research paper on villain

From Voldemort to Vader, Science Says We Prefer Fictional Villains Who Remind Us of Ourselves

• Behavioral Science
• Psychological Science

As people binge watch TV shows and movies during this period of physical distancing, they may find themselves eerily drawn to fictional villains, from Voldemort and Vader to Maleficent and Moriarty. Rather than being seduced by the so-called dark side, the allure of evil characters has a reassuringly scientific explanation.

According to new research published in the journal Psychological Science , people may find fictional villains surprisingly likeable when they share similarities with the viewer or reader.

This attraction to potentially darker versions of ourselves in stories occurs even though we would be repulsed by real-world individuals who have similarly immoral or unstable behaviors. One reason for this shift, the research indicates, is that fiction acts like a cognitive safety net, allowing us to identify with villainous characters without tainting our self-image.

“Our research suggests that stories and fictional worlds can offer a ‘safe haven’ for comparison to a villainous character that reminds us of ourselves,” said Rebecca Krause , a PhD candidate at Northwestern University and lead author on the paper. “When people feel protected by the veil of fiction, they may show greater interest in learning about dark and sinister characters who resemble them.”

Academics have long suggested people recoil from others who are in many ways similar to themselves yet possess negative features such as obnoxiousness, instability, and treachery. Antisocial features in someone with otherwise similar qualities, the thinking goes, may be a threat to a person’s image of themselves.

“People want to see themselves in a positive light,” noted Krause. “Finding similarities between oneself and a bad person can be uncomfortable.” In contrast, Krause and her coauthor and advisor Derek Rucker find that putting the bad person in a fictional context can remove that discomfort and even reverse this preference. In essence, this separation from reality attenuates undesirable and uncomfortable feelings.

“When you are no longer uncomfortable with the comparison, there seems to be something alluring and enticing about having similarities with a villain,” explained Rucker.

 “For example, people who see themselves as tricky and chaotic may feel especially drawn to the character of The Joker in the Batman movies, while a person who shares Lord Voldemort’s intellect and ambition may feel more drawn to that character in the Harry Potter series,” said Krause.

To test this idea, the researchers analyzed data from the website CharacTour, an online, character-focused entertainment platform that had approximately 232,500 registered users at the time of analysis. One of the site’s features allows users to take a personality quiz and see their similarity to different characters who had been coded as either villainous or not. Villains included characters such as Maleficent, The Joker, and Darth Vader. Nonvillains included Sherlock Holmes, Joey Tribbiani, and Yoda.

The anonymous data from these quizzes allowed the researchers to test whether people were attracted toward or repulsed by similar villains, using nonvillains as a baseline. Not surprisingly, people were drawn to nonvillains as their similarity increased. However, the results further suggested that users were most drawn to villains who share similarities with them.

The researchers believe that similarities to story villains do not threaten the self in the way real-life villains would.

“Given the common finding that people are uncomfortable with and tend to avoid people who are similar to them and bad in some way, the fact that people actually prefer similar villains over dissimilar villains was surprising to us,” noted Rucker. “Honestly, going into the research, we both were aware of the possibility that we might find the opposite.”

The current data do not identify which behaviors or characteristics the participants found attractive. Further research is needed to explore the psychological pull of villains and whether people are drawn toward similar villains in fiction because people look for chances to explore their own personal dark side.

“Perhaps fiction provides a way to engage with the dark aspects of your personality without making you question whether you are a good person in general,” concluded Krause.

APS is the leading international organization dedicated to advancing scientific psychology across disciplinary and geographic borders. Our members provide a richer understanding of the world through their research, teaching, and application of psychological science. We are passionate about supporting psychological scientists in these pursuits, which we do by sharing cutting-edge research across all areas of the field through our journals and conventions; promoting the integration of scientific perspectives within psychological science and with related disciplines; fostering global connections among our members; engaging the public with our research to promote broader understanding and awareness of psychological science; and advocating for increased support for psychological science in the public policy arena.

Psychological Science, the flagship journal of APS, is the leading peer-reviewed journal publishing empirical research spanning the entire spectrum of the science of psychology. For a copy of this article, “Can Bad Be Good? The Attraction of a Darker Self,” and access to other research in Psychological Science , contact [email protected] , R.J., Rucker D.D., (2020) Can bad be good? The attraction of a darker self. Psychological Science , https:///doi/10.1177/0956797620909742

Contact: [email protected] .

Love this piece! It probably also explains a child’s sheer glee – mingled with horror – at some of a villain’s antics. And yes, I aspire to Maleficent…

Very interesting work!

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Chemistry Between People: A Sum of Their Connections

Have you ever felt a special “spark” with someone—an intense bond with a potential partner, friend, or colleague? If so, you probably thought you experienced “chemistry.” Literary references to interpersonal chemistry appeared as early as 1590

Love Stories: Adventures in the Study of Attraction

In a nod to Valentine’s Day, researchers including APS Fellows Lisa Diamond, Eli Finkel, Nickola Overall, and Harry Reis share discoveries, challenges, and new directions in the study of love, desire, dating, and commitment.

No Evidence That Women’s Preference for Masculine Faces Is Linked With Hormones

Data from almost 600 participants show that women’s perceptions of male attractiveness do not vary according to their hormone levels, in contrast with some previous research. The study findings are published in Psychological Science, a

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• DOI: 10.1163/9789401206808_002
• Corpus ID: 220867452

Villains in Our Mind: A Psychological Approach to Literary and Filmic Villainy

• Published 2011

10 Citations

Heroes , and parents : an examination of gender stereotypes and representation of female characters in canadian award-winning children.

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There must be a villain: political threats, narrative thought, and political violence

Si̇nemada kötünün kahkahasinin erol taş örneği̇ üzeri̇nden i̇ncelenmesi̇, the devil inside that won’t be caged or fixed by words: fluidity and ethics in ian mcguire’s the north water, the joker: a character study of a modern madman, “ they don ’ t have a name for what he is ” : the strategic de-characterization of j . demme ’ s, assessing the big five personality model as a tool for the analysis of literary/filmic characters, facultad de filosofía y letras departamento de filología inglesa grado en estudios ingleses, thomas sutpen’s personality analyzed through the characters of faulkner’s novel absalom, absalom, facultad de filosofía y letras departamento de filología inglesa grado en estudios ingleses, related papers.

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• Frontiers in Psychology
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Superheroes and Villains: Engagement, Effects, and Empowerment

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Earliest recorded stories of the humankind tell the tales of the brave and the fallen. Oftentimes, such narratives introduce extraordinary strength, astonishing with, and miraculous abilities. Importantly, superheroes, villains, and their deeds do not merely entertain but also have impact on the audiences’ ...

Keywords : Heroes, Villains, Characters, Games, Movies, Shows, Media Engagement, Audience Reception, Parasocial Relationships, Fans and Fandom

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A Villain's Guide To Social Media And Web Science

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• Bernstein M (2024) A Novel Architecture for Classical Hypertext Proceedings of the 35th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media 10.1145/3648188.3675147 (302-308) Online publication date: 10-Sep-2024 https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3648188.3675147
• Anderson M Millard D (2023) Seven Hypertexts Proceedings of the 34th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media 10.1145/3603163.3609048 (1-15) Online publication date: 4-Sep-2023 https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3603163.3609048
• Bernstein M Bellogín A Boratto L Cena F (2022) The Web At War: Hypertext, Social Media, and Totalitarianism Proceedings of the 33rd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media 10.1145/3511095.3536365 (256-258) Online publication date: 28-Jun-2022 https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3511095.3536365
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Human-centered computing

Collaborative and social computing

Collaborative and social computing theory, concepts and paradigms

Social media

Human computer interaction (HCI)

Interaction paradigms

Hypertext / hypermedia

Social and professional topics

Computing / technology policy

Computer crime

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Penn State University, USA

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King's College London, UK

QCRI, Qatar

• SIGWEB: ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web
• SIGCHI: Specialist Interest Group in Computer-Human Interaction of the ACM

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

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• Bernstein M McMorris S Bellogín A Boratto L Cena F (2022) Links Of Darkness: Hypertext And Horror Proceedings of the 33rd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media 10.1145/3511095.3531270 (73-79) Online publication date: 28-Jun-2022 https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3511095.3531270
• Bernstein M (2020) In Spite Of Ourselves Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Web Studies 10.1145/3423958.3423961 (4-8) Online publication date: 15-Oct-2020 https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3423958.3423961
• Bernstein M Atzenbeck C Rubart J Millard D (2019) 48 Hour Hypertext Challenge Proceedings of the 30th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media 10.1145/3342220.3345458 (299-300) Online publication date: 12-Sep-2019 https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3342220.3345458
• Bernstein M (2018) Links Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Web Studies 10.1145/3240431.3240433 (5-11) Online publication date: 3-Oct-2018 https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3240431.3240433

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Loyola University > Center for Digital Ethics & Policy > Research & Initiatives > Essays > Archive > 2020 > Villains and Heroes in Times of Crisis

Villains and heroes in times of crisis, may 6, 2020.

During times of crisis, we need heroes and villains. We separate the good guys from the bad ones to make sense of a complex reality and to redirect our emotions about the capriciousness of a deadly virus. It is a human reflex, but one that often focuses on punishment and reward at the expense of justice. This process is often more pronounced in digital realms.

The obvious heroes of this crisis are the health care providers, but also the people who are currently making sure that people like me can stay at home with stocked fridges, reams of toilet paper, and uninterrupted package and mail delivery. Many of these essential workers work for tech companies that allow us to get goods delivered to our doorsteps without taking the risk of exposing ourselves to a potentially deadly virus.

Companies such as Amazon , DoorDash or Grubhub have benefited from this crisis. Their employees and suppliers have not. Restaurants in Chicago even asked their customers to forego food delivery apps and order directly from them. The poor treatment of low-level employees in tech companies and their questionable corporate ethics is well-documented and stems from long before this crisis. They got away with it because we, the consumers, cared more about price and convenience than ethics. If we really want to pay tribute to the people who kept the nation afloat while we were hunkering down in the safety of our homes, we will demand more from these companies -and how they treat their employees- in the future.

While some people displayed admirable courage and self-sacrifice, sad examples of selfish and anti-social behavior have also been on display: People hoarding sanitizers and toilet paper , defying stay-at-home orders or simply ignoring social distancing requirements.

According to psychology professor Dylan Selterman , defeating Covid-19 will require that we come to terms with the Tragedy of the Commons , i.e. an economic problem in which individuals’ self-interests cause them to behave in ways that run contrary to the common good. Mostly, this occurs when there is a shared but limited resource, such as toilet paper. The responsible action would be for consumers to buy a reasonable supply of toilet paper so they can get through the next week or so. If everyone did this, we all would be able to buy toilet paper. But if some people, fearing future shortages, start hording toilet paper (or hand sanitizer, meat,…), there will not be enough for others. In this scenario, the people who do the right thing by buying only the toilet paper they need will be punished for acting responsibly. They will find themselves marooned on their toilets while their hording neighbors have basements full of the coveted paper.

To a certain extent, a similar mechanism is at play with the social distancing and stay-at-home orders. These rules are not merely designed to protect ourselves, their main goal is to slow down the spread of the virus so that our hospitals do not get overwhelmed, and to protect vulnerable populations from infections we may not even realize we have. People who ignore them because they do not want to give up partying with friends might justify it by saying that they are free to take the risks they want and that a limited gathering won’t make much of a difference. But that is only the case because they take advantage of the fact that the rest of us are doing the responsible thing. If we all acted like this, the worst-case scenarios could become reality.

Societies have traditionally dealt with those who flout societal norms in the furtherance of their own individual goals (especially if law enforcement is lacking) by various types of vigilante justice . In the digital environment this has taken the form of doxing or other forms of naming and shaming . We have devoted a number of essays on this site to the ethics of this phenomenon. My personal opinion is that online naming and shaming is rarely ethical. They tend to be driven by revenge rather than justice, are rarely effective nor proportional, and I tend to distrust end-justifies-the-mean rationales. Cultivation of virtuous behavior can better be achieved through means that do not infringe upon human dignity.

But if one were to write a hypothetical ethical dilemma, it would be a challenge to come up with one that would serve as a better justification for online shaming than one in which people engage in behavior that reduces the effectiveness of our collective efforts to keep our health workers and vulnerable populations safe. Law enforcement is poorly equipped to enforce these types of social norms, so an argument could be made that it is up to the fellow citizens of these norm violators to set them straight. We have seen some examples of this occurring already . In  New Jersey, the state names violators of these orders.  On Twitter #covidiot has been used to call out people displaying poor social distancing practices. If social distancing and stay-at-home orders remain in place and public support for (and compliance with) them begins to lessen, or gets split along political lines, online vigilantes might become even more prevalent, and so will the debate about the ethics of their practices.

The outrage against norm violations in general, and against “Covidiots” in particular, can be explained because it goes against the value of fairness, according to cultural psychologists like Jonathan Haidt , one of the foundations of our moral systems. People tend to be sensitive to violations of what they perceive to be fair. Studies among young children, for example, have shown that they prefer a situation in which no one gets a treat over a situation in which they receive a treat but others get more.

When I go on a run through my neighborhood and I see neighbors hanging out in their driveway while their children are playing together, it irks me. Not because they are endangering each other and others (ok, that too), but mainly because I am following the rules and am miserable in the process, while they are enjoying themselves.

This righteous indignation and feeling of injustice are morally defensible, but this feeling of being wronged should not be the driver of my actions as it might lead to a disproportionate reaction. When I look at some of the instances in which covidiots are being outed, I have the impression that they are fueled by this sense of unfairness, rather than by public health concerns.

Just like we should not heap praise upon essential workers without taking actions that actually improve their working conditions, we should not vilify covidiots for the sake of vilifying. Because ultimately vigilante justice operates through fear. By shaming someone online, we hope that others will think twice before engaging in similar behavior. Even if this deterrence would in fact take place, fear of personal humiliation will not lead to an internalizing of the norm. At best, people will be more careful in their skirting of the rules.

Bastiaan Vanacker's  work focuses on media ethics and law and international communication. He has been published in the Journal of Mass Media Ethics. He is the author of  Global Medium, Local Laws: Regulating Cross-border Cyberhate  and the editor of  Ethics for a Digital Age .

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Writing Seminar in Global English: Global Health (Fall 2024 ): Researching the White Paper

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Research the White Paper

Researching the white paper:.

The process of researching and composing a white paper shares some similarities with the kind of research and writing one does for a high school or college research paper. What’s important for writers of white papers to grasp, however, is how much this genre differs from a research paper.  First, the author of a white paper already recognizes that there is a problem to be solved, a decision to be made, and the job of the author is to provide readers with substantive information to help them make some kind of decision--which may include a decision to do more research because major gaps remain. 

Thus, a white paper author would not “brainstorm” a topic. Instead, the white paper author would get busy figuring out how the problem is defined by those who are experiencing it as a problem. Typically that research begins in popular culture--social media, surveys, interviews, newspapers. Once the author has a handle on how the problem is being defined and experienced, its history and its impact, what people in the trenches believe might be the best or worst ways of addressing it, the author then will turn to academic scholarship as well as “grey” literature (more about that later).  Unlike a school research paper, the author does not set out to argue for or against a particular position, and then devote the majority of effort to finding sources to support the selected position.  Instead, the author sets out in good faith to do as much fact-finding as possible, and thus research is likely to present multiple, conflicting, and overlapping perspectives. When people research out of a genuine desire to understand and solve a problem, they listen to every source that may offer helpful information. They will thus have to do much more analysis, synthesis, and sorting of that information, which will often not fall neatly into a “pro” or “con” camp:  Solution A may, for example, solve one part of the problem but exacerbate another part of the problem. Solution C may sound like what everyone wants, but what if it’s built on a set of data that have been criticized by another reliable source?  And so it goes. 

For example, if you are trying to write a white paper on the opioid crisis, you may focus on the value of  providing free, sterilized needles--which do indeed reduce disease, and also provide an opportunity for the health care provider distributing them to offer addiction treatment to the user. However, the free needles are sometimes discarded on the ground, posing a danger to others; or they may be shared; or they may encourage more drug usage. All of those things can be true at once; a reader will want to know about all of these considerations in order to make an informed decision. That is the challenging job of the white paper author.     
 The research you do for your white paper will require that you identify a specific problem, seek popular culture sources to help define the problem, its history, its significance and impact for people affected by it.  You will then delve into academic and grey literature to learn about the way scholars and others with professional expertise answer these same questions. In this way, you will create creating a layered, complex portrait that provides readers with a substantive exploration useful for deliberating and decision-making. You will also likely need to find or create images, including tables, figures, illustrations or photographs, and you will document all of your sources. 

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Positive energy districts: fundamentals, assessment methodologies, modeling and research gaps.

1. Introduction

State of the art on positive energy districts, 2. methodology.

• Setting: a café-like environment with small, round tables, tablecloths, colored pens, sticky notes and any interaction tool available.
• Welcome and Introduction: the host offers a welcome, introduces the World Café process, and sets the context.
• Small-Group Rounds: three or more twenty-minute rounds of conversations occur in small groups. Participants switch tables after each round, with one person optionally remaining as the “table host” to brief newcomers.
• Questions: each round starts with a context-specific question. Questions may remain constant or be built upon each other to guide the discussion.
• Harvest: participants share their discussion insights with the larger group, often visually represented through graphic recording.
• Objectives of the workshop and preparation. The first step of the World Café approach is to identify the main objectives. For this workshop, there was the need to investigate the current landscape of PED research, as well as to have a benchmark and collect feedback on the current research activities within Annex 83. Questions were structured in order to frame the current state-of-the-art understanding of the topic. A mapping of the potential different stakeholders in the PED design and implementation process was carried out at this stage. As a result, municipalities, community representatives, energy contractors, real estate companies and commercial facilitators, as well as citizens, were identified as main target groups. Later, the follow-up discussions were built around these main actors. Further, the mapping of the stakeholders’ involvement was carried out for better understanding the complexity of relationships, roles and synergies as well as the impact on the design, implementation and operation stages of PEDs.
• Positive Energy Districts’ definitions and fundamentals ( Section 3.1 ).
• Quality-of-life indicators in Positive Energy Districts ( Section 3.2 ).
• Technologies in Positive Energy Districts: development, use and barriers ( Section 3.3 ).
• Positive Energy Districts modeling: what is further needed to model PEDs? ( Section 3.4 ).
• Sustainability assessment of Positive Energy Districts ( Section 3.5 ).
• Stakeholder engagement within the design process ( Section 3.6 ).
• Tools and guidelines for PED implementation ( Section 3.7 ).

3.1. Positive Energy Districts Definitions and Fundamentals

3.2. quality-of-life indicators in positive energy districts, 3.3. technologies in positive energy districts: development, use and barriers, 3.4. positive energy districts modeling: what is further needed to model peds, 3.5. sustainability assessment of positive energy districts, 3.6. stakeholder engagement within the design process, 3.7. tools and guidelines for ped implementation, 4. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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• Fatima, Z.; Vacha, T.; Swamygowda, K.; Qubailat, R. Getting Started with Positive Energy Districts: Experience until Now from Maia, Reykjavik, Kifissia, Kladno and Lviv. Sustainability 2022 , 14 , 5799. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
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Kozlowska, A.; Guarino, F.; Volpe, R.; Bisello, A.; Gabaldòn, A.; Rezaei, A.; Albert-Seifried, V.; Alpagut, B.; Vandevyvere, H.; Reda, F.; et al. Positive Energy Districts: Fundamentals, Assessment Methodologies, Modeling and Research Gaps. Energies 2024 , 17 , 4425. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174425

Kozlowska A, Guarino F, Volpe R, Bisello A, Gabaldòn A, Rezaei A, Albert-Seifried V, Alpagut B, Vandevyvere H, Reda F, et al. Positive Energy Districts: Fundamentals, Assessment Methodologies, Modeling and Research Gaps. Energies . 2024; 17(17):4425. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174425

Kozlowska, Anna, Francesco Guarino, Rosaria Volpe, Adriano Bisello, Andrea Gabaldòn, Abolfazl Rezaei, Vicky Albert-Seifried, Beril Alpagut, Han Vandevyvere, Francesco Reda, and et al. 2024. "Positive Energy Districts: Fundamentals, Assessment Methodologies, Modeling and Research Gaps" Energies 17, no. 17: 4425. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174425

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