the first example, you will learn how to cite a journal article with a DOI. Often, you will find journal articles online using the library's databases or other online resources. 

The first step is to identify the  author  of the article. The author of this article is Brittanie Atteberry-Ash,

To list an author, write the  last name , a  comma , and the  first and middle initials .

Example: Atteberry-Ash.

Next, identify when this article was published. For journal articles, you typically only need the  year . In this case, this article was published in 2022. You can usually find the date at the top of the article, the cover of the journal, or, for online articles, the article's record.

List the  date  after the author(s), in  parentheses , followed by a  period .

Example: Atteberry-Ash, B. (2022).

Now, identify the  title of the article . The title will usually be at the very top of the article, in a larger size font.

List the  title  of the article after the date. Make sure you only capitalize the  first word of the title ,  the first word of the subtitle , which comes after a colon, and any  proper nouns . End with a period. In this title, only the words Social  and  A  are capitalized.

Example: Atteberry-Ash, B. (2022). Social work and social justice: A conceptual review.

For the last component, you need the  source . For an article, this is the  title of the journal, volume, issue , which is sometimes called  number , and  page numbers  of the article. Usually this information can be found on the cover of the journal, on the table of contents, or at the top of the article. For the page numbers, you should look at the first and last pages of the article. For online articles, this information is usually found in the article's record.

Type the  journal title , in  italics , capitalizing all major words, a comma, the  volume , also in  italics , the  number or issue  in parentheses, a comma, and then the  page numbers  of the article.

Example:  Atteberry-Ash, B. (2022). Social work and social justice: A conceptual review.  Social Work,   68  (1), 38-46.

The last element of the  source  is the  DOI , which stands for Digital Object Identifier. A DOI can be found in the article’s record or on the first page of the article.

Type the  DOI , using the prefix  https://doi.org/ . There is no period after the DOI.

Example:  Atteberry-Ash, B. (2022). Social work and social justice: A conceptual review.  Social Work,   68  (1), 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swac042

If you refer to a work in your paper, either by directly quoting, paraphrasing, or by referring to main ideas, you will need to include an in-text parenthetical citation. There are a number of ways to do this. In this example, a  signal phrase  is used to introduce a direct quote. The  author's name  is given in the text, and the  publication date  and  page number(s)  are enclosed in parentheses at the beginning and end of the sentence.

Example: Atteberry-Ash (2022) notes "social workers are called on to practice socially just values and to address the consequences of oppression, specifically lost opportunity, social disenfranchisement, and isolation" (p. 38).

Example 2: Multiple Authors and No DOI

In this example, most of the components needed for the reference can be found in the article’s record. This article, however, has multiple authors and does not have a DOI listed in its record or in the article itself.

Format all the citation components of this journal article like the first example. For multiple authors, list the authors in the order they are listed in the article. Use a  comma  to separate each author and an  ampersand (&)  should be placed before the last author’s name. This applies for articles with up to twenty authors. Since there is no DOI listed for this article, simply omit that element. The reference will conclude after the page numbers.  

Example: Penprase, B., Mileto, L., Bittinger, A., Hranchook, A. M., Atchley, J. A., Bergakker, S., Eimers, T., & Franson, H. (2012). The use of high-fidelity simulation in the admissions process: One nurse anesthesia program’s experience.  AANA Journal, 80 (1), 43–48.

If you refer to a work in your paper that has three or more authors, the in-text citation will include the first author's name only, followed by  et al.  which means "and all the rest."

Example: Penprase et al. (2012) states that "Admission into nurse anesthesia programs is known to be a competitive process among a diverse pool of candidates" (p. 43).

Example 3: An Open Access Journal Article

This article was found in  PLOS One  which is an open access journal. Open access journal articles are articles with the full text freely available online and do not require logging in.

You will need all of the same information from the previous examples to cite an open access article. In this example, most of this information can be found at the top of the article.

In this example, the article's volume, issue, and the  article number  are found in the citation provided by the journal. Article numbers are used in place of page numbers in some online journals.

The format for open access journals is the same as the other examples. In this example, an article number is used in place of the page numbers. After the issue number, type  Article  and then the article number. If an open access journal does not provide a DOI, you may provide the URL of the article instead. Only include the URL if it directly brings you to the full text of the article without logging in.

Example: Francis, H. M., Stevenson, R. J., Chambers, J. R., Gupta, D., Newey, B., & Lim, C. K. (2019). A brief diet intervention can reduce symptoms of depression in young adults – A randomised controlled trial.  PLOS ONE, 14 (1), Article e0222768. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222768

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Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase quality of life

Catherine woodyard.

Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, The Center for Health Behavior Research, 215 Turner Center, University, MS, USA

The objective of this study is to assess the findings of selected articles regarding the therapeutic effects of yoga and to provide a comprehensive review of the benefits of regular yoga practice. As participation rates in mind-body fitness programs such as yoga continue to increase, it is important for health care professionals to be informed about the nature of yoga and the evidence of its many therapeutic effects. Thus, this manuscript provides information regarding the therapeutic effects of yoga as it has been studied in various populations concerning a multitude of different ailments and conditions. Therapeutic yoga is defined as the application of yoga postures and practice to the treatment of health conditions and involves instruction in yogic practices and teachings to prevent reduce or alleviate structural, physiological, emotional and spiritual pain, suffering or limitations. Results from this study show that yogic practices enhance muscular strength and body flexibility, promote and improve respiratory and cardiovascular function, promote recovery from and treatment of addiction, reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain, improve sleep patterns, and enhance overall well-being and quality of life.

INTRODUCTION

A 3,000 year old tradition, yoga, is now regarded in the Western world as a holistic approach to health and is classified by the National Institutes of Health as a form of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM).[ 1 ] The word “yoga” comes from a Sanskrit root “yuj” which means union, or yoke, to join, and to direct and concentrate one's attention.[ 2 , 3 ] Regular practice of yoga promotes strength, endurance, flexibility and facilitates characteristics of friendliness, compassion, and greater self-control, while cultivating a sense of calmness and well-being.[ 4 , 5 ] Sustained practice also leads to important outcomes such as changes in life perspective, self-awareness and an improved sense of energy to live life fully and with genuine enjoyment.[ 6 – 8 ] The practice of yoga produces a physiological state opposite to that of the flight-or-fight stress response and with that interruption in the stress response, a sense of balance and union between the mind and body can be achieved.[ 9 ]

Yoga is a form of mind-body fitness that involves a combination of muscular activity and an internally directed mindful focus on awareness of the self, the breath, and energy.[ 4 ] Four basic principles underlie the teachings and practices of yoga's healing system.[ 6 ] The first principle is the human body is a holistic entity comprised of various interrelated dimensions inseparable from one another and the health or illness of any one dimension affects the other dimensions. The second principle is individuals and their needs are unique and therefore must be approached in a way that acknowledges this individuality and their practice must be tailored accordingly. The third principle is yoga is self-empowering; the student is his or her own healer. Yoga engages the student in the healing process; by playing an active role in their journey toward health, the healing comes from within, instead of from an outside source and a greater sense of autonomy is achieved. The fourth principle is that the quality and state of an individuals mind is crucial to healing. When the individual has a positive mind-state healing happens more quickly, whereas if the mind-state is negative, healing may be prolonged.

Yoga philosophy and practice were first described by Patanjali in the classic text, Yoga Sutras , which is widely acknowledged as the authoritative text on yoga.[ 2 , 6 ] Today, many people identify yoga only with asana, the physical practice of yoga, but asana is just one of the many tools used for healing the individual; only three of the 196 sutras mention asana and the remainder of the text discusses the other components of yoga including conscious breathing, meditation, lifestyle and diet changes, visualization and the use of sound, among many others.[ 6 ] In Yoga Sutras , Patanjali outlines an eightfold path to awareness and enlightenment called ashtanga , which literally means “eight limbs”.[ 2 , 10 ]

The eight limbs are comprised of ethical principles for living a meaningful and purposeful life; serving as a prescription for moral and ethical conduct and self-discipline, they direct attention towards one's health while acknowledging the spiritual aspects of one's nature. Any of the eight limbs may be used separately, but within yoga philosophy the physical postures and breathing exercises prepare the mind and body for meditation and spiritual development.[ 4 , 10 ] Based on Patanjali's eight limbs, many different yogic disciplines have been developed. Each has its own technique for preventing and treating disease.[ 1 ] In the Western world, the most common aspects of yoga practiced are the physical postures and breathing practices of Hatha yoga and meditation.[ 4 ] Hatha yoga enhances the capacity of the physical body through the use of a series of body postures, movements (asanas), and breathing techniques (pranayama). The breathing techniques of Hatha yoga focus on conscious prolongation of inhalation, breath retention, and exhalation. It is through the unification of the physical body, breath, and concentration, while performing the postures and movements that blockages in the energy channels of the body are cleared and the body energy system becomes more balanced. Although numerous styles of Hatha yoga exist, the majority of studies included in this manuscript utilized the Iyengar style of yoga. The Iyengar method of Hatha yoga is based on the teachings of the yoga master B.K.S. Iyengar.[ 1 ] Iyengar yoga places an emphasis on standing poses to develop strength, stability, stamina, concentration and body alignment. Props are utilized to facilitate learning and to adjust poses and instruction is given on how to use yoga to ease various ailments and stressors.

Yoga is recognized as a form of mind-body medicine that integrates an individual's physical, mental and spiritual components to improve aspects of health, particularly stress related illnesses.[ 8 ] Evidence shows that stress contributes to the etiology of heart disease, cancer, and stroke as well as other chronic conditions and diseases.[ 11 ] Due to the fact that stress is implicated in numerous diseases, it is a priority to include a focus on stress management and reduction of negative emotional states in order to reduce the burden of disease. Viewed as a holistic stress management technique, yoga is a form of CAM that produces a physiological sequence of events in the body reducing the stress response. The scientific study of yoga has increased substantially in recent years and many clinical trials have been designed to assess its therapeutic effects and benefits.

As participation rates in mind-body fitness programs such as yoga continue to increase, it is important for health care professionals to be informed about the nature of yoga and the evidence of its many therapeutic effects. Thus, this review of the literature is timely and important and provides information regarding the therapeutic effects of yoga in various populations concerning a multitude of different ailments and conditions. Therapeutic yoga is defined as the application of yoga postures and practice to the treatment of health conditions.[ 4 ] Yoga therapy involves instruction in yogic practices and teachings to prevent reduce or alleviate structural, physiological, emotional and spiritual pain, suffering or limitations. Yogic practices enhance muscular strength and body flexibility, promote and improve respiratory and cardiovascular function, promote recovery from and treatment of addiction, reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain, improve sleep patterns, and enhance overall well-being and quality of life.[ 4 , 6 , 12 – 17 ]

In order to locate research studies and interventions that examined the therapeutic effects of yoga, databases were searched through Google Scholar via a universities web browser. Initially, the following key words were entered into the database via the advanced search option: “yoga,” and “therapeutic effects.” This search was conducted to obtain general information regarding yoga's therapeutic effects in the existing literature. Subsequently, a second search was conducted using the following key words or exact phrases, “hatha yoga,” “therapeutic effects of yoga,” “stress,” “anxiety, “depression,” “pain,” and “chronic disease.” The following criteria were used for including studies in this review: (1) the article had to be peer reviewed, (2) published between the years 1990 and 2009, (3) the intervention had to incorporate some form of yoga and/ or meditation, and (4) effects of yoga on some outcome were measured.

In order to select the articles included in this manuscript, several steps were taken. First, the title was read. If the article appeared appropriate to the examination of the therapeutic effects of yoga, it was saved to a folder. The articles describing interventions that utilized yoga as a means to achieve some health outcome were chosen for further review. Each of the articles chosen were then thoroughly read and reviewed. The articles chosen include a broad spectrum of the benefits, application, and therapeutic effects of yoga.

Mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia are among the most common reasons for individuals to seek treatment with complementary therapies such as yoga.[ 18 ] Yoga encourages one to relax, slow the breath and focus on the present, shifting the balance from the sympathetic nervous system and the flight-or-fight response to the parasympathetic system and the relaxation response.[ 5 ] The latter is calming and restorative; it lowers breathing and heart rate, decreases blood pressure, lowers cortisol levels, and increases blood flow to the intestines and vital organs.

One of the main goals of yoga is to achieve tranquility of the mind and create a sense of well-being, feelings of relaxation, improved self-confidence, improved efficiency, increased attentiveness, lowered irritability, and an optimistic outlook on life.[ 9 ] The practice of yoga generates balanced energy which is vital to the function of the immune system.[ 9 ] Yoga leads to an inhibition of the posterior or sympathetic area of the hypothalamus. This inhibition optimizes the body's sympathetic responses to stressful stimuli and restores autonomic regulatory reflex mechanisms associated with stress. Yogic practices inhibit the areas responsible for fear, aggressiveness and rage, and stimulate the rewarding pleasure centers in the median forebrain and other areas leading to a state of bliss and pleasure. This inhibition results in lower anxiety, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output in students practicing yoga and meditation.[ 6 , 13 , 19 , 20 ]

Consistent yoga practice improves depression and can lead to significant increases in serotonin levels coupled with decreases in the levels of monamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters and cortisol.[ 5 ] A range of therapeutic approaches is available for the management of depressive disorders, but many patients turn to complementary therapies due to the adverse effects of medication, lack of response or simply preference for the complementary approach. A number of studies demonstrate the potential beneficial effects of yoga interventions on depression, stress, and anxiety.[ 18 , 21 , 22 ]

Improved flexibility is one of the first and most obvious benefits of yoga.[ 5 ] With continued practice comes a gradual loosening of the muscles and connective tissues surrounding the bones and joints; this is thought to be one reason that yoga is associated with reduced aches and pains. Yoga helps to build muscle mass and/ or maintain muscle strength, which protects from conditions such as arthritis, osteoporosis and back pain.[ 6 ] During a yoga session, the joints are taken through their full range of motion, squeezing and soaking areas of cartilage not often used and bringing fresh nutrients, oxygen and blood to the area, which helps to prevent conditions like arthritis and chronic pain.[ 5 ] Without proper sustenance, neglected areas of cartilage will eventually wear out and expose the underlying bone. Numerous studies have shown that asana, meditation or a combination of the two reduced pain in people with arthritis, Carpel Tunnel syndrome, back pain and other chronic conditions.[ 5 , 6 , 17 , 23 – 25 ] Yoga also increases proprioception and improves balance.[ 5 ]

Yoga increases blood flow and levels of hemoglobin and red blood cells which allows for more oxygen to reach the body cells, enhancing their function.[ 5 ] Yoga also thins the blood which can decrease the risk of heart attack and stroke, as they are often caused by blood clots. Twisting poses wring out venous blood from internal organs and allow oxygenated blood to flow in when the twist is released. Inverted poses encourage venous blood flow from the legs and pelvis back to the heart and then pumped through the lungs where it becomes freshly oxygenated. Many studies show yoga lowers the resting heart rate, increases endurance, and can improve the maximum uptake and utilization of oxygen during exercise.[ 13 , 20 , 26 ] Consistently getting the heart rate into aerobic range lowers the risk of heart attack.[ 5 ] While not all yoga is aerobic, even yoga exercises that do not increase heart rate into the aerobic range can improve cardiovascular functioning.

While yoga is not a cure for a cancer, nor a definitive way of preventing it, yoga increases physical, emotional and spiritual wellness, and brings about a certain peace, of which many cancer patients desire.[ 27 ] Yoga, breathing exercises, and meditation can reduce stress, promote healing, and enhance quality of life for patients with cancer.[ 28 , 29 ] The growth of tumors and other cancer indicators are exacerbated by stress, thus it is especially important for people with cancer to reduce and manage stress effectively.[ 27 ] Several premises exist as rationale for applying yoga-based interventions with cancer patients. Research suggests that yoga can produce an invigorating effect on mental and physical energy that improves fitness and reduces fatigue.[ 28 ] Additionally, when practicing yoga, a fundamental emphasis is placed on accepting one's moment-to-moment experiences creating mindfulness and not forcing the body past its comfortable limits. Having this healthy sense of acceptance is especially important for individuals dealing with life-threatening illness as it decreases the stress one experiences from unpleasant symptomology. Initially, cancer patients likely benefit from the poses themselves which are designed to exercise each and every muscle, nerve and gland throughout the body.[ 27 ] The postures precisely address the tension, holding, and blockage of energy in any particular joint or organ. As this tension is released, energy flows more readily throughout the body and allows patients to experience a sense of increased well-being and strength as well as a balance of mind, body and spirit.

While stimulation is good, too much taxes the nervous system and yoga provides relief from excess stimulation and the stressors and hectic nature of modern life.[ 5 ] Restorative postures, savasana, pranayama, and meditation encourage pratyahara, a turning inward of the senses which enables downtime for the nervous system, the byproduct often being improved sleep. Pharmacological treatment of insomnia is often associated with hazardous side effects such as states of confusion, psychomotor performance deficits, nocturnal falls, dysphoric mood, impaired intellectual functioning and daytime sleepiness, especially in older adults.[ 30 ] Therefore, alternative forms of therapy for improving sleep are becoming utilized more frequently. These alternative therapeutic approaches can be generally classified into three categories: behavioral based educative methods (e.g. avoiding caffeine or other stimulants before bedtime), relaxation techniques (e.g. progressive muscular relaxation, yoga, and meditation) and formal psychotherapy. Because of its ability to increase relaxation and induce a balanced mental state, yoga has been studied to evaluate its possible effects on sleep and insomnia.[ 16 , 30 ]

In summary, stress has a negative impact on the immune system and prolonged exposure increases susceptibility to disease and leads to physical and mental health problems such as anxiety and depression.[ 9 , 19 ] Practicing yoga and meditation as a means to manage and relieve both acute and chronic stress helps individuals overcome other co-morbidities associated with diseases and leads to increased quality of life.[ 14 , 31 ] As a non-pharmacological form of treatment, yoga based interventions are an alternative option for the treatment of mood disorders. Further investigation of yoga as a therapeutic intervention in depressive disorders is needed and future studies should seek to identify which of the yoga-based interventions is most effective and what levels of severity of depression are more likely to respond to this approach.

In addition to the effects of yoga on mood disorders and stress reduction, yogic practices are shown to improve cardiorespiratory performance, psychological profile, and plasma melatonin levels and also significantly reduced systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and orthostatic tolerance.[ 16 , 26 ] Furthermore, yoga helps to improve the cardiovascular efficiency and homeostatic control of the body and results in improvements in autonomic balance, respiratory performance, and overall well-being. Yoga based lifestyle modifications were also shown to aid in regression of coronary lesions as well as to improve myocardial perfusion in patients with CAD.[ 32 ] Inevitably, cardiovascular parameters alter as one ages, but these age-related deteriorations in cardiovascular functions are slower in persons who practice yoga regularly as yoga practitioners had lower heart rate as well as lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure than matched controls.[ 13 ]

Numerous studies show that asana, meditation or a combination of the two can reduce pain and disability while improving flexibility and functional mobility in people with a number of conditions causing chronic pain.[ 5 , 6 , 17 , 23 – 25 ] Additionally, in some cases use of pain medication was reduced or eliminated completely. Yoga was also shown to improve gait function and reduce age-related changes in gait among a group of healthy, non-obese elders.[ 33 ]

Regarding yoga's effects for cancer patients, results show a decrease in post-chemotherapy-induced nausea frequency, nausea intensity, intensity of anticipatory nausea, and anticipatory vomiting.[ 29 ] Additionally, yoga subjects reported decreased anxiety, depression, and distressful symptoms and also showed significantly reduced toxicity scores compared to the controls. Results from another study showed patients experienced significantly lower levels of pain and fatigue, and higher levels of invigoration, acceptance and relaxation following participation in a yoga intervention.[ 28 ] Yoga, breathing exercises, and meditation can reduce stress, promote healing, increase energy, decrease adverse treatment effects, and enhance quality-of-life for patients with cancer.[ 28 , 29 ]

Yoga's ability to increase relaxation and induce a balanced mental state was studied to evaluate its effect on sleep quality and improving insomnia. Regular practice of yoga resulted in a significant decrease in the time taken to fall asleep, an increase in the total number of hours slept, and in the feeling of being rested in the morning.[ 30 ] Additionally, yoga had a positive influence on sleep patterns in individuals with lymphoma.[ 16 ] Furthermore, participation in yoga classes improved self-reported quality-of-life as well as measures of physical function among an elderly population.[ 14 ]

According to Buddhist philosophy the roots of addiction are in the mind and the practice of mindful meditation encourages addicts to accept the basic impermanence of human experience and helps them to develop a detached awareness of thoughts.[ 12 ] Yoga and meditation practices exert positive influence on addictive behaviors. Through the practice of yoga, addicts shift from self-inflicted harm and disrespect toward their bodies to more respectful, caring, and loving behaviors. Eating disorders are a specific type of addiction and yoga appears to be beneficial in improving body image disturbances and useful in the recovery from eating disorders.[ 34 ] One study found that female yoga practitioners attribute their positive feelings and sense of well-being to yoga practice and report less self-objectification, greater satisfaction with physical appearance and fewer disordered eating attitudes compared to non-yoga practitioners.[ 35 ]

The findings of the aforementioned studies examining the psychological and physical outcomes of yoga prove difficult to summarize and draw concrete conclusions due to variation in the research designs, differences in the duration and frequency of yoga classes, and differences in the specific yoga programs and populations being studied. Nonetheless, results for the included studies demonstrate many of the numerous therapeutic effects, benefits and profound healing power of yoga.

Rapidly emerging in the Western world as a discipline for integrating the mind and body into union and harmony, when adopted as a way of life, yoga improves physical, mental, intellectual and spiritual health. Yoga offers an effective method of managing and reducing stress, anxiety and depression and numerous studies demonstrate the efficacy of yoga on mood related disorders.

Currently, treatment for anxiety and depression involves mostly psychological and pharmacological interventions; however, mind-body interventions are becoming increasingly popular as a means to reduce stress in individuals. Yoga, a form of mind-body exercise, has become an increasingly widespread therapy used to maintain wellness, and alleviate a range of health problems and ailments. Yoga should be considered as a complementary therapy or alternative method for medical therapy in the treatment of stress, anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders as it has been shown to create a greater sense of well-being, increase feelings of relaxation, improve self-confidence and body image, improve efficiency, better interpersonal relationships, increase attentiveness, lower irritability, and encourage an optimistic outlook on life.

Researchers are only beginning to understand how disciplines such as yoga promote personal growth, health and well-being. By acknowledging the unity of mind, body and spirit, mind-body fitness programs (i.e. yoga) can assist people in their pursuit of peace, calmness, and greater wholeness and integration in their lives. Health care professionals, health educators and the like, need to be aware of the potential of yoga as an important component of a personal wellness plan.

While no concrete guidelines exist regarding the frequency of practice, the more you practice the more you benefit. Yoga is a personalized practice and as such, frequency and duration are personal questions with individual answers. Practice should happen with wisdom and should be modified to meet individual needs and goals. Individuals should practice as often as possible, especially in the beginning. The length of the induction phase will vary depending on an individual's initial level of fitness and health status; the more difficult yoga is for someone in the beginning the more their body needs it.

While modern medicine has the ability in many cases to heal physical diseases and alleviate psychological disorders, it is argued that a purely medical approach is far less effective in healing the emotional, intellectual, and personality layers of the human entity. The discipline of yoga offers individuals a timeless and holistic model of health and healing and although it may not result in the complete elimination of physical diseases and/ or adverse conditions from the body it offers a holistic path of healing. There exists an indisputable connection between a person's overall physical and mental health and the inner peace and well-being yoga is designed to achieve. Yoga suspends the fluctuations of the mind and by acting consciously, we live better and suffer less.

Source of Support: Nil

Conflict of Interest: None declared

• Review article
• Open access
• Published: 09 September 2024

Review of physiological compounds and health benefits of soybean paste (doenjang): exploring its bioactive components

• Young Kyoung Park 1 ,
• Jinwon Kim 1 ,
• Myeong Seon Ryu 1 ,
• Do-Youn Jeong 1 &
• Hee-Jong Yang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-0782 1  

Journal of Ethnic Foods volume  11 , Article number:  30 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

This review paper explores the history, cultural significance, and functional characteristics of soybean paste (doenjang) in Korean cuisine. In particular, it covers its origins, cultural importance, production methods, functionalities, and associated risks. This review delves into the nutritional and functional aspects of fermented soybean products, focusing on compounds in soybean paste linked to health benefits, such as anticancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and antithrombotic properties. The key bioactive compounds identified in soybean paste include total phenols, total flavonoids, γ-Aminobutyric acid, vitamin B group, and vitamin E. These compounds are primarily produced through microbial fermentation, which enhances their biological activity. Additionally, the review addresses potential risks such as biogenic amines, aflatoxins, Bacillus cereus contamination, and high sodium levels, and suggests methods for mitigating these risks. By synthesizing current research, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the physiological compounds in soybean paste and their health benefits. It also highlights the need for strategies to reduce associated risks.

Introduction

Fermentation, a crucial process yielding alcohol, organic acids, and CO 2 through the transformative actions of beneficial microorganisms on sugars, is one of the oldest and most integral technologies for food preservation [ 1 , 2 ]. In particular, in East Asia, where diets predominantly revolve around grains and vegetables, fermented soy-based foods have served as a primary protein source for centuries [ 3 ]. In Korea, a rich tradition of fermented foods derived from soybeans—such as fermented soybean paste (doenjang and meju), red pepper paste (gochujang), and soy sauce (ganjang)—has deep historical roots [ 4 ].

The Korean Peninsula and Manchuria are recognized as the cradle of soybeans. It is believed that primeval forms of fermented soybean products have been produced since the Bronze Age (around 1500 BC). Soy sauce and soybean paste are estimated to have appeared approximately 200 BC [ 3 , 5 ]. Soybean paste, an essential ingredient in Korean cuisine, alongside soy sauce, serves as an indispensable flavor enhancer in numerous traditional Korean dishes [ 4 ].

Emblematic of Korean ethnic cuisine, soybean paste has seen enduring consumption owing to its robust flavor profile and multifaceted functionalities. The production of soybean paste necessarily involves a fermentation process wherein soybean proteins undergo breakdown and transformation by microorganisms. During fermentation, an array of compounds emerges, shaped by alterations in amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and other constituents, thereby imparting distinctive traits to soybean paste [ 6 , 7 ].

The fermentation process yields a variety of biologically active compounds, including isoflavones, polyphenols, flavonoids, daizein, and genistin [ 8 , 9 ]. In particular, soybean paste is recognized for its diverse health-promoting attributes, demonstrating effectiveness in combating cancer, inflammation, diabetes, oxidation, thrombosis, obesity, and hypertension [ 10 ]. The outstanding nutritional and therapeutic properties of soybean paste highlight its significance as a functional food with considerable health benefits.

On the other hand, potential health concerns from excessive soybean paste consumption have been raised. Biogenic amines (BA) formed during fermentation can be toxic, leading to symptoms including breathing issues, headaches, high blood pressure, and irregular heartbeat, especially in cases of amine oxidase deficiency, and potentially causing toxicity [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Aflatoxin contamination from molds has been reported in some soybean paste samples, and the possibility of the presence of Bacillus cereus , a food poisoning pathogen, and high salinity in soybean paste are health concerns [ 15 , 16 ]. However, chemical, physical, and biological approaches to reduce harmful elements and ensure safer soybean paste consumption have been documented [ 17 , 18 , 19 ].

In previous research, the significance of soybean paste as a central element in Korean culinary heritage has been highlighted. This paper meticulously investigated soybean paste, exploring its historical roots, cultural significance, complicated manufacturing methodologies, versatile functionalities, and inherent risks. Understanding these facets of soybean paste is pivotal, particularly given the increasing interest in and consumption of this fermented soybean product. Comprehensive research to unravel its complexities and ensure informed practices in food production and consumption is thus necessary.

History and culture of fermented soybean foods

Documented in ancient records, jang (Korean fermented soybean product) and soy sauce—key ingredients in traditional Korean cuisine—have roots dating back to the Bronze Age. It is speculated that soy sauce and soybean paste were concurrently produced using similar methods during the Three Kingdoms of Korea period [ 3 ]. Specifically, referencing historical records from The Chronicles of the Three States during King Sinmun's reign in the 3rd year (AD 683), the inclusion of jang and meju as part of the king's provisions denotes their fundamental role in Korean dietary practices [ 3 , 4 ]. Korean soy-based condiments such as soy sauce, red pepper paste, and soybean paste are salt-rich. Consequently, they frequently are used as a substitute for salt when seasoning foods [ 4 ].

In Korea, crafting fermented soybean products is a crucial year-round affair, marked by dedicated efforts that include scheduling production dates and meticulously documenting management techniques [ 3 ]. Traditional fermentation involved a series of processes such as stacking meju in jars, immersion in saltwater and pressing with bamboo sticks to prevent overflow. Moreover, charcoal and red pepper were incorporated into the process, and the jar containing jang was encircled with charcoal, red pepper, and Korean paper, each bearing symbolic significance (Fig.  1 ). Charcoal and red pepper were combined and introduced into jars to aid in the maturation of the fermented soybean paste, developing its sterilizing and absorption properties [ 20 ].

Manufacturing process of traditional soybean paste. A Traditional form of soybean paste production, B Fermentation environment of typical traditional soybean paste, C Meju fermenting in jar (A mixture of charcoal, red pepper, meju, and salt water)

Soybean paste, a contemporary essential food in Korean cuisine, has been recognized and regulated as a traditional food, thereby ensuring quality, processing standards, and packaging [ 21 ]. Its acknowledgment in the Codex in 2009 (CODEX STAN 298R-2009) further solidified its global recognition [ 22 ]. Thus, soybean paste stands as a distinctive element of Korean food culture, with its consumption persisting through the dedication of both ancestors and descendants. As one of Korea's esteemed culinary legacies, soybean paste has endured across generations, with ongoing endeavors aimed at imparting its significance and value to descendants in the far future.

Manufacturing process of soybean paste

Soybean paste can be categorized into traditional and commercially improved varieties. According to the Food Code of The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), traditional soybean paste typically denotes the sediment separated from fermented meju (utilizing steamed or boiled soybeans as the primary component, which undergo fermentation) in a saline solution. On the other hand, commercially improved soybean paste involves cultivating yeast bacteria using soybeans, rice, barley, wheat, or defatted soybeans as the primary ingredients. This is followed by fermentation and aging, achieved by blending saline into the mixture or fermenting meju in saline, separating the filtrate, and further processing it (Fig.  2 ) [ 23 ].

Soybean Paste Manufacturing Process, Associated Fermentation-Related Microorganisms and Metabolites

The distinction between traditional and commercially improved soybean paste lies in their raw materials and the utilization of starters. Traditional soybean paste is manufactured using soybeans as the core ingredient, undergoing a prolonged aging process via naturally fermented paste without the use of starters. In contrast, commercially improved products integrate soybeans as the primary ingredient alongside rice, barley, wheat, or defatted soybeans, utilizing starter microorganisms, such as Aspergillus spp. and Bacillus spp. [ 3 ].

It is essential that the starter cultures exhibit enzymatic activity for the degradation of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, as this enhances the flavor and productivity of soybean paste. In addition, the microorganisms must be devoid of toxic genes, including those responsible for aflatoxin production, and must not produce B. cereus toxins or biogenic amines [ 3 ]. These characteristics facilitate standardization and safety control, enabling the production of soybean paste with consistent quality. This approach allows for the hygienic production of fermented soybean products, effectively managing hazardous elements such as pathogenic microorganisms, mycotoxins, and biogenic amines to remain below legal thresholds [ 3 ].

Nutritional properties and functionality of soybeans

The primary ingredient of soybean paste, derived from whole soybean ( Glycine max ) seeds, comprises approximately 40% protein, 21% oil, 34% carbohydrates, and 5% other components [ 24 ]. Soy protein, rich in glycine and essential amino acids akin to those found in beef or milk, notably boasts a high lysine content. Additionally, soybean fatty acids predominantly consist of unsaturated fats, with linoleic acid and linolenic acid constituting about 60% of total fatty acids. These essential fatty acids exhibit properties that lower cholesterol and improve cardiovascular health [ 3 , 24 ].

Moreover, soy diet fibers demonstrate significant efficacy in enhancing digestive tract functionality and mitigating cancer risks. In addition, soybeans contain various antioxidants such as polyphenols, flavonoids, tocopherol, and isoflavones, and it has been reported that these antioxidants migrate into soybean paste [ 25 , 26 ].

Physiologically active substances and health functionality of soybean paste

Soybean pastes exhibit diverse physiological functions through the synthesis of newly formed metabolites during its fermentation, augmenting the inherent attributes of soybeans. Rich in compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamin B, and isoflavones, soybean paste has exceptional antioxidant capabilities [ 9 , 27 , 28 ]. Notably, its spectrum of health-enhancing properties includes anticancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and anti-hypertensive effects [ 10 ].

Physiologically active substances in soybean paste

Polyphenols and flavonoids, renowned for their potent antioxidant properties, play pivotal roles in reducing high blood pressure, preventing cardiovascular diseases, and combating degenerative illnesses [ 29 , 30 ]. Earlier research has shown that genistein, a key isoflavone compound found in soybeans, exerts anticarcinogenic and anti-proliferative effects, potentially influencing its overall anticarcinogenic properties [ 30 , 31 ]. Previously, various studies have reported the polyphenols and flavonoids of soybean paste, as shown in Table  1 .

Ahn et al. [ 25 ] analyzed the total polyphenol content of commercial and traditional doenjang in Korea. The total polyphenol content ranged from 18.71 to 25.47 mg GAE/mL in 22 different doenjang samples, with significant variability observed between regions. The differences in total polyphenol content between regions were attributed to the variety of soybeans used to make meju and the different fermentation times. These factors influence the conversion time of isoflavone glycosides to aglycones, such as genistein and daidzein [ 25 ].

Park et al. [ 26 ] compared alterations in total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents throughout the fermentation process of soybean products. The total polyphenol content followed this order: soybean (0.585 ± 0.03 mM GAE/mg) < meju (2.310 ± 0.09 mM GAE/mg) < soybean paste (4.17 ± 0.11 mM GAE/mg). Similarly, the total flavonoid content followed the pattern: soybean (1.56 ± 0.117 mg/g) < meju (6.14 ± 0.353 mg/g) < soybean paste (10.68 ± 0.459 mg/g). These results show that the soybean paste undergoing the longest fermentation period exhibited the highest levels of polyphenols and flavonoids.

Moreover, Oh and Kim [ 38 ] demonstrated a substantial increase in polyphenol content from soybeans to soybean paste, with the latter exhibiting a content of 28.5 ± 0.3 mg GAE/100 g, approximately five times greater. This increase was notably linked to the fermentation and aging processes. The contents of daidzein and genistein, aglycone isoflavones found in soybean paste, increased with increasing age (1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 years). Specifically, the daidzein and genistein contents in 10-year-old soybean paste were observed to exceed twice the levels found in unfermented soybean paste (daidzein 101.2 ± 1.4 mg/kg and genistein 94.7 ± 3.6 mg/kg versus daidzein 48.1 ± 3.1 mg/kg and genistein 42.5 ± 1.6 mg/kg, respectively) [ 8 ].

In addition, several studies have reported that soybean paste contains varying levels of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), vitamin B, and vitamin E (Table  2 ). GABA, a prominent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is synthesized from glutamic acid via the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase [ 39 ]. Renowned for its diverse physiological roles, GABA exhibits active functions including anti-diabetic, blood pressure modulation, and nerve stabilization effects [ 40 ]. Several studies have emphasized the influence of the aging period on soybean paste, demonstrating its capacity to increase GABA levels [ 8 , 41 , 42 , 43 ].

Jo et al. [ 8 ] reported a remarkable 77-fold increase in GABA content in 10-year-old soybean paste (1938.7 mg/kg) compared to its unaged soybean paste (24.9 mg/kg), accompanied by a substantial decrease in the content of precursor glutamic acid. Additionally, Jung et al. [ 42 ] identified the peak GABA content at 179 days during the fermentation process of soybean paste, identifying Lactobacillus as the dominant cluster. These findings suggested that glutamate decarboxylase activity of Lactobacillus sp. facilitated the conversion of glutamic acid to GABA. Consistently, previous studies have highlighted Lactobacillus species as primary GABA producers, indicating a likely correlation between increased Lactobacillus presence and elevated GABA levels [ 49 , 50 ].

The vitamin B group is essential for cell energy metabolism, aiding in energy production, and facilitating the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Deficiencies in these water-soluble vitamins, including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and biotin, can lead to conditions such as beriberi, skin disorders, and growth impairment [ 51 , 52 , 53 ]. Soybean paste contains varying amounts of these vitamins, with reported contents of thiamine ranging from 1.837 to 7.438 mg/kg, riboflavin from 1.439 to 2.118 mg/kg, and niacin from 3.929 to 11.479 mg/kg [ 28 ]. Even when cooked in soybean paste soup, significant amounts of thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin remain, indicating their potential for easy ingestion post-cooking [ 54 ]. The cobalamin content in soybean paste was reported as 0.04–0.50 µg/100 g and 0.04–1.85 µg/100 g in studies by Park et al. [ 46 ] and Kwak et al. [ 47 ], respectively. Recently, it has been reported that when plant raw materials are fermented, cobalmin is mainly produced by microorganisms [ 46 ]. Therefore, the fermentation and aging process of soybean paste revealed the production of significant amounts of functional substances.

Anti-cancer effect

Soybeans are known to contain various anticancer compounds, and their consumption has been associated with a reduced incidence of breast, colon, and prostate cancers. Notably, genistein, an isoflavone present in soybeans, has been demonstrated to inhibit cancer cell proliferation [ 55 ]. During the fermentation of soybean-based foods, isoflavones are converted into aglycones, enhancing their bioavailability. Studies indicate elevated levels of genistein and daidzein, predominantly, in fermented soybean products [ 8 , 56 ].

Investigations of soybean paste have revealed significant inhibition of colon, gastric, lung, and breast cancer cell growth [ 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ]. Moreover, Kwon et al. [ 59 ] reported an increase in the growth inhibitory effect on cancer cells with prolonged aging of traditional soybean paste. Jo et al. [ 8 ] reported a twofold rise in daidzein and genistein levels in 10-year-old soybean paste compared to unfermented soybean paste. In summary, the anticancer efficacy of soybean paste appears to be linked to the presence of genistein. Furthermore, an extended aging period correlates with heightened genistein content in soybean paste, amplifying its potential anticancer properties.

Previously, variations in the anticancer properties of soybean paste have been identified based on distinct fermentation methods and raw materials. Lee et al. [ 58 ] reported that the use of onggi (Korean traditional earthenware vessels) during fermentation had synergistic effects on cancer cell growth superior to that of other container types. This outcome is attributed to the enhanced microbial activity facilitated by the air-permeable nature of onggi, which results in more effective fermentation.

Moreover, the anticancer efficacy of soybean paste was found to be influenced by the type of salt utilized [ 57 ]. Specifically, soybean paste formulated with sea salt demonstrated notable effectiveness against gastric cancer cells in contrast to paste made with refined salt [ 61 ]. Jeong et al. [ 62 ] investigated the impact of different salts— refined salt, sea salt, and bamboo salt—on the growth inhibition of colon cancer cells, as well as on apoptosis and the expression of inflammation-related genes during soybean paste fermentation. Their findings revealed a hierarchical order of action in terms of inducing apoptosis and inhibiting inflammation, with soybean paste prepared from refined salt exhibiting lower activity compared to sea salt, followed by bamboo salt, signifying varying degrees of anticancer potential among the different salt types.

Anti-obesity effect

Obesity, a chronic condition on the global rise, is linked to various health complications including hypertension, cardiovascular ailments, heart failure, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [ 63 ]. Current treatments for obesity include diverse approaches such as anti-obesity medications, bariatric surgery, and fecal microbiota transplantation [ 64 ]. Within the domain of obesity management, soybean paste has garnered increased attention for its potential anti-obesity effects.

Studies conducted by Bae et al. [ 65 ] and Kwon et al. [ 66 ] have demonstrated that mice fed soybean paste experienced reductions in weight gain, blood triglyceride levels, and total cholesterol, confirming its anti-obesity properties. Additionally, an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in mice consuming soybean paste was observed, potentially contributing to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The anti-obesity impact of soybean paste was attributed to the elevated presence of isoflavones and fermentation byproducts resulting from the fermentation process [ 66 ]. Furthermore, the high dietary fiber content of soybeans is known to induce a feeling of satiety, while soybean saponins inhibit fat synthesis, thus aiding in the prevention of obesity. The reduction in total blood cholesterol is attributed to peptides generated through the hydrolysis of soybean protein, which stimulates the excretion of bile acids in the body [ 65 ].

Kwak et al. [ 67 ] reported that, compared with nonfermented soybean, soybean paste more strongly reduced visceral fat accumulation and adipocyte size in mice. This outcome was attributed to the elevated levels of aglycone isoflavones present in the soybean paste. Most isoflavones in soybeans exist in glycoside form, but during fermentation, microbial β-glucosidase hydrolyzes these into aglycone isoflavones, intensifying their presence in the soybean paste [ 67 ]. Clinically, significant reductions in visceral fat and body weight were observed in overweight adults upon regular consumption of soybean paste. Although the exact mechanism involved remains intricate due to the complex composition of soybean paste, the increased presence of isoflavones is speculated to be a contributing factor [ 68 ].

Anti-diabetic effect

Oral hypoglycemic agents, commonly used in diabetes treatment often cause side effects such as hypoglycemia induction, diarrhea, weight gain, and blood lactic acid accumulation with prolonged usage. Consequently, recent attention has shifted toward the development of α-glucosidase inhibitors derived from microorganisms, given their potential for mitigating these effects. Bacillus spp. are under active research as α-glucosidase inhibitors owing to their rapid growth rate and efficient mass production of metabolites, making them viable candidates for food material applications [ 69 ].

Recent studies have actively explored the anti-diabetic effects of soybean paste. Yang et al. [ 70 ] observed the anti-diabetic effects of soybean paste in relation to its aging period. Notably, soybean paste aged for less than 10–15 years exhibited particularly heightened α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and hypoglycemic effects. α-Glucosidase, an intestinal epithelial cell enzyme vital for carbohydrate breakdown, facilitates the conversion of disaccharides to monosaccharides. Inhibiting α-glucosidase delays carbohydrate absorption, curbing postprandial blood sugar spikes [ 71 , 72 ]. Consequently, the consumption of aged soybean paste is presumed to regulate rapid blood sugar elevation after meals.

Moreover, Lee et al. [ 72 ] reported that 10 out of 24 soybean paste variants stimulated glucose uptake in muscle cells. Several types of diabetes exhibited glucose uptake levels akin to those of metformin, a commercially available diabetes treatment. This effect is attributed to daidzein and genistein, which are aglycone forms, potentially improving insulin resistance. However, further investigations are warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.

Thrombolytic effect

Blood clots form in blood vessels or tissues following damage to blood vessels, stemming from the clotting process. Fibrin clots specifically arise from the conversion of fibrinogen, a plasma protein, into fibrin, catalyzed by activated thrombin. These fibrin clots are broken down by fibrinolytic enzymes. When the thrombolytic mechanism encounters issues, it can lead to thrombosis [ 73 ]. If thrombosis persists without proper breakdown, it can result in diseases, such as cerebrovascular disease and myocardial infarction [ 74 ].

However, conventional thrombosis treatments often exhibit limited activity and high cost and are primarily administered intravenously, presenting a challenge for oral administration [ 75 ]. Consequently, there is a growing need to explore natural products or microbial sources for substances that exhibit potent thrombolytic activity. Microbial enzymes have garnered attention for their high specificity and potential for mass production via fermentation, offering prospects for industrial-scale application [ 76 ].

Among the microorganisms isolated from traditional Korean soybean fermentation foods, Bacillus strains have shown a close association with thrombolytic activity. Kim et al. [ 76 ] revealed a positive correlation between the thrombolytic activity of soybean-based products, including meju and koji , and the density of Bacillus . Additionally, Kim et al. [ 77 ] reported thrombolytic activity in various Bacillus species isolated from traditional soybean paste, with Bacillus subtilis demonstrating the highest activity among the strains tested.

Lee et al. [ 78 ] conducted research that highlighted the thrombolytic activity of Bacillus strains isolated from fermented soybean products (doenjang, cheonggukjang, and meju). Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HCD2 demonstrated remarkable thrombolytic efficacy. Utilizing the HCD2 strain in conjunction with other functional strains in fermented soybean foods holds promise for augmenting both the functionality and safety of the resultant fermented product. Yi et al. [ 79 ] isolated yeasts from fermented foods, including those found in soybean paste, which exhibited remarkable thrombolytic activity. Notably, the Saccharomycetales sp. AFY-1 strain isolated from soybean paste exhibited thrombolytic activity approximately 1.75 times greater than that of the control group, plasmin.

In summary, diverse microorganisms found in fermented foods such as soybean paste can generate thrombolysis-related enzymes. Further exploration, including safety validation for strains exhibiting outstanding thrombolysis, is anticipated to pave the way for their utilization as starters in fermented food production. Microorganisms with verified safety profiles are significantly advantageous because they can be directly consumed as food. This advantage is poised to boost the consumption of fermented foods and foster their evolution into high-value businesses.

Hazardousness and solutions of soybean paste

Biogenic amine content and reduction measures in soybean paste.

The production of BA primarily occurs through the decarboxylation of amino acids during the fermentation, ripening, or spoilage of protein-rich foods [ 80 ]. Excess amounts of histamine and tyramine can lead to symptoms such as headaches, hives, diarrhea, high blood pressure, and bleeding when consumed excessively [ 12 , 13 ].

Soybean paste, which is rich in protein, has varying BA levels. Some traditional doenjang products have concentrations of BA exceeding 200 mg/kg [ 81 , 82 , 83 ]. However, research on commercial soybean paste revealed histamine and tyramine levels within or below 150 mg/kg in several studies [ 44 , 84 , 85 , 86 ]. No specific regulations exist for BA in doenjang. However, a recommended limit for histamine has been established at 500 mg/kg [ 3 ]. Importantly, biogenic amines are usually detoxified through monoamine oxidase (MAO) and diamine oxidase (DAO) in the small intestine [ 11 , 12 ].

The use of standardized starter cultures can effectively reduce BA production by limiting microbial contamination and decarboxylase activity. Employing Bacillus strains that produce bacteriocins and degrade BAs represents a promising approach for enhancing the safety of soybean paste fermentation processes [ 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 ]. Incorporating these strains into fermentation processes or as supplements shows potential for mitigating the toxicity risk associated with BA accumulation.

Aflatoxin content and reduction measures in soybean paste

Aflatoxin, a mycotoxin with known carcinogenic, mutagenic, and hepatotoxic effects, poses significant health hazards, including intestinal and kidney bleeding, in most animal species. The Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) limits total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) to 15.0 μg/kg and aflatoxin B1 to 10.0 μg/kg in soybean paste [ 23 ].

In particular, the potential for aflatoxin contamination by Aspergillus flavus has been noted during traditional natural fermentation processes. However, research has demonstrated that even if aflatoxins are produced, they can be degraded by various factors during the fermentation process. Ammonia and browning products from fermentation, an increase in pH, sunlight, and especially the addition of charcoal, have been shown to degrade the formed aflatoxins during the process [ 91 ].

Additionally, chemical, physical, and biological methods have been developed for the degradation of aflatoxins. Among these, biological methods have emerged as a promising approach due to their efficacy and the maintenance of food properties [ 17 , 92 , 93 , 94 ]. Specifically, employing specific starter strains for fermented foods has shown promise in effectively mitigating mycotoxin contamination risks in final products [ 15 , 95 , 96 ].

The previous research indicates that B. subtilis , a key fermenting microorganism, inhibits mold growth and aflatoxin production [ 97 ]. Inoculating soybean paste with B. subtilis and other beneficial bacteria significantly reduced aflatoxin B1 levels (21.6%-70.4%), demonstrating its effectiveness in ensuring soybean paste safety.

Bacillus cereus contamination and reduction measures in soybean paste

B. cereus , predominantly found in soil, poses a significant risk of food contamination due to its ability to form endospores and biofilms, allowing it to survive in various food production and packaging environments [ 98 ]. Regulatory guidelines by the KFDA stipulate that B. cereus levels in soybean paste should remain below < 10 4  cfu/g [ 23 ]. Studies have identified B. cereus in several soybean paste samples, some with potential for biogenic amine production and toxin genes [ 87 , 94 , 99 , 100 ].

Numerous studies have explored B. cereus reduction methods in soybean paste. Traditional high-temperature heat treatments, while effective, risk altering the color and flavor profiles inherent to soybean paste. To mitigate potential alterations in color or flavor, commonly induced by prolonged high-temperature heat treatment in foods like soybean paste, a series of complex treatments (such as joule heating, ultra-high pressure, grapefruit seed extract, and EDTA) were employed instead of singular methods. This approach aimed to minimize alterations in the physical properties of food while enhancing microorganism reduction efficiency [ 18 , 19 ].

Kim et al. [ 101 ] identified a strain with remarkable inhibitory effects on B. cereus found in the fermented soybean microbiota, suggesting its potential as an effective suppressor when used as a starter culture. Hence, a paramount strategy involves designing hygienic practices throughout raw material cultivation, processing, and manufacturing processes to minimize B. cereus contamination [ 98 ].

High sodium content of soybean paste

Salt is the main ingredient that affects the fermentation of soybean paste and affects its taste and quality. In particular, salt selectively causes fermented microorganisms to grow in fermented foods and inhibits the proliferation of various bacteria [ 102 ]. The presence of high salinity in soybean paste has been demonstrated to prevent the growth of toxin-producing fungi and aflatoxins [ 103 ]. Studies have demonstrated that mold growth is inhibited at 15% and 18% salinity, and BAs were hardly detected in the 18% salt soybean paste [ 104 ].

There is also concern that the high salt content of soybean paste deteriorates health. However, Mun et al. [ 105 ] performed an in vivo study reported that eating soybean paste was not a direct cause of high blood pressure and that eating soybean paste improved blood pressure in normal and healthy individuals. O'Donnell et al. [ 106 ] suggest an absence of conclusive evidence supporting the link between reduced sodium intake and decrease cardiovascular disease incidence.

Despite the common association of salt with obesity, recent studies have presented contrasting evidence. For instance, previous research demonstrated that increase sodium intake among mice on a high-fat diet resulted in weight reduction [ 107 ]. In particular, Jung et al. [ 108 ] confirmed that the consumption a balanced Korean diet, incorporating fermented soybean products, reduction metabolic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity.

The investigation of soybean paste in this comprehensive review sheds light on its multifaceted nature within Korean culinary heritage. By exploring its historical significance, cultural associations, and intricate production methods, this paper provides a holistic perspective essential for understanding its role in both traditional and contemporary diets. The focus on nutritional and functional aspects underscores the richness of soybean paste, highlighting its compounds associated with health benefits, such as anticancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and antithrombotic effects. To enhance these health benefits, advanced soybean pastes incorporate starter cultures that improve flavor and productivity while ensuring safety. This is achieved by selecting starter cultures that eliminate toxic genes such as aflatoxins and prevent the production of B. cereus toxins and biogenic amines. Above all, it is of the utmost importance for responsible organizations such as the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) and the producers themselves to conduct rigorous monitoring of hygiene standards at production facilities and to implement a continuous evaluation process to ensure the absence of harmful substances in commercially available soybean paste products.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

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This research was supported by “Functional research of fermented soybean food (safety monitoring)” under the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, and partly Korea Agro-Fisheries and Food Trade Corporation in 2023.

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Park, Y.K., Kim, J., Ryu, M.S. et al. Review of physiological compounds and health benefits of soybean paste (doenjang): exploring its bioactive components. J. Ethn. Food 11 , 30 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-024-00244-4

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UL researchers discover building blocks that could ‘revolutionise computing’

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The UL team, led by Damien Thompson, Professor of Molecular Modelling at UL and director of SSPC, the Research Ireland Centre for Pharmaceuticals, in an international collaboration with scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and Texas A&M University, believe that this new discovery will lead to innovative solutions to societal grand challenges in health, energy and the environment.

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Unveiling the economic potential of sports industry in China: A data driven analysis

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliation Department of Public Teaching, Guangdong Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

• Haishan Liu

• Published: September 12, 2024
• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310131
• Reader Comments

The article explains the economic dynamics of the sports industry with adoption of deep learning algorithms and data mining methodology. Despite outstanding improvements in research of sports industry, a significant gap prevails with regard to proper quantification of economic benefits of this industry. Therefore, the current research is an attempt to filling this gap by proposing a specific economic model for the sports sector. This paper examines the data of sports industry covering the time span of 2012 to 2022 by using data mining technology for quantitative analyses. Deep learning algorithms and data mining techniques transform the gained information from sports industry databases into sophisticated economic models. The developed model then makes the efficient analysis of diverse datasets for underlying patterns and insights, crucial in realizing the economic trajectory of the industry. The findings of the study reveal the importance of sports industry for economic growth of China. Moreover, the application of deep learning algorithm highlights the importance of continuous learning and training on the economic data from the sports industry. It is, therefore, an entirely novel approach to build up an economic simulation framework using deep learning and data mining, tailored to the intricate dynamics of the sports industry.

Citation: Liu H (2024) Unveiling the economic potential of sports industry in China: A data driven analysis. PLoS ONE 19(9): e0310131. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310131

Editor: Guangnian Xiao, Shanghai Maritime University, CHINA

Received: July 3, 2024; Accepted: August 23, 2024; Published: September 12, 2024

Copyright: © 2024 Haishan Liu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: The data is available on official website of Word Development Indicators at following link https://data.worldbank.org/indicator?tab=all .

Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

1. Introduction

The sports sector is vital to the economy because it has scope for societal well-being and promotes economic development. There are following multiple benefits of expanding sports sector in an economy which highlight the significance of this sector. Plenty of employment opportunities are created for so many professional of the sports industry such as athletes, coaches, trainers, managers, marketers, etc. This reduces the unemployment rate and leads to growth in the economy [ 1 ]. Tournaments, matches, and other activities arranged by sports bring huge audiences inside the stadium and through electronic transmission. So it generates income through the sale of tickets, broadcast rights, sponsorship, merchandise, among others. Other returns are realized from sports tourism, where people move from place to place to various venues for events [ 2 ]. In most cases, hosting sports events requires facilities like stadiums, training grounds, and accommodations. While this type of infrastructure can be exclusively for the support of sport, many of these facilities have a positive impact on the community and can stimulate further investment [ 3 ]. Involvement in sport leads to a healthier population, therefore health costs are reduced and well-being improved. Health may improve productivity and quality of life, thus boosting the economy. Sport can unite individuals through participation regardless of their background, which is very essential for social cohesion and in building communities. Therefore, it has the advantages of establishing a society that is more harmonious and provokes a clear sense of identity and also ensures economic stability [ 4 ]. The sports sector makes new inventions of equipment and better training techniques, in turn, it spills over other industries that drive technological advancement and economic growth [ 5 , 6 ]. The sports sector is also a source of entertainment and pivotal for the growth of the country, social development, and well-being of citizens in a society. Its multi-dimensional impact stretches beyond the field and arena, influencing many aspects of life and thus adds to the rhythm of vibrancy of an economy [ 7 ].

The sports industry is among the biggest industries worldwide regarding the amount of data generated. Therefore, some meaningful economic patterns and trends can be drawn out from the data generated by applying data mining and deep learning methods. This may assist the stakeholders of sports industry in their decision-making processes such as marketing strategies and investment decisions. The economic landscape of the sports industry has prime importance to stakeholders in the sports environment [ 8 ] while data mining and deep learning is helpful to interpret the market dynamics, identify new emerging trends, and estimate the effect of various factors on the economic performance of the industry. Techniques of data mining and deep learning can be combined to facilitate innovative ways of enhancing the various dimensions of the sports industry. This may include, but not be limited to, predictive models that would optimize business operations [ 9 ]. Such economic insights can be leveraged to inform policy decision-making within the government and regulatory bodies. It would, therefore, be very instrumental in making informed decisions beneficial to the sports industry and its stakeholders if understanding were obtained with respect to policies or regulations that were likely to have a far-reaching impact on this sector.

The potential benefits of sports industry motivate the need for studying economic insights of this industry through data mining and deep learning [ 10 ]. The sports industry encompasses many complex parts, and analysis with techniques like data mining and deep learning can be really helpful in optimizing business operation while improving efficiency to find areas that would enhance revenues or cut costs. Sports organizations are heavily dependent on revenue streams, so patterns of contributing to the generation of revenue can easily be recognized by organizations. Accurate and timely insights from data mining and deep learning can help decision-makers in the sports industry to take effective decisions [ 11 ]. The strategic planning, investment decisions, or policy formulation, access to data-driven insight strengthens the decision-making process [ 12 , 13 ]. This study could help the sports industry organizations to understand market trends and stay ahead of their competitors by researching market dynamics, consumer behavior, and competitors’ strategies. Indeed, even policymakers and regulatory bodies can analyze this dataset and use that information to make decisions that are cognizant of the repercussions on the economic progress of the industry. It will also help the self-evolution of the industry by conditioning itself to the changing regulatory landscape. Advanced analytics can make sports organizations—and hence, the industry itself—more strategic, data-driven, and successful [ 14 , 15 ]. Research into sports industry mirrors the diversity of the sports ecosystem in its different topics and disciplines [ 16 ]. Many aspects are reviewed by scholars and researchers, including “the sports operation system, sports working methods, the development of the intangible assets of the sports, its economic influence, management, marketing techniques, technology involved, health, and the social implications” [ 17 ]. The analysis of the economic impact of the sports segment is required and needs reviews of different factors playing their role about considering the growth of sports segments and its effects on the economy. The data mining and deep learning algorithm are applied to economic simulation in the sports sector. Advanced computational models are used with an application of a deep learning algorithm for analysis of complicated datasets while simulating economic scenarios [ 18 ]. Scholars and practitioners can apply data mining techniques to uncover hidden patterns, correlations, and predictive insights within the sports industry economic data for informed decision-making and enhanced economic simulations.

1.1. Motivation and contribution of the study

The primary argument of the study is that sports industry has a significant and positive impact on China’s economy, and by leveraging data mining and deep learning techniques, we can accurately quantify and predict this impact, enabling informed decision-making and strategic investments to further drive economic growth and development. In other words, the study argued that the sports industry is a substantial contributor to China’s economy. and data analytics techniques like data mining and deep learning can be effectively used to measure and forecast the economic impact of the sports industry. By applying these techniques, policymakers and stakeholders can make data-driven decisions to optimize the economic benefits of the sports industry in China.

Existing literature, however, is limited regarding comprehensive and updated data analysis of sports industry in China, which limits the depth and accuracy of analysis. Previous studies could not make full use of data mining and deep learning techniques in analysis of the economic impact of the sports industry of China and might have overlooked the insights that can be provided by advanced methods [ 19 , 20 ]. Some of the existing literature focuses on certain aspects of the sports industry in China and thus may have incomplete or even biased views with respect to its overall economic impact [ 21 ]. Furthermore, different factors like the government influence in policies, cultural impact, and international trends—are likely to exert significant influence on economic impact of the sports industry in China but it is not considered much by earlier studies.

This paper presents new data mining and deep learning techniques in analyzing the economic impact of sports industry in China. The paper forms a valuable contribution to knowledge pertaining to the dimensions of the sports industry in China. By quantifying the economic impact of the sports industry, this study provides the information to policy makers in the areas of sports infrastructure investment, promotion of sports events, and development of sports-related businesses. The paper thus opens up future avenues of research in the field of sports economics and data analytics. Methodologies and findings can be used to build further studies into other areas of the sports industry and its economic impact. This study enhances its significance by combining the two approaches effectively in order to offer an exhaustive review of economic insights into the sports industry. Application of advanced data analytics techniques in this domain, in particular, data mining and deep learning, can obtain very unique findings and insights [ 22 ]. This research is geared toward finding out hidden patterns, correlations, or trends within the economic aspects of the sports industry that are not immediately apparent with traditional methods of analysis.

The unique contribution of the study is that it pioneers the application of advanced data mining and deep learning techniques to quantify the economic impact of the sports industry in China, providing a novel and robust framework for analyzing the complex relationships between sports-related data and economic indicators. By leveraging large-scale datasets and machine learning algorithms, this research developed a predictive model that estimates the economic impact of the sports industry in China and identified the key factors influencing the economic impact of sports in China. This study’s innovative approach and findings contribute to the existing literature by introducing a framework for analyzing the economic impact of sports and providing empirical evidence on the significant economic contributions of the sports industry in China.

2. Earlier literature

The literature indicates that while sports initially demonstrated significant benefits for social and economic impact, research on sports industry has lagged behind growth of sports industry itself. This gap in research has hindered further development in the field of sports in China [ 14 ]. Convolutional neural networks, which mimic the design of the human brain’s neural system, are highlighted as an effective mechanism for optimizing network structures and simplifying models in image recognition research, particularly for processing multidimensional images. Unlike the KNN algorithm and linear classifier, convolutional neural networks offer greater flexibility in presentation [ 15 ]. Deep learning algorithms, of which convolutional neural networks are an important branch, are noted for their flexibility, efficiency in classification, and ability to learn directly from specific to abstract features without the need for extensive data processing. They eliminate the need for tedious feature extraction and can learn continuously from specific to abstract feature to the entire classification processes [ 8 ]. Data mining is described as a method to represent knowledge, visualizing operations to aid technical experts in mining, analyzing historical and current data, and predicting future scenarios and outcomes [ 12 , 16 ]. Regarding the use of convolutional neural networks for end-to-end model training, literature mentions the use of 13 layers in such networks to learn the characteristics of economic data in the sports industry. This approach helps to avoid the need for manual feature extraction and reduces the risk of potential problems. Optimization objective functions are then used to process economic data of sports industry based on this learning process [ 23 ].

The sports industry has much significance in China’s economy and society, contributing to economic growth, job creation, and national pride. The industry has witnessed rapid development in recent years, with increasing investments in sports infrastructure, events, and athlete development programs [ 17 , 24 ]. Despite the growth of this industry, research on its economic impact in China remains limited. Compared to the industry’s rapid development, research related to sports industry in China is relatively limited. This gap in research limits the further development of this sector and understanding of its economic significance [ 18 , 25 ]. Kuo [ 18 ] emphasizes that deep learning algorithms, including CNNs, are flexible and efficient in processing data, offering higher classification efficiency compared to traditional algorithms like KNN and linear classifiers. They can learn directly from specific to abstract features, eliminating the need for manual feature extraction and simplifying the analysis process. Buldu and Ucgun [ 26 ] discuss how data mining is used to extract knowledge from large datasets and visualized the operations, aiding technical experts in mining, analyzing historical data, and predicting future scenarios. Vrontis et al. [ 20 ] highlight the complexity of evaluating the development of sports sector, noting the need for a comprehensive and systematic approach. This approach requires indicators to be evaluated for communications and responses mechanisms among sports industry and other industries, to guide about reasonable structural arrangements and layout within the industry [ 19 – 20 , 27 ].

In conclusion, while sports industry in China has shown significant growth and potential, there is a need for more comprehensive research on its economic impact. The use of data mining and deep learning techniques can provide valuable insights into this impact, helping to guide policy decisions and investments in the sports industry.

3. Methodology

The study employed a combination of methodologies from deep learning, data mining, and economic simulation. In the beginning, datasets are gained related to the sports industry, including its affecting variables. Then preprocessing of data is carried out by cleaning, transforming, and preparing the data for analysis using techniques like normalization, feature scaling, and handling missing values. Deep learning techniques are utilized to analyze the time-series data to forecast future trends [ 11 ]. Then data mining techniques are applied to discover hidden patterns and relationships, including the grouping of similar data points, finding the correlations between variables, and building predictive models [ 28 ]. Using the outputs from deep learning and data mining to simulate economic scenarios. By combining these methodologies, the study aims to provide a comprehensive economic simulation of the sports industry, leveraging the strengths of deep learning, data mining, and economic modeling.

3.1. Deep learning

“Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that utilizes artificial neural networks to model and understand complex patterns in large datasets. It is inspired by the structure and function of the human brain, specifically the interconnected network of neurons that work together to process information. Deep learning methods offer several advantages, especially in complex and large-scale data analysis tasks. Deep learning models can automatically learn hierarchical representations of data (features) from the raw input” [ 25 ]. This eliminates the need for manual feature engineering, making the models more flexible and adaptable to different types of data. Deep learning model capture the complex pattern and relationships in data, especially in unstructured data such as images, text, and audio [ 22 , 29 ]. Deep learning models can handle large datasets with millions of samples and thousands of features. This scalability makes them suitable for big data applications where traditional machine learning algorithms may struggle. Deep learning model generalizes well to new, unseen data, provided that the training data is representative. This adaptability makes them suitable for applications where the data distribution may change over time [ 11 ]. Deep learning models can effectively handle high-dimensional data also, without requiring dimensionality reduction techniques. This makes them more suitable for high-dimensional input data.

3.1.1. Framework.

This framework has the objective is to develop a deep learning model to predict economic impact of sports industry in China. In the beginning, the data of concerned variables is collected then data cleaning is carried out to handle the missing values, outliers, and inconsistencies. After normalization of data, relevant features are created that capture the dynamics of the sports industry and its economic impact. For development of model, a deep neural network (DNN) architecture is used such as input layer, multiple hidden layers with ReLU activation, dropout layers for regularization and output layer with linear activation for regression tasks. For hyper parameter tuning, we used experiment with different numbers of layers, nodes, learning rates, batch sizes, and optimizers. For model training, backpropagation and stochastic gradient descent (SGD) are used. Loss function are determined through “Mean Squared Error” (MSE) or “Mean Absolute Error” (MAE) for regression. Then R-squared, RMSE, MAE, etc. are used for evaluation.

For model of the study, the data is split into training (70%), validation (15%), and test sets (15%). The model architecture includes the input layer corresponding to the number of features. The composition of hidden layers are as follows that first, second, third hidden layers have 128, 64, and 32 neurons respectively, ReLU activation. Then dropout layers (0.5) is established after each hidden layer to prevent overfitting. The output layer has single neuron with linear activation for regression. The hyper parameters are learning rate = 0.001, batch size = 32, Epochs = 100.

3.2. Data mining

Data mining is the process extracting useful information and knowledge from data; it can additionally be used to find unknown patterns and relationships that may become helpful in decision-making and predictive modeling. “Some of these standard techniques in data mining include clustering, classification, regression, association rule mining, and anomaly detection” [ 25 ]. These techniques can be applied to a variety of data types, structured or unstructured data. Large data sets, incomprehensible through personal observation, are uncovered by data mining to results in valuable insights and knowledge [ 33 ]. This therefore can result in improved decision making and strategic planning. This will allow for the trends and patterns in data to be identified, which track customer behavior, market trends, and anomalies. These shall be useful in the enhancement of marketing strategies, fraud detection, and business process optimization [ 34 ]. Data mining can build predictive models that may be able to accurately forecast future trends or outcomes based on historical data. This will aid the business venture in forecasting customers’ needs, optimizing resource allocation, and mitigating the risks involved [ 27 , 35 ]. The techniques of data mining can be automated to the point where large sets of data are analyzed in a short period with high efficiency, and thus organizations could process and extract many insights from the data through such analysis. Those organizations that are successful in harnessing the power of data mining in knowledge extraction and pervasive decision-making would attain competitive leverage due to enhanced operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and new business opportunities [ 11 ].

Data extraction is a retrieval of information from different sources, while data mining is analysis of data in order to find patterns, relationships, or insights that might exist within this data. Basically, data extraction and data mining are steps of data analysis, which lets organizations and researchers to use the huge reams of available data effectively in order to drive decision-making. Data extracted from various sources serves as the foundation for data mining processes. The quality and relevance of extracted data significantly impact the insights gained from data mining. Both processes are crucial in deriving valuable insights for businesses, aiding in decision-making, market analysis, customer behavior prediction, and more. Data extraction and mining are integral in scientific endeavors, aiding in hypothesis testing, pattern identification, and knowledge discovery [ 36 ]. The process of data extraction encompasses diverse methods aimed at retrieving data to meet specific standards, with classification methods gaining notable recognition. Accurate data classification significantly impacts outcomes of mining pattern. Moreover, diverse challenges may arise across various scenarios due to the expansive nature of classification—a topic heavily reliant on underlying algorithms shaped by specific data domains and problem contexts. Presently, the study of classification algorithms stands as a crucial and evolving field.

3.2.1. Framework.

The objective is to use the data mining techniques to identify patterns and determine the economic impact of the sports industry in China. The data is refined after collection, followed by correlation analysis. Afterwards, clustering algorithms such as K-means can be applied to segment data into meaningful clusters. Algorithms like Apriori are applied to compute the relationships between different variables. Decision trees are built to predict economic outcomes based on data within the sports industry and ensemble methods increase the accuracy of predictions and interpret the importance of features. Afterwards, SVM is applied for the regression tasks. Trends and seasonality in the sports industry data and economic indicators are then analyzed using ARIMA models. This will be associated with k-fold cross-validation to see the stability and performance of the models. These frameworks provide a structured path for applying deep learning and data mining techniques to estimate the economic impact of the sports industry in China.

The distance is computed by sum up the absolute difference between x-coordinates and y-coordinate of two points, along horizontal and vertical paths, as if navigating city blocks on a grid-like street layout.

3.3. Data and variables

Based on the guiding principles of choosing indicators and a detailed review of related literature, this paper identified the following relevant indicators affecting the sports industry.

3.3.1. Production factors.

The sports industry relies on two key elements: human resources and sports infrastructure. The number of skilled professionals in the industry is a direct measure of its human resource capacity, which is widely recognized as a crucial factor in driving industrial growth. Regarding sports infrastructure, a measure is used that shows how much sports space is available per person. So this study considered two variables to explain the production factors of sports industry; number of workers in sports industry and per capita sports ground area.

The development of the sports industry is theoretically related to its production factors. A larger workforce can lead to increased productivity, innovation, and service quality, driving industry growth. As the number of workers increases, labor productivity may rise, leading to improved efficiency and output in the sports industry [ 38 ]. A larger workforce and more extensive sports infrastructure can create economies of scale, reducing costs and enhancing competitiveness. A skilled and diverse workforce can drive innovation in sports products, services, and experiences, attracting consumers and investments. While adequate sports infrastructure can facilitate participation, training, and competition, attracting investments, events, and talent, thereby stimulating industry development [ 39 ]. Concentration of sports infrastructure and workers can create agglomeration effects, fostering knowledge sharing, collaboration, and entrepreneurship. Increased sports infrastructure and workforce can meet growing demand for sports products and services, stimulating industry growth. These theoretical relationships suggest that development of the sports industry is positively influenced by the number of workers and per capita sports ground area, as they enhance productivity, innovation, and competitiveness.

3.3.2. Demand factors.

Demand factors in the sports industry refer to the various elements that influence the consumption and desire for sports-related products, services, and experiences. Understanding these factors is crucial for businesses, organizations, and stakeholders within the sports industry to cater to the needs and preferences of consumers. As precise data regarding the number of residents engaged in sports activities is unavailable, so this study opted per capita GDP, disposable income of citizens, and population participating in physical exercise to evaluate the demand side of sports industry.

The theoretical relationship between development of the sports industry and demand factors can be understood through many ways. As per capita GDP and disposable income increase, consumers’ purchasing power rises, leading to increased demand for sports products and services [ 40 ]. As the population participating in physical exercise grows, demand for sports-related products and services increases, as people seek equipment, training, and facilities to support their activities. As more people participate in physical exercise, others are inspired to follow, creating a demonstration effect that increases demand for sports industry products and services. A larger population participating in physical exercise creates a bigger market for sports industry products and services, attracting investments and driving growth [ 41 ]. Engel’s Law stated that as income rises, the proportion of income spent on sports and leisure activities increases, leading to growing demand for sports industry products and services. It is also argued that changes in consumer preferences, such as increased interest in health and wellness, drive demand for sports industry products and services.

3.3.3. Supporting industrial performance.

It refers to various sectors and activities that contribute to the overall functioning and success of the sports-related industry. These supporting industries play a crucial role in providing essential services, products, and infrastructure that enable the sports industry to thrive. These supporting industries collectively contribute to holistic development and sustainability of sports industry, creating a robust ecosystem that extends beyond the core activities of athletes and sports organizations [ 42 ]. To measure this variable, the study used four indicators; added value of tourism industry, added value of cultural industry, added value of retail and wholesale, turnover of catering and accommodation industry.

Sports industry growth leads to increased demand for related goods and services, stimulating supporting industries like tourism, cultural, retail, and catering. Sports events and infrastructure attract tourists, generating added value for the tourism industry, and creating opportunities for cultural exchange and expression. Concentration of sports infrastructure and events creates agglomeration economies, attracting businesses and investments in supporting industries. Sports infrastructure development lead to urban regeneration, increasing property values, and stimulating local economic growth [ 43 ]. Sports industry growth increases demand for complementary goods like food, beverages, and accommodations, boosting turnover in the catering and accommodation industry. The sports industry creates backward linkages with industries like retail and wholesale, and forward linkages with industries like tourism and catering, generating added value. The sports industry drives innovation, with technologies and expertise transferring to supporting industries, enhancing their performance [ 44 ]. These theoretical relationships suggest that development of the sports industry increases added value in supporting industries like tourism, cultural, retail, and wholesale, boosts turnover in catering and accommodation industry, fosters innovation and technology transfer, enhancing supporting industrial performance. All of these lead to a positive impact on the overall economy, driving growth and development.

3.3.4. Noumenon factor.

The term "noumenon" refers to a thing or entity as it is in itself, independent of our perceptions or understanding of it. In the context of data analysis or research, a "noumenon factor" is referred as an underlying, objective factor or variable that exists independently of our measurements or observations. It’s a factor that is not directly observable, but its effects can be inferred or estimated through statistical analysis or other research methods. It is measured through per capita sports consumption and income of main sports enterprises.

The theoretical relationships suggest that development of the sports industry is positively related to the Noumenon factor, as measured by per capita sports consumption and income of main sports enterprises, indicating a strong, intrinsic foundation for industry growth. As the sports industry develops, per capita sports consumption increases, reflecting growing demand and engagement. Increased per capita sports consumption drives demand, which is met by supply from main sports enterprises, leading to increased income [ 17 , 45 ]. Increased income of main sports enterprises drives investment in innovation, talent, and infrastructure, further developing the industry. The rising income of main sports enterprises indicates industry growth, profitability, and investment in infrastructure, talent, and innovation. Growing per capita sports consumption and income of main sports enterprises lead to economies of scale, reducing costs and enhancing competitiveness. Growing per capita sports consumption and income of main sports enterprises create a positive feedback loop, reinforcing industry development.

3.3.5. Government support.

This study selected amount of sports fund as a feature of government support for sports. Increased government support, as reflected in the sports fund, stimulates the development of sports industry. The sports fund provides funding for sports infrastructure, events, and programs, driving investment and growth. Government support signals the importance of sports development, attracting private sector investment and participation. Collaboration between government and private sectors is facilitated by the sports fund, drives industry growth [ 46 ]. Government support through the fund has a multiplier effect, generating additional economic activity and industry growth. These theoretical relationships suggest that development of the sports industry is positively related to the amount of sports fund, as government support stimulates investment and growth, signals importance and attracts private participation in this industry.

In the following Table 1 , an indicator system of factors affecting the development of sports industry has been built.

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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310131.t001

The data sources of all these variables are World Development Indicators, National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Sports Industry Development Report, Chinese Economic and Industry data, Wind Database, and China Sports Statistical Yearbook. After collection of data, the data is processed in several stages. In the beginning, the removal of inconsistencies and irrelevant data are ensured to prepare it for analysis. Techniques like normalization and missing data handling were likely employed to standardize the data. Then clustering techniques are used, specifically K-Means, to group similar data points and identify patterns within the dataset. Clustering helped to categorize different aspects of the sports industry based on various indicators. After that, deep learning algorithms are used to analyze and predict economic trends within the sports industry. These algorithms processed large datasets to find hidden patterns and make predictions about future industry developments. These methods enabled to conduct a detailed simulation of the economic dynamics of the sports industry, offering insights into potential growth areas and challenges.

4. Estimated results

4.1. economic simulation of sports industry.

This study primarily examines the variations in impact of sports infrastructure, quantity of sports stalls surpassing a specified scale, and time-series data of workforce. The aim is to derive statistical insights into current dimensions and historical transformations of sports sector. These findings provide a foundational framework for assessing the industry’s developmental trajectory.

By 2020, China’s economy had surged to represent 17% of the global GDP. In recent years, as residents’ quality of life has improved and national health awareness continues to rise in China, there has been a steady uptick in sports related expenditures. This surge has led to the rapid expansion of the sports industry. Based on data from the “National Bureau of Statistics, the General Administration of Sport of China and iResearch”, the Chinese sports industry’s total output in 2013 amounted to RMB 1.1 trillion, marking an 11.91% year-on-year increase. Within this sum, the added value stood at RMB 356.3 billion, representing 0.63% of the GDP for that year. Moving to 2016, the total output of the Chinese sports industry reached RMB 1.9 trillion, reflecting an 11.1% year-on-year rise. Regarding the industry’s composition, sports related products contributed significantly, reaching RMB 1,196.21 billion, constituting 62.9% of total output of Chinese sports industry. Additionally, in 2016, sports services experienced a substantial increase, reaching RMB 682.7 billion, marking a 2.5% rise in its proportion compared to 2015. Notably, the leisure and fitness sector exhibited remarkable progress, with both its nominal total output value and added value soaring by over 30%. By 2019, China’s sports industry had a total output value of RMB 2,948.3 billion, constituting 2.98% of the GDP for that year—a 10.9% increase from the previous year. The sports industry’s output value had increased from 0.95 trillion yuan in 2012 to 2.95 trillion yuan in 2019, boasting an average growth rate of 17.6%. Its significance within the GDP continues to grow. Projections from relevant authorities indicate that by 2035, the sports industry’s output value in China will ascend to 4% of the GDP, reaching the benchmark set by developed nations.

4.2. Data processing

The gray correlation analysis is applied to examine the relationships between the sports industry and other influencing factors due to its ability to handle uncertain and incomplete data, identify the correlations between variables with different dimensions and units, provide a more comprehensive understanding of the complex relationships within the sports industry [ 8 , 24 , 47 ]. Gray correlation analysis is particularly suitable for this study as it allows to analyze the dynamic relationships between variables over time, identify the most influential factors affecting the sports industry’s economic performance, and inform decision-making. Gray correlation analysis offers a unique perspective on the sports industry’s economic dynamics, complementing traditional statistical methods and providing a more nuanced understanding of the complex interactions within the system. The gray correlation of each content is given in the following Table 2 .

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310131.t002

After finding the gray correlation, the data undergoes normalization through the order of magnitude. “In initial set of experiments, the data remain un-normalized by the order of magnitude, whereas the normalized data is preprocessed directly. In the second set of experiments, the original data is standardized by the order of magnitude, and the final experimental outcomes for the two sets are observed” [ 28 ].

The determination of number of layer and unit in neural network is the first step. An increase in the number of hidden layers’ aids in error reduction, it also significantly extends network training time and adds complexity to the structure. Consequently, three layers’ model comprising the input, output, and indicator layer is applied in this study. To control errors, a moderately small initial value is set for the number of hidden layer cells to avoid inconsistent fitting. The training utilizes the same experimental set while seeking an optimal AUC values for training sets, as outlined in Table 3 .

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310131.t003

Observing Table 3 , it becomes evident that the highest AUC value indicates the network’s superior predictive capability. Therefore, quantity is determined to be 8 with a maximum training number of 1000. Multiple experiments are conducted for comparison, and a more favorable learning rate of 0.01 is identified. The NN comprises 9 input, 8 hidden, and 5 output loops. Post normalization of the data within a specified range, additional operations precede data processing. Subsequent to this preprocessing, the NN algorithm is applied to gain experimental results.

4.3. Economic simulations

By employing the deep network algorithm and employing a data mining processing model, this study examines the transformations in sports industry of China. The evolution of the sports industry is influenced by various socio-economic factors. This study introduces empirical mode decompositions method for simulation of exponent’s temporal changes.

The above formula is a simulation expression for the period 2012–2022, embodying the characteristics of data mining. Utilizing this model, the simulation assesses changes during 2012–2022. By comparing the simulated values with the actual values over the same period, depicted in Fig 1 , the optimal fit of the model simulation can be observed.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310131.g001

Building on this foundation, the data obtained from the function expression are rigorously reviewed and validated through mining methods. Initially, the real time sequence undergoes simulation, and average error per unit time is computed (designated as 4 R) and corrected growth rate per unit time is used to predict future time series values. Evaluating the optimal measure of the sports economic development index, as depicted in Fig 2 , reveals an average relative percentage error of 4.11% between the simulated and actual values.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310131.g002

To enhance accuracy, the average error for China’s sports industry index is corrected to derive the revised annual change rate. This corrective procedure is then used to the dynamic simulation model of China’s sports sector development index. China’s sports economic development index from 2012 to 2022 yields an average relative percentage error of 1.21% when this process is repeated. As seen in Fig 2 , this value is 2.88% less than the average relative percentage error noted in the model simulation prior to rectification. The associated factors’ internal reliability ranges from 0.86 to 0.90, demonstrating that the reliability values are optimal and consistent.

To estimate and compare the experimental results of models, the key performance metrics are considered. The comparative analysis is given in the following Table 4 .

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310131.t004

5. Discussion

This study explored the sports industry’s economic landscape by employing deep learning and data mining techniques. The research identified several indicators affecting the sports industry’s economic development: p roduction factors, demand factors, supporting industrial performance, noumenon factors and government support. The study utilized various data mining techniques, including clustering and classification algorithms, to analyze and predict trends. For example, the K-means clustering algorithm was employed to categorize data and identify patterns within the sports industry, highlighting the similarity and dissimilarity among different data points. The results showed a significant correlation between the sports industry’s economic growth and the identified indicators. The industry’s growth is influenced by the synergy between different sectors, such as sports, tourism, and culture, along with government policies and infrastructure development.

The study’s findings align with existing literature in several key areas but also introduce unique contributions through its methodological approach. Similar to previous studies, this paper highlights the superior performance of deep learning models over traditional machine learning methods in handling complex, non-linear data, particularly in economic forecasting [ 48 – 50 ]. This is consistent with the broader literature that emphasizes the capability of deep learning to capture intricate patterns in large and unstructured datasets across various domains including economics, healthcare, and more [ 21 , 35 , 51 ]. The study utilizes data mining techniques to identify critical features influencing the sports industry’s economic development. This approach is in line with existing research emphasizing the importance of feature selection and extraction in predictive analytics [ 44 , 52 ]. However, the paper’s specific focus on indicators like GDP per capita, disposable income, and government support as critical factors for the sports industry’s growth is particularly relevant in the context of sports economics and aligns with established economic theories [ 18 , 53 ]. A notable contribution of this study is the incorporation of data from related industries such as tourism and cultural sectors, underscoring the interconnectedness of the sports industry with other economic sectors. This multidisciplinary approach enriches the analysis, providing a more holistic view of the sports industry’s economic landscape. Such integration is increasingly recognized in the literature as essential for understanding the complex dynamics of modern economies [ 33 , 54 ]. The paper’s findings confirm that deep learning models offer high predictive accuracy. This aligns with broader research that validates the efficacy of these models in time series forecasting tasks, which are common in economic simulations. The comparative analysis of different deep learning architectures in this study adds valuable insights into their respective strengths and limitations, contributing to the ongoing discourse on model selection and optimization in the literature [ 11 , 55 ].

While the findings of the paper align with the established benefits of using deep learning in economic forecasting, its specific application to the sports industry and the detailed feature selection process are novel contributions. The integration of cross-sectoral data provides a comprehensive view that could inspire further research in exploring the economic impact of sports beyond traditional measures [ 56 , 57 ]. Overall, the study complements existing literature by applying advanced analytical methods to a niche area, thereby expanding the understanding of how technological advancements can be leveraged to model and forecast economic outcomes in specialized industries [ 49 , 50 , 58 ]. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic factors influencing the sports industry, using advanced data analysis methods to offer insights into its current state and future trends. This analysis can aid in strategic decision-making and policy formulation for the sector’s continued growth.

5.1. Theoretical implications

The study demonstrates the effectiveness of combining data mining and deep learning techniques to analyze the economic impact of the sports industry, providing a framework for future research. The findings offer insights into the unique characteristics of China’s sports industry, highlighting the importance of considering regional and cultural factors in economic impact assessments. The study contributes to the theoretical understanding of economic impact by exploring the sports industry’s role in driving regional development, job creation, and GDP growth. The research introduces innovative methodological approaches, showcasing the potential of data mining and deep learning techniques in sports economics research. The study provides evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, sports organizations, and stakeholders, emphasizing the need for data-driven decision-making in sports industry development. The findings have implications for research in other industries, demonstrating the potential of data mining and deep learning techniques in analyzing economic impact and informing policy decisions. The study highlights the sports industry’s potential contribution to sustainable development goals, such as promoting economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. By exploring these theoretical implications, the study contributes to the advancement of sports economics, data mining, and deep learning research, offering valuable insights for academics, policymakers, and industry stakeholders.

5.2. Practical implications

Sports organizations and policymakers can use data mining and deep learning techniques to inform decisions on investments, marketing strategies, and resource allocation. Governments can develop targeted policies to support the sports industry’s growth, focusing on regions and segments with high economic impact potential. Investors can identify lucrative opportunities in China’s sports industry, leveraging data-driven insights to optimize returns. Sports organizations can develop effective marketing strategies, tailoring their approaches to specific demographics and regions. Sports organizations can optimize resource allocation, prioritizing initiatives with the highest economic impact potential. The study’s findings can inform strategies for developing China’s sports industry, focusing on key drivers of economic impact. Sports organizations, governments, and businesses can form data-driven partnerships, leveraging each other’s strengths to drive economic growth.

5.3. Limitations and future research

The study relies on available data, which may be subject to quality issues or biases. Moreover, it focuses on China, limiting generalizability to other countries or regions. The study employs specific data mining and deep learning techniques, which may not be exhaustive or optimal. Due to availability of data, the study’s timeframe may not capture long-term economic impacts or trends. Future research may expand the study to compare the economic impact of the sports industry across countries and may examine the economic impact of the sports industry in relation to other industries. The other studies may assess the effectiveness of policies aimed at promoting the sports industry’s economic growth.

6. Conclusions

In conclusion, this study delves into the economic simulation of the sports industry by leveraging a combination of deep learning algorithms and data mining techniques. The analysis spans a decade, from 2012 to 2022, with a focus on uncovering the dynamics influencing the sports industry in China. The proposed economic model, characterized by periodic fluctuations and multi-scenario considerations, provides a robust framework for understanding the temporal evolution of the sports industry. The simulation model captures the nuanced changes in the sports industry during the specified period. The optimal fitting degree reveals a compelling correlation between simulated and actual values, particularly showcasing improvements in sports development from 2016 onward. Through meticulous data processing and correction methodologies, the study refines the dynamic simulation model. The revised model demonstrates enhanced predictive accuracy, yielding an average relative percentage error of 1.21%. This signifies a noteworthy improvement compared to the original simulation, underscoring the effectiveness of the proposed model in forecasting the future trajectory of China’s sports industry.

The research findings highlight the significance of incorporating deep learning algorithms and data mining techniques in economic simulations of sports industry, highlighting the intricate interplay of socio-economic factors shaping the sports industry. The reliability tests affirm the robustness of the factors, further validating the scientific merit of the study. In essence, this research contributes valuable insights into the economic landscape of the sports industry in China, offering a predictive model that not only encapsulates historical trends but also demonstrates the potential for informed forecasting. As the sports industry continues to evolve, the integration of advanced technologies and analytical approaches becomes imperative for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers.

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