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NANOMATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY.

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Nanomaterials has become one of the most prominent subjects in diverse fields of applications. Nanomaterials have emerged as one of the most promising things in different fields ranging from biomedical to pharmaceutical. The word nanomaterial originated from the Latin word 'Nanos' which means very small. Hence nanomaterials are particles of extremely small dimensions in the range of nanoscale. Nanotechnology has just added to the number of creative items in different building disciplines due to their remarkable and compensating substance, physical, and mechanical properties. One famous utilization of nanomaterials is nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are one of an illuminative model for the capability of nanotechnology. The elasticity of high carbon steel is around 1.2 GPa however the rigidity of carbon nanotubes (CNT) is 63 GPa. Likewise they are known to be perhaps the most grounded material having been created by nanotechnology up until this point. 1.1) WHAT ARE NANOMATERIALS? Nanomaterials can be seen as the building blocks or cornerstones of nanotechnology. Nanomaterials are defined as substances having at least one dimension in nanoscale i.e. less than approximately 100 nanometers. These materials play an important role because of the presence of unique magnetic, electrical ,optical and many other such properties at such a small scale. Many properties are seen to emerge at nanoscale range. Hence , Nanomaterials deal with substances in the range of 1-100 nm. 1.2) HISTORY The history of Nanomaterials started all after the big bang when formation of nanostructures occurred in the early meteorites. Many different nanostructures were identified after that such as sea shells. The Scientific approach of nanomaterials started however was developed much later. Michael Faraday's study on colloidal gold particles is one of such scientific reports known. Besides this , It has been more than 70 years of investigation on nanostructured catalysts. Today nanophase building extends in a quickly developing number of basic and practical materials, both inorganic and natural, permitting control of mechanical, reactant, electric, attractive, optical and electronic capacities. The creation of nanophase or group amassed materials is generally founded on the formation of isolated little bunches which at that point are melded into a mass like material or on their installation into minimized fluid or strong network materials.

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Nanomaterials are materials with one or more nanoscale dimensions (internal or external) (i.e., 1 to 100 nm). The nanomaterial shape, size, porosity, surface chemistry, and composition are controlled at the nanoscale, and this offers interesting properties compared with bulk materials. This review describes how nanomaterials are classified, their fabrication, functionalization techniques, and growth-controlled mechanisms. First, the history of nanomaterials is summarized and then the different classification methods, based on their dimensionality (0–3D), composition (carbon, inorganic, organic, and hybrids), origin (natural, incidental, engineered, bioinspired), crystal phase (single phase, multiphase), and dispersion state (dispersed or aggregated), are presented. Then, the synthesis methods are discussed and classified in function of the starting material (bottom-up and top-down), reaction phase (gas, plasma, liquid, and solid), and nature of the dispersing forces (mechanical, phy...

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Nanomaterials are becoming important materials in several fields and industries thanks to their very reduced size and shape-related features. Scientists think that nanoparticles and nanostructured materials originated during the Big Bang process from meteorites leading to the formation of the universe and Earth. Since 1990, the term nanotechnology became very popular due to advances in imaging technologies that paved the way to specific industrial applications. Currently, nanoparticles and nanostructured materials are synthesized on a large scale and are indispensable for many industries. This fact fosters and supports research in biochemistry, biophysics, and biochemical engineering applications. Recently, nanotechnology has been combined with other sciences to fabricate new forms of nanomaterials that could be used, for instance, for diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems, energy generation/storage, environmental remediation as well as agriculture and food processing. In contrast...

The new history of technological growth has shown that the main element is evolution in nanotechnology and nanoscience. Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science that deals with the sciences of physics , chemistry, materials and other engineering. In almost all fields of science and technology, the applications of nanotechnology are spreading. The present review paper illustrated the kinds of nanoparticles and their methods of synthesis as well as techniques of characterization. This review summarizes the background of nanotechnology , nanomaterials , nanocomposites and their applications in precious lives of human beings. Key word : nanoparticles , nanocomposite, nanotechnology

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Nanotechnology has infiltrated all sectors due to its unique and evident impacts, which give the scientific community numerous breakthroughs in the medical, agricultural, and other domains. Nanomaterials (NMs) have risen to prominence in technological breakthroughs due to their adjustable physical, chemical, and biological characteristics and superior performance over bulk equivalents. NMs are divided into many categories based on size, composition, capping agents, form, and origin. The capacity to forecast NMs' unique features raises the value of each categorization. As the manufacturing of NMs and industrial uses grow, so does their demand. The purpose of this review is to compare synthetic and naturally occurring nanoparticles and nanostructured materials to determine their nanoscale characteristics and to identify particular knowledge gaps related to the environmental application of nanoparticles and nanostructured materials. The paper review includes an overview of NMs' history and classifications and the many nanoparticles and nanostructured materials sources, both natural and manufactured. Furthermore, the many applications for nanoparticles and nanostructured materials.

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Introduction to Nanomaterials

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Nanomaterials

Nov 15, 2013

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Nanomaterials. a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology. Content Page. Defenition.

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• contrast agents
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• biological electron microscopy
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• intense research

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Nanomaterials a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology

Content Page

Defenition • A nanomaterial is a material made up of nanostructures between 1 and 100 nanometres (or billionths of a metre) in size. These nanostructures can be nanoparticles , nanotubes (such as carbon nanotubes) or nanocrystals. Because of the small size of the structures that make them up, the properties of nanomaterials are different to those of ordinary materials

Overview • Nanomaterials are manufactured for a wide variety of applications. An emblematic example is carbon nanotube-based nanomaterials, with applications anticipated in nanoelectronics (components), medicine (transport of drugs in the body), information technology (computer memory), etc. All kinds of ‘composite' nanomaterial (combinations of materials that are normally immiscible) are also being produced. The idea is to introduce nanostructures - nanoparticles, for instance - into a matrix (metal, organic material, etc.) to obtain specific properties of hardness, mechanical strength, conductivity or electrical insulation, and so on. So it is already possible to construct materials to measure. The economic potential is huge.

properties of nanomaterials • The principal parameters of nanoparticles are their shape size, and the morphological sub-structure of the substance. Nanoparticles are presented as an aerosol (mostly solid or liquid phase in air), a suspension (mostly solid in liquids) or an emulsion (two liquid phases). In the presence of chemical agents, the surface and interfacial properties may be modified.

Nanogold (Colloidal gold) --a suspension/colloid of gold in a fluid • 10 nm particles absorb green light and thus appear red • The size goes down, the melting temperature decreases • Gold ceases to be noble • turn into insulators • Shape: icosahedral symmetry, or hollow or planar, depending on size.

Usage of nanogold • Electron Microscopy • Colloidal gold has been widely-used contrast agents for biological electron microscopy.Colloidal gold particles can be attached to many traditional biological probes such as antibodies, lectins, superantigens, glycans, nucleic acids, and receptors. Particles of different sizes are easily distinguishable in electron micrographs, allowing simultaneous multiple-labelling experiments.

Usage of nanogold • Health and medical applications • Colloidal gold has been successfully used as a therapy for rheumatoid arthritis in rats. The implantation of gold beads near arthritic hip joints in dogs has been found to relieve pain. • The combination of microwave radiation and colloidal gold can destroy the beta-amyloid fibrils and plaque which are associated with Alzheimer's disease.The possibilities for numerous similar radiative applications are also currently under exploration. • Gold nanoparticles are being investigated as carriers for drugs such as Paclitaxel. Nanosizedparticles are particularly efficient in evading the reticuloendothelial system. • In cancer research, colloidal gold can be used to target tumors .

Silver nanoparticles • Silver nanoparticlesare nanoparticles of silver • Size: silver particles between 1 nm and 100 nm • While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms. • Synthesis: There are many different synthetic routes to silver nanoparticles. They can be divided into three broad categories: physical vapor deposition, ion implantation, or wet chemistry.

Medical uses of Silver nanoparticles • There is an effort to incorporate silver nanoparticles into a wide range of medical devices • bone cement, • surgical instruments, • surgical masks, • wound dressings. • treatment of HIV-1. • Samsung has created and marketed a material called Silver Nano, that includes silver nanoparticles on the surfaces of household appliances. • Silver nanoparticles have been used as the cathode in a silver-oxide battery.

Nanoparticle--Fullerene • A fullerene is a molecule composed by carbon. Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and cylindrical ones are called carbon nanotubes. Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite. • The first fullerene to be discovered, and the family's namesake, was buckminsterfullerene C60, made in 1985 by Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley. Fullerenes have since been found to occur (if rarely) in nature.

Nanoparticle--Fullerene • Buckyballs and buckytubes have been the subject of intense research, both for their unique chemistry and for their technological applications, especially in materials science, electronics, and nanotechnology.

Carbon nanotubes • Carbon nanotubesare allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes’ length-to-diameter ratio is larger than any other material. These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties that make them very useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science. Carbon nanotubes have strength and unique electrical properties. They are efficient thermal conductors.

Nanosensor • Nanosensor are computer sensor that pass nanoimformation • Nanosensor chips work at the nanoscale and nanorobots • The produce of nanosensor involve attaching a single particle onto the end of a carbon nanotube and measuring the vibrational frequency of the nanotube both with and without the particle

That’s all. Thank You!

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