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How To Navigate The Real Estate Assignment Contract

What is assignment of contract?

Assignment of contract vs double close

How to assign a contract

Assignment of contract pros and cons

Even the most left-brained, technical real estate practitioners may find themselves overwhelmed by the legal forms that have become synonymous with the investing industry. The assignment of contract strategy, in particular, has developed a confusing reputation for those unfamiliar with the concept of wholesaling. At the very least, there’s a good chance the “assignment of contract real estate” exit strategy sounds more like a foreign language to new investors than a viable means to an end.

A real estate assignment contract isn’t as complicated as many make it out to be, nor is it something to shy away from because of a lack of understanding. Instead, new investors need to learn how to assign a real estate contract as this particular exit strategy represents one of the best ways to break into the industry.

In this article, we will break down the elements of a real estate assignment contract, or a real estate wholesale contract, and provide strategies for how it can help investors further their careers. [ It's time to escape the rat race. Register to attend a free one-day investing event , where you'll learn how one secret strategy can help you create cash flow from the stock market. ]

What Is A Real Estate Assignment Contract?

A real estate assignment contract is a wholesale strategy used by real estate investors to facilitate the sale of a property between an owner and an end buyer. As its name suggests, contract assignment strategies will witness a subject property owner sign a contract with an investor that gives them the rights to buy the home. That’s an important distinction to make, as the contract only gives the investor the right to buy the home; they don’t actually follow through on a purchase. Once under contract, however, the investor retains the sole right to buy the home. That means they may then sell their rights to buy the house to another buyer. Therefore, when a wholesaler executes a contact assignment, they aren’t selling a house but rather their rights to buy a house. The end buyer will pay the wholesale a small assignment fee and buy the house from the original buyer.

The real estate assignment contract strategy is only as strong as the contracts used in the agreement. The language used in the respective contract is of the utmost importance and should clearly define what the investors and sellers expect out of the deal.

There are a couple of caveats to keep in mind when considering using sales contracts for real estate:

Contract prohibitions: Make sure the contract you have with the property seller does not have prohibitions for future assignments. This can create serious issues down the road. Make sure the contract is drafted by a lawyer that specializes in real estate assignment contract law.

Property-specific prohibitions: HUD homes (property obtained by the Department of Housing and Urban Development), real estate owned or REOs (foreclosed-upon property), and listed properties are not open to assignment contracts. REO properties, for example, have a 90-day period before being allowed to be resold.

What Is An Assignment Fee In Real Estate?

An assignment fee in real estate is the money a wholesaler can expect to receive from an end buyer when they sell them their rights to buy the subject property. In other words, the assignment fee serves as the monetary compensation awarded to the wholesaler for connecting the original seller with the end buyer.

Again, any contract used to disclose a wholesale deal should be completely transparent, and including the assignment fee is no exception. The terms of how an investor will be paid upon assigning a contract should, nonetheless, be spelled out in the contract itself.

The standard assignment fee is $5,000. However, every deal is different. Buyers differ on their needs and criteria for spending their money (e.g., rehabbing vs. buy-and-hold buyers). As with any negotiations , proper information is vital. Take the time to find out how much the property would realistically cost before and after repairs. Then, add your preferred assignment fee on top of it.

Traditionally, investors will receive a deposit when they sign the Assignment of Real Estate Purchase and Sale Agreement . The rest of the assignment fee will be paid out upon the deal closing.

Assignment Contract Vs Double Close

The real estate assignment contract strategy is just one of the two methods investors may use to wholesale a deal. In addition to assigning contracts, investors may also choose to double close. While both strategies are essentially variations of a wholesale deal, several differences must be noted.

A double closing, otherwise known as a back-to-back closing, will have investors actually purchase the home. However, instead of holding onto it, they will immediately sell the asset without rehabbing it. Double closings aren’t as traditional as fast as contract assignment, but they can be in the right situation. Double closings can also take as long as a few weeks. In the end, double closings aren’t all that different from a traditional buy and sell; they transpire over a meeter of weeks instead of months.

Assignment real estate strategies are usually the first option investors will want to consider, as they are slightly easier and less involved. That said, real estate assignment contract methods aren’t necessarily better; they are just different. The wholesale strategy an investor chooses is entirely dependent on their situation. For example, if a buyer cannot line up funding fast enough, they may need to initiate a double closing because they don’t have the capital to pay the acquisition costs and assignment fee. Meanwhile, select institutional lenders incorporate language against lending money in an assignment of contract scenario. Therefore, any subsequent wholesale will need to be an assignment of contract.

Double closings and contract assignments are simply two means of obtaining the same end. Neither is better than the other; they are meant to be used in different scenarios.

Flipping Real Estate Contracts

Those unfamiliar with the real estate contract assignment concept may know it as something else: flipping real estate contracts; if for nothing else, the two are one-in-the-same. Flipping real estate contracts is simply another way to refer to assigning a contract.

Is An Assignment Of Contract Legal?

Yes, an assignment of contract is legal when executed correctly. Wholesalers must follow local laws regulating the language of contracts, as some jurisdictions have more regulations than others. It is also becoming increasingly common to assign contracts to a legal entity or LLC rather than an individual, to prevent objections from the bank. Note that you will need written consent from all parties listed on the contract, and there cannot be any clauses present that violate the law. If you have any questions about the specific language to include in a contract, it’s always a good idea to consult a qualified real estate attorney.

When Will Assignments Not Be Enforced?

In certain cases, an assignment of contract will not be enforced. Most notably, if the contract violates the law or any local regulations it cannot be enforced. This is why it is always encouraged to understand real estate laws and policy as soon as you enter the industry. Further, working with a qualified attorney when crafting contracts can be beneficial.

It may seem obvious, but assignment contracts will not be enforced if the language is used incorrectly. If the language in a contract contradicts itself, or if the contract is not legally binding it cannot be enforced. Essentially if there is any anti-assignment language, this can void the contract. Finally, if the assignment violates what is included under the contract, for example by devaluing the item, the contract will likely not be enforced.

How To Assign A Real Estate Contract

A wholesaling investment strategy that utilizes assignment contracts has many advantages, one of them being a low barrier-to-entry for investors. However, despite its inherent profitability, there are a lot of investors that underestimate the process. While probably the easiest exit strategy in all of real estate investing, there are a number of steps that must be taken to ensure a timely and profitable contract assignment, not the least of which include:

Find the right property

Acquire a real estate contract template

Submit the contract

Assign the contract

Collect the fee

1. Find The Right Property

You need to prune your leads, whether from newspaper ads, online marketing, or direct mail marketing. Remember, you aren’t just looking for any seller: you need a motivated seller who will sell their property at a price that works with your investing strategy.

The difference between a regular seller and a motivated seller is the latter’s sense of urgency. A motivated seller wants their property sold now. Pick a seller who wants to be rid of their property in the quickest time possible. It could be because they’re moving out of state, or they want to buy another house in a different area ASAP. Or, they don’t want to live in that house anymore for personal reasons. The key is to know their motivation for selling and determine if that intent is enough to sell immediately.

With a better idea of who to buy from, wholesalers will have an easier time exercising one of several marketing strategies:

Direct Mail

Real Estate Meetings

Local Marketing

2. Acquire A Real Estate Contract Template

Real estate assignment contract templates are readily available online. Although it’s tempting to go the DIY route, it’s generally advisable to let a lawyer see it first. This way, you will have the comfort of knowing you are doing it right, and that you have counsel in case of any legal problems along the way.

One of the things proper wholesale real estate contracts add is the phrase “and/or assigns” next to your name. This clause will give you the authority to sell the property or assign the property to another buyer.

You do need to disclose this to the seller and explain the clause if needed. Assure them that they will still get the amount you both agreed upon, but it gives you deal flexibility down the road.

3. Submit The Contract

Depending on your state’s laws, you need to submit your real estate assignment contract to a title company, or a closing attorney, for a title search. These are independent parties that look into the history of a property, seeing that there are no liens attached to the title. They then sign off on the validity of the contract.

4. Assign The Contract

Finding your buyer, similar to finding a seller, requires proper segmentation. When searching for buyers, investors should exercise several avenues, including online marketing, listing websites, or networking groups. In the real estate industry, this process is called building a buyer’s list, and it is a crucial step to finding success in assigning contracts.

Once you have found a buyer (hopefully from your ever-growing buyer’s list), ensure your contract includes language that covers earnest money to be paid upfront. This grants you protection against a possible breach of contract. This also assures you that you will profit, whether the transaction closes or not, as earnest money is non-refundable. How much it is depends on you, as long as it is properly justified.

5. Collect The Fee

Your profit from a deal of this kind comes from both your assignment fee, as well as the difference between the agreed-upon value and how much you sell it to the buyer. If you and the seller decide you will buy the property for $75,000 and sell it for $80,000 to the buyer, you profit $5,000. The deal is closed once the buyer pays the full $80,000.

Assignment of Contract Pros

For many investors, the most attractive benefit of an assignment of contract is the ability to profit without ever purchasing a property. This is often what attracts people to start wholesaling, as it allows many to learn the ropes of real estate with relatively low stakes. An assignment fee can either be determined as a percentage of the purchase price or as a set amount determined by the wholesaler. A standard fee is around $5,000 per contract.

The profit potential is not the only positive associated with an assignment of contract. Investors also benefit from not being added to the title chain, which can greatly reduce the costs and timeline associated with a deal. This benefit can even transfer to the seller and end buyer, as they get to avoid paying a real estate agent fee by opting for an assignment of contract. Compared to a double close (another popular wholesaling strategy), investors can avoid two sets of closing costs. All of these pros can positively impact an investor’s bottom line, making this a highly desirable exit strategy.

Assignment of Contract Cons

Although there are numerous perks to an assignment of contract, there are a few downsides to be aware of before searching for your first wholesale deal. Namely, working with buyers and sellers who may not be familiar with wholesaling can be challenging. Investors need to be prepared to familiarize newcomers with the process and be ready to answer any questions. Occasionally, sellers will purposely not accept an assignment of contract situation. Investors should occasionally expect this, as to not get discouraged.

Another obstacle wholesalers may face when working with an assignment of contract is in cases where the end buyer wants to back out. This can happen if the buyer is not comfortable paying the assignment fee, or if they don’t have owner’s rights until the contract is fully assigned. The best way to protect yourself from situations like this is to form a reliable buyer’s list and be upfront with all of the information. It is always recommended to develop a solid contract as well.

Know that not all properties can be wholesaled, for example HUD houses. In these cases, there are often anti-assigned clauses preventing wholesalers from getting involved. Make sure you know how to identify these properties so you don’t waste your time. Keep in mind that while there are cons to this real estate exit strategy, the right preparation can help investors avoid any big challenges.

Assignment of Contract Template

If you decide to pursue a career wholesaling real estate, then you’ll want the tools that will make your life as easy as possible. The good news is that there are plenty of real estate tools and templates at your disposal so that you don’t have to reinvent the wheel! For instance, here is an assignment of contract template that you can use when you strike your first deal.

As with any part of the real estate investing trade, no single aspect will lead to success. However, understanding how a real estate assignment of contract works is vital for this business. When you comprehend the many layers of how contracts are assigned—and how wholesaling works from beginning to end—you’ll be a more informed, educated, and successful investor.

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Assignment of Contract

Jump to section, what is an assignment of contract.

An assignment of contract is a legal term that describes the process that occurs when the original party (assignor) transfers their rights and obligations under their contract to a third party (assignee). When an assignment of contract happens, the original party is relieved of their contractual duties, and their role is replaced by the approved incoming party.

How Does Assignment of Contract Work?

An assignment of contract is simpler than you might think.

The process starts with an existing contract party who wishes to transfer their contractual obligations to a new party.

When this occurs, the existing contract party must first confirm that an assignment of contract is permissible under the legally binding agreement . Some contracts prohibit assignments of contract altogether, and some require the other parties of the agreement to agree to the transfer. However, the general rule is that contracts are freely assignable unless there is an explicit provision that says otherwise.

In other cases, some contracts allow an assignment of contract without any formal notification to other contract parties. If this is the case, once the existing contract party decides to reassign his duties, he must create a “Letter of Assignment ” to notify any other contract signers of the change.

The Letter of Assignment must include details about who is to take over the contractual obligations of the exiting party and when the transfer will take place. If the assignment is valid, the assignor is not required to obtain the consent or signature of the other parties to the original contract for the valid assignment to take place.

Check out this article to learn more about how assigning a contract works.

Contract Assignment Examples

Contract assignments are great tools for contract parties to use when they wish to transfer their commitments to a third party. Here are some examples of contract assignments to help you better understand them:

Anna signs a contract with a local trash company that entitles her to have her trash picked up twice a week. A year later, the trash company transferred her contract to a new trash service provider. This contract assignment effectively makes Anna’s contract now with the new service provider.

Hasina enters a contract with a national phone company for cell phone service. The company goes into bankruptcy and needs to close its doors but decides to transfer all current contracts to another provider who agrees to honor the same rates and level of service. The contract assignment is completed, and Hasina now has a contract with the new phone company as a result.

Here is an article where you can find out more about contract assignments.

Assignment of Contract in Real Estate

Assignment of contract is also used in real estate to make money without going the well-known routes of buying and flipping houses. When real estate LLC investors use an assignment of contract, they can make money off properties without ever actually buying them by instead opting to transfer real estate contracts .

This process is called real estate wholesaling.

Real Estate Wholesaling

Real estate wholesaling consists of locating deals on houses that you don’t plan to buy but instead plan to enter a contract to reassign the house to another buyer and pocket the profit.

The process is simple: real estate wholesalers negotiate purchase contracts with sellers. Then, they present these contracts to buyers who pay them an assignment fee for transferring the contract.

This process works because a real estate purchase agreement does not come with the obligation to buy a property. Instead, it sets forth certain purchasing parameters that must be fulfilled by the buyer of the property. In a nutshell, whoever signs the purchase contract has the right to buy the property, but those rights can usually be transferred by means of an assignment of contract.

This means that as long as the buyer who’s involved in the assignment of contract agrees with the purchasing terms, they can legally take over the contract.

But how do real estate wholesalers find these properties?

It is easier than you might think. Here are a few examples of ways that wholesalers find cheap houses to turn a profit on:

• Direct mailers
• Place newspaper ads
• Make posts in online forums
• Social media posts

The key to finding the perfect home for an assignment of contract is to locate sellers that are looking to get rid of their properties quickly. This might be a family who is looking to relocate for a job opportunity or someone who needs to make repairs on a home but can’t afford it. Either way, the quicker the wholesaler can close the deal, the better.

Once a property is located, wholesalers immediately go to work getting the details ironed out about how the sale will work. Transparency is key when it comes to wholesaling. This means that when a wholesaler intends to use an assignment of contract to transfer the rights to another person, they are always upfront about during the preliminary phases of the sale.

In addition to this practice just being good business, it makes sure the process goes as smoothly as possible later down the line. Wholesalers are clear in their intent and make sure buyers know that the contract could be transferred to another buyer before the closing date arrives.

After their offer is accepted and warranties are determined, wholesalers move to complete a title search . Title searches ensure that sellers have the right to enter into a purchase agreement on the property. They do this by searching for any outstanding tax payments, liens , or other roadblocks that could prevent the sale from going through.

Wholesalers also often work with experienced real estate lawyers who ensure that all of the legal paperwork is forthcoming and will stand up in court. Lawyers can also assist in the contract negotiation process if needed but often don’t come in until the final stages.

If the title search comes back clear and the real estate lawyer gives the green light, the wholesaler will immediately move to locate an entity to transfer the rights to buy.

One of the most attractive advantages of real estate wholesaling is that very little money is needed to get started. The process of finding a seller, negotiating a price, and performing a title search is an extremely cheap process that almost anyone can do.

On the other hand, it is not always a positive experience. It can be hard for wholesalers to find sellers who will agree to sell their homes for less than the market value. Even when they do, there is always a chance that the transferred buyer will back out of the sale, which leaves wholesalers obligated to either purchase the property themselves or scramble to find a new person to complete an assignment of contract with.

Learn more about assignment of contract in real estate by checking out this article .

Who Handles Assignment of Contract?

The best person to handle an assignment of contract is an attorney. Since these are detailed legal documents that deal with thousands of dollars, it is never a bad idea to have a professional on your side. If you need help with an assignment of contract or signing a business contract , post a project on ContractsCounsel. There, you can connect with attorneys who know everything there is to know about assignment of contract amendment and can walk you through the whole process.

ContractsCounsel is not a law firm, and this post should not be considered and does not contain legal advice. To ensure the information and advice in this post are correct, sufficient, and appropriate for your situation, please consult a licensed attorney. Also, using or accessing ContractsCounsel's site does not create an attorney-client relationship between you and ContractsCounsel.

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5. Is it ethical

Now that we got the “ legal ” question out of the way…

What about “How ethical is it to wholesale”.

Type that into the web and you’ll get thrown into a black hole of comments and forums chatter you won’t ever be able to get out of.

Here’s the bottom line of why it gets so much controversy and what it has to do with assignment fees…

Wholesalers are going around marketing “We buy houses CASH” when in reality, they aren’t buying it cash… they’re assigning the contract for a fee.

This is where everyone gets their tights all tied up in a bunch (did I just make up a word?! Yes! I did). Because if you say you’re going to close it with cash, but you have to walk away from the seller because you can’t find a buyer… how would you feel leaving a seller (who seriously needed to close yesterday), hanging)?

Some with a conscious would feel pretty bad… others don’t care.

So it’s up to you how you feel about the ethics side of things.

Can you close the deal yourself if you can’t find a cash buyer , via a hard money lender or partner? Or will you feel comfortable walking away from the deal? Or will you be confident enough to go up to the seller and tell her the truth, that you intended on selling the contract to a cash buyer but it seems that your priced it too high, can we renegotiate?

The underlying problem with “walking away” from a buyer is not pricing it right.

If you have a good deal, cash buyers will be all over it and be HAPPY to pay you an assignment fee.

Here’s a video on ethical wholesaling:

6. How much should a fee be?

New wholesalers typically aren’t sure what they should charge. But it’s going to vary from deal-to-deal, and market to market.

A decent wholesaling fee can range from $10,000 to $30,000.

There are occasions when you hear about $100,000 assignment fees. And they do happen. It’s just a matter of negotiating a good deal.

While there isn’t a “set fee” that wholesalers should charge, it all depends on how good of a deal you can negotiate, and how high you can mark up the contract for an end buyer.

So there are two components that determine how much you can get paid for an assignment fee:

• Seller’s price.
• End buyers price.

Later, in another section, I talk about how you can increase your assignment fee… for now, let’s just cover how much your can charge.

Earlier I mentioned that your market might have an influence on how much you can charge. And that has more to do with how low of a discount, sellers are willing to take AND how competitive it is in your market.

Here’s an example:

If a seller talks to three wholesalers, one offers $200,000 while the others offer $180,000, she most likely will go with the higher offer. Well, now those wholesalers might enter into bidding wars in the market, by creeping up their MAOP (Max allowable offer price).

When wholesalers start raising their Max offers (because the market is demanding it), AND if the end buying price (what cash buyers are willing to pay for that deal) does move up with it…

Then you start seeing wholesalers’ assignment fees start shrinking down. We’ll go over later some techniques for helping with this natural occurrence in the market.

Here’s an example of a real wholesaler using our handwritten mailers, in a case study where he made anywhere from $4k fees to $22,500

7. Who pays for it?

Typically, in a traditional real estate wholesaling model, the end buyer (the cash buyer) is paying for your assignment fee.

For example: You negotiate with the seller to buy the property for $100,000. And the end buyer agrees to buy this deal for $120,000. He enters into escrow and pays the $120,000. You get the difference between the seller price and the end buyer price.

8. Does the seller or buyer see the fee?

In a typical assignment transfer, yes your assignment fee will be inside the closing statements.

After a property closes escrow, every party involved will get “closing statements” that look might look like this (depending on your state and the companies you use):

One of the line items may show up as “Assignment Fee” (or something similar), and show the amount.

Buyers will see these, as well as sellers.

However, a cash buyer (usually) understands that wholesaling is A LOT of work and that you should get paid for it. A good cash buyer understands that.

Sellers, most likely, won’t understand what an “assignment fee” is when they see this doc (they most likely won’t even read it).

On the rare occasion that they actually do ask what that line item is, you can tell the truth like this: “We work with partners and lenders all the time, and sometimes we end up selling the property during escrow to these partners, instead of keeping it ourselves. In this case we ended up selling to them”.

There’s a way to circumvent this potential problem of an assignment fee showing up on the closing documents…

And that’s by doing a double close instead of an assignment.

Let me explain in the next section…

9. Alternatives to an assignment?

As mentioned in the previous section, an assignment fee can have some cons to it. The primary being that sellers AND buyers can see how much you’re getting paid.

However, there is another “tool” you can use that hides this from both parties, and that’s called the “double close” (sometimes referred to as a “simultaneous closing” or “back to back” closing. As the name implies, there are 2 separate closings, not 1 (like our assignment fee transaction).

Here’s an explanation:

• The homeowner (party A) agrees to sell to a wholesaler (Party B) for $100,000
• They enter escrow
• While in escrow, Party B finds a cash buyer (Party C)
• Party C agrees to buy that property for $150,000
• They enter a second escrow agreement (different from the first)
• Party C funds the escrow account to buy the property at $150,000
• Party B uses those funds (minus his “assignment fee”) to pay the purchase from Party A

A little confusing?

Maybe this infographic helps:

We won’t go into too much detail about this as this is an article on the assignment fee… But just know that there is an alternative to hiding your fee but using a double close.

The con to this is that you pay a little more because you’re in fact doing 2 closes, not 1. So the times you might want to a double close vs an assignment fee is when you negotiated a very good deal and want to conceal the big check you’ll be getting.

10. Assignment fees and agents?

Anyone can get paid an assignment fee for this kind of “wholesaling” transaction. There’s no law that says agents can’t. However, that agent/broker needs to pay careful attention to their State RE commission laws as they’re put under serious scrutiny if they walk any fine lines.

For instance, if you’re buying the property and wholesaling it AND you’re licensed… in most states, you have to express to the seller that you are a licensed real estate agent but you are NOT representing them, and instead the principle of the transaction.

If you’re an agent wondering if you can (or should) do this, first contact your broker or RE Commission office to find out more.

Secondly, you might want to reconsider doing this as in some markets agent commission fees are higher than typical wholesaling fees. This is rare, but there are some hot markets where wholesalers have to keep raising their prices to win the deal, and therefore lower their assignment fee.

11. How to increase your assignment fees?

As mentioned in a previous section, your fee is greatly dependent on the kind of deal you negotiate.

So if you get a deal at $100,000 and another investor (cash buyer) is willing to pay $150,000 for it, you walk with a $50,000 assignment fee (assuming no closing costs are removed from this).

There are 4 factors to increasing your assignment fees…

• Become a better marketer If you improve your knowledge and skill set in marketing, you can essentially get to motivated sellers before anyone else.In the next section, we cover how to find these properties, which has everything to do with marketing, but one way (that we specialize in) is using handwritten mail to gain the best response rates from sellers.
• Become a better negotiator If you study and practice good salesmanship you can effectively win deals even if you’re offer is “low” . If you have no experience in sales, this will take time, but there are loads of resources available online (free and paid) that you can take advantage of. But, if you’re planning to stay in this entrepreneurship game for the long haul I HIGHLY suggest you study sales on a regular basis.
• Know you numbers Getting better and better at knowing what your market demands in terms of prices, rehab costs , etc… will help determine a more accurate price at a faster rate. Why does this matter to getting paid a higher assignment fee? It’s 2 reasons: First, if you know that cash buyers are willing to pay X, you can raise your asking price from end buyers, or on the flip side of that if, you know that a house needs some major repairs you can use that negotiated a lower price with the seller…Secondly, if you are really good with numbers, you can give an offer faster than your competition who has to take 1-2 days to send an offer in. In competitive markets “ Speed to lead ” wins and the person who can act fastest is usually the one who takes the trophy.
• Build a thriving buyers list The second component of the assignment fee and wholesaling business is selling the contract to a cash buyer.And, if you can build a list of buyers who will pay more for a good deal than most of the other “bottom of the barrel” buyers who demand very steep prices.Where do find buyers willing to pay more? It’s usually among high w-2 earners (doctors, lawyers, etc) who like to flip houses on the side. Or high-income business owners looking to park their cash somewhere to earn 15%+ annual ROI by doing so occasional flips.If you can find them, network with them, and add them to your list you can essentially raise your property raise to increase your assignment fee

12. How to find discounted properties to wholesale?

Finally our last section in this article which is probably at the top of some people’s minds:

“ Assignments sound great, but how do you FIND discounted properties!?!?”

Wholesaling is probably one of the toughest occupations in real estate.

You have to be well-rounded in almost every aspect of the industry. And you have to be top-notch in your selling and marketing capabilities.

But with that, there are foundational techniques to help you find these properties on your own. I’m going to give you 2 resources to start below.

First, is our article “ 8 ways to find 100 sellers for under $500”

Second is our eBook on Direct mail

You can get the Ebook for free by subscribing below to our newsletter, where we give lessons, stories, and value every week to real estate investors like you…

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Assignment of Purchase Agreement

An assignment of purchase agreement and sale is when a buyer of a new home sells a third party the right to assume the purchase contract. 3 min read updated on February 01, 2023

An assignment of purchase agreement and sale is when a buyer of a new home sells a third party the right to assume the purchase contract. In this situation, the buyer is the assignor, and the third party is the assignee. Under the agreement, the assignee pays a higher price. This agreement must take place in the time between when the assignor agrees to buy the home, but before the contract closes with the builder.

With this period, the assignor never takes the title of the property. Instead, the title is put in the name of the assignee. This is informally known as "flipping a home." The flipping of a home occurs when:

• The original buyer enters into a purchase contract and assigns the contract to the third party before closing ends.
• The original buyer makes a profit from the sale.

If the sale does not close, the seller will lose time, money, and resources.

Advantages and Disadvantages of an Assignment of Contract

There are several advantages of an assignment of contract. With an assignment of contract, you are not actually flipping a home. Instead, you are flipping the contract, which means you don't have to have the financial backing to purchase the property. Not only do you not close on the property, but you will also not have to pay any closing costs or take on any additional expenses.

For wholesale flippers, using the assignment of contract is a way to save thousands of dollars each month. For example, if the closing costs per property are $1,000, and you "flip" 10 properties, that is a $10,000 savings.

Wholesalers only need to put down the purchase contract deposit amount that will be held in escrow with the title company or with an attorney. The lower the deposit, the lower the risk that will be assessed. Deposits may be as low as $10 or $100 and will be easier to lose if there are any delays or issues.

An assignment of purchase agreement allows the assignee to buy into new and desirable neighborhoods that are no longer available through the builder.

The main disadvantage of an assignment of contract is the risk of not finding a buyer. If a third-party buyer is not found, and you are under contract, you are responsible for completing the contract. Additional responsibilities include the responsibility of:

• Existing liens.
• Property taxes.

In addition, if the financing of the assignee cannot be obtained before the closing, this may cause the assignor to be responsible for the closing costs and the purchase of the property. The assignor may also not be able to get his or her deposits returned.

Obtaining the Builder's Consent

For an assignment of a purchase agreement to be valid, the builder and assignor must first have a valid legal contract in place that shows the assignor is obligated to purchase a home or condominium unit from the builder.

The buyer may limit how the property can be sold, including that the property cannot be listed on the MLS (multiple listings service). If it is, it is seen as a competing with the builder. If the assignor puts the property on the MLS, it will be a breach of contract, and the builder will be entitled to damages or rescission of the contract. The buyer will also be able to retain any deposits that have been paid and any other money paid for upgrades and extras.

The assignor must also clearly state the property is an assignment of an agreement of purchase with the builder and not a direct sale from the assignor.

Preparing an Assignment of Purchase Agreement

When preparing the agreement documentation, there are questions that should be asked to determine responsibility. Some of the questions to be asked are:

• Who will be preparing the documents?
• Who will pay the cost to prepare the documents?
• Will the assignment agreement and written consent of the builder be prepared by the builder's attorney? And will they cover the costs?
• Can terms agreed to by the assignor and builder be negotiated by the assignee? If so, who will cover the costs, and how will they be resolved?

A detail that should also be negotiated is the responsibility of paying the commission of the assignment agreement.

If you need help with an assignment of a purchase agreement, you can post your legal need on UpCounsel's marketplace. UpCounsel accepts only the top 5 percent of lawyers to its site. Lawyers on UpCounsel come from law schools such as Harvard Law and Yale Law and average 14 years of legal experience, including work with or on behalf of companies like Google, Menlo Ventures, and Airbnb.

Hire the top business lawyers and save up to 60% on legal fees

Content Approved by UpCounsel

• Assignor Definition
• What Is the Definition of Assigns
• Assignment of Rights Example
• Assignment Of Contracts
• Assignment of Rights and Obligations Under a Contract
• Assignment Agreement Definition
• Partial Assignment of Contract
• Assignment Law
• Legal Assignment
• Assignment Contract Law

Assignment of Contract in Real Estate [And Or Assigns]

Assignment of Contract in Real Estate

Most people think that the only way to start real estate investing is to either:

• Pay a down payment of 10-20% from your own savings and finance the rest
• Partner with another investor and do a joint venture

The common thread between the options?

A large amount of money paid upfront, coming from your own pocket.

If you don't have a large amount of cash put away, you wonder how you'd ever get your start.

Are you just doomed to watching as investment opportunities pass you by?

Of course not!

There is a third option, a legitimate way of investing in real estate without a money down: real estate assignment contracts.

With assignment contracts, you are not purchasing the property outright; instead, what you are doing is getting the exclusive right to purchase a property within a certain timeframe, an investing strategy referred to as wholesaling.

Some wholesalers choose to put up an earnest money when securing the right to buy a property from a seller, but it is not required . All you have to do is to show up with a real estate contract and an offer to purchase the property for a specified amount by a specified closing date.

However, not all real estate contracts are written the same.

For wholesaling to be a lucrative investing strategy, you have to add a special provision to the purchase agreement before presenting it to the seller: t he assignment clause .

What Is an Assignment Clause in a Real Estate Contract?

An assignment clause in a purchase and sale agreement in real estate gives the original buyer (the assigning party) the ability to "assign" or transfer the rights to purchase a property to a new buyer (the assignee).

This is done by affixing the phrase "and/or assigns" next to your name in the real estate contract.

This means that on the buyer's name, it should say: John Smith and/or assigns .

As long as the seller agrees and signs the assignment contract, then it constitutes their written consent to sell the property to someone other than you.

However, if you forget to put the assignment clause, then you cannot assign the contract to someone else.

When you assign the contract to the new buyer, all the contractual obligations are transferred also, and the end buyer gets full ownership privilege once the transaction is completed.

As there is no free lunch in this economy, you get to collect an assignment fee for your troubles.

Who Will Buy the Real Estate Assignment Contract?

In today's hot real estate market , house flippers, landlords, or simply buy-and-hold investors would not pass up investment opportunities such as the chance to buy real estate for lower than the market value.

For best results, it is recommended that you sell the assignment contract to all cash buyers for the following reasons:

• They have the necessary liquidity to be able to close quickly, sometimes in as short as a week;
• They are not dependent on financing from banks or traditional lenders, eliminating the uncertainty that they might not move forward with the deal;
• They will buy the property as is, with no need to negotiate for repairs or ask concessions from the seller.

Sellers who enter in assignment contracts with a wholesaler are typically motivated sellers, which means they are stuck with a problem property that is either costing them money (major structural damage) or is in danger of being lost (foreclosure or bankruptcy).

In any case, they need to sell fast , and this is where cash buyers can be really helpful.

How Does Assignment Work?

Generally, the entire process of real estate investing via assignment agreement goes as follows:

Find a Property Which Can Be Bought for Lower Than Market Price

Distressed properties, such as those on the brink of foreclosure, can be bought for a huge discount and thus, present an attractive investment opportunity.

First identify an area you're interested in, then scout homes showing visible damage or neglect. You can then get in touch with owners for a potential purchase.

Make an Offer on the Property

To make a suitable offer on one property you have your eye on, do your due diligence by running comps.

This means looking at comparables ("comps"), or recently sold properties similar to your target purchase in order to establish a basis for your offer. Browsing online listings, or simply driving around the neighborhood and asking around are a good source of information on comparables.

Present the Purchase Agreement With “And or Assigns” Verbiage Built In

Once you're confident with your offer, present a purchase and sale agreement to the owner. It should contain the buyer and seller information, property details, purchase price, closing date, and other contingencies both parties agree on.

Don't forget to include the assignment clause, as if you forget that, the contract prohibits you from assigning the contract to another investor and you'll be on the hook to buy the property.

Assign the Contract to an End Buyer

After the original contract is signed, you, as the buyer, reserves the right to purchase the property up to a time stated in the contract.

You can then find another buyer to assign the contract to if you don't intend to go ahead with the purchase yourself.

Collect Your Assignment Fee Once the Real Estate Transaction Is Completed

Once the keys and the cash change hands, you are compensated with an assignment fee at the close.

Pros And Cons Of Having Successors And Assigns Clause In Real Estate Contracts

Pro #1: you have control over the transaction.

Having the phrase "and or assigns" after your name in the assignment contract template gives you the flexibility of transferring your purchase rights to another buyer for a fee.

In case you change your mind later on and decide to purchase and flip the property yourself for a higher profit, you are also free to do so.

Pro #2: You Can Put Together Real Estate Deals And Earn Without Having To Spend A Dime

Real estate wholesaling is also known as "contract flipping".

Compared to a full blown house flipping where you have to buy the property and spend for repairs and upgrades prior to selling it for a higher price, with assignment contracts you don't have to do anything to the property before you earn.

The only investment you have to make is your time and effort in finding motivated sellers.

Sometimes, you don't even have to set foot on the property nor even see it with your own eyes before you sell your buying rights to another investor!

Such is the power of a real estate assignment contract.

Pro #3: The Parties Involved Can Have Huge Savings On Realtor's Fees

The buyer's and seller's agent will each get 3% commission off the purchase price. For illustrative purposes, say a house sells for $300,000, realtor fees are a whopping $18,000 (6% of the purchase price).

On the other hand, a real estate wholesaler's assignment fee typically maxes out at $7,000 , making it attractive for house flippers and other investors. They get a nice investment property at a discount without breaking sweat since it's a wholesaler who found it for them.

For the owner, this means they pocket more money since they don't have to take anything off the price they have agreed to sell for.

Pro #4: Only One Closing Cost Needs To Be Paid

After the assignment of contract to the new buyer takes place, you immediately take yourself out of the equation, and the transaction ultimately happens between the seller and the end buyer.

This means the following:

• only one set of paperwork is to be filed;
• only the buyer and seller's names appear in the property chain of title; and,
• only one transaction takes place, so the closing cost only needs to be paid once.

Pro #5: The Wholesale Deal Is Completely Transparent

Honesty and transparency are the hallmarks of a good business person.

If you're a newbie venturing out into your first deal, there's no one yet to vouch for you so you're relying on your word to build your reputation.

It is better to inform the seller beforehand that you intend to transfer the purchasing rights for a profit so that they wouldn't be shocked if another person shows up at the closing table.

Pro #6: You Develop a Network of Real Estate Sellers, Buyers, and Investors

There is a well-known saying that goes: "Your network is your net worth."

And it is very true in this line of business. Since wholesaling is mainly facilitating the sale of investment properties between buyers and sellers , you need to have a lot of social capital, which means you need to know a lot of people.

Wholesaling real estate allows you to rapidly expand your network, opening up plenty of opportunities for you down the line.

Con #1: If One Party Backs Out Of The Deal, It Would Reflect Poorly On You

In flipping assignment contracts, what you are selling is something intangible.

As such, it is heavily dependent on the reliability of the parties at both ends of the deal to uphold the terms of the contract. If either one defaults and the sale falls through, you're the one who is going to look bad.

That's why it is important to have a buyers list ready so that you can have some wiggle room if something unexpected happens.

Or even better, have a backup financing option so you can buy the property yourself if your buyer backs out.

Con #2: Certain Real Estate Properties Are Not Eligible For Assignment Contracts

HUD homes and real estate owned (REO) properties typically have anti assignment clauses preventing them from being bought and sold through a contract assignment.

Con #3: Sellers May Think You're Taking Advantage Of Them

The assignment fee that you are set to receive from the deal is written into the contract for the involved parties to see.

This may turn buyers and sellers off: buyers might feel like they're paying for more than the property is actually worth; and sellers might feel like they missed out on some serious money while a wholesaler gets to make money in their financial distress.

Con #4: You Don't Get Owner's Rights

Although you have the exclusive right to buy the property, ultimately, what you have is just a piece of paper. You cannot touch the property, you cannot live in it, you cannot do any upgrades--the list of restrictions go on.

For distressed properties in a state of disrepair, it can be a challenge to sell it even to the most seasoned of house flippers.

Con #5: You Have to Deal With the Time Pressure Element

The contract states the closing date by which you have to find a buyer. This is due to sellers usually rushing to offload a property that's causing them problems, so they're operating on a short timeframe.

If you are just starting out and your network is still quite small, finding a buyer within a short period of time can be difficult.

Frequently Asked Questions: Real Estate Assignment Contracts

Do you need a license to be a real estate wholesaler.

The only thing you need to keep in mind to keep everything above board and avoid legal trouble is that you'll have to be the buyer or the seller in the transaction.

Never sell the property in behalf of the owner --that's akin to acting as a real estate agent, and you're going to need a license for that.

This is where having the and or assigns verbiage is useful because you can definitely make money from real estate without having to purchase the property yourself.

Once you got the exclusive right to buy the property, you can transfer said contractual rights to another buyer in exchange for a small fee who will then be the one to fulfill the terms of the original contract.

What Do I Do if the Buyer Backs Out From the Contract Assignment to Purchase the Property?

Real estate wholesaling typically goes like this: you find a buyer and everything seems to be going well and they're set to close in a few days and you're about to get that assignment fee.

Unfortunately, the buyer calls you to say that they aren't going ahead with the deal.

Are you on the hook to buy the property?

The answer is yes, unless you want to breach the contract and ruin your reputation as a wholesaler.

But, as long as you did your due diligence, crunched the numbers, and found that the property is a great buy, you shouldn't be worried about losing money.

You're guaranteed to make money eventually, maybe not as fast as if it was a straight up wholesale transaction, but there's nothing to be scared of about getting "stuck" with the property in the meantime as you look for a buyer.

What is Double Closing?

When you choose the double closing method, there is an extra step to the ones outlined above : fund the real estate purchase yourself using your own cash, or through hard money loans. Although it has a higher interest rate versus traditional options, hard money loans are favored by real estate investors due to fast approvals and interest-only payment options.

In any case, with double closing, you buy the property at the price you and the seller agreed upon beforehand, and then afterward, you sell it to your end buyer .

Sometimes, double closing can even happen on the same day if you time it right!

This means, the seller and the end buyer ultimately never have to meet. They may not even be aware of the other party, so you don't have to worry about protecting your profits from the scrutiny of either party, and no one would walk away from the transaction feeling ripped off .

That's not to say wholesaling is essentially ripping off people, not at all!

You put together the deal, you connected a motivated buyer with an all cash buyer , of course you deserve just compensation for your efforts in the form of an assignment fee. Sellers walk away with the cash to start anew, and the real estate investors gain a property they intend to make money off on.

Everybody wins!

The downside to double closing versus a real estate assignment contract is having to pay the closing costs twice . This is because ownership is transferred to you, regardless of how brief it is.

And it isn't just the cost that is doubled, you also double the paperwork !

If you figure that a double close is not for you, then you're better off doing a real estate assignment contract. That way, you're able to collect your fee without paying a cent in closing costs!

Final Thoughts: Assigning Contracts In Real Estate

Now that you have perfected your real estate contract, you feel like you're ready to embark on your first wholesale deal.

The first step that you need to take is to find the right investment property. The typical criteria are as follows:

• must be in a good location;
• must have a good future prospect of urban development (hello, land appreciation!); and,
• must be selling at a discount.

While it may sound like a tall order, with Property Leads , we can help you find the property you're looking for!

We are the only pay-per-lead platform that uses SEO to generate the motivated seller leads that has the highest chances of conversion. This means you need to talk to fewer sellers but you'll end up closing more, resulting in more profits for you!

If you're interested on taking your real estate investing business to the next level, sign up below and we'll quickly arrange a call with you to have high quality leads delivered straight to your inbox!

PROPERTY LEADS

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90-Day Formula: Close Your Next Deal

Follow this simple checklist and close your next deal in 90 days, what's included:.

• How to Get Leads & Manage Data
• How to Automate your Marketing
• Streamline Your Sales & Operations

Understanding the Concept of an Assignment Fee in Real Estate

Navigating the realm of real estate transactions can often feel like deciphering a complex puzzle, especially for those who are early on their property journey. A concept that can confuse professionals and individuals involved in transactions alike is the idea of an assignment fee in real estate—something that comes into play in various scenarios. In the context of real estate, an assignment fee is an essential concept to grasp, bridging the gap between  creative financing  and the traditional purchase and sale of properties.

What is Assignment in Real Estate?

To understand an assignment fee in real estate, you first have to understand what an assignment is. An assignment contract is essentially the document that gives someone the right to purchase a property. The assignment fee refers to the payment made to an individual, generally known as an assignor, for transferring their rights and obligations under a pre-existing real estate assignment contract to another party, known as the assignee. 

This transaction is particularly prevalent in the practice of  real estate wholesaling . In these transactions, an individual will secure a contract to purchase a property and then assign that same contract to an end buyer, charging a fee for the convenience and the opportunity they present.

A contract assignment fee is a strategic tool for those looking to leverage lucrative opportunities within the market without needing a significant capital investment. It allows for flexibility in the investment realm, enabling professionals to generate income from real estate deals without the traditional barriers of entry. This means people can make headway in their careers without having to obtain mortgage loans or conduct extensive renovations.

In essence, the assignment fee is the financial reflection of the value that the assignor brings to the table in a transaction. The assignor is a useful party for both buyers and sellers, helping the process along by identifying a potentially profitable deal, negotiating terms, and then passing on the right to execute the deal to a suitable party. Understanding this concept is crucial for real estate investors at all stages of their careers, especially those interested in using wholesale strategies and creative financing options.

What is an Assignment Fee in Real Estate?

The assignment fee in real estate is a concept rooted in the overarching principle of a contractual rights transfer. It represents the price that an assignee, someone interested in purchasing property, pays to the assignor for the rights to acquire said property under the terms the assignor has already negotiated with the seller. To make sure you get the right fee for the assignment of a contact, you need to understand the mechanics of how they work. 

This section expands on how assignment fees function in real estate transactions and delves into the factors that influence their amounts.

Explanation of How Assignment Fees Work in Real Estate

When an investor or a wholesaler, known in this case as the assignor, enters into a purchase agreement with a property seller, they acquire the legal right to buy the property at some negotiated, agreed-upon terms. However, instead of completing the purchase themselves, the assignor then finds another buyer, known as the assignee, who is interested in taking over the contract to eventually own the property.  This is when assignment fees come into play. 

The assignee must pay an assignment fee to the assignor for the right to purchase the property. Only once this fee is paid can the assignee step into the shoes of the original buyer, then proceed to close the deal with the seller. The original contract to buy is thus “assigned” from the assignor to the assignee, who from then on becomes responsible for fulfilling its terms.

Factors That Determine the Amount of Assignment Fees

The amount, or monetary value, of the assignment fee can vary greatly from deal to deal, being influenced by a range of factors, which we’ve broken down below:

Property Value and Equity:  Appropriately, the value and equity of the property will inform the assignment fee. A property with high value or substantial equity typically commands a higher assignment fee and vice versa.

Market Demand:  Consider  overarching market trends  when ascertaining an appropriate assignment fee. For example, in a seller’s market with higher demand for properties, assignment fees can increase because of plentiful competition among buyers.

Deal Profitability:  Even in the cases of lower-value properties, the nature of the deal itself will impact the assignment fee. This means that the more profitable a deal appears to be, the higher the fee that an assignor can command.

Negotiation Skills:  In a similar vein to the impact that profitability can have, negotiation skills can also change the shape of an assignment fee. The ability of the assignor to negotiate deals on both ends can directly impact their fee amount, with skilled negotiators often being able to secure higher fees.

Timeframe:  Time is money, and in the case of a wholesale assignment contract, this can be especially true. If the assignor negotiates the situation and closes the deal quickly, they might be able to command a higher fee for the increased convenience of a speedy transaction.

Comparison of Assignment Fees with Other Real Estate Transaction Costs

Assignment fees differ from the costs associated with various other real estate transactions in a variety of ways: 

Earnest Money vs. Assignment Fee:  Earnest money is a kind of deposit made to demonstrate the buyer’s seriousness about acquiring a property. This fee can typically be refunded under certain conditions or applied to the purchase at closing. On the other hand, an assignment fee is a non-refundable payment made to the assignor, specifically for the right to take over the contract.

Closing Costs vs. Assignment Fee:  Closing costs can encompass a variety of fees that buyers and sellers pay at the end of a real estate transaction. These fees can include things such as those associated with title searches, real estate attorney’s fees, and credit report charges. Assignment fees are separate from these, only ever being paid to the assignor for the contract rights.

Commission vs. Assignment Fee:  Real estate agents earn their living through commissions based on the property’s sale price, paid by the seller, generally from their earnings through making the sale. In contrast, an assignment fee is paid by the assignee to the assignor and is not related to the sale price or commission.

Understanding the nature of assignment fees, such as when they’re applicable, how they are calculated in relation to a transaction, and how they compare to other common transaction costs, is essential for anyone involved in real estate investing. This level of understanding is particularly vital in strategies such as wholesaling, where such fees are part and parcel of the process.

Pros and Cons of Assignment Fees

Assignment fees in real estate can be positive elements of transactions for sellers and investors while posing some notable challenges depending on the perspective of all parties involved, including the buyer. Below, we explore the advantages and disadvantages for the enactors of these transactions, as well as the risks and challenges that come with assignment fees.

Advantages for Sellers and Investors

For sellers:.

Quick Sales:  Sellers benefit from the existence of assignment fees as they can do wonders for speeding up the transaction. Wholesaling and the assignment fees that come with it are especially viable solutions when a seller wants to shift their asset quickly. Investors or fellow wholesalers who offer to pay these fees often aim to close deals rapidly.

Fewer Hurdles:  Sellers might avoid some traditional selling hurdles when embracing the nature of wholesaling and assignment fees. In the standard selling cycle, sellers might have to go through various stages, such as multiple showings or a buyer’s own financial approval process. These processes can be skipped altogether when dealing with investors ready to pay an assignment fee.

For Investors:

Profitability:  Investors or wholesalers can use assignment fees as their primary source of income. As it sidesteps the traditional processes of investing and reselling properties, wholesalers stand to make a profit through the assignment fee without having to close on the property themselves. By embracing this system, they also avoid closing costs and the need for financing.

Less Capital:  Wholesaling is a great method for generating income, without needing the same level of seed investment. Since the investor doesn’t need to purchase the property outright, they generally just have to pay a small (often refundable) deposit for the contract; there is less capital required upfront compared to traditional real estate investments.

Flexibility:  Because of the nature of deals that use assignment fees, investors can back out of a particular deal at any time. This can be achieved by offering and assigning the contract to another, more suitable buyer if the deal doesn’t fit their investment strategy or if they cannot secure financing.

Disadvantages for Buyers and Sellers

For buyers:.

Increased Cost:  Assignment fees do often increase the overall cost for the end buyer, as it becomes their responsibility to cover both the property’s agreed-upon price and the assignment fee. In some cases, the assignment fee can be taken from the overall sale price, but this isn’t common, meaning the speedier sale usually comes with an inflated price tag. 

Transparency Issues:  Buyers in these situations can often find it challenging to get full transparency regarding the property’s conditions or the original contract terms if not properly disclosed by the assignor. This shouldn’t be an issue, as long as the wholesaler or assignor does their job properly, but buyers should make sure to vet any collaborators carefully. 

Potential for Overextension:  Sellers may encounter issues if they work with the wrong wholesaler or investor. In some cases, an inexperienced investor can overextend and find it difficult to find a buyer to whom they can assign the contract, slowing down the transaction process and possibly reversing it. 

Market Misrepresentation:  Sellers could face the challenges of market misrepresentation if the assignor markets the property incorrectly or unethically, leading to potential legal challenges. For example, if the assignor lies about the property’s amenities, uses  unrealistic photography , or overvalues it, buyers might respond with legal action. 

Potential Risks and Challenges with Assignment Fees

Legal and Ethical Considerations:  The legality of assignment fees, much like many other aspects of the real estate market,  varies from region to region . Along with the legal side of things, there may also be ethical considerations to consider if parties are not fully informed of the contract terms and fees involved.

Market Fluctuations:  Market conditions can change rapidly—need we remind you of what happened to the housing market in 2008? This means that if the property value decreases or interest rates increase, it will likely become more challenging for the assignor to find a buyer willing to pay the fee on top of the existing property price.

Contractual Risks:  If the assignee fails to close the deal, the assignor might end up legally obligated to purchase the property under the original contract terms. Considering the reasons that most investors choose to embrace wholesaling and assignment fees, this could pose a significant financial risk that they’re not ready to incur.

Reputational Risks:  Assignors who consistently charge unnecessarily high assignment fees might gain a negative reputation in the real estate community among potential clients and fellow professionals alike. It’s important to consider what a fair, mutually beneficial fee should be to avoid potentially negatively affecting future business.

Complexity in Transactions:  Assignment fees add a level of complexity to real estate transactions, which are already fairly complicated at the best of times. There may be misunderstandings or disputes between the involved parties over the terms of the contract, the condition of the property, or the responsibilities each party has.

Both sellers and investors involved in wholesaling and assignment in real estate need to weigh the potential for quick and profitable transactions against the complexities and risks assignment fees introduce. It is crucial for every party involved to conduct suitable due diligence, operate transparently, and possibly seek professional legal counsel to ensure the process is conducted legally and ethically.

Legal and Ethical Considerations

The use of assignment fees in real estate transactions is full of potential, being a viable part of a strategic investment plan. However, while assignment fees and the deals they’re attached to can be highly lucrative, they also come with the potential for legal and ethical quandaries. Here, we delve into the legal regulations and ethical considerations that assignors should consider, highlighting potential issues that could arise from the misuse of assignment fees.

Legal Regulations and Requirements

Regulatory landscape:.

Disclosure Requirements:  Many jurisdictions require the full disclosure of an assignment fee to all parties involved in a transaction, ensuring no one feels like they’ve missed out on any vital information. Failure to clearly express the assignment fee to the buyer can often lead to legal penalties or complications.

Contractual Rights:  There are some contractual points to consider when handling an assignment fee in real estate. The original purchase agreement must expressly allow for the assignment of the contract without the need for repeat consent of the seller, or the investor must obtain written permission from the seller to assign the contract.

Licensing Laws:  Some regions may require an individual enacting a wholesale deal or receiving an assignment fee to have a professional real estate license, as the transaction could be considered as engaging in real estate brokerage without a license. This is worth considering if you want to pursue a career as a wholesaler or investor in general. 

State and Local Laws:  Both assignment fee legality and the ability to assign a contract can vary greatly between the different states and localities of the US. It’s crucial to understand the specific regulations of the area where you’re working and or where the property is located. It’s always important to tailor your approach to real estate for the area that you operate within. 

Ethical Considerations:

Fairness to All Parties:  Ethically, the fee should always reflect the value that’s actually been added by the assignor in finding the deal and should not be exploitative. If you’re working as a real estate wholesaler or receiving an assignment fee in any other way, make sure that you’re offering real value without overstating your contribution to the transaction. 

Transparency:  Assignors must be totally transparent about the property’s condition, the original contract terms, and the assignment fee’s size at every stage of the transaction. Remember, you’re not just trying to avoid legal implications with your honesty; you’re looking to build positive professional relationships built on trust. 

Conflict of Interest:  Ethically, an assignor should avoid any conflicts of interest in all transactions and should not misrepresent the potential value or investment benefits to the assignee. For example, if the assignor knows that an area is losing steam in the market, they should make that clear to their assignee.

Examples of Potential Legal and Ethical Issues

Non-Disclosure:  Failing to disclose one’s assignment fee openly and clearly to the end buyer or seller can lead to lawsuits, as it may be considered a fraudulent practice. It’s absolutely essential that a wholesaler makes it clear what they stand to gain from a deal so everyone understands the transaction from top to bottom. 

Predatory Practices:  Charging exorbitant assignment fees, especially in distressed markets or from vulnerable sellers, which are often hubs for real estate wholesaling, can be seen as unethical and might lead to legal challenges. This is why offering real value and making your fees reasonable is crucial.

Misrepresentation:  An assignor could face serious legal action if they misrepresent the terms of the original contract or the property’s condition for the purpose of securing a higher fee. It goes hand in hand with all of the other aspects of transparency—assignors must be clear and honest at every stage to avoid legal and ethical complications. 

Violation of Licensing Laws:  If an assignor acts as a de facto real estate broker by frequently assigning contracts for fees without a professional license, they might face legal penalties, including fines and injunctions. These laws vary from state to state, meaning it’s best to have a license in place, ensuring you can work in as many areas as possible. 

Breach of Contract:  If the original contract does not allow for the assignment of the property and the assignor proceeds without consent, they are highly likely to be sued for breach of contract. It should go without saying, but every real estate transaction needs to be enacted with the utmost professionalism, ensuring every party is fully aware of its nature. 

It’s essential for every party involved in the assignment of real estate contracts to be aware of the legal and ethical implications. The complex nature of these transactions often warrants the involvement of a dedicated legal professional to navigate the potential minefield of legal regulations and ethical considerations. Moreover, maintaining transparency and integrity throughout the process not only helps assignors avoid legal troubles but also builds a reputation that can lead to more successful deals in the future.

In this exploration of assignment fees in real estate, we’ve navigated their many complexities and nuances. From definition to application, assignment fees are a pivotal mechanism for investors, particularly in the realm of wholesaling.

There are many advantages and disadvantages associated with assignment fees. For sellers and investors, they can represent an expedient route to liquidity and profit. Conversely, for buyers, they can often introduce additional layers of cost and complexity.

The discussion of legal and ethical considerations illuminated the tightrope walked by those who engage in these transactions. The importance of adhering to disclosure norms, maintaining transparency, and aligning practices with the legal stipulations of the local and state jurisdictions cannot be overstated in this particular vein of real estate.

While the concept of assignment fees may appear straightforward, its application is often fraught with potential legal and ethical pitfalls. Those involved in real estate transactions must have a clear understanding of these fees and the corresponding regulations that govern their use.

By engaging in thorough research and due diligence and enlisting expert guidance, navigating the complex world of real estate can be achieved with confidence. The strategic use of assignment fees can indeed unlock opportunities and foster successful transactions, but only when managed with suitable care and consideration of all the variables at play.

For more insightful pieces about the real estate industry,  visit our blog today .

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Real Estate Contracts

What is an assignment contract.

Assignment contracts are a vehicle used by real estate investors to transfer one party’s rights and obligations under an existing real estate contract to another party. Assignment contracts don’t involve transferring or selling the property directly like a purchase agreement. Instead, the buyer under the original purchase agreement (the assignor) assigns their rights and obligations under the purchase agreement to the assignee, sometimes for a profit. The assignee then becomes the buyer under the original real estate contract.

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When Is an Assignment Contract Used?

In one scenario, a type of real estate investor called a wholesaler contracts with the current owner(s) of a distressed property that may be unsellable to average homebuyers. The wholesaler creates a purchase agreement with that owner to buy their property. The wholesaler then finds an end buyer who wants to take possession of the property. The assignment contract is then created to transfer the wholesaler’s rights and obligations under the original purchase agreement to the end buyer.  

Elements of an Assignment Contract

• Assignor : the real estate wholesaler. This is the person who is the buyer under the original purchase agreement and who is selling or transferring their rights and obligations under that contract. 
• Assignee : the end buyer. This is the person who is purchasing or receiving the assignor’s rights and obligations under the original purchase agreement and who would ultimately pay the purchase price (plus any assignment fee agreed to in the assignment contract) and take possession of the property. 
• Description or identification of contract being assigned:  a description of the original purchase agreement being assigned. Oftentimes, the assignment contract will also attach the original purchase agreement or state that it has been provided to the assignee.   
• Subject property information: the property address, legal description, or property identification number/parcel number for the property that is the subject of the original purchase agreement.  
• Assignment earnest money amount:  like with other types of real estate contracts, earnest money shows the assignee is a serious buyer. The money helps ensure that the assignee won’t back out of the deal for frivolous reasons. 
• Assignee’s purchase amount: the amount the end buyer agrees to pay that fulfills or exceeds the original purchase agreement amount. 
• Assignment fee: the amount of money the assignor will make for finding an end buyer. The assignment fee should be clearly set forth in the assignment contract.
• Name of the company holding escrow : the assignment contract will designate what company is holding escrow.  This escrow company should match the escrow company listed in the original purchase agreement or you will need an amendment to the original purchase agreement or, in states where it is permissible, a split escrow.  
• Closing date: the date by which the transaction should be finalized. This should correspond to the original purchase agreement’s closing date. If a different date is used, an amendment to the original purchase agreement may be required.  
• How assignment earnest money is handled : should one party cancel the contract or fail to meet the contractual obligations, the earnest money may either be forfeited by the assignee or returned. In instances of a dispute between the parties, the third party holding escrow may release the assignment earnest money pursuant to the terms and conditions of the assignment contract.

Writing a comprehensive assignment contract is a vital part of several real estate investing strategies. If you’re new to creating these kinds of contracts, be sure to get some legal advice before moving forward. Once you have a solid assignment contract template in place,  transactions using this contracting tool will run more smoothly. 

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Table of Contents

Wholesaling made simple a comprehensive guide to assigning contracts.

Land Investing , Creative Financing, Making Offers, Mindset Training, Video Tutorials

REtipster does not provide legal advice. The information in this article can be impacted by many unique variables. Always consult with a qualified legal professional before taking action.

For several years, my real estate investing business followed a simple model that worked extremely well about 80% of the time.

I would find boatloads of motivated sellers , make deeply discounted offers to them, and when I found a seller willing to accept, I could buy their property outright and pay cash for it.

Once I owned a property, I could list it for sale (usually within 24 hours) and flip it for a MUCH higher price than I paid.

In a lot of cases,  the process worked perfectly . Going through these motions, I could squeeze a lot of free equity out of each property. In the best-case scenario, I could move through the entire process in just a few weeks.

The Problem With a Cash Business

Even though this business model was pretty effective, I found it had some limitations.

It was surprisingly easy for me to find cheap properties and buy them free and clear with the cash I had, but the real challenge was getting these properties sold quickly .

After my first dozen deals, I learned that some properties were MUCH harder to sell than others,   and I didn't always have the foresight to know which properties would take significantly longer to sell .

This was a big problem for two reasons:

1. I had a limited supply of cash to work with.

Even if I knew how to get every property on earth for 20% of market value, I didn't have enough money to buy them all . At some point, I had to be smart about which properties to pour my limited resources into.

2. It was hard to know when a property would sell.

One of the unpredictable elements of land investing is that some properties will sell quickly, and some will sit on the market for months on end, and the situation usually ISN'T obvious until you list the property for sale and see how the market responds.

Of course, a few indications  can give off some warning signs, and some markets are known for selling faster than others, but when you're working in an unfamiliar territory (like I was most of the time), this can be a tough nut to crack.

RELATED: How to Find the Perfect Market for Flipping Vacant Land

Once I started pushing up against the limitations of my finite supply of cash AND my inability to predict the future, I started thinking to myself,

“There MUST be a better way to monetize these deals without tying up my cash!”

I kept seeing deal after deal hit my desk – and they were great deals – but they just weren't great enough to justify investing my own money .

Buying a property for 60% of market value is great for the average investor, but if I couldn't get a property for a next-to-nothing price tag, it just wasn't “risk-free” enough to tie up my limited funds!

Wholesaling Through Assignments

Around this time, I started exploring how to assign contracts (i.e. – wholesaling, arbitrage, etc.).

Rather than signing a purchase agreement and buying each property outright, I had heard other real estate investors talking about this ingenious way of signing a purchase agreement and selling that contract to another investor so that THEY could close on the deal – with me just acting as a middleman and collecting an assignment fee in the process.

In short, I would effectively be selling a piece of paper because that paper (i.e. – the purchase agreement) represented a TON of valuable real estate equity that would go to whoever closed on the deal and took ownership of the property.

In some ways, assigning a contract wasn't all that different from acting as a real estate agent because I would be wearing many of the same hats and doing some of the same things an agent would do for their client.

The difference was that I had a signed purchase agreement between myself and the seller, giving me an equitable interest in the property. I wasn't selling a property on behalf of someone else, I was selling a contract that entitled me to close on the deal and could be assigned to any other investor who wanted to jump into my shoes.

This contract was like a paper asset I could sell to a third party and get paid an “assignment fee” without owning the property myself.

Legal Disclaimer: In some states, this process of assigning a contract is considered synonymous with working as a real estate agent. Even though it's technically a different type of agreement, some jurisdictions don't distinguish between the two. If you decide to pursue this strategy, check with the laws in your area to make sure you aren't required to have a real estate license to complete this process. If a license is required, you don't want to attempt this without your real estate license.

This presented a few obvious benefits:

• I didn't need to put up any of my own cash.
• I didn't need to shoulder any liability as a property owner.
• I didn't need to stress out if I couldn't find a buyer immediately (because once the purchase agreement expired, I was free to walk away from the deal).

As I became increasingly strapped for cash (all while the opportunities continued to pour in faster than I could handle), this whole “Assignment” business sounded like the PERFECT solution to my problem.

The Mechanics of Assigning a Contract

Now, the idea of assigning contracts (aka – “wholesaling”) always sounds great on paper – but let me tell you, I struggled for YEARS to understand the mechanics of how this process really worked.

I understood the “20,000-foot-high” concept of assignments, but when it came down to figuring out the real, nitty-gritty details (for example)…

• What kind of Purchase Agreement was I supposed to use?
• What kind of Assignment Agreement needed to be signed?
• How was I supposed to get the deal closed?
• Where could I find the right closing agent to work with me?
• When would I get paid in the process?
• What if the buyer went behind my back and talked to the seller?
• What if I couldn't find a buyer before the original contract expired?

…I had heard so many different opinions from so many different people about how the process was supposed to work. All the advice I saw on the various real estate forums and blogs would constantly contradict each other, making  it even harder for me to nail down the “correct” way to move through this process.

Since I struggled with it for a long time, I will save you a ton of hassle and confusion by laying it all out below.

The 4 Stages of Assigning Contracts

Assigning a contract is (in theory) a pretty simple concept.

When an investor (we'll call this the ‘middleman') finds a great real estate deal and signs a Purchase Agreement with the Seller, they have the option ( if their Purchase Agreement contains the right language ) to “assign” (aka – sell) this piece of paper to an outside investor.

When the wholesaler/middleman assigns the Purchase Agreement to the outside investor, they can do it with a simple, 1-page document called an Assignment Agreement . This document legally transfers the original buyer's rights (as written in the original Purchase Agreement) to the new buyer. It also releases the original buyer (i.e. – the “Assignor”) from any liability or obligation and substitutes the new buyer (“Assignee”) in their place.

Essentially, the outside investor is jumping into the shoes of the wholesaler and can purchase the property directly from the Seller, at the same price, at the same terms, with the same deadlines, exactly as the terms were stated in the original Purchase Agreement. The only difference is that it now applies to the new buyer (Assignee) instead of the original buyer (Assignor).

I always find that visual aids are helpful, so here's my best attempt at showing you another representation of how the process works:

Stage 1: Contract Signed between Wholesaler and Seller

Stage 2: Wholesaler Finds an Outside Investor to Buy Under the Terms of the Original Purchase Agreement

Stage 3: Wholesaler Assigns the Contract to the Outside Investor and Gets Paid a Deposit

Stage 4: Seller, Wholesaler, and Outside Investor Close. The Wholesaler is Paid the Balance of the Assignment Fee at Closing.

As you can see, the Wholesaler (Original Buyer or Assignor) is acting as the “middleman” (or middlewoman, in this case), getting paid in the form of an Assignment Fee from the Outside Investor (Assignee).

In the process I follow (which I'm about to explain further), a portion of this payment is made when the Assignment Agreement is signed by both parties (Stage 3 – above), and the remainder is paid when the deal is closed, and the property officially changes hands (Stage 4 – above).

How the Process Works

Over the years, I have heard numerous explanations (all of which were different) about how the wholesaling process is supposed to work.

Most of these explanations only got me  80% there . They never closed the loop on how to get through the closing process, abide by the law, get paid, AND not be a scumbag .

The process outlined below seems to check all of these boxes and get the job done.

Finding the Motivated Seller

I've already thoroughly explained these techniques in several articles throughout this blog. If you aren't sure where to start, you can reference these posts below:

• How I Find Motivated Sellers  –  Step 1 ,  Step 2 ,  Step 3
• How to Create a Buying Website
• Million Dollar Postcard Templates That Work
• How Much Should You Offer For That Property?
• How To Write Offers That Get Accepted (With 3 Simple Pages)
• Everything You Need To Know About Getting Your County's Delinquent Tax List
• The Ultimate Negotiation Technique That Nobody Talks About
• How to Avoid the Guilt Trip When Sending Low Offers
• Understanding the Motivated Seller
• Getting People To Say Yes

Explain Your Intent & Get the Contract Signed (IMPORTANT)

When you start making offers to motivated sellers, your offer must be accompanied by a thorough explanation of what you intend to do .

Assigning a contract is very different than buying a property outright with a traditional closing. The Seller needs to know what you plan to do (because by itself, your Purchase Agreement doesn't imply your intent to assign the contract, it just says that you CAN assign it… and that's not enough guidance for the seller).

If you don't explain your intentions to the Seller, any rational person will get confused (and probably upset) when they see what happens.

It doesn't need to be this way. All it takes is a clear explanation from you so they understand what to expect.

There are a few key points your Seller needs to be aware of:

• You're not planning to buy their property yourself.
• You plan to sell the contract to someone else, and then THEY will buy the property from the Seller.
• You will communicate with the Seller throughout the process (they won't ever be left in the dark), so they know what's happening.
• If you can't find an outside buyer for the property, the contract will expire, and the transaction won't happen .

Given that a wholesale transaction involves a couple of additional steps, it might be tempting to over-complicate this explanation as you're trying to explain things to the Seller. I had this problem when I started wholesaling with assignments.

Avoid Information Overload

It's important to explain all the basics to the seller, but you don't want to bombard them with the information they don't need to know.

Nobody likes to feel confused. Rather than being made to feel stupid, most confused people will just say “No” to save their pride ( even if this arrangement is in their best interests ).

When I explain the process to a potential Seller, it looks something like this:

“Thanks for contacting us! A fter reviewing the details of your property, we would be interested in marketing your property to our nationwide network of real estate investors. For the next 180 days, we would be willing to invest our time and resources to find a cash buyer at no cost to you. If we are able to find a buyer, we will coordinate with you and the buyer to schedule a closing and ensure you are paid the full amount listed in this purchase agreement. You will not incur any costs in this process . We will be compensated by the buyer (which we will find) and when the transaction is closed, you will receive the full sale price stated in the attached purchase agreement. In order to start the process, we will need a signed copy of the attached purchase agreement. In this contract, our company will be listed as the Buyer and our intent will be to assign this contract to another cash buyer in our network.”

To assign your purchase agreement  (as explained above),  you need to ensure your contract contains an “Assignment” clause, allowing you the right to assign the contract to a third party. Without this clause, you will be the only one allowed to close on the purchase, and the rest of this process won't work.

There are many different ways to state this in your contract, but if you need an example, this is what my Assignment clause looks like:

ASSIGNMENT : Buyer has an unqualified right to assign its rights under this contract to a third party. No notice to the Seller of an assignment is necessary. Such an assignment will create a novation and release the original Buyer from this contract and substitute the assignee in its place.

Reminder: Whatever documentation or language you use, you'll want to make sure you run it by an attorney in your area to ensure it's valid and abides by your local, state, and federal laws.

Due Diligence & Property Prospectus Report

Since you're not the actual end-buyer, you don't need to learn every intricate detail about the property you have under contract.

However, you need to know the basic, relevant details about it because you're going to market this thing to the public, to your buyers list (if you have one), and to anyone else who may be a potential cash buyer.

So how much do you need to know?

As a general rule, I try to uncover any potential disasters that would kill a deal if I were buying it outright ( i.e. – what kinds of things would make ME turn and run the other direction? ). I also try to gather enough information to complete a property prospectus report .

What is a property prospectus report? Mine looks something like this…

It's just a single page that lists all of the basic details about the property:

• Listing Price
• Property Address
• Parcel Number
• Legal Description
• Property Size
• Terrain & Surroundings
• Road & Utility Access
• On-Site Photo(s)
• Breakdown of Costs
• Comparable Listings (to give a basis for my asking price)

…and that's pretty much it. Here's a video overview of how I fill it out:

Also see:   One Weird Trick to Find the Size, Shape, Location & Dimensions of Your Property  and  The Fastest Way to Research Any Property in the United States

The goal of this document isn't to inform my cash buyers of every last detail about the property. The point is to give them just enough information to make it obvious that the deal has great potential and huge value (if it's a good deal, this shouldn't be difficult).

That being said, if I do find any big problems in my due diligence process, I'll either walk away from the deal (if I don't think I'll be able to sell it for a profit) or at the very least, I'll be sure to disclose any “Other Issues” that I'm aware of at the bottom of the report.

(Note: If you want a copy of my Prospectus Report template, you can get it at the bottom of this blog post.)

Find the Buyer, Assign the Contract, Collect the Deposit

When you start getting calls and emails from interested buyers, you'll likely find that there are A LOT of tire-kickers out there. People will get your hopes up, only to go AWOL when it's time to sign on the dotted line.

People are extremely flakey , so if someone wants you to take their offer seriously, they'll have to agree to it in writing AND put their money where their mouth is.

When I find an interested buyer, this is how I would communicate the next steps to them:

“ Thanks for your interest in this property! If you'd like to move forward with this purchase, I'll need two things from you: 1. Please sign the attached Assignment Agreement and fax, email, or text it back by 5:00pm today . 2. Please send us a $______ deposit by 5:00pm today  via wire transfer. Note: This property will not be reserved until both items are received. Once both items are received, the property will be reserved in your name and we will contact <<Title Company Name & Location>> to begin the closing process. They will contact you in the next few days and will send you the closing documents and preliminary title report for your review and approval. Our tentative goal is to close this transaction by <<30 days later>>. This means you will need to submit your funds and all the required paperwork to <<Title Company Name>> by (or before) that time. “

When it comes to the earnest deposit , when the total purchase price is $10K – $30K, I'll usually ask for approximately 10% of the total purchase price, and I round it to the nearest $1,000. If the sale price is less than $10K, then $500 is usually sufficient. The idea is just to collect something to show that the buyer is serious and not blowing smoke.

If you're closing with a title company or attorney, this money should be sent to your closing agent, who will disperse it appropriately when the deal closes (or if it falls apart). Your end buyer can either send the funds directly to your closing agent, or they can send the funds to you, and YOU can give it to your closing agent.

Unfortunately, all kinds of obstacles can get in the way of closing ( clouds on title , funding issues, inspection issues, you name it), so you don't want to get too excited about this money until the deal is closed.

Note Regarding the Assignment Agreement

You might find that some people (buyers, sellers, closing agents, etc.) tend to overthink this document simply because they don't have experience with assignments and aren't familiar with how they work.

As I explained above, this is a relatively simple document that takes your rights as the original “Buyer” of the property and transfers them to a third-party (i.e., the new person or entity that has the cash and desire to jump into your shoes and become the actual end buyer of the property).

This video offers a straightforward explanation if you ever encounter an individual who just doesn't get it.

Deliver Documentation to Title Company, Close, Get Paid

Once you have both the Assignment Agreement and the funds required for your deposit, you'll need to deliver the following documentation to your Closing Agent (i.e., Title Company or Closing Attorney):

• A copy of the fully executed Purchase Agreement.
• A copy of the fully executed Assignment Agreement.
• The funds from the end buyer's earnest deposit.

This should be everything they need to prepare the necessary paperwork for all parties to sign and move forward with closing the transaction.

Given that this is a cash deal (with no mortgages or outside financing involved), this shouldn't be a complicated transaction for your closing agent to pull off. That said, I should warn you that not all closing agents are created equal .

When I started trying to assign contracts, I found that some title companies had no idea what they were doing. They acted like I was asking them to move heaven and earth or do something illegal. I found that MANY title companies were particularly incompetent with assigning contracts, which threw a huge wrench in my progress for a long time.

If you run into this dilemma, keep calling around to various title companies or closing attorneys in your area until you find someone who understands what you're talking about. Don't let their ignorance act as an obstacle to your business.

Advantages to Assigning Contracts

When I look back on all the properties I've listed and sold on my behalf, most sold in 6 months or less (assuming they were desirable, usable , priced right , and I was marketing them consistently ).

Whenever a property took longer than six months to sell, it was usually because of one or two issues:

• My assumption about the property's market value was WAY off (and I didn't have the profit margin I thought I would).
• Something was fundamentally wrong with the property (e.g., it didn't perc , it wasn't buildable, the location was terrible, etc.).

As you can imagine – neither of these issues is fun to realize, but whatever the case may have been, I found that when a property sat on the market for more than six months and the sale still hadn't occurred , something big needed to change .

This is one of the huge benefits of assigning a contract. By the time I realized I had made a pricing or due diligence mistake with one of my properties, it was clear that if I could do it all over again, I wouldn't have bought this property at the price I paid for it .

It would have been far better for me to get it under contract and then assign the purchase agreement (if I even could) rather than buy it outright.

As you can imagine, if there's ever something wrong with a property, this problem should stay in the seller's lap instead of mine.

Here are some issues that make me consider wholesaling through an assignment rather than buying a property outright:

• When I'm not very confident about the property's true market value.
• When there are potential problems with the property that I can't get resolved.
• If I don't have the money to invest and buy the property outright.
• The seller isn't willing to lower their asking price to my liking (but it's still a good deal, with enough profit margin to be a good deal for someone else).
• The property isn't local, and I don't want to take on the liability of ownership.

It's important to remember that even when you have money to buy a property, it doesn't necessarily mean you should.

All kinds of menacing issues can come up with any property – and in some cases, these issues can become MAJOR obstacles to selling it.

For many investors, this uncertainty is more than enough reason to stick to wholesaling them with an assignment exclusively.

Drawbacks to Assigning Contracts

While there are a lot of benefits that can come with assigning contracts, there are a few drawbacks you should be aware of as well.

When you intend to assign a contract, you'll have to deal with a few limitations (which may or may not be a problem – depending on what you're trying to do). For example:

• You won't be able to improve the property (because you don't own it, and it's not yours to improve).
• You won't be able to offer seller financing (because you're not the owner, and it's not yours to finance).
• You'll have a shorter window of time to finish the deal (because your contract won't last forever).
• The closing process will require more attention to detail than the simplicity of a cash closing.
• Your buyer MUST be able to pay all cash (because most mortgage lenders aren't willing to deal with the complexities of an assigned contract).

It's also worth noting that some states (like Ohio , for instance) have laws and statutes that essentially   make it illegal to market a property you don't own in your name. It's considered the “brokering of real estate,” if you don't have a real estate license in that state, you could get fined and/or charged with a misdemeanor for working outside of this box.

Even in states where the legality of assigning contracts isn't an issue, it's still a good practice to make it abundantly clear in your listing that you are selling a CONTRACT to purchase the property, not the property itself .

For example, you could include a short paragraph in your listing that reads something like this…

“ This property is available via our Assignment Program. We have entered into a purchase contract with the current owner to buy the property for $________ (this price includes payment to the owner and all associated fees and estimated closing costs) and for an assignment fee of $_______, we will sell our rights in this contract to a third party. A reputable title company and/or attorney will be enlisted to handle the closing and transfer of title.”

With this kind of statement included in your listing, it should be clear to interested parties that  you are not the current owner . You are simply selling a piece of paper that gives you (and, ultimately, your end buyer) the right to purchase the property for a certain price.

When you decide to buy a property outright and flip it (i.e., the old-fashioned way), there are a lot of freedoms you'll have that simply aren't available when you choose to assign the contract.

So, before you swear off buying properties outright, remember that every deal has different considerations you need to think about. Depending on your end goals, these issues may or may not make the property an ideal fit for wholesaling with an assignment.

It's An Ongoing Education

I'll be completely honest; I still don't consider myself an “expert” in wholesaling via assigning contracts  because it isn't been my primary strategy.

On the same coin, I can say that I've been through enough wholesale assignment transactions to know that this process works .

Wholesaling is a great way to make money in real estate, but assigning contracts isn't my primary technique for handling most deals.

That being said, wholesaling is an extremely helpful sidearm at my disposal when I come across deals that don't fit perfectly inside the “cookie-cutter mold” that I like to see (and as you can probably imagine, this happens pretty frequently).

I think it's great for any real estate investor to be familiar and comfortable with this strategy because there are PLENTY of scenarios where assigning the contract is a much better fit than buying a property outright.

Want Access to My Wholesaling Toolbox?

As I mentioned earlier, I spent YEARS of my life trying to nail down the right process and documentation for wholesaling real estate. The ability to pull some huge profits out of properties I didn't even own was a major revelation, and it could be a big deal for you too.

If you want to try your hand at assigning contracts… I've got something I think will help:

• A copy of my Assignment Agreement template
• A copy of my Purchase Agreement (which is fully assignable)
• A copy of my Property Prospectus Report template
• A copy of my Wholesaling Checklist (to walk you through each step of the process)
• Detailed Video Tutorials explaining how to use each document

Again, there's no “magic” to the documents I use. You can easily call up your local attorney, and I'm sure they'd be happy to charge you $600/hour to give you a similar set of documents and instructions.

Go ahead and call them… I'll wait.

It took me a long time and a lot of tedious conversations with various legal pros to fine-tune this product. These docs were designed to be both simple and user-friendly, all while including all of the pertinent details I needed to see in my wholesale deals.

My goal was to AVOID confusing Buyers, Sellers, and Closing Agents about how this process works and to give myself the freedom I needed to feel comfortable doing these types of transactions. Over time, I've found that these attributes went a long way in getting these deals done. If you’re serious about adding wholesaling to your growing repertoire of real estate investing strategies – the opportunity is sitting right in front of you.

When you consider how many more deals you'll be able to do, the risk you'll be able to avoid, and the amount of money you'll be able to make here (all while investing none of your cash), this information is easily worth 50x than the price tag I'm putting on it – I'm not exaggerating .

Note: When you sign up as an REtipster Email Subscriber , I’ll send you an instant $20 off “Discount Code” for this item, and if you enroll in the Land Investing Masterclass , you'll get access to this item for FREE. There's no pressure – I just want to make sure you're aware.

About the author

Seth Williams

Seth Williams is the Founder of REtipster.com - an online community that offers real-world guidance for real estate investors.

Related articles

015: maggie found early success with house wholesaling – how did she do it, 098: how luis mastered assignments and double closings on land deals, 085: how the modern rules of house wholesaling have changed, 054: karl made six figures last year as a land investor assigning contracts. here’s how he did it…, discover the retipster club.

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Assignment of Contract – Assignable Contract Basics for Real Estate Investors

What is assignment of contract? Learn about this wholesaling strategy and why assignment agreements are the preferred solution for flipping real estate contracts.

Beginners to investing in real estate and wholesaling must navigate a complex landscape littered with confusing terms and strategies. One of the first concepts to understand before wholesaling is assignment of contract, also known as assignment of agreement or “flipping real estate contracts.”  

An assignment contract is the most popular exit strategy for wholesalers, and it isn’t as complicated as it may seem. What does assignment of contract mean? How can it be used to get into wholesaling? Here’s what you need to know.

What Is Assignment of Contract?

How assignment of contract works in real estate wholesaling, what is an assignment fee in real estate, assignment of agreement pros & cons, assignable contract faqs.

• Transactly Saves Time. Learn How Now!

Assignment of real estate purchase and sale agreement, or simply assignment of agreement or contract, is a real estate wholesale strategy that facilitates a sale between the property owner and the end buyer.

This strategy is also known as flipping real estate contracts because that’s essentially how it works:

• The wholesaler finds a property that’s already discounted or represents a great deal and enters into a contract with the seller,
• The contract contains an assignment clause that allows the wholesaler to assign the contract to someone else (if they choose to!), then
• The wholesaler can assign the contract to another party and receive an assignment fee when the transaction closes.

Assignment of contract in real estate is a popular strategy for beginners in real estate investment because it requires very little or even no capital. As long as you can find an interested buyer, you do not need to come up with a large sum of money to buy and then resell the property – you are only selling your right to buy it .

An assignment contract passes along your purchase rights as well as your contract obligations. After the contract assignment, you are no longer involved in the transaction with no right to make claims or responsibilities to get the transaction to closing.

Until you assign contract to someone else, however, you are completely on the hook for all contract responsibilities and rights.

This means that you are in control of the deal until you decide to assign the contract, but if you aren’t able to get someone to take over the contract, you are legally obligated to follow through with the sale .

Assignment of Contract vs Double Closing

Double closing and assignment of agreement are the two main real estate wholesaling exit strategies. Unlike the double closing strategy, an assignment contract does not require the wholesaler to purchase the property.

Assignment of contract is usually the preferred option because it can be completed in hours and does not require you to fund the purchase . Double closings take twice as much work and require a great deal of coordination. They are also illegal in some states.

Ready to see how an assignment contract actually works? Even though it has a low barrier to entry for beginner investors, the challenges of completing an assignment of contract shouldn’t be underestimated. Here are the general steps involved in wholesaling.

Step #1. Find a seller/property

The process begins by finding a property that you think is a good deal or a good investment and entering into a purchase agreement with the seller. Of course, not just any property is suitable for this strategy. You need to find a motivated seller willing to accept an assignment agreement and a price that works with your strategy. Direct mail marketing, online marketing, and checking the county delinquent tax list are just a few possible lead generation strategies you can employ.

Step #2: Enter into an assignable contract

The contract with the seller will be almost the same as a standard purchase agreement except it will contain an assignment clause.

An important element in an assignable purchase contract is “ and/or assigns ” next to your name as the buyer . The term “assigns” is used here as a noun to refer to a potential assignee. This is a basic assignment clause authorizing you to transfer your position and rights in the contract to an assignee if you choose.

The contract must also follow local laws regulating contract language. In some jurisdictions, assignment of contract is not allowed. It’s becoming increasingly common for wholesalers to assign agreements to an LLC instead of an individual. In this case, the LLC would be under contract with the seller. This can potentially bypass lender objections and even anti-assignment clauses for distressed properties. Rather than assigning the contract to someone else, the investor can reassign their interest in the LLC through an “assignment of membership interest.”

Note: even the presence of an assignment clause can make some sellers nervous or unwilling to make a deal . The seller may be picky about whom they want to buy the property, or they may be suspicious or concerned about the concept of assigning a contract to an unknown third party who may or may not be able to complete the sale.

The assignment clause should always be disclosed and explained to the seller. If they are nervous, they can be assured that they will still get the agreed-upon amount.

Step #3. Submit the assignment contract for a title search

Once you are under contract, you must typically submit the contract to a title company to perform the title search. This ensures there are no liens attached to the property.

Step #4. Find an end buyer to assign the contract

Next is the most challenging step: finding a buyer who can fulfill the contract’s original terms including the closing date and purchase price.

Successful wholesalers build buyers lists and employ marketing campaigns, social media, and networking to find a good match for an assignable contract.

Once you locate an end buyer, your contract should include earnest money the buyer must pay upfront. This gives you some protection if the buyer breaches the contract and, potentially, causes you to breach your contract with the seller. With a non-refundable deposit, you can be sure your earnest money to the seller will be covered in a worst-case scenario.

You can see an assignment of contract example here between an assignor and assignee.

Step #5. Receive your assignment fee

The final step is receiving your assignment fee. This fee is your profit from the transaction, and it’s usually paid when the transaction closes.

The assignment fee is how the wholesaler makes money through an assignment contract. This fee is paid by the end buyer when they purchase the right to buy the property as compensation for being connected to the original seller. Assignment contracts should clearly spell out the assignment fee and how it will be paid.

An assignment fee in real estate replaces the broker or Realtor fee in a typical transaction as the assignor or investor is bringing together the seller and end buyer.

The standard real estate assignment fee is $5,000 . However, it varies by transaction and calculating the assignment fee may be higher or lower depending on whether the buyer is buying and holding the property or rehabbing and flipping.

The assignment fee is not always a flat amount. The difference between the agreed-upon price with the seller and the end buyer is the profit you stand to earn as the assignor. If you agreed to purchase the property for $150,000 from the seller and assign the contract to a buyer for $200,000, your assignment fee or profit would be $50,000.

In most cases, an investor receives a deposit when the Assignment of Purchase and Sale Agreement is signed with the rest paid at closing.

Be aware that assignment agreements can have a bad reputation . This is usually the case when the end buyer and seller are unsatisfied, realizing they could have sold higher or bought lower and essentially paid thousands to an investor who never even wanted to buy the property.

Opting for the standard, flat assignment fee is much more readily accepted by sellers and buyers as it’s comparable to a real estate agent’s commission or even much lower and the parties can avoid working with an agent.

Real estate investors enjoy many benefits of an assignment of contract:

• This strategy requires little or no capital which makes it a popular entry to wholesaling as investors learn the ropes.
• Investors are not added to the title chain and never own the property which reduces costs and the amount of time the deal takes.
• An assignment of agreement is easier and faster than double closing which requires two separate closings and two sets of fees and disclosures.
• Wholesaling can be a great tool to expand an investor’s network for future opportunities.

As with most things, there are important drawbacks to consider. Before jumping into wholesaling and flipping real estate contracts, consider the downsides .

• It can be difficult to work with sellers and buyers who are not familiar with wholesaling or assignment agreements.
• Some sellers avoid or decline assignment of contract offers because they are suspicious of the arrangement, think it is too risky, or want to know who they are selling to.
• There is a limited time to find an end buyer. Without a reliable buyer’s list, it can be very challenging to find a viable end buyer before the closing date.
• The end buyer may back out at the last minute. This may happen if they do not have owner’s rights until the contract is assigned or they do not want to pay an assignment fee.
• Not all properties are eligible for wholesaling like HUD and REO properties. There may be anti-assignment clauses or other hurdles. It is possible to get around this by purchasing the property with an LLC which can then be sold, but this is a level of complication that many wholesalers want to avoid.
• Assignors do not have owner’s rights. When the property is under contract, investors cannot make repairs or improvements. This makes it harder to assign a contract for a distressed property in poor condition.
• It can be hard to confirm an end buyer is qualified. The end buyer is responsible for paying the agreed upon price set by the seller and assignor. Many lenders do not handle assignment agreements which usually means turning to all-cash end buyers. Depending on the market, they can be hard to find.

In the worst-case scenario, if a wholesaling deal falls through because the end buyer backs out, the investor or assignor is still responsible for buying the property and must follow through with the purchase agreement. If you do not, you are in breach of contract and lose the earnest money you put down.

To avoid this worst-case scenario, be prepared with a good buyer’s list. You should only put properties under contract that you consider a good deal and you can market to other investors or homeowners. You may be able to get more time by asking for an extension to the assignment of contract while you find another buyer or even turn to other wholesalers to see if they have someone who would be a good fit.

What is the difference between assignor vs assignee?

In an assignment clause, the assignor is the buyer who then assigns the contract to an assignee. The assignee is the end buyer or final buyer who becomes the owner when the transaction closes. After the assignment, contract rights and obligations are transferred from the assignor to the assignee.

What Is an assignable contract?

An assignable contract in real estate is a purchase agreement that allows the buyer to assign their rights and obligations to another party before the contract expires. The assignee then becomes obligated to meet the terms of the contract and, at closing, get title to the property.

Is Assignment of Agreement Legal?

Assignment of contract is legal as long as state regulations are followed and it’s an assignable contract. The terms of your agreement with the seller must allow for the contract to be assumed. To be legal and enforceable, the following general requirements must be met.

• The assignment does not violate state law or public policy. In some states and jurisdictions, contract assignments are prohibited.
• There is no assignment clause prohibiting assignment.
• There is written consent between all parties.
• The property does not have restrictions prohibiting assignment. Some properties have deed restrictions or anti-assignment clauses prohibiting assignment of contract within a specific period of time. This includes HUD properties, short sales, and REO properties which usually prohibit a property from being resold for 90 days. There is potentially a way around these non-assignable contracts using an LLC.

Can a non-assignable contract still be assigned?

Even an non-assignable contract can become an assignable contract in some cases. A common approach is creating an agreement with an LLC or trust as the purchaser. The investor can then assign the entity to someone else because the contractual rights and obligations are the entity’s.

Assignment agreements are not as complicated as they may sound, and they offer an excellent entry into real estate investing without significant capital. A transaction coordinator at Transactly can be an invaluable solution, no matter your volume, to keep your wholesaling business on track and facilitate every step of the transaction to closing – and your assignment fee!

Adam Valley

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What is an Assignment Contract in Wholesale Real Estate?

The most successful real estate investors are ones who market to and work directly with homeowners to buy property. When investors talk directly to sellers, they have several options for closing lucrative real estate deals. For real estate investors who don’t have a lot of time or money to invest in any single property, wholesaling is an attractive option.

Wholesaling real estate is a great way to get into real estate investing, and it’s a strategy that allows you to invest without putting down any upfront capital of your own. 

But how? 

In real estate wholesaling, a wholesaler contracts an off-market home with a seller, then finds an interested third-party buyer to purchase the contract at a higher price. The wholesaler then keeps the difference as profit. This process of selling a contract before the wholesaler purchases the property themselves is called an assignment of contract . 

What is an assignment of contract? 

An assignment of contract is a transfer of contractual obligations from one party to another. In real estate, an investor makes a deal with a property owner, and then sells the contract to a third party before the home closes. The investor collects an assignment fee for finding the deal. 

You may have dealt with situations that are similar to an assignment of contract. For example, if the mortgage on your home has ever transferred from one company to another, you’ve been privy to an assignment of mortgage, where your original mortgage company has transferred their contractual obligations to a new company. 

Do I need to put down any of my own money using an assignment of contract? 

No! The benefit to wholesaling with an assignment of contract in real estate is that you don’t need to use any of your own money in order to profit from a real estate transaction. Minimal costs to wholesalers include building a quality list of leads (often distressed properties) through driving for dollars, and sending mail to those leads. 

What is the difference between assignment of contract and double closing? 

Unlike an assignment of contract in real estate, double-closing involves two separate transactions with the seller and buyer. In double closing, a wholesaler purchases a home in their name, and then sells the property within 30 days without making any updates to the home. The benefit of double closing is that a wholesaler can keep their own profit undisclosed to both the seller and the buyer. The downside is that the investor has to put up their own money in order to close the first part of this real estate deal.

How do I find someone to buy my contract?

Finding buyers to purchase your real estate contracts may seem daunting, but there are lots of investors and entrepreneurs who are looking for their next deal. A great way to start building a buyers list is to go to local REI meet-ups and exchange business cards with investors who are actively making deals. You can also post on social media to get the word out about your business. As you’re out driving for dollars, keep an eye out for signs that say “For Rent.” You may be able to connect with those owners to see if they’re interested in growing their rental portfolio.  

Is an assignment of contract in real estate legal? 

Yes - but it’s important to research and keep an eye on the wholesaling regulations in your state. In Illinois, for example, non-licensed investors are allowed to wholesale one real estate deal every 12 months. Investors in Illinois who want to do more wholesaling deals than one per year need to obtain a license. In Oklahoma, real estate investors are required to obtain a license in order to sell an assignment of contract and must abide by all state real estate laws. Be sure to review the laws in your state and keep up to date on local real estate investing news in your area. 

Can I make money wholesaling?

Yes! Just take a look at a few DealMachine customer success stories. Real estate investor Ramin Qudus made $50,000 on a wholesaling deal during his 7-day trial with DealMachine. Rita Grimes talked with our Director of Community Experience, Elise Knaack, about how she was able to make $178,000 in the first half of 2021 through wholesaling and driving for dollars. Just one week after Ashley and Anthony Warren started marking to their D4D leads, they had their first deal under contract for $62,000. 

About David Lecko

David Lecko is the CEO of DealMachine. DealMachine helps real estate investors get more deals for less money with software for lead generation, lead filtering and targeting, marketing and outreach, and acquisitions and dispositions.

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Contract Assignment Agreement

Rating: 4.8 - 105 votes

This Contract Assignment Agreement document is used to transfer rights and responsibilities under an original contract from one Party, known as the Assignor, to another, known as the Assignee. The Assignor who was a Party to the original contract can use this document to assign their rights under the original contract to the Assignee, as well as delegating their duties under the original contract to that Assignee. For example, a nanny who as contracted with a family to watch their children but is no longer able to due to a move could assign their rights and responsibilities under the original service contract to a new childcare provider.

How to use this document

Prior to using this document, the original contract is consulted to be sure that an assignment is not prohibited and that any necessary permissions from the other Party to the original contract, known as the Obligor, have been obtained. Once this has been done, the document can be used. The Agreement contains important information such as the identities of all parties to the Agreement, the expiration date (if any) of the original contract, whether the original contract requires the Obligor's consent before assigning rights and, if so, the form of consent that the Assignor obtained and when, and which state's laws will govern the interpretation of the Agreement.

If the Agreement involves the transfer of land from one Party to another , the document will include information about where the property is located, as well as space for the document to be recorded in the county's official records, and a notary page customized for the land's location so that the document can be notarized.

Once the document has been completed, it is signed, dated, and copies are given to all concerned parties , including the Assignor, the Assignee, and the Obligor. If the Agreement concerns the transfer of land, the Agreement is then notarized and taken to be recorded so that there is an official record that the property was transferred.

Applicable law

The assignment of contracts that involve the provision of services is governed by common law in the " Second Restatement of Contracts " (the "Restatement"). The Restatement is a non-binding authority in all of U.S common law in the area of contracts and commercial transactions. Though the Restatement is non-binding, it is frequently cited by courts in explaining their reasoning in interpreting contractual disputes.

The assignment of contracts for sale of goods is governed by the Uniform Commercial Code (the "UCC") in § 2-209 Modification, Rescission and Waiver .

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Other names for the document:

Assignment Agreement, Assignment of Contract Agreement, Contract Assignment, Assignment of Contract Contract, Contract Transfer Agreement

Country: United States

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‘A Dangerous Assignment’ Director and Reporter Discuss the Risks in Investigating the Powerful in Maduro’s Venezuela

A still from FRONTLINE and Armando.info's documentary "A Dangerous Assignment: Uncovering Corruption in Maduro's Venezuela."

The investigation at the heart of FRONTLINE’s new documentary A Dangerous Assignment: Uncovering Corruption in Maduro’s Venezuela unfolded as Venezuelan journalist Roberto Deniz started looking into complaints about the poor quality of food distributed by a government program.

Venezuela was in the throes of economic collapse in 2016. The value of the country’s oil had fallen, leading to a deficit, and Venezuelans faced high inflation and food shortages. President Nicolás Maduro responded by launching a food program called the Local Committees for Supply and Production (Comité Locales de Abastecimiento y Producción or CLAP).

As Deniz and the Venezuelan independent news site Armando.info where he worked looked into the program, they would help uncover a corruption scheme and the figure at the heart of the scandal: Alex Saab. The documentary, made in collaboration with Armando.info, was directed by Juan Ravell, produced by Jeff Arak and reported by Deniz — who is now living and working in exile.

Deniz and Ravell spoke with FRONTLINE about the risks of reporting on Venezuela, tracing a corruption scandal that reached into the Venezuelan government and spanned continents, and the price that journalists pay for investigating the powerful in Maduro’s government.

This interview has been edited for length and clarity. Some of the responses have been translated from Spanish.

Can you both take me back to how this whole investigation started?

Deniz: This has been a long story for us — “us” being Armando.info, but also for me, as a journalist. My investigation about Alex Saab started in 2016. That was the moment in which I decided to start investigating what was happening behind the CLAP program. But in 2015, the name Alex Saab came up in an investigation about a contract that he got to build buildings for poor people in Venezuela. The moment when I realized that Alex Saab was also behind the CLAP food program, it was a big signal: This is not a simple contractor of the Venezuelan government. He’s a man who is more powerful than we could imagine.

Ravell: I wasn’t there from the beginning, but I did start collaborating with Armando.info around 2019. They were doing short pieces with different styles in their investigation, so I was making shorts for them and little videos. I remember clearly when the Alacran [Scorpion] investigation broke. An investigation by Armando.info found that opposition lawmakers worked secretly to defend some of Alex Saab’s businesses abroad. And I remember listening to the phone call that Roberto had with Venezuelan opposition politician Luis Parra and I was thinking, “This is insane that nobody’s listening to this call and so few people are aware of the job that Roberto is doing.” The way that Roberto behaved — very controlled, pressing but fair — was impressive to me. That’s when I got the initial idea. Then, when Alex Saab was detained in Cape Verde, we were pretty much convinced that this needs to be a documentary.

Alex Saab’s business network was complicated and vast. Juan, how did you decide what aspects of the story to focus on while filming this documentary?

Ravell: Roberto’s investigation led the narrative. We wanted to follow the most important stories Roberto was publishing, and those that had the most impact. The milk investigation is pretty important to Venezuelans and finding out who was behind its import. A chemical analysis requested by Armando.info showed some of the powdered milk in the CLAP boxes was so deficient in calcium and high in sodium that a researcher noted it couldn’t be classified as milk.

We knew Alex Saab before that. There had been some reporting by Armando.info, but when they connect him to the CLAP importing scheme, that’s when this story gets going. So from then on, we’re basically following Roberto through his investigation and his stories. Other journalists were also working on this case like Gerardo Reyes from Univision and Joshua Goodman from The Associated Press.

Roberto, at what point did you realize the scale of Saab’s business network and its connection to so many Venezuelan government projects?

Deniz: Since 2016, when I realized that Alex Saab was behind the CLAP program. For me, it was very clear that Alex Saab was a man that we have to investigate. The idea that he was the man behind this program to provide food to poor people in Venezuela — that Nicolás Maduro gave all this power to these guys — was a very important signal. When I started, I realized that there was a lot of fear to talk about him. Some sources immediately told me, “Well, Roberto, you have to be careful, because this is a powerful man and is very close to Nicolás Maduro.”

Roberto, you say in the film that some of the information about Saab’s dealings was difficult to uncover, and you needed to find alternative sources. Can you share the process you used to vet these sources to make sure that the information that they were providing was legitimate?

Deniz: In a country like Venezuela, there are severe threats and intimidation against the journalists that dare to do this kind of work. Normally, a journalist can access information from public records, and you can access officials and expect some kind of response. But that doesn’t happen in Venezuela. They won’t even want to acknowledge that you have contacted them.

I spoke to many of the sources that I had gathered for many years, whom I thought could have useful information about what was happening with the CLAP program. That was how I started to gain access to information, documents, papers that confirmed and signaled that Alex Saab was behind all this. You have to double-check, check three or even four times, every piece of information.

I also had many off-the-record sources. I think that over time, those sources have seen the determination that I and the team at Armando.info have had regarding this investigation, and that’s the main reason why they have trusted in our rigor and perseverance.

What was the most challenging aspect of telling the story visually?

Ravell: I’d say finding the balance. It’s a lot of documents. It’s a lot of words. It’s a lot of very dry information that we need to present in an interesting way, so I think what we managed to do is just rely on the narrative and try to find the best ways to translate that into a compelling film.

We were present in certain key moments. When Roberto’s house in Venezuela was raided, we had a camera with Roberto and we were able to interview him that night. The day of the prisoner swap — when Saab was returned from Miami to Venezuela — was interesting, because we had a team in Bogotá following Roberto and a team in Miami. So two different teams in two separate cities covering the same thing. It was an interesting experiment. And I think it comes across nicely in the film.

Roberto, you shared how reporting this story has led to you living in exile. How has that affected your ability to tell stories about what’s going on in Venezuela? What kind of challenges do you face now doing the same kind of journalism you used to do from inside the country?

Deniz: Since I had to get out of Venezuela in 2018, the most difficult thing was answering, “How can I do my work now?” It was so difficult. All of my life, since I decided to become a journalist, I was living in Venezuela, working in Venezuela. But ultimately, my exile was a solution for me, because I could keep working.

The most difficult thing, I think, is the personal part, the family. I know that all of these investigations are not easy for my family, all their grief, all the personal costs that I decided to face during all of these years.

People told me, “Wow, Roberto, you are brave,” “You are a strong person.” I am totally convinced that it’s not related to that. It’s related to our duty as journalists, our responsibility as journalists in a country like Venezuela. People don’t have the opportunity to know what is really happening in the country. I think that has pushed me to continue on in this investigation.

Many times I have thought that this is the moment to end the investigation. I cannot continue anymore. But I have to continue on what we have tried to do in Armando.info.

Can you both speak about the government’s reaction to this journalism, and what it says about press freedoms in Venezuela? What impact is the current atmosphere having on reporters still working inside Venezuela?

Ravell: It’s pretty clear from NGOs that research freedom of expression that investigative journalism and free, independent journalism is at risk in Venezuela. If you publish something and you get sued for defamation, that could end up getting you criminal charges and that can put you in jail. What Armando.info decided to do is just go in and report on hard things, subjects like corruption, and report on people who are very connected to the highest reaches of the Venezuelan government. By doing that, the choice they had to make was to leave the country. One of the few ways you can report on Venezuela is by going into exile. Still, in exile, there are risks, as you can see in the film. Roberto’s house in Venezuela was raided right before Alex Saab was extradited. So he’s in exile, and he’s still persecuted.

Deniz: I have been in exile since 2018, and nowadays I don’t feel that I am safe living abroad. I think that shows how powerful the message of an autocratic government is when they decide to oppose the work of independent journalists. If you see all the stories related to the Alex Saab case, the first legal action that I faced was in 2017 when he decided to sue me. I could face jail if I stayed in Venezuela. I’m totally sure about that. But then in 2021, I got a new legal action against me. I think that is a clear message that even if you get out of Venezuela, but you continue with your work, you are going to face all of the power of the Venezuelan government. It’s so sad for us as journalists.

Shortly before the premiere of this film, the Venezuelan government began responding to the documentary. Can you give us your take on their response?

Deniz: The attorney general of Venezuela accused us — Ewald Scharfenberg, editor and founder of Armando.info, and me, as a reporter — of supposedly being part of and benefiting from a “corruption scheme” related to Venezuela’s ex-oil minister, Tarek El Aissami, who was incarcerated some weeks ago and who’s been questioned for more than a year within a corruption investigation in PDVSA, the Venezuelan state-owned oil company.

It’s not a coincidence that this is happening right after we released the documentary’s trailer. For me, it’s more than evident that this accusation is total nonsense, but that doesn’t make it less serious, because this is a criminalization of the journalism that we have been doing in Armando.info. Sometimes I think that if you compare the work of Armando.info with all the power of the Venezuelan government, we’re like a dwarf fighting a giant, a tiny particle against a huge government, but that only shows you the authoritarian nature of this regime. They won’t tolerate, they won’t accept that some people persist and keep investigating.

Watch the full documentary A Dangerous Assignment: Uncovering Corruption in Maduro’s Venezuela :

Max Maldonado , Tow Journalism Fellow, FRONTLINE/Newmark Journalism School Fellowships , FRONTLINE

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‘It Would Have Been Easier To Look Away’: A Journalist’s Investigation Into Corruption in Maduro’s Venezuela

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Agile Contracts

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The Agile Manifesto contains a warning about contracts:

“Customer collaboration over contract negotiation”

- The Agile Manifesto For Agile Software Development

When developing products, contracts can limit change in a way that reduces the product’s value. Three primary contract types can be used to work with a supplier to develop a product:

Fixed Price Contract

A fixed price contract is where the price is agreed upon in advance and does not change, regardless of the cost of delivering the product. The fixed price may be based on a specific set of deliverables, a predefined scope of work, or other criteria agreed upon by those involved.

In a fixed-price contract, the producer delivers the product for the agreed-upon price. The producer takes on the risk of any cost overruns or delays, and the customer takes on the risk of any changes in scope or requirements that may impact the cost.

Fixed price contracts are often used successfully when the scope and requirements are well-defined and the risks associated with delivering the project are relatively low. These conditions are not present when doing complex product development. As a result, fixed-price contracts are often problematic when used in this domain. They limit the possibility of requirement changes, which will be inevitable. The result will be a lower-value product.

The producer is also incentivised to develop the product at the lowest possible cost to maximise profits. This can lead to disagreement and conflict around the scope and requirements, leading to waste and reduced value.

Although still widely used, standard fixed-price contracts reduce Agility and make producing a valuable product harder. Change is inevitable in complex environments, and these contracts limit change by design.

Time and Materials Contract

The most 'Agile friendly' contract type is the time and materials agreement. The supplier is paid for the time spent creating the product and the materials used. This can include expenses such as equipment, software licences, and other supplies. This contract model allows for greater flexibility in product development, as the Scrum Team can adapt to changing requirements and priorities as they arise.

The supplier should want to ensure that it efficiently uses its time and materials to keep the overall costs of the contract low to please the customer and maintain a long-term relationship.

The challenge with this contract type is that the risk remains with the producer. If things take longer than planned, they bear the cost. There is also the fear that the producer will work slowly to maximise costs for their benefit.

Most large organisations are risk-averse and do not like to retain this risk. Instead, they opt for a fixed-price contract and sacrifice value to mitigate the risk of rising costs.

Variations on this contract type exist. The total price cap. This is where the total cost is capped to encourage efficiency and protect the customer from excessive cost overruns.

An incremental delivery contract allows predetermined review points to be written into the contract so that the work can be broken up into several distinct mini-deliveries. At each review point, the customer and producer can evaluate performance and decide whether they wish to modify the arrangement, continue as planned, or terminate. Scrum supports this model with the need to deliver Increments of the product at least each month. This limits risk to some degree.

Shared Risk Contract

A Shared Risk Contract is where both producer and customer share the risks of developing a product. This type of contract aims to align the interests of both parties and encourage collaboration towards creating a product of the highest possible value.

In a Shared Risk Contract, the provider and the customer agree to share the costs and benefits of developing the product. For example, the producer may receive a bonus if the work is completed on time and within budget. On the other hand, if the project is delayed or exceeds budget, the producer may be required to pay a penalty.

Shared Risk Contracts are helpful in complex product development where the outcome is uncertain. Sharing the risks and rewards motivates both parties to work together to achieve the best possible result.

One further potential benefit is that it can encourage innovation and creativity. Because both parties share the risks and rewards, there is an incentive to find new and more efficient ways of completing the work. They can also help to build trust and foster a long-term relationship between the producer and the customer, as both parties are incentivised and working towards a common goal.

A challenge with them is they may be harder to create and agree to, which may limit the ability to use them.

TheScrumMaster.co.uk’s Ultimate Scrum & Agile eLearning Courses will help you learn Scrum & Agile and pass the major Scrum & Agile assessments to gain certification.

Our introductory Ultimate Scrum eLearning Course is free! 

See our full range of Ultimate Scrum & Agile eLearning courses .

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Defining futures contracts

• Why trade futures? 
• Risks of futures trading 

Futures Trading FAQs

What is futures trading.

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• Futures contracts allow traders to speculate on the direction of price movements on asset classes such as livestock, oil, and soybeans.
• Investing in futures can provide an additional layer of diversification to a portfolio.
• Futures are more complex and carry more risks than trading stocks or ETFs because of low margin requirements and volatility.

Futures trading involves buying and selling derivatives contracts for the purpose of speculation (attempting to generate a return based on predictions of future asset values) or hedging (taking steps to manage the risk tied to one's portfolio). 

Investors who are interested in learning more about these possibilities can benefit from reading this article, which can help educate them on futures trading for beginners. 

Futures are contracts where two parties agree to exchange a specific quantity of a commodity or other underlying asset for a predetermined price at a future time. These contracts were initially created to help businesses navigate unexpected costs.

For example, profits in the airline industry can be heavily dependent on the price of fuel. To protect against a sudden surge in prices, an airline company can use a futures contract to lock in current prices, thus nullifying the impact of increasing fuel prices. Futures contracts can be settled in cash or with physical goods. For traders, the settlement is in cash, while some businesses may opt for physical delivery. 

An agreement to buy/sell an asset at a set date and price 

Putting this more simply, a futures contract is a legal agreement that obligates two parties to buy or sell an underlying asset for a predetermined price at an agreed-upon time. 

This aspect differentiates futures from options, since an options contract gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to purchase an underlying asset at a set price during a predetermined time frame. 

Assets include commodities, currencies, etc. 

There are many types of futures contracts, which derive their value from various asset types . The most common kinds are commodities like wheat, corn, and crude oil. Other asset types include precious metals, currencies, US Treasuries and funds that grant exposure to major stock indexes like the S&P 500 . 

Given the complex nature of these contracts, investors who want to learn how to trade futures successfully might benefit significantly from focusing on specific types. 

Below are the most common categories. 

• Precious metals: Gold and silver are the most common metals in this category. Investors who choose these types of futures contracts are generally looking to hedge against inflation or financial uncertainty but precious metals can also be used for more practical applications like platinum for semiconductor chips. 
• Stock index: These contracts derive their value from a stock index like the S&P 500, Nasdaq, or Dow Jones Industrial Average. Investors try to use these types of futures to profit from anticipated movements or announcements from the Federal Reserve. 
• Energy: Futures contracts that are based on energy would include oil and natural gas. These contracts can also serve as a benchmark for oil prices worldwide. 
• Agriculture: Agriculture contracts are usually based on commodities like soybeans, corn and wheat. These contracts are a bit more unique due to the fact that weather patterns and seasonality play a much bigger role in impacting prices and risk. 
• US Treasury/interest rates: Futures contracts based on interest rates and Treasury bonds play a significant role in international financial markets. Investors in this category closely watch the moves of the Federal Reserve. 
• Livestock: Traders can even speculate on the prices of livestock like cattle and hogs. Price movements here are subject to consumer tastes and supply and demand pressure in addition to standard risks associated with futures.

Traded on futures exchanges

While some derivatives trade over-the-counter, futures contracts trade on exchanges, which means that they are, for the most part, standardized. In other words, they need to meet specific requirements, which includes clarifying the underlying asset, the settlement date (when the goods in question are delivered) and the settlement price. 

Investors can trade futures contracts on many different exchanges, for example the Chicago Board of Trade (also known as CBOT) and the New York Mercantile Exchange (also known as NYMEX). 

Why trade futures?  

Speculation on price movements .

Investors can trade futures to speculate on, and potentially profit from, changes in the value of a wide range of underlying assets, including commodities, stocks, and bonds. Because interested parties can harness futures to speculate on the future prices of so many different assets, futures contracts can be used to help construct a highly diversified portfolio. 

Another draw of futures trading is that interested parties can buy and sell these contracts at almost all times of the day. Instead of 9:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. ET, the futures market is open nearly 24 hours a day, six days a week. 

Hedging against price risk

Traders can use futures contracts to hedge risk in their portfolio. They can use these derivatives to hedge the risk that a component of their portfolio will fall in value. They can accomplish this by employing a short hedge strategy, which is something an investor can do if they think that the value of an underlying asset will fall over time. 

The opposite would be a long hedge strategy, which is something that an investor can use if they think that an asset will rise in value over time. An organization like an automaker could potentially use this if they believe that the value of a key manufacturing component, for example steel, will increase in the near future. 

Leverage (using a small amount of capital to control larger contracts) 

One more aspect of futures trading that might attract interested parties is the fact that these contracts make use of leverage, which can potentially amplify returns. However, investors should keep in mind that harnessing leverage can also increase potential losses. 

Margin is the practice of borrowing money from your brokerage to invest. Current margin requirements for futures contracts are between 3% and 12%. This means an investor could spend $5,000 of their own money to control a $100,000 position, which represents only a 5% stake in the aforementioned position. If this trade goes in the favor of the investor, there would be a significant windfall. But a negative move could result in serious losses. Before using debt to enter a trade, it is wise to carefully consider your risk tolerance. 

Another draw is that some futures trades may qualify for preferential tax rates. "Typically, gains from short-term stock trades are taxed as ordinary income. However, gains from futures contracts are taxed at a 60/40 rate which is 60% long-term and 40% short-term. Currently long-term capital gains tax rates range from 0-20% depending on your federal income tax bracket," says Moswen James, an enrolled agent at Get Help Tax.

Risks of futures trading  

High volatility and leverage can magnify losses.

While futures trading can help traders generate substantial returns, it can also create significant losses. 

One of the largest risk factors with futures is related to the margin requirements and price sensitivity. "Futures contracts are inherently very leveraged because the underlying valuation is very sensitive to the amount of funds invested as margin or collateral," says Chester Spatt, professor of finance at Carnegie Mellon University's Tepper School of Business. 

Market complexity

There are several factors that contribute to the complexity of the futures market, including the use of leverage and expiration dates. Because these contracts make use of margin, investors can easily become overleveraged, which can potentially lead to significant losses and/or substantial volatility in one's portfolio. 

Another consideration is that if an investor trades multiple futures contracts, it can be difficult for them to monitor their respective expiry dates. As these contracts approach these dates, their value can change sharply, potentially losing their worth. 

Before getting involved with any futures contract, investors should figure out an entry strategy (how they will enter the contract) and also an exit strategy (how they will close out a trade).

Futures and stock trading have certain things in common, but the former has additional considerations like leverage and also expiry dates. 

Open an account with a broker that offers futures trading. This kind of trading can be very complex, so it is wise to conduct substantial due diligence before getting involved. It might be a good idea to spend a few months taking part in so-called paper trading so you can test out your strategy without putting money at risk. 

Futures trading comes with significant potential for gains, but it can also generate substantial losses for those who take part. 

Futures trading may not be the best place for beginners, seeing as how it is inherently complex and comes with significant risk. 

Comex gold futures and crude oil futures are some examples of futures contracts.

• Main content

Oil prices hold firm as crude inventories fall and U.S. inflation eases

• U.S. crude stockpiles declined by 2.5 million barrels last week as refiners processed more crude in a sign that demand might be perking up.

Oil prices held firm Thursday as stockpiles in the U.S. fell for a second week and inflation eased.

U.S. crude stockpiles declined by 2.5 million barrels last week, according to the Energy Information Administration, as refiners processed more crude in a sign that demand might be perking up.

With inflation easing slightly in April, futures traders penciled in a higher probability that the Federal Reserve might cut interest rates in September. Lower interest rates help stimulate the economy which can boost crude oil demand.

West Texas Intermediate and Brent are little changed on the week, but have lost 4% and 5.8%, respectively, this month.

Here are today's energy prices:

• West Texas Intermediate June contract: $78.73 a barrel, up 10 cents, or 0.13%. Year to date, U.S. crude oil has gained 9.8%.
• Brent July contract: $82.84 a barrel, up 9 cents, or 0.11%. Year to date, the global benchmark has advanced 7.5%.
• RBOB Gasoline June contract: $2.52 per gallon, up 0.74%. Year to date, gasoline futures are ahead 19.6%.
• Natural Gas June contract: $2.43 per thousand cubic feet, up 0.58%. Year to date, gas is down 3.5%.

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Best Google Pixel 8A Deals: Contract Deals and Free Gift Cards

The Pixel 8 is Google's current flagship, but the 8A offers a bunch of the same features at a budget-friendly price.

The Google  Pixel 8A  is now out having been announced at the  Google I/O developer conference , and joins the  Google Pixel 8 and 8 Pro  as flagship phones for the company. Part of that is due to a  host of new AI features , but for the PIxel 8A, a big part of the appeal is the incredible affordability of the device. This smartphone couples impressive processing power with a less expensive price tag, starting at $499 for the base model. Plus, there are current deals that can bring that cost down even lower.

The Pixel 8A comes equipped with a lot of the same features as the line's current flagship model, from similar battery life to comparable processors. It also boasts the ability to run Audio Magic Eraser, Best Take and Gemini Nano model, which is something that Google's budget-tier phones haven't been set to handle in the past. In fact, these phones even provide the same display brightness as the standard Pixel 8, offering up to 2,000 nits of brightness (1,400 nits in HDR). The Pixel 8A is fairly close in size to the line's flagship, too. The Pixel 8 has a 6.2-inch display, while the 8A comes in at 6.1 inches. 

How much does the Pixel 8A cost? 

The base 128GB model starts at $499. Or you can double your storage to the 256GB model for just $60 more.

What colors does the Pixel 8A come in?

The Pixel 8A comes in four colors: aloe (light green), bay (light blue), obsidian (black) and porcelain (white). 

Best Pixel 8A deals

We've searched the web for all of the best Pixel 8A deals to help you score an upgrade at a solid price. We'll keep updating this page as more deals drop, so check back often. 

Free $100 gift card

Right now when you order the unlocked Google Pixel 8A at Amazon, you'll score a $100 Amazon gift card. This offer is available now through May 19. You can grab this deal on all color variants of the 128GB model or on the black color variant of the 256GB model. 

From now until May 19, when you order the unlocked Google Pixel 8A at Best Buy, the retailer will throw in a free $100 gift card. That offer is available with all color variants of the 128GB model or on the black color variant of the 256GB model. You can also save up to $499 with a qualifying trade-in. Best Buy is also offering a free one-month subscription to Xbox Game Pass Ultimate with your purchase.

The unlocked version of the Google Pixel 8A is currently the normal price at Target, but you do get a $100 gift card for buying it. This is one of our favorite versions of this offer purely because Target has so many things you could spend that on. 

Free on Unlimited plan

Verizon currently has an online-only offer on where you can get the Pixel 8A for free if you commit to a 36-month contract with them on the Unlimited plan. This has to be for a new line though, so keep that in mind. 

$6 a month + free Pixel Watch 2

AT&T has a special offer on right now where you can get the Google Pixel 8A for just $6 a month on an unlimited plan, then add the Pixel Watch 2 to your cart, and you'll get it free via bill credits over the next 36 months. It's not a bad way to upgrade your smart tech if you don't mind the commitment. 

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This Week 1 NFL game will be Tom Brady's first broadcasting assignment

Tom brady will be on the call in week 1., by sanjesh singh • published may 13, 2024.

Tom Brady is returning to NFL stadiums in 2024 -- just in a different capacity.

Brady's first year as FOX's No. 1 NFL analyst begins in the 2024 campaign, and now it's known which game will be his debut in the booth.

That game will be the Cleveland Browns hosting the Dallas Cowboys in Week 1, the third NFL contest announced by the league.

24/7 New York news stream: Watch NBC 4 free wherever you are

Fox analyst Tom Brady’s first broadcasting assignment will be in Cleveland, for the Cowboys at the Browns game that the team already has announced. pic.twitter.com/t44Omjwqic — Adam Schefter (@AdamSchefter) May 13, 2024

Cowboys at Browns is slated for Sunday, Sept. 8, at 4:25 p.m. ET/1:25 p.m. PT. The Browns rode an elite defense to the playoffs last season with Joe Flacco under center for most of the campaign.

Dallas was the No. 2 seed in the NFC but became the first to lose to a No. 7 seed.

Get Tri-state area news and weather forecasts to your inbox. Sign up for NBC New York newsletters.

The first known game on the 2024 calendar was the Green Bay Packers at the Philadelphia Eagles in Brazil on Friday of Week 1.

When are NFL OTAs in 2024? Every team's key dates for offseason

Lions sign QB Jared Goff to 4-year, $212 million contract extension: Report

The second, which also released on Monday, was the Baltimore Ravens at the Kansas City Chiefs to kick off the regular season on Thursday.

The full NFL schedule will be released on Wednesday, May 15.

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