grade 8 photosynthesis worksheet

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Photosynthesis Worksheets

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Dive headfirst into a process central to life on Earth with our free photosynthesis worksheets. Witness with awe and amazement how green plants use carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight to make glucose and oxygen. Explore the light-dependent and light-independent reactions in the process, and also compare photosynthesis to cellular respiration.

These photosynthesis worksheets are designed for grade 3 through grade 8 learners.

Photosynthesis Chart

Offer 3rd grade and 4th grade kids a fine introduction with this printable photosynthesis chart featuring a colorful diagram, labeled to represent the process by which plants make their own food.

Labeling Photosynthesis Diagram

Now that children are aware of the basic cyclical structure followed by photosynthesis, it is time for them to label the diagram of the process using the correct terms.

Completing Photosynthesis Equation | Cut and Glue

A balanced chemical equation depicting the process wherein producers transform light energy into chemical energy takes center stage in this part of our photosynthesis worksheets.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Chart

Showcasing the interlinked processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, this pdf chart features both the diagrams and the chemical equations, clearly displaying the reactants and products.

Process of Photosynthesis | MCQs

Combining scientific prowess with pure logic will go a long way in helping grade 4 and grade 5 learners tackle this photosynthesis worksheet containing multiple-choice questions on the topic.

Parts of Chloroplast Chart

The lush green landscape where photosynthesis takes place, the chloroplast, deserves a spot in this series. Put this chloroplast chart up and get up close with this wondrous organelle.

Completing Sentences on Photosynthesis

Delight 5th grade and 6th grade kids with more marvelous photosynthesis practice. Set them free on this printable exercise, where they pick words from the box to fill in the blanks.

Answering Questions on Photosynthesis

Access this worksheet on photosynthesis and set up a challenge that will have students eager to check the correct options to track the process where carbon dioxide is converted to glucose using a range of inputs.

Light-Dependent and Light-Independent Reactions or The Calvin Cycle

Explicating the two sets of reactions that make up the process of photosynthesis, one of them dependent on light and the other independent, this exercise is a treat for high school science enthusiasts.

Completing a Table about Photosynthesis Reactions

Compare and contrast light-dependent and light-independent reactions in terms of their location, inputs, outputs, and process. Fill in the missing blocks and complete the table.

Explaining Steps of Photosynthesis

Rearrange and number the steps involved in the correct order, and meticulously explain the significance of each in this printable photosynthesis worksheet for grade 7 and grade 8 students.

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Learn the commonalities and differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in this cut-and-glue pdf. Get students to understand the significance of both.

Photosynthesis Mixed Exercises

A paragon of variety, this segment of our photosynthesis worksheets requires four-fold focus from learners, as they complete sentences, equations, and tables related to the topic.

Reactants and Products of Photosynthesis

Delve deeper into the reactants and products involved in photosynthesis. Fill in the blanks with the inputs and outputs, while also completing the chemical equation and statement.

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

Watch how photosynthesis and cellular respiration go hand in hand when it comes to the survival of a plant. Identify similarities and differences, completing the reaction equations as you go.

Related Printable Worksheets

▶ Parts of a Plant

▶ Plant and Animal Needs

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5 Free Photosynthesis Worksheets for Middle and High School

Learn and review with unique activities including a maze, scavenger hunt, and more.

For even more free science ideas and printables, head to our science hub! You’ll find resources in every science subject for middle and high school.

Teaching photosynthesis this year? You’re in the right place! Five fantastic photosynthesis worksheets are ready to help your students learn and review this essential topic. There are activities for both middle and high school classrooms along with a teacher’s guide and answer key. You can say “So long!” to searching for unique and engaging activities for your photosynthesis lessons.

Check out the photosynthesis worksheets included:

Diagram and reading passage with questions.

photosynthesis diagram and reading passage

Introduce your students to an overview of photosynthesis with a diagram they will label. Then, use the provided reading passage to have students read, highlight, or annotate the section to become more familiar with the photosynthesis process. The corresponding questions will test their understanding. Plus, both the diagram and reading questions can serve as awesome review tools before test time!

We’re loving this unique and fun activity! Students will start in the top left and answer each question in the green boxes. Once they select the correct answer, they’ll shade in that pathway to lead them to the next question to work on.

Scavenger Hunt

Get students moving! Cut out the question cards and place them around the room. Students can start at any station and use their answer sheet to write out any work and their answer. Based on the answer they gave, they’ll find the next station to go to.

Cut and Paste

Ask students to cut out the answer cards and they’ll work to match them in the correct space within the chart. Once their answers are finalized, they can paste them in! You can even ask students to color-code or draw a diagram on the answer cards to help them remember.

High school biology teacher Lacey VanBuskirk helped us create these amazing photosynthesis worksheets.

Photosynthesis

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1.1 Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis and respiration.

Chapter overview

This chapter provides learners with an introduction to, and revision of, the concepts in photosynthesis and respiration in preparation for a study of the ecosystem. Learners have already looked at photosynthesis and respiration in previous grades. They know that respiration is one of the seven life processes of living things. They have also been introduced to photosynthesis in the context of green plants and food chains in Gr. 5 and 6. The emphasis in this chapter is on the use of energy and on how radiant (light) energy is transferred to chemical potential energy and later released during respiration. This concept is developed within the scope of the CAPS prescriptions and will be used as a scaffold to explain the transfer of energy in the ecosystem in the subsequent chapter. As an introduction teachers may want to watch or show the following video to the class:

These tables and how to use them are explained in the Teachers' Guide Overview at the front of the book. We have also explained how to use the bit.ly links to websites and videos in the front of the book.

1.1 Photosynthesis (3.5 hours)

1.2 Respiration (2.5 hours)

What drives life on Earth and in ecosystems?
How do green plants photosynthesise when no other organism can make its own food?
What do plants do with the food that they produce?
Why do we need to eat food? What does it provide us with?
We know respiration is one of the seven life processes, but what happens during respiration in organisms?

Energy is needed to sustain life and without it nothing would be able to live on Earth. Our most important source of energy is the Sun. In this chapter we are going to investigate the processes involved in transferring the Sun's energy to our bodies to allow us to read this text! These two important processes are photosynthesis and respiration .

Photosynthesis

chemical potential energy
chlorophyll
chloroplast
photosynthesis
radiant energy
respiration

This website has many interesting articles about science and science related jobs. They have been classified according to topics and also provide tips on how to incorporate the articles into your classroom. If you are interested in incorporating real world science into your classroom, this is one website to start looking at: http://www.sciencenewsforkids.org/news-in-the-classroom/

All the New words listed in the boxes in the margin are defined in the glossary at the end of this strand.

Energy sustains life

All life on Earth depends on energy to sustain the seven life processes.

The seven life processes

INSTRUCTIONS:

Do you remember what the seven life processes are? Do you remember using the letters from MRS GREN to help you remember these?
Write down the seven life processes below.

The seven life processes are: movement (moving), reproduction (reproducing), sense the environment (sensing), growth (growing), respiration, excretion (excreting), nutrition (feeding).

The form of energy that the Sun produces is called radiant energy . Although the Sun provides us with both light and warmth, plants only use the light energy from the Sun to photosynthesise.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/gr33n3gg/3445868159/

Most organisms cannot directly use the energy from the sun to perform the seven life processes. For example, a reptile can lie in the Sun to warm up from the heat energy, but this does not provide the necessary energy for that animal to move, reproduce or excrete waste.

Except for a few sea slugs, plants are the only organisms on Earth that can absorb the Sun's radiant energy and convert it into food for themselves and for other living organisms.

Radiant energy to chemical potential energy

The Visit boxes in the margins contain links to interesting websites and videos. Simply type the link exactly as it is into the address bar in your browser.

What is potential energy? Do you remember that we spoke about energy for movement (kinetic energy) and energy that is stored (potential energy) in Energy and Change in Gr. 6 and 7? What are some things that have kinetic energy and some that have potential energy? Remember to take down some notes in the margins of your workbook as you discuss things in class.

Ask your learners this as a revision of what they did in previous grades. Some objects with kinetic energy are a moving car, a bouncing ball, a leaf blowing, a fan blowing, etc. Some objects with potential energy are a book on the table (it has gravitational potential energy as it can fall down to the ground), a bouncing ball when it is at the top of its bounce as it can also fall back down, a batteries, fossil fuels have and food have potential energy.

All living organisms can use energy in the form of chemical potential energy for the life processes. This is the energy that is stored in the food that organisms eat. Plants are able to capture the radiant energy from the Sun and transfer it to chemical potential (stored) energy for other organisms to use. They do this through the process of photosynthesis. All organisms release the stored potential energy from the food that they eat to support their life processes. This process is called respiration .

Find out why plants that photosynthesise are green.

Photosynthesis takes place in small structures called chloroplasts , which are inside the cells of the leaves and stems of green plants. Inside the chloroplasts are green pigments called chlorophyll .This is what gives plants their green colour. Photosynthesis is the process in which chlorophyll molecules absorb the radiant energy from the sun and transfers it into chemical potential energy. The only function of chlorophyll is to trap the sunlight energy; chlorophyll is not produced or used up during photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts are a type of organelle found only in plant cells. A cell is the basic unit of all living things. We will learn more about the structure and functioning of cells next year in Gr. 9.

Chloroplasts are only present in plants. However some sea slugs have learnt to absorb the chloroplasts from the green algae that they eat into their bodies and can actually photosynthesise themselves!

$http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elysia\_chlorotica\_\%281\%29.jpg$

Photosynthesis has other requirements besides light energy from the Sun. What are these? Look at the following diagram which summarises the process of photosynthesis.

Plants use radiant energy from the Sun in a series of chemical reactions to change carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil into glucose . The process releases oxygen.

Requirements and products of photosynthesis

Summarise what you have learnt about photosynthesis in the diagram below.
Fill in the requirements of photosynthesis in the block on the left and fill in what type of energy is needed and the name of the pigment that absorbs the energy.
Fill in the products of photosynthesis in the block on the right.

The learner's diagram should look as follows:

The process of photosynthesis can be presented in the form of an equation:

What happens to the glucose that plants produce during photosynthesis?

Glucose storage and use

The glucose that a plant produces when it photosynthesises is the food for the plant. The plant can use this glucose directly, and release the energy during its own respiration or it can store the glucose or convert it into other chemical compounds.

Glucose is soluble in water. As we learnt in Matter and Materials in Gr. 6, this means that glucose can dissolve in water. This is useful to the plant as it means it can transport the glucose in water to where it is needed elsewhere in the plant. However, in order to store large amounts of glucose, plants need to convert it into compounds which are insoluble in water. Therefore the plant converts glucose into starch , which is insoluble in water. Why do you think the plant might need to store some glucose?

Discuss this with your learners. The glucose is produced continuously during the day when the Sun is out and is not all used at once by the plant. The plant cannot have large amounts of glucose accumulating as this affects the water potential within the leaves, and so some is converted to starch to be stored until it is needed.

In addition to starch, plants also convert glucose into cellulose. Cellulose is used to support and strengthen plants. Animals do not have cellulose for support. Instead animals have something else to provide support and protect the body. Do you remember what this is?

A skeleton.

Glucose is also converted into other chemical compounds that enable processes in the plant such as reproduction and growth.

Plants use sugars (glucose) as a basic molecule from which to make hundreds of other compounds, such as proteins, oils, vitamins, colourful pigments in flowers, strong tasting chemicals (hot chilli plant), sweet tasting nectar and sweet smelling fragrances.

We have now learnt about how plants produce glucose and store it as starch, but how do we know for sure? As young scientists we also need to question whether this explanation of photosynthesis is accurate. Is there an investigation we can do to test for the presence of these compounds? Let's find out!

We have learnt that plants produce glucose during photosynthesis and store this in the form of starch. Therefore, to see if a plant photosynthesises, we can test to see if the plant produced starch.

Study the following properties of starch and glucose with your class. Think of possible tests that can be done to determine whether a plant has produced either starch or glucose. Record some of your discussion points.

Discuss this as a class in the lead up to the investigation.

Glucose tastes sweet but starch does not taste sweet at all.

Learners could suggest that they taste the substance to see if it is a starch or glucose. It is important that learners be made aware that we do not taste-test unknown substances due to the potential for poisoning. This specific point was included to allow teachers to reinforce this rule with learners and that we only ever do a taste test if we are sure that a substance is in fact edible.

Glucose will dissolve in water while starch will not dissolve in water.

Although this can be used as a fairly simple, physical test, it has several problems. For example, the temperature of the water will affect the rate at which it dissolves, as will the quantities used, etc. In discussing these points facilitate the discussion and lead learners to conclude it is not a very accurate test, although a simple physical one that can give a fairly good indication. This is a good opportunity to discuss kinetic energy and temperature of a solution.

Iodine changes from brownish-orange to dark blue-black when it comes into contact with starch. Have a look at the following photos which illustrate this.

This is included as an introduction to the subsequent investigation. Teachers should let learners explore the possible ways in which to use this to test for starch.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/tessawatson/3216911479/

Please emphasise to learners that they should refer to iodine solution , and not just iodine (which is a bluish black solid).

A video on the starch test.

Now that we know that plants produce glucose and change this into starch, we can find out if all leaves produce the same amount of starch through photosynthesis.

Which leaves photosynthesise?

You will need variegated and normal leaves for this investigation. Variegated leaves have white patterns (areas lacking chlorophyll) on them. There are many examples of South African plants that have variegated leaves, such as some geraniums, African violets, ivy, etc. You can also take a walk around your school property and surrounds to see if you can find any variegated leaves. Get learners to look at the leaves and discuss the investigation first. They can also do this in groups. This investigation can be done over 2 lessons. You should place one set of pot plants in the cupboard the day before you want to do part 1 of the investigation. After you have done part 1, you can do part 2 in the following lesson. In part 2, learners will need to write up an experimental report. If you do not have time to do both parts of the investigation, a suggestion is to get your learners to read through Part 1, and then to conduct Part 2 where they have to write up their own report.

There are two parts to this investigation. First, we want to find out which leaves are able to photosynthesise. We will place some pot plants in the light for a day, and some other pot plants in a dark cupboard for a day, and then perform the investigation on the leaves of plants from both groups.

In the second part of the investigation, we will use what we have learnt to investigate which parts of variegated leaves photosynthesise.

Part 1: Leaves in light and dark

What do you wish to establish by conducting this investigation?

Learner-dependent answer

Possible answers include: 'To determine whether leaves photosynthesise in the dark or the light', or 'To investigate whether Light is necessary for Photosynthesis'.

HYPOTHESIS :

What do you think or predict will happen when you conduct this investigation?

The leaves in the light will test positive for starch as they photosynthesised, whereas the leaves in the dark will not photosynthesise and will test negative for starch.

MATERIALS AND APPARATUS :

a range of pot plants that can be easily moved around
100 ml beaker or glass jar in a saucepan with water
bunsen burner, spirit lamp or a stove
ethyl alcohol (or methylated spirits)
glass petri dishes, white saucer or white tile
stopwatch or timer
glass pipette or dropper
iodine solution

Before starting this investigation, all plants must be placed in a dark cupboard for up to 48 hours prior to starting the investigation in order to ensure that the plants do not have starch in the leaves before the process begins.

Work in groups of three or four.
Place half of the plants in the dark for at least 24-48 hours and the others in a well-lit area of the class that is exposed to lots of natural sunlight.
After 24 hours, pour 50 ml of the ethyl alcohol into the beaker and place it in the saucepan with water. Heat the saucepan over the bunsen burner or the stove. The water in the saucepan will distribute the heat evenly to warm the ethyl alcohol evenly.

Instead of a saucepan with water and a beaker with alcohol, teachers may use a beaker with water and a test tube with meths or alcohol. As long as the container holding the alcohol is safely contained within the water to prevent it from being directly heated or coming into contact with the flame. Teachers may also feel safer if they demonstrate this experiment.

Remove one healthy looking leaf from the pot plants that were in the well-lit area exposed to direct sunlight.
Using the tweezers, dip a leaf into the boiling water for 1-2 minutes. This helps to remove the waxy cuticle that covers the leaf and breaks down the cell walls.
After this, place the leaf into the beaker with the ethyl alcohol.

Warning: The alcohol needs to be heated as well but it cannot be heated directly because it is extremely flammable. It therefore needs to be heated in a water bath.

Leave the leaf in the alcohol until all the chlorophyll has been removed from the leaf and the alcohol turns green.
Place the leaf into warm water to soften it.
Remove the leaf from the warm water and place it on a white tile or a petri dish on top of a white surface.
Use the pipette or dropper to carefully drop 2 or 3 drops of iodine solution on the leaf in the petri dish and record your observations.

The amount of iodine solution required to observe a result depends on the leaf tested. Some leaves may need to be flooded with iodine solution. Place the leave in a petri dish and cover the leaf with iodine.

Repeat this process for two more leaves that were in the well-lit area.
Remove the plants that were in the dark for at least 24 hours. Use the test above to test whether there is starch present in the leaves from the plants that were kept in the dark.
Record your observations.

A really good demonstration of the various experiments in this and subsequent sections is found at . It starts off with carbon dioxide through limewater test and then demonstrates the starch test.

RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS :

Keep a record of your observations. Draw a table to record and compare your results.

Learners must draw their own tables to record their observations. This being the first investigation that they will perform in high school, this activity will allow teachers to gauge their level of proficiency and abilities in this regard.

The hot water removes the waxy cuticle and the alcohol dissolves the chlorophyll, releasing the green colour of the leaf. After the leaves are taken from the ethyl alcohol they should be white. The chlorophyll needs to be removed from the leaf so it does not mask the colour change we expect with the iodine solution. When iodine is dropped on the leaf it turns blue-black in the presence of starch.This is an indicator to show that the leaf was photosynthesizing and producing glucose that was turned into starch.

CONCLUSION :

What did you learn from doing this investigation?

Plants that were given sunlight were able to photosynthesise and therefore tested positive for starch (iodine solution turned blue-black). Those that did not receive radiant energy did not photosynthesise so they tested negative for starch presence (iodine solution remained yellow-brown). Therefore, light is necessary or required for photosynthesis to occur.

QUESTIONS :

Why were some plants placed in a well-lit area with direct sunlight and others in the dark?

This was done to allow some plants to photosynthesise and the others not. Thus those that were able to photosynthesise could produce starch and those that didn't only had small amounts of starch or no starch.

Explain what the results of the iodine test indicates.

If the iodine changes from brownish-orange to dark blue-black that indicates that the leaf or other part of the plant contains starch and must have photosynthesised. If the iodine solution does not change colour then the leaf or other part of the plant does not contain starch and did not photosynthesise.

Part 2 : Which parts of variegated leaves photosynthesise?

Learners need to apply what they have learnt in Part 1 to plan their own experiment in part 2 and write up an experimental report.

Have a look at the following photos of different plants. What do you notice about the leaves?

http://www.flickr.com/photos/crabchick/5810139262/

Geranium leaves are an excellent option for this investigation. The ivy has a very thick cuticle and the iodine can't penetrate the leaf easily. Variegated mint-leaf is also very good for this investigation, and is a common plant in Kwa-Zulu Natal.

We call these leaves variegated as they have green and white sections. We want to find out which parts of these leaves photosynthesise in this part of the investigation.

You need to design this investigation yourself.
First decide what question you are trying to answer and the aim of your investigation.
Make a hypothesis for your investigation.
You then need to think back to part 1 and design the method for your investigation.
After conducting the investigation, you need to write up an experimental report of your findings.
Materials and apparatus
In your results section you need to record your observations in a scientific way. You can do this using a table, diagrams or a combination of both. Think carefully about what information you need to record in order to come to conclusions at the end of your experiment.
In your discussion, you need to explain your results and what they mean. You also need to evaluate your investigation and explain if there were any unusual results and suggest ways that you could have improved your investigation for future researchers who might want to repeat what you have done.
Present your report on separate paper.

This activity may be done in groups or individually. Up until now learners have been provided with a framework in which to write up their results. For this investigation, they need to compile their own reports. Some examples of what learners might produce are included here:

Aim: To find out which parts of variegated leaves photosynthesise and store starch.

Hypothesis: The green parts of variegated leaves will turn blue-black in iodine solution indicating that they photosynthesise and store starch, whereas the white parts will not turn blue-black (will stay brown).

Materials and apparatus: This should be a similar list to what was used in Part 1. Learners must record the items in a bulleted list and take note of measurements.

Method: This should also be similar to Part 1. The steps in the method must be numbered. They must be written in full sentences. Learners must take note of what measurements they used.

Results: Learners should draw a table to record their results. They should provide headings for the columns and rows and also a heading for the table. Learners must make drawings of their leaves at the start of the experiment, indicating the different coloured regions as boiling in alcohol will remove the colour. They can then indicate the results on the drawings.

Discussion: Assess learners ability to explain their results. They should also make reference to the fact that the white parts of the leaves do not contain chlorophyll and therefore they do not photosynthesise. This also shows that chlorophyll is crucial for photosynthesis. Learners should explain anything that they might have improved on in their results.

Conclusion: This should be a short statement in which they answer their aim or investigative question.

Leaves are not the only parts of plants that store starch. Starch is also stored in the stems, roots and fruit. Have you ever wondered why fruit becomes sweeter as it ripens? Think of an unripe green banana and a ripe yellow banana. Which one is sweeter? Let's find out why.

Why do bananas become sweeter as they ripen?

It is not crucial to do this investigation if you do not have time. This is an optional extension of the starch test.

In this investigation we will taste the bananas to determine if they have more glucose or more starch. We will also conduct a starch test on the ripe and unripe bananas to see which contain more starch.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/design-dog/1249337589/

An example of a possible answer is: To investigate the presence of starch in ripe and unripe bananas; To investigate why bananas becomes sweeter as they ripen; etc.

If the unripe banana does not taste so sweet compared to the very sweet tasting ripe banana then perhaps it contains more starch, and less glucose. The starch test might show that the unripe banana contains more starch.

ripe and unripe bananas cut into discs
petri dish or saucer

Work in groups of three or four. Take a piece of the ripe banana and a piece of the unripe banana and compare the tastes and textures of each. Record your observations in a table. Which banana do you think contains the most starch and the least glucose (a sugar) based on the taste test?

Learners should be able to describe the taste and texture of each banana: the ripe one being soft and sweet, and the unripe one being firm and not too sweet. Learners might say that the unripe banana contains more starch and less glucose as it is not as sweet as the ripe banana. But, this is not a very accurate test. The learners might also experience the tastes differently, making the results unreliable.

Use the iodine starch test identify which banana, the ripe or the unripe one, contains the most starch. Record your observations in the table.

Learners should be able to quite easily see this based on the speed with which the iodine changes colour in the unripe banana.

Compare this test to the results from your taste and texture test to identify which banana contained the most starch.

OBSERVATIONS:

Draw a table to record your observations from the taste and iodine test for starch.

Allow learners the freedom to tabulate their results in any way they choose as long as it is easy to interpret and understand. Use this as a teaching opportunity to help those who cannot do this and when everyone is done compare the different methods used in the class.

Compare your observations of ripe and unripe bananas with those of the other learners in the class. Did you all make the same observations?

Learner-dependent answer.

You should use this comparison to help learners understand that reliability of an experiment rests on the fact that although different people perform the same test they should all reach very similar results.

What do you conclude from these results? Which method of testing is better to use and why do you say so?

The conclusion is that unripe bananas contain more starch than ripe bananas. This question was specifically included to introduce learners to the concept of validity and teachers are encouraged to allow learners to debate this issue in the class.

Explain what you think happens to the starch as the bananas ripen.

As the bananas ripen, the starch is converted into glucose.

Now that we have looked at how green plants produce their own food, let's find out how all living things release the energy stored in food in order to perform the life processes.

Respiration

The term respiration can refer to two distinct processes. In physiology , respiration refers to the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells and the transport of carbon dioxide out of the tissues and into the air. This is often confused with breathing, which is the movement of air in and out of the breathing organs, such as lungs or gills, and does not take place in all organisms, whereas respiration does. At a biochemical level, respiration refers to cellular respiration. This is the metabolic process in all organisms where oxygen is combined with glucose to release water and carbon dioxide and energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Cellular respiration takes place in individual cells within the organism whereas physiological respiration involves the bulk transport of gases and other compounds between the organism and the outside air.

In this section, we will be looking specifically at cellular respiration as we will be looking at the chemical reactions which release the energy in food. However, learners have not yet learnt about cells and so we will just refer to this as respiration. Should you wish to do so, you can make this distinction to your learners and introduce the term cellular respiration, however, it will only be clear once they have done cells in Gr. 9. They will study physiological respiration in Gr. 9 when they do body systems and also cover the circulatory and respiratory systems in detail.

An idea as introduction and/or conclusion to this section on Respiration is to let learners watch the YouTube video of a song about cell respiration: bit.ly/1eupZUz . The initial explanation is simple and appropriate for this grade level but it might show some of the more inquisitive learners what actually happens during the 3 stages of respiration.

We have now seen how plants produce food during photosynthesis. The energy from this food needs to be used by plants and by all the animals who eat those plants. In fact, all organisms need to break down food in order to release its chemical potential energy for life processes. So how does this happen? Let's find out.

Energy from food

Our bodies need energy to move and do work. Where do we get our energy from? The energy is obtained from the food that we and all other organisms eat.

If you think back to the work you did on fuel and energy in previous grades in Energy and Change, you will remember that fuels, such as wood, coal, and oil, contain chemical potential energy . When this fuel is burned in the presence of oxygen, the chemical potential energy is transferred into light and heat energy. In the same way, the glucose from the food that you eat is combined with oxygen in a series of chemical reactions to release the energy. The glucose is broken down and the energy is released. This energy is then used to drive all the other processes in your body. This process is called respiration . We can define respiration in all living organisms as the process by which energy is released from glucose in a series of chemical reactions.

We will learn more about chemical reactions next term in Matter and Materials. You will also learn more about respiration in later grades.

Respiration takes place in all organisms, even plants. However, plants do not need to eat any food as they make their own food during photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis requires sunlight and can only take place during daylight hours. Learners may get confused and think that because photosynthesis occurs during the day, that respiration only occurs during the night. Ensure that learners understand that respiration occurs constantly, during the day and night.

Products of respiration

Do you remember how we represented photosynthesis as an equation to show what goes in and what comes out? We can represent respiration as an equation in the same way as we did for photosynthesis.

We know what is required for respiration to take place in all organisms. List the two ingredients for respiration.

They are glucose (food) and oxygen. Next term in Matter and Materials, we will look at chemical reactions and define the 'ingredients' as reactants. You can also link back to this example of a chemical reaction (actually a series of reactions), when introducing the topic next term.

We also know that respiration releases energy. This energy is contained in the chemical bonds of ATP molecules. ATP is not energy itself, but instead it stores energy. The ATP molecules have chemical potential energy in their bonds. When the ATP molecules are broken down they release the energy in order for other processes to take place.

However, respiration does not only produce energy. It also produces water and carbon dioxide as by-products. We can write an equation for respiration as follows:

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Unlike photosynthesis, where we place sunlight energy above the arrow and not as one of the reactants in the equation, in respiration, we place energy here as a product. This is because the energy is actually contained within the molecules produced (ATP). However, at this level learners do not need to know this term, and we will only use the word energy in the equation. However, since this has the potential to cause misconceptions later, a note was included about the energy being contained within ATP molecules.

During photosynthesis in plants, oxygen is produced as a by-product. We call it a by-product as it is not the main product that is wanted from the process. In photosynthesis, the main product that is required from the process is glucose. What are the by-products in respiration?

Ask your learners this question to see if they understand the concept. The by-products are carbon dioxide and water.

A by-product is also sometimes referred to as a waste product.

The carbon dioxide that is produced in the body of an organism during respiration needs to be removed. In humans, we do this by breathing out carbon dioxide-rich air. We will learn more about the whole respiratory system next year in Gr. 9, and how breathing, our blood circulation system and respiration all work together as one system within our bodies.

Do not confuse breathing with respiration! Breathing is the act of inhaling and exhaling air into and out of the lungs. Respiration is the metabolic process that uses oxygen to release energy and releases carbon dioxide as a by-product.

We can test for the products of respiration using our own breath. So how do we test that our breath contains carbon dioxide? It is a colourless gas, so we cannot see it directly.

There is a very well known test for detecting carbon dioxide using clear limewater. To test if a gas contains carbon dioxide, simply bubble the gas through limewater . If the clear limewater turns milky, then the gas contains carbon dioxide. Next term in Matter and Materials, we will look at this again and find out about the chemical reaction taking place in the test. For now, let's use this test to show that our breath contains carbon dioxide.

Does our breath contain carbon dioxide?

Watch a video of this activity.

You will need to prepare limewater prior to this activity. Here are instructions on how to do this:

Place a few tablespoons of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2 , in a clear 500 ml reagent bottle and fill with water. Shake or stir to make a cloudy suspension.
Leave the suspension to settle for a few days. The clear liquid above the solid Ca(OH) 2 is a saturated solution of Ca(OH) 2 , also known as clear limewater.
Carefully decant as much of this as you need, without stirring up the solid Ca(OH) 2 sludge at the bottom.
To make more, simply add more water, shake it up and let it settle again. When the sludge dissolves completely, add more solid Ca(OH) 2 .
small beakers (or test tubes)
rubber tubes or drinking straws

For health reasons, there should be one straw or rubber tube per learner.

20 ml syringe (or larger if available)

Pharmacies are generally quite helpful and will assist schools in purchasing low cost syringes. Technology teachers at your school might also have syringes for their syringe mechanics lessons. An alternative to a large syringe is to use a bicycle pump or balloon blower. Safety warning: remove the needles from the syringes, if there are any, before you hand out the syringes in class.

INSTRUCTIONS

Work in groups of three.
Mark one beaker AIR and the other BREATH.
Pour clear limewater into each beaker until they are half full.
Blow bubbles through the rubber tube into the beaker marked BREATH, as shown in the diagram. Do this for at least 1 minute. Notice what happens to the clear limewater.

Attach a rubber tube to the front of a syringe. Draw air into the syringe from the atmosphere.
Place this rubber tube into the beaker marked AIR and push out the air inside the syringe slowly and carefully into the limewater as shown in the diagram. Notice what happens to the clear limewater.

Describe what you observed when you blew air from your lungs through the limewater. What does this mean?

The clear limewater turned cloudy white. This means our breath contains carbon dioxide from respiration.

Describe what you observed when you used the syringe to bubble air from the atmosphere through clear limewater.

The clear limewater did not change and remained clear. Some might notice a very slight change, which indicates that there is a small amount of carbon dioxide present in atmospheric air.

A very small percentage of atmospheric air is carbon dioxide gas (0.03). Why do you think you observed the result you did when you pushed air from the atmosphere through the limewater?

As air contains such a small percentage of carbon dioxide, there is not enough to cause a noticeable difference in the limewater. Discuss with your learners why they think that the limewater turned cloudy with your breath but not with the air, even though air does contain carbon dioxide. Point out that air from your lungs contains a much higher percentage of carbon dioxide from respiration and so this is able to turn the limewater cloudy in a shorter time than atmospheric air will.

Think about respiration.

What are the requirements for respiration?
What are the products of respiration?
Glucose and oxygen.
Energy, carbon dioxide and water.

Requirements and products of respiration

Summarise what you have learnt about respiration in the summary diagram below.
Fill in the requirements of respiration in the block on the right.
Fill in the products of respiration in the block on the left.

This is what learners' diagrams should look like:

Have you noticed the VISIT boxes in the margins which contain links? You simply need to type this whole link into the address bar in your internet browser, either on your PC, tablet or mobile phone, and press enter, like this:

It will direct you to our website where you can watch the video or visit the webpage online. Be curious and discover more online at our website!

The need for energy drives the interactions and interdependence in an ecosystem.
The Sun provides energy to the Earth in the form of radiant (light) energy and heat energy.
Photosynthesis is the process whereby green plants use carbon dioxide from the air, water from the soil and radiant energy from the Sun in a series of chemical reactions to produce glucose (food) and oxygen.
Plants are able to photosynthesise because they contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that can capture light energy from the Sun.
Plants change the glucose that they produce into starch that can be stored more easily.
Plants also produce cellulose fibres that give plants strength and support and are important to our digestive systems as roughage.
The food that a plant produces is used by animals when they eat the plant and by other animals that eat them.
This food contains chemical potential energy that needs to be released from the food.
Respiration is the process in all living organisms by which energy is released from glucose in a series of chemical reactions.
Respiration uses oxygen while carbon dioxide and water are given off as by-products.

Concept map

Throughout this year, we are going to develop the skill of designing and making concept maps in Natural Sciences. The "Key concepts" listed above is a summary written out in full sentences. A concept map provides another way of representing information (ideas and concepts) in a more visual way. The benefits of a concept map are that it allows one to show the links between different concepts. Often a concept map has a "focus question" from which the other concepts radiate. In these books, the focus question will be the main topic for the chapter. The relationships between different concepts are shown using arrows with linking phrases, such as "results in", "includes", "can be", "used to", "depends on", etc.

As this year progresses, learners will have to start filling in more parts of the concept maps themselves, and then hopefully draw their own ones by the end of the year. This teacher's guide contains the full version of each concept map. Encourage your learners to study the concept maps and make sense of them at the end of each chapter before doing the revision questions. Help your learners to understand and "read" the concept maps by constructing sentences from them. For example in this case you could read: "Respiration takes place in all organisms, releases energy from food".

Learners need to learn how to learn! This is one skill which might help them later in their school career where they have a lot more information to ingest and learn and make sense of. Concept mapping is one tool for summarising information and understanding how different concepts link together. Real understanding and knowledge comes from grappling with the subject matter, and not just memorizing facts.

"Knowledge is real knowledge only when it is acquired by the efforts of your intellect, not by memory." - Henry David Thoreau

This year in Natural Sciences, we are going to learn more about how to make our own concept maps.

In the summary, we first have the "Key concepts" for this chapter. This is a written summary where the information from this chapter is summarised using words. We can also create a concept map of this chapter. This is a map of how all the concepts (ideas and topics) in this chapter fit together and are linked to each other. A concept map gives us a more visual way of summarizing information.

Different people like to learn and study in different ways; some people like to make written summaries, whilst others like to draw their own concept maps when studying and learning. Others like to make things even more visual, using pictures and diagrams to form their summaries. Figuring out the study method that works best for you, and developing these skills is very useful, especially for later in high school and after school!

Have a look at the concept map below for 'Photosynthesis and Respiration'. Do you see that there are some empty spaces? You need to complete the concept map by filling these in. To do this you need read the map from top to bottom and have a look at the concepts which come before. For example, read the concept map as follows, "Respiration takes place in all organisms. All organisms release energy from food, called …........." What type of energy does food contain? Remember, food is the fuel for our bodies. You also need to fill in the three things that plants use to photosynthesise. You need to look at what concepts link from these in order to know where to put each one. Finally, what does photosynthesis release as a by-product? You also need to fill this in.

Teacher's version.

Below is the complete concept map with the answers filled in. Make sure your learners understand what a concept map is and that they have filled in the correct concepts into the empty spaces. Learners might battle to do this, especially to fill in "Potential energy" as the type of energy in food. Help them by reminding them of the two types of energy, namely kinetic energy and potential energy. You can ask them questions such as, "What do plants get from the Sun which is used for photosynthesis?" (Solar energy), "What do plants get from the soil that they use for photosynthesis?" (water), etc.

Revision questions

A Gr. 4 learner wanted to grow some beans and carefully planted them in a yoghurt tub and watered them. He was scared that his little brother would knock his tub over, so he hid the tub in his cupboard.

Explain what he would have noticed a few days after planting the beans. [2 marks]
Predict what would have happened after another few days with the beans hidden in his cupboard. [2 marks]
Explain why you predicted this outcome for his beans. [2 marks]
What should he have done to make his bean plants grow tall and strong? [2 marks]
Depending on what he planted the beans in, he might have noticed a root and first leaves forming.
The young bean plants would have formed small leaves but the plants would slowly start to die.
The bean plants would die as the leaves would not have enough radiant energy to allow them to photosynthesise and produce glucose for the plants to use to grow and develop.
He should have put the plants in a place where they would get enough radiant energy (sunlight) to allow them to photosynthesise.

What are the requirements for photosynthesis to occur? [3 marks]

Carbon dioxide, sunlight and water.

A farmer is growing some tomatoes. He heard from his daughter that plants produce glucose during photosynthesis, so he decided to see for himself. However, when he tested the leaves, he did not find much glucose, but he did find a lot of starch present.

Why did the farmer see this result? [2 marks]
Describe the test that the farmer conducted to show that the leaf contained starch. [5 marks]
The plant converts the glucose to starch as it is easier to store. Therefore, the leaves will indicate a high starch content.
The chlorophyll must be removed by first dipping the leaf into boiling water for 1-2 minutes to remove the waxy top layer. Then the leaf must be placed in alcohol and this is heated over water to remove the chlorophyll. The leaf is then removed and dipped into hot water to soften it as the ethanol will make the leaf brittle. Iodine solution is dripped on it. Iodine changes from orange-brown to dark blue-black in the presence of starch and when it is dripped onto the leaf it changes to dark blue/black indicating that starch is present.

Do plants undergo photosynthesis and respiration all day and all night? Give reasons for your answer. [4 marks]

Plants only photosynthesise during the day, and not at night. This is because they need sunlight energy to photosynthesise. Plants respire all day and all night. All living organisms need to undergo respiration to release energy from chemical potential energy and perform the seven life processes.

A group of Gr. 7 learners wanted to show that carbon dioxide is used to make bread rise because the yeast and sugar that is added to the bread mix produces the carbon dioxide. They set up the following two experiments. The gas that they collected from each test tube was run through limewater.

Why did they run the rubber tube from Test Tube A to Test Tube B? [3 marks]
Explain why they added a stopper into the top of Test Tube A. [1 mark]

The following photo shows one of the test tubes after the experiment. Which test tube do you think it is and from which set-up. Give reasons for your answer. [2 marks]

http://www.flickr.com/photos/tessawatson/379270115/

Why do you think the yeast solution in Set-up 1 did not produce carbon dioxide. [2 marks]
The learners wanted to collect any gas that formed from the solution in Test Tube A and bubble it through the limewater. If the limewater changed from clear to cloudy white then this would indicate the presence of carbon dioxide. (This question test the learner's ability to follow the logic of the experiment and to link the theory learnt and the practical application of it.)
The learners did not want to lose any of the gas that might potentially form before it had time to bubble through the limewater. It is also important to make sure that the only thing affecting the limewater was the gas released in the experiment, and not carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. (This question tests the practical understanding of the process that was undertaken.)
It is test tube B as it contained clear limewater to start which has gone milky. It is from Setup 2 as there is yeast and sugar in test tube A in set-up 2 so the yeast ferments the sugar and releases carbon dioxide which turns the limewater milky.
The yeast needs to act on the sugar to form the carbon dioxide. When the sugar was not available it could not react and could not produce carbon dioxide.

Study the following diagram and fill in the missing information. [6 marks]

Draw a table in the following space to show the differences between the two processes, photosynthesis and respiration. You table should highlight the differences in requirements, the differences in the products, which organisms the processes takes place in, and when. [8 marks]

An example of a table is given here. (Take not that learners have not yet started to call the starting ingredients reactants)

Table of differences between photosynthesis and respiration

Assessment Rubric 4 can be used to mark this table if you would like a more in depth assessment.

Total [44 marks]

Kindergarten
Greater Than Less Than
Measurement
Multiplication
Place Value
Subtraction
Punctuation
1st Grade Reading
2nd Grade Reading
3rd Grade Reading
Cursive Writing
English & Literature (ELA)
Social Studies
Foreign Language

Photosynthesis For Grade 8

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Photosynthesis and respiration

Chapter overview

1.1 Photosynthesis (3.5 hours)

1.2 Respiration (2.5 hours)

What drives life on Earth and in ecosystems?
How do green plants photosynthesise when no other organism can make its own food?
What do plants do with the food that they produce?
Why do we need to eat food? What does it provide us with?
We know respiration is one of the seven life processes, but what happens during respiration in organisms?

Photosynthesis

chemical potential energy
chlorophyll
chloroplast
photosynthesis
radiant energy
respiration

All the New words listed in the boxes in the margin are defined in the glossary at the end of this strand.

Energy sustains life

All life on Earth depends on energy to sustain the seven life processes.

The seven life processes

INSTRUCTIONS:

Do you remember what the seven life processes are? Do you remember using the letters from MRS GREN to help you remember these?
Write down the seven life processes below.

The seven life processes are: movement (moving), reproduction (reproducing), sense the environment (sensing), growth (growing), respiration, excretion (excreting), nutrition (feeding).

The form of energy that the Sun produces is called radiant energy . Although the Sun provides us with both light and warmth, plants only use the light energy from the Sun to photosynthesise.

Except for a few sea slugs, plants are the only organisms on Earth that can absorb the Sun's radiant energy and convert it into food for themselves and for other living organisms.

Radiant energy to chemical potential energy

The Visit boxes in the margins contain links to interesting websites and videos. Simply type the link exactly as it is into the address bar in your browser.

Chloroplasts are a type of organelle found only in plant cells. A cell is the basic unit of all living things. We will learn more about the structure and functioning of cells next year in Gr. 9.

Photosynthesis has other requirements besides light energy from the Sun. What are these? Look at the following diagram which summarises the process of photosynthesis.

Plants use radiant energy from the Sun in a series of chemical reactions to change carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil into glucose . The process releases oxygen.

Requirements and products of photosynthesis

Summarise what you have learnt about photosynthesis in the diagram below.
Fill in the requirements of photosynthesis in the block on the left and fill in what type of energy is needed and the name of the pigment that absorbs the energy.
Fill in the products of photosynthesis in the block on the right.

The learner's diagram should look as follows:

The process of photosynthesis can be presented in the form of an equation:

What happens to the glucose that plants produce during photosynthesis?

Glucose storage and use

A skeleton.

Glucose is also converted into other chemical compounds that enable processes in the plant such as reproduction and growth.

We have learnt that plants produce glucose during photosynthesis and store this in the form of starch. Therefore, to see if a plant photosynthesises, we can test to see if the plant produced starch.

Discuss this as a class in the lead up to the investigation.

Glucose tastes sweet but starch does not taste sweet at all.

Glucose will dissolve in water while starch will not dissolve in water.

Iodine changes from brownish-orange to dark blue-black when it comes into contact with starch. Have a look at the following photos which illustrate this.

This is included as an introduction to the subsequent investigation. Teachers should let learners explore the possible ways in which to use this to test for starch.

Please emphasise to learners that they should refer to iodine solution , and not just iodine (which is a bluish black solid).

Now that we know that plants produce glucose and change this into starch, we can find out if all leaves produce the same amount of starch through photosynthesis.

Which leaves photosynthesise?

In the second part of the investigation, we will use what we have learnt to investigate which parts of variegated leaves photosynthesise.

Part 1: Leaves in light and dark

What do you wish to establish by conducting this investigation?

Learner-dependent answer

Possible answers include: 'To determine whether leaves photosynthesise in the dark or the light', or 'To investigate whether Light is necessary for Photosynthesis'.

HYPOTHESIS :

What do you think or predict will happen when you conduct this investigation?

The leaves in the light will test positive for starch as they photosynthesised, whereas the leaves in the dark will not photosynthesise and will test negative for starch.

MATERIALS AND APPARATUS :

a range of pot plants that can be easily moved around
100 ml beaker or glass jar in a saucepan with water
bunsen burner, spirit lamp or a stove
ethyl alcohol (or methylated spirits)
glass petri dishes, white saucer or white tile
stopwatch or timer
glass pipette or dropper
iodine solution

Work in groups of three or four.
Place half of the plants in the dark for at least 24-48 hours and the others in a well-lit area of the class that is exposed to lots of natural sunlight.
After 24 hours, pour 50 ml of the ethyl alcohol into the beaker and place it in the saucepan with water. Heat the saucepan over the bunsen burner or the stove. The water in the saucepan will distribute the heat evenly to warm the ethyl alcohol evenly.

Remove one healthy looking leaf from the pot plants that were in the well-lit area exposed to direct sunlight.
Using the tweezers, dip a leaf into the boiling water for 1-2 minutes. This helps to remove the waxy cuticle that covers the leaf and breaks down the cell walls.
After this, place the leaf into the beaker with the ethyl alcohol.

Warning: The alcohol needs to be heated as well but it cannot be heated directly because it is extremely flammable. It therefore needs to be heated in a water bath.

Leave the leaf in the alcohol until all the chlorophyll has been removed from the leaf and the alcohol turns green.
Place the leaf into warm water to soften it.
Remove the leaf from the warm water and place it on a white tile or a petri dish on top of a white surface.
Use the pipette or dropper to carefully drop 2 or 3 drops of iodine solution on the leaf in the petri dish and record your observations.

Repeat this process for two more leaves that were in the well-lit area.
Remove the plants that were in the dark for at least 24 hours. Use the test above to test whether there is starch present in the leaves from the plants that were kept in the dark.
Record your observations.

RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS :

Keep a record of your observations. Draw a table to record and compare your results.

CONCLUSION :

What did you learn from doing this investigation?

QUESTIONS :

Why were some plants placed in a well-lit area with direct sunlight and others in the dark?

Explain what the results of the iodine test indicates.

Part 2 : Which parts of variegated leaves photosynthesise?

Learners need to apply what they have learnt in Part 1 to plan their own experiment in part 2 and write up an experimental report.

Have a look at the following photos of different plants. What do you notice about the leaves?

We call these leaves variegated as they have green and white sections. We want to find out which parts of these leaves photosynthesise in this part of the investigation.

You need to design this investigation yourself.
First decide what question you are trying to answer and the aim of your investigation.
Make a hypothesis for your investigation.
You then need to think back to part 1 and design the method for your investigation.
After conducting the investigation, you need to write up an experimental report of your findings.
Materials and apparatus
In your results section you need to record your observations in a scientific way. You can do this using a table, diagrams or a combination of both. Think carefully about what information you need to record in order to come to conclusions at the end of your experiment.
In your discussion, you need to explain your results and what they mean. You also need to evaluate your investigation and explain if there were any unusual results and suggest ways that you could have improved your investigation for future researchers who might want to repeat what you have done.
Present your report on separate paper.

Aim: To find out which parts of variegated leaves photosynthesise and store starch.

Materials and apparatus: This should be a similar list to what was used in Part 1. Learners must record the items in a bulleted list and take note of measurements.

Method: This should also be similar to Part 1. The steps in the method must be numbered. They must be written in full sentences. Learners must take note of what measurements they used.

Conclusion: This should be a short statement in which they answer their aim or investigative question.

Why do bananas become sweeter as they ripen?

It is not crucial to do this investigation if you do not have time. This is an optional extension of the starch test.

An example of a possible answer is: To investigate the presence of starch in ripe and unripe bananas; To investigate why bananas becomes sweeter as they ripen; etc.

ripe and unripe bananas cut into discs
petri dish or saucer

Use the iodine starch test identify which banana, the ripe or the unripe one, contains the most starch. Record your observations in the table.

Learners should be able to quite easily see this based on the speed with which the iodine changes colour in the unripe banana.

Compare this test to the results from your taste and texture test to identify which banana contained the most starch.

OBSERVATIONS:

Draw a table to record your observations from the taste and iodine test for starch.

Compare your observations of ripe and unripe bananas with those of the other learners in the class. Did you all make the same observations?

Learner-dependent answer.

What do you conclude from these results? Which method of testing is better to use and why do you say so?

Explain what you think happens to the starch as the bananas ripen.

As the bananas ripen, the starch is converted into glucose.

Now that we have looked at how green plants produce their own food, let's find out how all living things release the energy stored in food in order to perform the life processes.

Respiration

Energy from food

Our bodies need energy to move and do work. Where do we get our energy from? The energy is obtained from the food that we and all other organisms eat.

We will learn more about chemical reactions next term in Matter and Materials. You will also learn more about respiration in later grades.

Respiration takes place in all organisms, even plants. However, plants do not need to eat any food as they make their own food during photosynthesis.

Products of respiration

Do you remember how we represented photosynthesis as an equation to show what goes in and what comes out? We can represent respiration as an equation in the same way as we did for photosynthesis.

We know what is required for respiration to take place in all organisms. List the two ingredients for respiration.

However, respiration does not only produce energy. It also produces water and carbon dioxide as by-products. We can write an equation for respiration as follows:

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Ask your learners this question to see if they understand the concept. The by-products are carbon dioxide and water.

A by-product is also sometimes referred to as a waste product.

We can test for the products of respiration using our own breath. So how do we test that our breath contains carbon dioxide? It is a colourless gas, so we cannot see it directly.

Does our breath contain carbon dioxide?

You will need to prepare limewater prior to this activity. Here are instructions on how to do this:

Place a few tablespoons of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2 , in a clear 500 ml reagent bottle and fill with water. Shake or stir to make a cloudy suspension.
Leave the suspension to settle for a few days. The clear liquid above the solid Ca(OH) 2 is a saturated solution of Ca(OH) 2 , also known as clear limewater.
Carefully decant as much of this as you need, without stirring up the solid Ca(OH) 2 sludge at the bottom.
To make more, simply add more water, shake it up and let it settle again. When the sludge dissolves completely, add more solid Ca(OH) 2 .
small beakers (or test tubes)
rubber tubes or drinking straws

For health reasons, there should be one straw or rubber tube per learner.

20 ml syringe (or larger if available)

INSTRUCTIONS

Work in groups of three.
Mark one beaker AIR and the other BREATH.
Pour clear limewater into each beaker until they are half full.
Blow bubbles through the rubber tube into the beaker marked BREATH, as shown in the diagram. Do this for at least 1 minute. Notice what happens to the clear limewater.
Attach a rubber tube to the front of a syringe. Draw air into the syringe from the atmosphere.
Place this rubber tube into the beaker marked AIR and push out the air inside the syringe slowly and carefully into the limewater as shown in the diagram. Notice what happens to the clear limewater.

Describe what you observed when you blew air from your lungs through the limewater. What does this mean?

The clear limewater turned cloudy white. This means our breath contains carbon dioxide from respiration.

Describe what you observed when you used the syringe to bubble air from the atmosphere through clear limewater.

The clear limewater did not change and remained clear. Some might notice a very slight change, which indicates that there is a small amount of carbon dioxide present in atmospheric air.

A very small percentage of atmospheric air is carbon dioxide gas (0.03). Why do you think you observed the result you did when you pushed air from the atmosphere through the limewater?

Think about respiration.

What are the requirements for respiration?
What are the products of respiration?
Glucose and oxygen.
Energy, carbon dioxide and water.

Requirements and products of respiration

Summarise what you have learnt about respiration in the summary diagram below.
Fill in the requirements of respiration in the block on the right.
Fill in the products of respiration in the block on the left.

This is what learners' diagrams should look like:

It will direct you to our website where you can watch the video or visit the webpage online. Be curious and discover more online at our website!

The need for energy drives the interactions and interdependence in an ecosystem.
The Sun provides energy to the Earth in the form of radiant (light) energy and heat energy.
Photosynthesis is the process whereby green plants use carbon dioxide from the air, water from the soil and radiant energy from the Sun in a series of chemical reactions to produce glucose (food) and oxygen.
Plants are able to photosynthesise because they contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that can capture light energy from the Sun.
Plants change the glucose that they produce into starch that can be stored more easily.
Plants also produce cellulose fibres that give plants strength and support and are important to our digestive systems as roughage.
The food that a plant produces is used by animals when they eat the plant and by other animals that eat them.
This food contains chemical potential energy that needs to be released from the food.
Respiration is the process in all living organisms by which energy is released from glucose in a series of chemical reactions.
Respiration uses oxygen while carbon dioxide and water are given off as by-products.

Concept map

"Knowledge is real knowledge only when it is acquired by the efforts of your intellect, not by memory." - Henry David Thoreau

This year in Natural Sciences, we are going to learn more about how to make our own concept maps.

Teacher's version.

Revision questions

Explain what he would have noticed a few days after planting the beans. [2 marks]
Predict what would have happened after another few days with the beans hidden in his cupboard. [2 marks]
Explain why you predicted this outcome for his beans. [2 marks]
What should he have done to make his bean plants grow tall and strong? [2 marks]
Depending on what he planted the beans in, he might have noticed a root and first leaves forming.
The young bean plants would have formed small leaves but the plants would slowly start to die.
The bean plants would die as the leaves would not have enough radiant energy to allow them to photosynthesise and produce glucose for the plants to use to grow and develop.
He should have put the plants in a place where they would get enough radiant energy (sunlight) to allow them to photosynthesise.

What are the requirements for photosynthesis to occur? [3 marks]

Carbon dioxide, sunlight and water.

Why did the farmer see this result? [2 marks]
Describe the test that the farmer conducted to show that the leaf contained starch. [5 marks]
The plant converts the glucose to starch as it is easier to store. Therefore, the leaves will indicate a high starch content.
The chlorophyll must be removed by first dipping the leaf into boiling water for 1-2 minutes to remove the waxy top layer. Then the leaf must be placed in alcohol and this is heated over water to remove the chlorophyll. The leaf is then removed and dipped into hot water to soften it as the ethanol will make the leaf brittle. Iodine solution is dripped on it. Iodine changes from orange-brown to dark blue-black in the presence of starch and when it is dripped onto the leaf it changes to dark blue/black indicating that starch is present.

Do plants undergo photosynthesis and respiration all day and all night? Give reasons for your answer. [4 marks]

Why did they run the rubber tube from Test Tube A to Test Tube B? [3 marks]
Explain why they added a stopper into the top of Test Tube A. [1 mark]

The following photo shows one of the test tubes after the experiment. Which test tube do you think it is and from which set-up. Give reasons for your answer. [2 marks]

Why do you think the yeast solution in Set-up 1 did not produce carbon dioxide. [2 marks]
The learners wanted to collect any gas that formed from the solution in Test Tube A and bubble it through the limewater. If the limewater changed from clear to cloudy white then this would indicate the presence of carbon dioxide. (This question test the learner's ability to follow the logic of the experiment and to link the theory learnt and the practical application of it.)
The learners did not want to lose any of the gas that might potentially form before it had time to bubble through the limewater. It is also important to make sure that the only thing affecting the limewater was the gas released in the experiment, and not carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. (This question tests the practical understanding of the process that was undertaken.)
It is test tube B as it contained clear limewater to start which has gone milky. It is from Setup 2 as there is yeast and sugar in test tube A in set-up 2 so the yeast ferments the sugar and releases carbon dioxide which turns the limewater milky.
The yeast needs to act on the sugar to form the carbon dioxide. When the sugar was not available it could not react and could not produce carbon dioxide.

Study the following diagram and fill in the missing information. [6 marks]

An example of a table is given here. (Take not that learners have not yet started to call the starting ingredients reactants)

Table of differences between photosynthesis and respiration

Assessment Rubric 4 can be used to mark this table if you would like a more in depth assessment.

Total [44 marks]

Cell Biology
Photosynthesis

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Lesson Plan Gr. 8 Natural Sciences T1 W1 & W2

Grade 8 Lesson Plan on Life and Living with focus on the CAPS Topics: Photosynthesis and Respiration; addressing the Concepts: Photosynthesis and Respiration. To guide and assist Teachers, Learners and Parents.

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Photosynthesis-Grade 8

7th - 10th grade.

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Which organelle is responsible making food (Glucose) using sunlight?

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

2. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Which of the following is the correct equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS? CO 2 + light + H 2 O --> O 2 + Sugar CO 2 + sugar + H 2 O --> O 2 + light O2 + light + H 2 O --> CO 2 + Sugar CO 2 + O 2 + H 2 O --> Light+ Sugar
3. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Plants need ________ for photosynthesis oxygen soil carbon dioxide sugar
4. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt What is the ultimate ORIGINAL source of energy for living things Sugar Sun Moon Carbon Dioxide

What is the pigment in chloroplasts that performs photosynthesis?

Chlorosynthesis

Chlorophyll

Select all that are raw materials for Photosynthesis.

Carbon Dioxide

Sunlight (Light Energy)

Glucose (Sugar/food)

7. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Where does the Calvin Cycle occur? thylakoid stroma lumen mitochondria
9. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt TRUE or FALSE. The calvin cycle can happen during the day. True false
10. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Which of the following is an example of an AUTOTROPH? Appletree Dog Mushroom Human
11. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt What is photosynthesis? The process in which humans eat their food When a photographer takes a photo. To get your pictures from the photo lab. The process in which plants make their food.
12. Multiple Choice Edit 2 minutes 1 pt Where do the light-dependent reactions occur? thylakoid membrane stroma mesophyll mitochondria
14. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Leaves look green because..... they eat their vegetables to blend into their environment they contain a molecule named chlorophyll they are sick
15. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt True or False. The calvin cycle can happen at night. true false

a cell that captures light energy

a water tube

Select the correct term for the following definition:

"The water transport system in plants."

Recall what is dissolved in the water in the xylem.

Amino acids

Mineral ions

Recall the main funtion of a phloem cell.

To transport nutrients (mainly sucrose) to different parts of a plant.

To transport water to different parts of a plant.

To make energy for the plant via photosynthesis.

To provide structural support to a plant.

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Natural Sciences - Photosynthesis and Respiration (Grade 8; Term 1)

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Photosynthesis For Grade 8

Photosynthesis For Grade 8 - Displaying top 8 worksheets found for this concept.

Some of the worksheets for this concept are Science virtual learning 8th grade science photosynthesis, Grade 8 natural sciences workbook, Photosynthesis quiz, Grade 8 term 1 natural sciences introduction to ecology, Lesson plan seeing photosynthesis, Chapter 4 photosynthesis and cellular respiration work, Middle school science virtual learning life science, Chapter 8 photosynthesis work answers.

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1. Science Virtual Learning 8th Grade Science Photosynthesis

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Photosynthesis
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VIDEO

PHOTOSYNTHESIS FOR CLASS 10TH AND NEET BIOLOGY STUDENTS BY( SHAREEF SIR )
49. Class 8 । Science । Unit 18 । Life Process Photosynthesis ।
Photosynthesis, Types of Pigments Involved in Photosynthesis & What is Light Reaction?
Photosynthesis
Lesson 14
Photosynthesis

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DOC Mrs. Luzier's Science Classroom
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Photosynthesis Worksheets
Home > Science Worksheets > Photosynthesis. Approximately 85% of the world's oxygen is due to this process. That is why if the sun were to suddenly stop producing light, not only would it be dark; we would not be able to breathe much longer. These worksheets explore all aspects of the process of photosynthesis.
PDF GRADE 8: Life science 4 UNIT 8L.4 Photosynthesis 7 hours
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These photosynthesis worksheets are designed for grade 3 through grade 8 learners. Photosynthesis Chart Offer 3rd grade and 4th grade kids a fine introduction with this printable photosynthesis chart featuring a colorful diagram, labeled to represent the process by which plants make their own food.
PDF Photosynthesis: Making Energy
This process, called photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast of the plant cell. During this process, oxygen (O2) is created as a waste product and is released into the air for us to breath. The formula for photosynthesis is: (reactants) (products) CO2 + H2O + sunlight ----> C6H12O6 + O2.
5 Free Photosynthesis Worksheets for Middle and High School
All Grades K-5 All Grades 6-12 PreK 6th Grade Kindergarten 7th Grade 1st Grade 8th Grade 2nd Grade 9th Grade 3rd Grade 10th Grade 4th Grade 11th Grade 5th Grade 12th Grade. ... Five fantastic photosynthesis worksheets are ready to help your students learn and review this essential topic. There are activities for both middle and high school ...
Photosynthesis online pdf worksheet for 8
Country code: MM. Country: Myanmar (Burma) School subject: Biology (1061845) Main content: Photosynthesis (2005392) From worksheet author: To match the formulae of the chemical with their common names. Other contents: Photosynthesis.
50+ photosynthesis worksheets on Quizizz
Free Printable photosynthesis worksheets. Discover the fascinating process of photosynthesis with our free printable Science worksheets, designed to help Science teachers educate and inspire students in their exploration of plant life and energy conversion. photosynthesis. Photosynthesis. 21 Q. 9th - 10th.
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Photosynthesis is a process in which sunlight energy is used to make glucose. The site of photosynthesis is in the chloroplast - an organelle found in the leaves of green plants. The main functions of chloroplasts are to produce food (glucose) during photosynthesis, and to store food energy. Chloroplasts contain the pigment, chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis For Grade 8 Worksheets
Displaying all worksheets related to - Photosynthesis For Grade 8. Worksheets are Science virtual learning 8th grade science photosynthesis, Grade 8 natural sciences workbook, Photosynthesis quiz, Grade 8 term 1 natural sciences introduction to ecology, Lesson plan seeing photosynthesis, Chapter 4 photosynthesis and cellular respiration work, Middle school science virtual learning life science ...
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Open Textbooks. Download our open textbooks in different formats to use them in the way that suits you. Click on each book cover to see the available files to download, in English and Afrikaans. Better than just free, these books are also openly-licensed (except Information Technology and Computer Applications Technology)!
PDF KS3 t Year 8 Photosynthesis Home Learning booklet
carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen Fact Sheet t please read {Plants photosynthesise to produce their own food.{The word equation for photosynthesis is given above.{The water is taken in by the roots from the ground and the xylem vessels transport water around the plant {Plants also need sunlight to photosynthesize.The c hlorophyll (green pigment ) found in
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Place half of the plants in the dark for at least 24-48 hours and the others in a well-lit area of the class that is exposed to lots of natural sunlight. After 24 hours, pour 50 ml of the ethyl alcohol into the beaker and place it in the saucepan with water. Heat the saucepan over the bunsen burner or the stove.
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Lesson Plan Gr. 8 Natural Sciences T1 W1 & W2
Lesson Plan Gr. 8 Natural Sciences T1 W1 & W2. Free. Download. Type: pdf. Size: 0.53MB. Share this content. Grade 8 Lesson Plan on Life and Living with focus on the CAPS Topics: Photosynthesis and Respiration; addressing the Concepts: Photosynthesis and Respiration.
Photosynthesis Grade 8 Flashcards
Cell Biology. Photosynthesis Grade 8. Get a hint. Autotrophic. Click the card to flip 👆. An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 97.
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Photosynthesis-Grade 8 quiz for 7th grade students. Find other quizzes for Science and more on Quizizz for free! ... Photosynthesis-Grade 8. 7th - 10th. grade. Science. 69% . accuracy. 1K . plays. Share. Janeen Marshall. 4 years. Worksheet Save Share. Copy and Edit. Science. 7th - 10th grade. Photosynthesis-Grade 8. Janeen Marshall. 1K . plays ...
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Natural Sciences - Photosynthesis and Respiration (Grade 8; Term 1) 15.07.21. NOTE: These Water Wise activities have been aligned to the CAPS school curriculum. Please browse "More Activities" and "Fun Stuff" for more great activities. Please check out "Water Info" for a range of information on water and water conservation.
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3. Sunlight - Plants absorb sunlight and trap light energy within their leaves so they're able to turn carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Photosynthesis produces: 1. Oxygen - Plants oxidize the water they absorb and release it back into the air as oxygen. 2.
Photosynthesis For Grade 8 Worksheets
Photosynthesis For Grade 8 - Displaying top 8 worksheets found for this concept.. Some of the worksheets for this concept are Science virtual learning 8th grade science photosynthesis, Grade 8 natural sciences workbook, Photosynthesis quiz, Grade 8 term 1 natural sciences introduction to ecology, Lesson plan seeing photosynthesis, Chapter 4 photosynthesis and cellular respiration work, Middle ...
Photosynthesis Worksheet
Use this KS3 plants worksheet to check understanding or to reinforce teaching and learning of the process of photosynthesis and the adaptions of the leaf. This worksheet is perfect homework activity. Twinkl KS3 / KS4 Science KS3 Science - Full Collection KS3 Biology KS3 Photosynthesis and Respiration Photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis Worksheets

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5 Free Photosynthesis Worksheets for Middle and High School

Check out the photosynthesis worksheets included:

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High school biology teacher Lacey VanBuskirk helped us create these amazing photosynthesis worksheets.

Photosynthesis

1.1 Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

Energy sustains life

The seven life processes

Radiant energy to chemical potential energy

Requirements and products of photosynthesis

Glucose storage and use

Which leaves photosynthesise?

Why do bananas become sweeter as they ripen?

Respiration

Energy from food

Products of respiration

Does our breath contain carbon dioxide?

Requirements and products of respiration

Revision questions

Photosynthesis For Grade 8

1. Science Virtual Learning 8th Grade Science Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis and respiration

Photosynthesis

Energy sustains life

The seven life processes

Radiant energy to chemical potential energy

Requirements and products of photosynthesis

Glucose storage and use

Which leaves photosynthesise?

Why do bananas become sweeter as they ripen?

Respiration

Energy from food

Products of respiration

Does our breath contain carbon dioxide?

Requirements and products of respiration

Revision questions

Photosynthesis Worksheet

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Lesson Plan Gr. 8 Natural Sciences T1 W1 & W2

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Photosynthesis-Grade 8

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English - A Bucket? You must be Joking?

NS and Technology - Living and Non-Living Things (Term 1)

NS and Technology - Life Cycles (Term 1)

NS and Technology – Be a Wetland Warrior (Term 1 & 2)

NS - Biosphere Biodiversity Interactions and Interdependence (Term 1)

Natural Sciences - Surface Forces that Shape the Earth (Term 3)

Physical Sciences - The Hydrosphere

Life Sciences - Human Impact on the Environment (Term 4)

"Respect Water, Respect Life" Activities

Overview of Topics

Natural Sciences - Photosynthesis and Respiration (Grade 8; Term 1)

Photosynthesis For Grade 8

1. Science Virtual Learning 8th Grade Science Photosynthesis

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