presentation in apa format

APA Formatting and Style (7th ed.)

• What's New in the 7th ed.?
• Principles of Plagiarism: An Overview
• Basic Paper Formatting
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• Punctuation, Capitalization, Abbreviations, Apostrophes, Numbers, Plurals
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• Powerpoint Presentations
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Formatting a Powerpoint Presentation in APA 7th Style

The apa 7th manual and the apa website do not provide any specific rules about using apa format or citation in powerpoint slides. , here are some recommended guidelines:, 1. always follow any specific instructions given by your instructor., 2. you will need in-text citations on a powerpoint slide where you are quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing someone else's ideas. , 3. you also will include a reference list as your powerpoint's last slide (or slides). , this youtube video from smart student shows you how to create apa7th in-text citations and a reference list: .

• Citing and Referencing in Powerpoint Presentations | APA 7th Edition This video will show you how to create APA 7th in-text citations and a Reference page for your PowerPoint presentation.
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• Last Updated: Sep 7, 2024 3:49 PM
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Generate accurate APA citations for free

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• How to cite a PowerPoint in APA Style

How to Cite a PowerPoint in APA Style | Format & Examples

Published on November 6, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 27, 2023.

To reference a PowerPoint presentation in APA Style , include the name of the author (whoever presented the PowerPoint), the date it was presented, the title (italicized), “PowerPoint slides” in square brackets, the name of the department and university, and the URL where the PowerPoint can be found.

You can also use our free  APA Citation Generator to cite a PowerPoint presentation quickly and easily.

Table of contents

Citing a powerpoint your readers can access, citing a powerpoint your readers can’t access, citing information quoted in a powerpoint, frequently asked questions about apa style citations.

PowerPoint presentations should only be included in the reference list if your reader can access them for themselves.

PowerPoints on password-protected platforms

A login is often required to access a file on your university’s LMS (e.g. Blackboard, Canvas). In these cases, the URL included should be the login page rather than the specific location of the PowerPoint.

PowerPoints on public sites

With slides that are available on a public site, rather than from your university, replace the department and university name with the name of the website.

The same format can be used for other kinds of slides or lecture notes. Just replace “PowerPoint slides” with an appropriate description.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

If your readers won’t be able to access the PowerPoint you want to cite, it should instead be cited as a personal communication .

This often depends on who will be reading your paper. For example:

• If you’re writing a paper for class, and you want to cite a PowerPoint that’s available on your university’s Blackboard site, you can use the standard format, because your teacher can access the slides.
• If you want to cite the same PowerPoint in a paper you’re submitting to a journal, you’ll have to cite it as a personal communication, because the journal’s readers can’t access it.

Personal communications are not included in the reference list; just mention them in parentheses in the text.

If a lecturer included an interesting quote or statistic in their slides that you want to cite, it’s best to find the original source rather than citing the PowerPoint itself.

This allows both you and the reader to see the information in context. Only cite second-hand information from a PowerPoint if you’re unable to access the original source.

The source of the information will generally be listed in the PowerPoint itself or on a handout. With this, you can locate the original source online or at your university’s library. If the source isn’t stated in the presentation, try asking the lecturer for more information.

When no individual author name is listed, but the source can clearly be attributed to a specific organization—e.g., a press release by a charity, a report by an agency, or a page from a company’s website—use the organization’s name as the author in the reference entry and APA in-text citations .

When no author at all can be determined—e.g. a collaboratively edited wiki or an online article published anonymously—use the title in place of the author. In the in-text citation, put the title in quotation marks if it appears in plain text in the reference list, and in italics if it appears in italics in the reference list. Shorten it if necessary.

When you quote or paraphrase a specific passage from a source, you need to indicate the location of the passage in your APA in-text citation . If there are no page numbers (e.g. when citing a website ) but the text is long, you can instead use section headings, paragraph numbers, or a combination of the two:

(Caulfield, 2019, Linking section, para. 1).

Section headings can be shortened if necessary. Kindle location numbers should not be used in ebook citations , as they are unreliable.

If you are referring to the source as a whole, it’s not necessary to include a page number or other marker.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, December 27). How to Cite a PowerPoint in APA Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/powerpoint-slides/

Is this article helpful?

Jack Caulfield

Other students also liked, citing personal communications in apa style, how to cite a website in apa style, how to cite a conference paper in apa style, scribbr apa citation checker.

An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!

APA Style, 7th Edition

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• Entire Websites
• Entries in Online Encyclopedias
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APA for PowerPoint Presentations

• HU Tutorials

Using PowerPoint for Beginners

The APA manual does not have a section on how to format a PowerPoint presentation, but y ou can follow APA style guidelines within your PowerPoint . For example:

• Include the same information on your title slide that you would have on a title page. 
• Include in-text citations for any quote, paraphrase, image, graph, table, data, audio or video file that you use within your presentation. Please note that photographs are considered figures in APA style. 
• The last slide will be your References List. 
• “No citation, permission, or copyright attribution is necessary for clip art from programs like Microsoft Word or PowerPoint” (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020, p. 346).
• Do not reproduce images without permission from the creator or owner of the image. See section 12.15 of the APA manual for more information about this.

Resource: Goodwin University Library. 2019. How to format a PowerPoint presentation in APA Style. Goodwin University.   https://goodwin.libguides.com/apastyle   

• Citing Business Sources in APA Style Brock University's guide to citing business information sources according the the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition. Includes citing sources in presentations

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APA Style & Citation 7th edition

• What's new with the 7th edition
• Annotated Bibliography
• PowerPoint and APA
• Citations: References
• Citations: In-Text
• Library Databases
• Books and Ebooks
• Media (includes videos)
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APA and Presentations

APA has a lot of rules for formatting and citing papers. They don't really have rules for when you are creating a presentation or infographic. What we recommend is a blending of the rules APA has set out for papers and best practices for creating presentations and infographics.

In other words, you are going to bend the rules of APA to what looks best in your presentation. For example, the initial slide of your PowerPoint should contain the same information as your title page. The formatting will probably be different as 10-12 point font (as required by papers) is probably too small to be easily read during a presentation. You also probably don't want full paragraphs on your slides. People end up reading the slide, rather than listening to you, and it is visually unappealing.

You still need to cite ! Yes, that includes images. Unless they are stock or clip art images from within the program you are using, you will need an in-text citation and corresponding reference. Visit the other sections of this guide for examples on how to cite.

If your instructor has provided any guidelines, follow them.

This video provides a great example on how to create a PowerPoint incorporating APA guidelines. A few things to clarify:

• Use an in-text citation with figures and images. A corresponding reference should be on your References slide.
• Do not lump in-text citations together, each line that has a quote or paraphrase needs an in-text citation.

• Research Template This is a Powerpoint template created for use in the Research Exhibition
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• Last Updated: Apr 18, 2023 5:31 PM
• URL: https://guides.centralpenn.edu/APA7th

APA Citation Guide (7th Edition)

• What's New in the 7th Edition - Handouts!
• APA Citation Resources
• Basic Information
• Bias-Free Language
• When Information Is Missing
• Ethics Code
• Figures/Images
• Media Sources
• Reference Lists
• Finding the DOI
• Formating a PowerPoint presentation in APA Style
• Academic Integrity & Plagiarism
• Academic Writer This link opens in a new window

How to format a PowerPoint presentation in APA Style:

The APA manual does not have a section on how to format a PowerPoint presentation, but y ou can follow APA style guidelines within your PowerPoint . For example:

• Include the same information on your title slide that you would have on a title page. 
• Include in-text citations for any quote, paraphrase, image, graph, table, data, audio or video file that you use within your presentation. Please note that photographs are considered figures in APA style. See section 7.30 of the APA manual for more information about this.
• The last slide will be your References List. 
• “No citation, permission, or copyright attribution is necessary for clip art from programs like Microsoft Word or PowerPoint” (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020, p. 346).
• Do not reproduce images without permission from the creator or owner of the image. See section 12.15 of the APA manual for more information about this.

How to cite PowerPoint slides in your References List

You will use the following format to cite PowerPoint slides:

Author, A. A. (year).  Title of presentation  [PowerPoint slides]. Website Name. https://xxxxx

Please note that “if the slides come from a classroom website, learning management system [e.g., Blackboard], or company intranet and you are writing for an audience with access to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL for sites requiring login)” (APA, 2020, p. 347). Don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines.

Goodwin University. (n.d.).  Social media and marketing communications: Written/Oral project outline . [PowerPoint slides]. Blackboard. https://goodwin.blackboard.com

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APA Citation Guide (7th edition) : Powerpoint Presentations

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On this Page

Powerpoint presentations - what do i need to cite, powerpoint presentations - where do my citations go, other digital assignments - where do my citations go, quick rules for an apa reference list.

Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in the text of the paper. Here are nine quick rules for this Reference list.

• Start a new page for your Reference list. Centre the title, References, at the top of the page.
• Double-space the list.
• Start the first line of each reference at the left margin; indent each subsequent line five spaces (a hanging indent).
• Put your list in alphabetical order. Alphabetize the list by the first word in the reference. In most cases, the first word will be the author’s last name. Where the author is unknown, alphabetize by the first word in the title, ignoring the words a, an, the.
• For each author, give the last name followed by a comma and the first (and middle, if listed) initials followed by periods.
• Italicize the titles of these works: books, audiovisual material, internet documents and newspapers, and the title and volume number of journals and magazines.
• Do not italicize titles of most parts of works, such as: articles from newspapers, magazines, or journals / essays, poems, short stories or chapter titles from a book / chapters or sections of an Internet document.
• In titles of non-periodicals (books, videotapes, websites, reports, poems, essays, chapters, etc), capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, and all proper nouns (names of people, places, organizations, nationalities).
• If a web source (not from the library) is not a stable archived version, or you are unsure whether it is stable, include a statement of the accessed date before the link.

What am I legally required to cite in my digital assignment?

According to the Copyright Act, you must cite the sources (images, videos, books, websites, etc.) that you used in your digital assignment ( 29.21(1)(b) ). You must cite the source (where you got the information from) and the creator of the content (if available). You must also make sure that any copyrighted materials you used in your assignment meet the conditions set out in section  29.21  of the Copyright Act. For a list of conditions and more information, please visit:  http://studentcopyright.wordpress.com/mashups/

What citation style do I use for the sources in my digital assignment?

There is no one required citation style, so please defer to your instructor's directions and citation style preference.

List your sources in a slide at the end of the Powerpoint presentation, with footnotes throughout your presentation as applicable.

You could also provide a print copy of the sources you used to those attending your presentation.

Seneca Libraries has the following recommendations for how to organize your list of sources for digital assignments. Please check with your instructor first:

Videos you create: 

List your sources in a credits screen at the end of the video.

Websites you create:

• For images, include a citation under each image using this format “From: XXXX” and then make the image a link back to the original image ( example  - picture of little girl). Or list the citation at the bottom of the web page.
• For quotes or material from other sources, include an in-text citation that links back to the original material ( example  – second paragraph).

Images you create: 

If possible list your sources at the bottom or side of the image ( example ). Otherwise, include a list of citations alongside the image wherever it’s uploaded (e.g. Flickr, Blackboard).

**Please note that the above are recommendations only and your instructor may have a preference and directions for how and where you list your sources for your assignment.**

If you don't receive specific instructions from your instructor, try to include your citations in a way that doesn't impact the design of your digital assignment.

For more information please contact Seneca Libraries copyright team at  [email protected]

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APA Citation Guide (7th Edition): Presentations and Class Notes

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In-Text Citation or Reference List?

Handouts distributed in class and presentation slides such as PowerPoint should be cited both in-text and on the Reference list.

Your own notes from lectures are considered personal communications in APA style. They are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the Reference list.

Presentation Slides from a Website

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation  [Lecture notes, PowerPoint Slides, etc.]. Publisher. URL

Kunka, J. L. (n.d.). Conquering the comma [PowerPoint presentation]. Purdue Online Writing Lab. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/index.html#presentations

Presentation Slides from WebCampus (Canvas)

Instructor, I. I. (Year Presentation Was Created).  Title of presentation  [PowerPoint presentation]. WebCampus. URL

Graham, J. (2013).  Introduction: Jean Watson  [PowerPoint presentation]. WebCampus. https://unr.instructure.com/login/canvas

Note : The first letter of the word Watson is capitalized as it is part of a person's name.

Class Handouts from WebCampus (Canvas)

Instructor, I. I. (Year Handout Was Created if known).  Title of handout  [Class handout]. WebCampus. URL

Magowan , A. (2013).  Career resources at the library   [Class handout]. WebCampus. https://unr.instructure.com/login/canvas

Class Handout in Print

Instructor, I. I. (Year Handout Was Created if known).  Title of handout  [Class handout]. University Name, Course code.

Wood, D. (2013).  Laboratory safety overview  [Class handout]. University of Nevada, Reno,  BIO173.

Class Lectures (Notes from)

Note : Your own notes from a lecture are considered personal communications in APA style. They are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the Reference list. Put the citation right after a quote or paraphrased content from the class lecture.

(I. I. Instructor who gave lecture, personal communication, Month Day, Year lecture took place)

"Infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (J. D. Black, personal communication, May 30, 2012).

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• Academic Writing / APA 7th Ed

APA Style Formatting in PowerPoint

by Purdue Global Academic Success Center and Writing Center · Published October 9, 2020 · Updated October 9, 2020

We all know the challenges of following APA Style when writing a paper using Microsoft Word, but those challenges often become greater when applying the formatting guidelines to other software. 

In the following video, Purdue Global Learning and Development Specialist, Chrissine Cairns, demonstrates how to format a PowerPoint applying APA Style (7th Edition) to a title slide; body slides using bullet points, figures, tables, and copyright statements; and a reference list with hanging indentations.

Until next week–

Kurtis Clements

Visit the APA Style Formatting in PowerPoint webpage here.

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APA Formatting For Powerpoint (Easy Guide)

APA formatting for PowerPoint requires a proper title page, consistent heading levels, and bullet points in the body for clarity. In-text citations vary based on source details, and the presentation should conclude with an APA-styled reference list.

When it comes to research papers and presentations, there are a few different formatting styles that you may need to use. APA is one of the most common, and it is typically used in research documents. In this easy guide, we’ll walk you through everything you need to know about APA formatting for PowerPoint, including how to format your title page, heading levels, in-text citations, and more.

Formatting the Title Page

Formatting the body of the presentation, formatting in-text citations, formatting your reference list.

An APA-formatted title page will be the same as any other research paper you’ve written in APA style. This means that it should include the following elements:

• The title of your presentation
• Your name and affiliatio n (e.g., university, department)
• Your course information
• Your professor’s name
• The due date

Here is an example of what your title page might look like:

After finalizing the title page, focus next on the body’s layout. While the body offers flexibility in its design, certain principles enhance its readability and structure:

Consistency in Heading Levels: Ensure that the heading levels you choose remain uniform across the presentation. For instance, if Level 1 headings are initiated, maintain them throughout all body slides.

Opt for Bullet Points Over Paragraphs: Present main ideas using bullet points rather than extended paragraphs. Bullet points not only enhance the visual appeal but also ensure the content is digestible and straightforward for the audience.

Here is an example of an APA-formatted PowerPoint body slide:

When referencing material from an external source in your presentation, it’s crucial to provide appropriate credit using in-text citations. The citation’s structure varies based on the nature and depth of the content borrowed:

Direct Quotations: Mention the author’s last name, publication year, and page number (when available). For instance: (Smith, 2020, p. 5).

Paraphrasing or Summarizing: Simply include the author’s last name and the publication year, like: (Smith, 2020).

Sources Without a Recognized Author: Should you reference content from sources without a clear author, such as interviews or specific websites, the title of the source becomes your primary reference. Example: (“APA Formatting for PowerPoint,” 2020).

Here are examples of in-text citations.

Note that the in-text citation for images and videos will be the same as the texts.

Once you’ve finished your presentation, the last step is to include a reference list of all the sources you used. Your reference list should be formatted according to APA guidelines and placed on the last slide. Each reference should include these things in the exact order:

Author’s last name, author’s first initial. (Publication date). (Title). (Publication). URL

Here is an example of a reference list:

Basically, you will need to follow the same APA guidelines that you would for any other research paper when formatting the reference list of your PowerPoint presentation.

Now you know everything there is to know about APA formatting for PowerPoint presentations! Mastering APA formatting for PowerPoint presentations not only enhances the professionalism and credibility of your work but also ensures you give rightful credit to original sources. As with all academic and research endeavors, adhering to a recognized standard like APA maintains consistency, clarity, and respect for intellectual property.

Related Posts:

Paper Format

Consistency in the order, structure, and format of a paper allows readers to focus on a paper’s content rather than its presentation.

To format a paper in APA Style, writers can typically use the default settings and automatic formatting tools of their word-processing program or make only minor adjustments.

The guidelines for paper format apply to both student assignments and manuscripts being submitted for publication to a journal. If you are using APA Style to create another kind of work (e.g., a website, conference poster, or PowerPoint presentation), you may need to format your work differently in order to optimize its presentation, for example, by using different line spacing and font sizes. Follow the guidelines of your institution or publisher to adapt APA Style formatting guidelines as needed.

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APA Formatting and Style Guide (6th Edition)

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In this section

APA Style 7th Edition: Citing Your Sources

• Basics of APA Formatting
• In Text Quick View
• Block Quotes
• Books & eBooks
• Thesis/Dissertation
• Audiovisual
• Conference Presentations

Standard Format

Formatting rules.

• Social Media
• Legal References
• Reports and Gray Literature
• Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
• Additional Resources
• Reference Page

Click on the categories below to see what types of information is included for that reference component for Conference Presentations.

Basic Format: Who = Presenter (When = year, Month date range). What = Title of work.  Where = Conference Information and/or URL

For Conference Sessions and Presentations

Presenter Surname, A. A. & Presenter Surname, B. B.

(year, Month date range).

Title of contribution: Use sentence case [Type of contribution].

Conference Name, Location.

https://doi.org/xxxx....

https://xxx....

For Symposium Contributions

Author Surname, A. A. & Author Surname, B. B.

Title of contribution: Use sentence case.

In C. C. Chairperson (Chair), Title of symposium [Symposium]. Conference Name, Location.

https://xxx.....

• Date should match the date(s) of the full conference
• Conference Proceedings published in journal or book should follow the same format for a journal or edited book chapter

Click on the categories to view examples.

Paper from published conference proceedings available online

Paper from published conference proceedings available in print, paper presentation.

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• Last Updated: Sep 13, 2024 9:50 AM
• URL: https://libguides.usc.edu/APA7th

WRITING 322W Advanced Business Writing Karas

• Recommended Readings on AI
• Recommended Resources for Researching Topics
• Sources of Industry Graphics
• Recommended Databases for Finding Graphics
• Recommended Websites for Finding Graphics
• Evaluating Graphics
• Citing Research Materials Using APA
• Citing Graphics using APA
• Writer's Studio

Citing Research Materials using APA

• APA Reference Formats
• APA Reference Examples
• In-Text Citations

It may help to know why you are required to cite sources and why you are using the APA style guide for this course.

  Article 1 Section 8 of the Constitution gives Congress the Power, “To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.”  Those writing and discoveries are known as "intellectual property." Merriam-Webster defines "intellectual property" as, "property (such as an idea, invention, or process) that derives from the work of the mind or intellect."  The U.S. government protects intellectual property. With some limits, you can draw on the ideas and words of others for use in your own work as a student and as a teacher as long as you credit sources appropriately. 

There are many citation styles including APA, MLA, and Chicago. This class uses APA. Citation styles lend themselves to use in specific disciplines. Read this article from Yale University to learn why scholars in different academic disciplines tend to prefer certain styles over others. 

Please call or email the library anytime you need help with references and citations.  The Reference Librarians will return your email within three business days with the information that you need or will set up an in-person appointment or a zoom appointment to provide further assistance.

Contact us:   [email protected]

"References" is the correct title for your list of sources. This list is arranged alphabetically by author last name. The first line of each reference is not indented. All other lines are indented. References should be double spaced.

Online Journal Article, including articles found in databases

Author Last name, First initial. (Publication Year). Article title.  Journal Title, Vol( Issue #), Page range. DOI 

Author Last name, First initial. (Year, Month, Day).  Page   Title.  Website title.   URL

Podcast Episode

Last name of host, First initial of host. (Host). (Year).  Title  [Audio podcast]. Producer. URL

Online Newspaper Article

Author Last name, First initial. (Year, Month, Day). Title of article.  Title of newspaper . URL

Author Last name, First initial. (Year).  Title and subtitle.  Publisher.

Author Last name, First initial. (Year). Title [eBook edition]. Publisher .  URL if applicable

Print Journal Article

Author Last name, First initial. (Publication Year). Article title.  Journal Title, Vol( Issue #), Page range. 

Photographer Last name, First initial. (Year photograph was taken).  Title or short description of      

       photograph  [Photograph]. Publication or name of website where you found the photograph. URL

Personal Communications

Interviews, emails, and other personal communications that can't be retrieved by the reader aren't included in the reference list, but they should be cited in-text.

(First initial Last name, personal communication, date).

If you state the name of the author in your narrative, the author name is omitted in the in-text citation.

(personal communication, date).

Click here  for further information about APA.  Source: George Mason University Writing Center

SadatHoseini, A., Shareinia, H., Pashaeypoor, S., & Mohammadi, M. (2023). A cross-cultural concept analysis of

    healing in nursing: a hybrid model.  BMC Nursing ,  22 (1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01404-8

Example with a named author:

Gilmore, Tayler. (2023, August 5).  NASA researchers measure sinking land in American Samoa.  NASA.       

    https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/goddard/nasa-researchers-measure-sinking-land-in-american-samoa/

Example with a group author:

American Psychological Association. (n.d.)  Disaster and response.   https://www.apa.org/topics/disasters-response

Podcast Episode 

Natisse, K.M. (Host). (2022).  Freedom diving   [Audio podcast]. NPR. 

      https://www.npr.org/2022/09/29/1126052986/freedom-diving

Smith, M. (2024, March 5). Jury selected for bounty hunt homicide trial in Butte.  Butte

Standard.  https://mtstandard.com/news/local/crime-courts/jury-selected-bounty-hunt-homicide-trial-

butte/article_cb77ddde-da76-11ee-a186-57c1a7d8cb1f.html

Example with one author:

French, S. (2016). Philosophy of science: key concepts. Bloomsbury Academic. 

Example with multiple authors:

Jackson, J., Mehl, J.P., & Neuendorf, K.E. (2005).  Glossary of geology.  American Geological Institute.

Isermann, R. (2011). Fault-diagnosis applications: model-based condition monitoring: actuators, drives, machinery,

     plants, sensors, and fault-tolerant systems. [eBook edition]. Springer. 10.1007/978-3-642-12767-0 

Smirnov, V. (1968). The sources of ore-forming material. Economic Geology,   63( 4), 380-389. 

Staplekamp, B. (2015). Lion drinking water. [Photograph]. National 

     Geographic.  https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/cecil-african-lion-anniversary-death-trophy-hunting-

     zimbabwe

(K. Carroll, personal communication, March 5, 2024).

(personal communication, March 5, 2024).

Guidance from the APA Style Team

When a prompt is entered into a text-generating tool, the results may vary each time. Predictive text can't be recreated, so the APA Style Team doesn't regard the prompt itself as a useful piece of data. The APA Style Team encourages writers to include their prompts in their narrative text and to include the full text of the generated response in an appendix. 

APA  m odels references and citations of generated text from existing guidelines for referencing and citing software found in Chapter 10 of the 7th edition of the APA Style Guidelines. 

Reference Example

OpenAI. (2023).  ChatGPT  (Sept 1 version) [Large language model].  https://chat.openai.com/chat

In-Text Citation Examples

Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023) - or-  (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)

In addition to a list of references at the end of a paper or presentation, APA format requires in-text citations. 

Paraphrasing:

When paraphrasing an idea from one of your references, you'll include the author and the year from the full reference entry on your reference page. APA does allow for the writer to also include page numbers when creating in-text citations in cases when the page number would be useful in helping the reader to locate the information in the source. Page numbers are generally useful when citing long works.

According to Carroll (2021), Public speaking becomes less stressful with practice.

Public speaking becomes less stressful with practice  (Carroll, 2021).

Quoting: 

When quoting directly from one of your references, you'll include the author, year, and page number (if there is a page number)  from the full reference entry on your reference page. 

According to Carroll (2021), "students often had difficulty sleeping the night before an exam" (p. 199).

Carroll (2021) found "students often had difficulty sleeping the night before an exam" (p. 199).

DOI stands for, "Digital Object Identifier." A DOI is a string of characters that is assigned to a written work or other type of object in order to identify the object.

The APA style guide calls for including a DOI in a reference entry when the DOI can be found. When searching Montana Tech's databases, many articles have a DOI posted in the bibliographic information, often alongside the author, title, and date of publication. 

A DOI is different than a URL in that a DOI is a permanent identifier. URLs can move, but DOIs will remain constant. The long-term goal of the DOI system is to be able to locate objects with one identifying piece of information. 

DOI Guidelines:

• APA reference entries should include a DOI or a URL for any digital content.
• When both the DOI and the URL can be located, use the DOI in the reference entry. Don't include both the DOI and the URL. 
• If a DOI can't be located for digital content, do include the URL in the reference entry.
• The DOI or URL belong at the end of a reference entry.
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• Last Updated: Sep 11, 2024 4:37 PM
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