culture in pakistan essay

Pakistan: Culture and History Exploratory Essay

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a large culturally diverse country located at the crossroads of the strategically significant expanses of South Asia, Central Asia and Western Asia, and borders Afghanistan and Iran in the western corridor, India in the eastern corridor, and China in the far northeast (Page et al 6). This brief attempts to examine the country’s history and culture.

Although Urdu is the official national language and lingua franca of Pakistan, Punjabi is the principal indigenous language in the country by virtue of the fact that it is spoken by an estimated 60 million individuals (Page et al 18). There exist marked differences between how the Urdu language is written using Arabic and Hindi characters.

Although the language uses the right-to-left alphabet modified from the Persian alphabet, it is important to point out that some characters do not exist in Hindi, implying that people using the Hindi characters have to employ some consonants from Arabic for use in words borrowed from Arabic/Persian only.

For instance, the ‘Z’ sound is not available in Hindi, necessitating speakers to use ‘J’ instead. Equally, some characters do not exist in Arabic or Persian, and are therefore borrowed from Hindi. The rules for gender in most of the characters which have been borrowed from the Hindi language do not change between Urdu and Hindi; however the rules for gender shifts in most of the words borrowed from the Arabic language.

Moving on to the issue of tribes, the major ethnic groups in Pakistan include “…Punjabis (44.68% of the population), Pashtuns (15.42%), Sindhis (14.1%), Seraikis (8.38%), Muhajirs (7.57%), Balochis (3.57%) and others (6.08%)” (Page et al 18).

While the Punjabis are an indo-Aryan tribal grouping of North Indian origin, the Pashtuns belong to the Eastern Iranian peoples, and the Sindhis are native to the Sindh province of Pakistan.

The Seraikis have no central place of origin, but the Muhajirs are immigrants who preferred to stay in Pakistan and changed their residence after the partition of British India to Pakistan. The Balochis are native to Balochistan – the largest province of Pakistan by land mass.

In discussing the main characteristics of Pakistani culture, it is imperative to mention that every great nation enjoys its own distinct culture, and Pakistan is no different in large part due to its distinctive culture that is grounded on Islamic values and traditions, as well as a rich historical background.

Pakistani culture draws its value propositions, belief systems and traditions from Islam, by virtue of the fact that it is actually a component of the contemporary Islamic civilization.

It is of essence to note that Pakistani culture is a striking combination of Punjabi, Sindhi, Pathan, Baluchi, Barohi, Seraiki and Kashmiri cultures, and that the society follows a patriarch system where each nuclear/extended family is headed by the senior most male member, who is responsible for the upkeep of the family.

Pakistani culture is not only characterized by a rich variety of colorful dress codes, but also a great tradition of fairs and festivals, including the Horse and Cattle shows of Lahore, the Polo festival of Gilgit, as well as the annual urs of Hazrat Daata Ganj Bakhsh.

Lastly, it is important to note that not only are Pakistani people great lovers of sports and games, such as hockey, cricket, soccer and squash, but they also enjoy great distinction in production of handicrafts at an international level (Civil Service of Pakistan para. 1-9).

Works Cited

Civil Service of Pakistan. Characteristics of Pakistani Culture and Important Traditions and Customs . 2012. Web.

Page, Shirley, Kim Sappe, Crystal Johnson, Carol Morgan and Barbara Dezmon 2009. Pakistan: Heritage Resource Packet . Web.

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• Pakistani Culture, Customs, and Traditions

Officially known as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Pakistan is a nation that is located in South Asia . The nation has multiple ethnic groups and cultures such as Punjabis, Kashmiris, Muhajirs, Pashtuns, Shinaki, and a few other communities scattered all over the country. Aside from their own cultures, these groups have come to form a new culture that has been heavily influenced by the neighboring countries and their cultures. Pakistan’s culture is unique among the other nations of South Asia. 

The country’s population speaks more than 60 languages . Among them all, Urdu is the national language with a huge portion of speakers at 75%. In addition to being a national language, Urdu is also a symbol of the Muslims as well as the lingua franca (or common language) of the country. Despite Urdu being the main language in the country, only 8% of the population uses it as a primary language. The other official language is English, which is used by the government and for legal matters. For the most part, the masses use a special variation of English that is known as Pakistani English. In addition to these two languages, the constitution recognizes Arabic as an important language in the teaching of Islam.

The most common language is the Punjabi language (44.15% of the population) and is mostly used in Punjab. Other languages include Sindhi (12%), which is mostly spoken in Sindh, Saraiki (10%), which is mostly spoken in Hindko, South Punjab, and the larger Hazara region, as well as other languages. In each of the five provinces of the nation, there is a provincial language that is not recognized by the national law.

Like in most other countries in Asia, the food in Pakistani is influenced by its neighbors. In the case of Pakistan, the foreign influence is from Afghanistan and the Middle East in general. The different regions of the country have differences in cooking styles and techniques. For example, the provinces of Sind and Punjab known for their spicy cuisine that is similar to Indian food. By contrast, northern and western provinces such as Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa prepare food that is mild and less spicy, which is similar to the cooking styles of Central Asia. Examples of Pakistani foods include the likes of biryani, boiled rice, and kebabs.

In addition to the local cuisines, international styles have affected the nation as well. In fact, fusion food (a mixture of foreign and local recipes) is a common practice, especially in the country’s urban areas. An example of fusion food is Pakistani Chinese Cuisine. Despite all these international effects, the diversity in the country always ensures a wide array of delicacies.

Pakistan has a rich collection of poems classified into different categories such as English poetry, Baluchi poetry, and Pashto poetry. Another category, Sufi poetry, is strongly rooted in the country. Since the region was strongly admired by Persian rulers in older periods, Persian poetry is quite popular as many poems about the region came from Persia. Poetry is not only practiced at the national level but also at the provincial level. Since Urdu became a national language after independence in 1947, most of the poems are now written in Urdu. Some of the renowned poets who have written poems in Urdu include the likes of Ahmad Faraz, Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi, and Faiz Ahmad Faiz.

Celebrations

Pakistan has several celebrations that it observes. Like any other country with a Muslim population, Pakistan observes the holy month of Ramadan . During this month, all Muslims fast from morning until evening and attend the mosques more often. In addition, there are related festivals such as Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha to mark the passing of the holy month of Ramadan.

Aside from religious celebrations, the nation also marks Independence Day on the 14 th of every August, which is representative of the day when Pakistan gained freedom from British India. To mark this special day, people gather for national prayers in mosques all over the country. In the morning, those who lost their lives in the fight for independence are remembered by a 21 cannon salute. Other events include singing the national anthem and decorating the cities and buildings.

Recreation and Sports

Field hockey is the officially recognized sport of Pakistan even though squash and cricket are more popular. The national field hockey team has had some success in the Hockey World Cup as it has won the trophy four times. The national cricket team has won the Cricket World cup of 1992 followed by a runners-up performance in 1999. The nation has also played host to the 1987 and 1996 Cricket World Cups. The cricket team has also won other accolades such as 2009’s ICC World Twenty20, the Austral-Asia Cup (three times), and the ICC Champions Trophy in 2017.

Internationally, the nation has participated in the Summer Olympics in sports including field hockey, athletics, shooting, boxing, and swimming. Hockey is the sport in which the Pakistanis have had the most success with after winning three gold medals in 1960, 1968, and in 1984. Since its introduction in 2005, A1 Grand Prix racing has gained some popularity as well. Another sport that is on the rise is soccer.

Architecture

The nation’s architecture goes all the way back to pre-Islamic periods to the post-colonial times. In fact, some of the structures such as the tombs of Bibi Jawindi, and Baha’is-Halim, which are all in the town of Uch Sharif, have been on UNESCO’s tentative list since 2004. Some of the pre-Islamic structures that are available to this day include Mohenjo Daro, Kot Diji, and Harappa. The Muslims introduced some classical techniques that are still available up to this day. Colonial times were dominated by an Indo-European style while post-colonial times are dominated by modern architecture.

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Home Essay Examples Culture

The Cultural Diversity Of Pakistan

• Category Culture
• Subcategory World Cultures

According to United Nation data, Pakistan’s population is 219,159,481, based on Worldometer elaboration, conducted on February6,2020 which is equal to 2.83% of the world’s population. Ethnically, Pakistan is a diverse country. Basically, Pakistan is divided in four provinces; Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, and three territories; Islamabad capital territory, Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. Pakistani people are divided with respect to geography; carry a set of norms which, afterwards, identify them as a unique ethnic group. Major Pakistan ethnic groups regarding areas are Punjabi (Punjab), Sindhi(Sindh), Pashtun(Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Balochi (Balochistan), Saraikis(Southern Punjab) and Kashmiris(Kashmir). Despite it, Pakistani people are abide in low number in other areas as well and known as its ethnic groups, for example; Brahui, Hindko, Pahari, Shin, Burusho, Wakhi, Balti, Chitral, Muhajir,Yusufzai, Orakzai, Swati, Afridi, Wazir, Mohmand, Mahsud etc. Except for that, the people of northern Pakistan (Hunza, Chitral, Gilgit, Dir etc.) are known as unique people with respect to their norms and culture to the rest of the people of Pakistan. Pakistani people carry its own uniqueness of culture and customs with respect to its regional traditions. As thus every ethnic group has its own colour.

Cultural Diversity

Pakistan is an Islamic country which is a remarkable influential mark on every custom and tradition of Pakistan. Culturally, Pakistan is a rich country because Pakistani people are attached emotionally to their cultural and societal norms. These all cultural norms have been maintained since 1947 when Pakistan came into existence and justify their distant beauty. Pakistani people’s culture is greatly shaped up by their history, geographical and ethnic identities. Majorly, Pakistani culture is influenced by India, Persia, Iran, Afghan, Central Asians, South Asians and Western Asians. On the basis of physical features, food, historical bloodlines, language, customs and music, every group has its own cultural values. Cultural ethics of some of the ethnic groups are given below;

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• Punjabi: Punjabi culture is a culture of friendship and tolerance which is manifested by the teachings of saints and sufis. They teach to spread love all around irrespective of cast, religion and colour. Punjab is quite progressive in its culture as it is open to foreigners; open to foreign invaders(Afghanistan and Central Asia) in the past.
• Sindhi: Sindhi ethnic group is next to Punjabi group in size, it is second biggest ethnic group. Sindhi are closer to Indian culture than the rest of Pakistan. Just like Punjab, their culture norms are shaped up by the religious scholars, saints and sufi; the prominent names are Sachal Sermast, Shah Abdul Lateef Bhitai and Lal Shahbabz Qalander. Its culture is not as much advanced as of Punjabi because this area was limited connections with foreigners; this area was invaded once “Muhammad Bin Qasim”.
• Pashtuns: Pashtuns belong to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; culturally, it is strongly influenced by Afghanistan. Pashtuns are known for taking revenge, giving shelter, courage, generosity to defeat, self respect, justice, hospitality, tolerance and loyalty. Despite the strong influence of Afghan, its culture also shows strong attachment to Indian and culture as well. The famous poets and mystic figures of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are Rahman Baba, Khushaal Khan Khattak and Pir Baba whose ultimate message was love.

Dress Codes and Rituals

The national code of Pakistan is Shalwar Kameez for men and women. With the Shalwar Kameez, common accessories waistcoat, Achkan, Sher wani, Churidar Pajama, Jinnah cap, Khussa etc are worn all around Pakistan. As Pakistan is a culturally diverse country so regionally culture to culture rituals and dress codes vary. For example; Punjabi likes to wear kurta and dhoti and on the other hands women wear Lacha, kurta or Salwar Kameez with dupatta and wear bangles. Pashtun male wear Shalwar Kameez with waist coats on the other hand, as Khyber Paktinkhawa closely linked with Islamic norms, women wear Burqa or Chadar, restricting them to cover their heads and face. As dress codes, the ethnic groups have their own rituals just like special ritual dances of every ethnic group. Punjabi love to do “Bhangra” or “Ludi”.

Food Varieties

Pakistani foods are much similar to south Asia food varieties. The food varieties of Pakistan are greatly influenced by Asia, Central Asia and Middle eastern cuisines. Pakistani cuisine is richly flavored by spices, herbs and seasoning such as red chilli, garlic, ginger, turmeric, and garam masala. Pakistani people prepare their food as curry and later eat it with roti and most of the time curry is prepared with vegetables, meat and lentils. Rice is also common in Pakistani food items. Rice is used as fried, boiled, spicy and sweet dished. Despite it, as Pakistan is culturally rich to every region and culture carry its own delicious and famous dish.

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Why I Love Pakistan Essay | 400 & 500 Words

by Pakiology | Apr 21, 2024 | Essay , English | 2 comments

400 Words Essay on Why I Love Pakistan With Quotation

Pakistan is a country full of diversity and richness in culture, history, and natural beauty. From the towering peaks of the Karakoram range to the fertile plains of Punjab, Pakistan has a rich tapestry of landscapes and wonders to discover. In this essay, we will explore the reasons why we love Pakistan and why it is an incredibly special and unique country.

A Rich Cultural Heritage

Pakistan has a rich cultural heritage that is steeped in tradition and history. With a rich history dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization, Pakistan has been a hub of cultural exchange and trade for thousands of years. From the famous Mughal era monuments, such as the Lahore Fort and the Badshahi Mosque, to the vibrant traditional festivals such as the truck art and mango festival, Pakistan’s cultural heritage is rich and diverse.

Natural Beauty and Adventure

Pakistan is also home to some of the most breathtaking natural wonders in the world. From the towering peaks of the Karakoram range to the lush green valleys of Hunza, Pakistan’s natural beauty is truly awe-inspiring. Whether you are a seasoned mountaineer or just someone looking for a peaceful stroll in nature, Pakistan has something for everyone. Additionally, the country is also home to some of the world’s most challenging and exciting adventure sports, such as white-water rafting and trekking.

Hospitality and Generosity

The people of Pakistan are well known for their hospitality and generosity. Whether you are a visitor to the country or a local resident, you are sure to be welcomed with open arms and treated like royalty. The warmth and kindness of the people is one of the many reasons why we love Pakistan and it is a testament to the rich cultural heritage of the country.

A Land of Opportunity

Pakistan is a land of opportunity, with a young and growing population, a vibrant and expanding economy, and a rich cultural heritage. Whether you are an entrepreneur looking to start a new business, a student looking to further your education, or a tourist looking to explore the country’s many wonders, Pakistan has something for everyone.

In conclusion, Pakistan is a country full of diversity, richness, and beauty. From its rich cultural heritage to its stunning natural wonders, Pakistan has something for everyone. The warmth and hospitality of the people, combined with a land of opportunity, make Pakistan an incredibly special and unique country that we love and cherish.

500 Words Essay on Why I Love Pakistan

Pakistan is a country that is dear to my heart for many reasons. As a Pakistani, I am proud of my heritage and the rich culture and history of the country. I am inspired by the resilience and determination of its people, who have faced many challenges and obstacles but have always remained strong and united.

One of the things that I love about Pakistan is its natural beauty. From the towering mountains in the north to the beautiful beaches in the south, the country is blessed with a diverse and stunning landscape. The northern regions, with their snow-capped peaks and crystal-clear lakes, are particularly breathtaking. I have had the opportunity to visit many of these places, and they never fail to take my breath away.

I am also proud of Pakistan’s achievements in various fields. Despite facing many challenges, the country has made significant progress in areas such as science and technology, education, and sports. Pakistani scientists and engineers have made important contributions to the field of science and technology, and the country has a growing number of world-class educational institutions. In sports, Pakistani athletes have brought home many medals and accolades at international competitions. The success of Pakistani scientists, athletes, and scholars is a source of inspiration for me and for many other young people in the country.

The people of Pakistan are another reason why I love the country. They are hardworking, hospitable, and generous. I have had the privilege of meeting and interacting with many wonderful people from different parts of the country, and I am always struck by their kindness and warmth. Whether I am visiting a rural village or a bustling city, I am always welcomed with open arms and treated like a member of the family.

There are many other aspects of Pakistan that I love and admire. For example, I am proud of the country’s rich and diverse cultural heritage. Pakistan is home to a wide range of ethnic and linguistic groups, each with its own unique customs and traditions. This diversity adds to the richness and vibrancy of Pakistani culture, and it is something that I cherish and celebrate.

I also love the religious and spiritual diversity of Pakistan. The country is home to people of many different faiths, including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and others. This religious diversity is a source of strength and harmony, and it is something that I value and respect.

Pakistan is also a country with a rich culinary tradition. From the spicy curries of Punjab to the savory kebabs of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistani cuisine is diverse, delicious, and full of flavor. I love trying new dishes and experiencing the diverse culinary traditions of the country.

Pakistan is a country that I love and cherish for many reasons. Its culture, beauty, achievements, and people are all sources of pride and inspiration for me. I am grateful to be a Pakistani, and I am confident that the country will continue to grow and thrive in the years ahead.

In conclusion, I love Pakistan for its culture, beauty, achievements, and people. It is my home, and I am proud to be a Pakistani. Despite the challenges and difficulties that the country faces, I am confident that its people will continue to overcome them and build a better future for themselves and for future generations.

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Essay on Pakistan: A Brief History and Overview

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• July 22, 2023
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“There is no power on earth that can undo Pakistan.” (Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah)

Introduction

Pakistan got its independence on 14 th August 1947. The country’s main purpose was to live life freely as Muslims. Pakistan is located in the south of Asia. It is in the south of the Arabian Sea. It has 4 neighboring countries. Pakistan is in 33 rd rank among other countries based on area.

It is also known to be the third largest country in Asia based on land area. Pakistan’s border in the east is with India, which has a border of 3,323 kilometers; Pakistan’s border with Afghanistan is in the northwest it has a border of 2,640 kilometers; Pakistan’s border with Iran is in the west it has a border of 909 kilometers whereas Pakistan border with China is 523 kilometers long and is located in the northeast.

Pakistan Army is ranked as the 6 th strongest army among the 145 countries. Pakistan has the world’s second-highest mountain K2, with the third highest, Tirch Mir, and the three highest mountain ranges, i.e., Hindukush, Karakoram & Himalayas. Pakistan also has the world’s deepest sea port in Gwadar. Pakistan’s Edhi Foundation is the world’s largest ambulance service provider.

Sialkot (a city in Pakistan) produces half of the world’s balls, which resulted in Pakistan becoming the world’s largest hand-sewed football; these footballs are also used in FIFA World Cups. Tarbela Dam is the world’s largest earth-filled dam. Pakistan is the only Muslim country that has nuclear power. 

The world’s fourth-largest irrigation system is also in Pakistan. Out of 100% population, 96.2 percent of Muslims in Pakistan, 1.6% Hindus, Christians 1.59%, etc. Cholistan, Thar, and Thal are some of the famous desserts in Pakistan. 

Before writing essay on Pakistan , lets disucss its history first. Muslims of the subcontinent were not given the proper rights and were harassed for living according to the Islamic way. Pakistan was a dream for Allama Muhammad Iqbal that came true after many sacrifices and struggles of many Muslims.

The major effort and struggle was of Quid e Azam M.A. Jinnah. This effort to get a separate country started when Muslims started facing persecution. The idea of two nation theory was presented that Muslims and Hindus are different nations that can’t live together peacefully.

Quaid e Azam succeeded on 14 Aug 1947 when a new country known as Pakistan was formed. Initially, Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan, but due to the 1971 civil war and political problems, East Pakistan (Bangladesh) proclaimed its independence.

When Pakistan got its independence, it faced several problems, such as unfair boundary distribution, economic problems, the Kashmir dispute, electricity problems, division of financial assets, etc. Karachi was chosen as the capital of Pakistan Quaid e Azam was the first governor-general, and Liaquat Ali Khan was the prime minister. 

Pakistan is one of the lucky countries. It has all four seasons due to the location. Winter is from December to February, spring is from March to May, Summer is from June to September, and retiring monsoon or autumn is from October to November. This season and their time can differ according to the location, as Pakistan has all plains, plateaus, mountains, or hilly areas.

Pakistan has several rivers; the longest is Indus; other rivers are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Kabul. The amazing thing is that the coastal areas are normally dry and hot, whereas the lowland plains are cooler than coastal areas, and the uplands or Himalayas are much cooler than the plain; this means at the same time, all seasons can be seen in Pakistan. 

Region & Demography

Pakistan has a total area of 796,095 square kilometers. Pakistan has a total population of 207.68 million. The capital of Pakistan is Islamabad. Pakistan has 4 provinces, i.e., Punjab, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Sindh. Punjab was given to this province because of Punj (five) and Aab (Water), i.e., land of river. The population of Punjab is 110 million, Balochistan is 12.34 million, Sindh is 47.89 million, and KPK is 35.53 million.

The area of Punjab is a total of 50,362 square kilometers. The area of Balochistan is 347,190 square kilometers. The area of Sindh is 140,914 square kilometers. The area of KPK is 101,741 square kilometers. There are 170 districts in Pakistan. These districts are further divided into tehsil and union councils.

These districts include all the districts in provinces, Azad Kashmir, the capital territory, and Gilgit Baltistan. Pakistan is considered a young nation as the average age is 23.4, and the 104 million population is the age bracket of 25 to 30. 

Language & Culture

The national language of Pakistan is Urdu. More than 60 languages are spoken in different areas of Pakistan. The common language in Punjab is Punjabi, whereas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the language spoken is Pashto, and in Sindh and Balochistan, Sindhi and Balochi, respectively. Hindko, Saraiki, Kashmiri, Gujarati, and other languages are spoken in Pakistan.

The culture of Pakistan is based on Islam, and the main reason for having Pakistan as a separate country is to establish the culture of Islam freely. Several festivals and events are important in Pakistan, such as Eid ul Fitr, Eid ul Adha, Ramadan, etc.

Other minorities can also easily celebrate their festivals, such as Christmas, Easter, Holi, Diwali, etc. Let’s talk about different people in provinces.

Punjab : People in Punjab are mostly warm-hearted and loving. Several tribes, clans, or castes have different cultures and traditions. Their culture and dresses are very bright and mix of colors.  

Balochistan : This province is considered to be barren lands and deserts and mountains, but this culture has a culture that is full of traditions, art, and craft, as well as embroidery females mostly do these things. These people are known for their festivals and tribes.  

Sindh : These people mostly have agricultural lifestyles. These people practice farming and fishing. These people are dominated by Sufis music. 

KPK : The people of KPK are mostly Pathans; they are the most hardworking people and always like to know more about their race; they are obsessed with the race. 

Economy is one of the important thing to discuss in this essay on Pakistan. The major sources of livelihood are agriculture, forestry as well as fishing. Pakistan is ranked in 43 of the major economies. Inflation will be approximately 19.87% in 2022. Around one-half of the laborers are doing these activities.

Several crops are the basis of a good economy, such as cotton, tobacco, pulses, chickpeas, sugarcane, wheat, rice, etc. Pakistan doesn’t have many minerals and energy resources. One-eighth of the labor is engaged in the manufacturing of products. The main imports of the nation are petroleum products, machinery, chemicals, fertilizers, etc., whereas the major exports are cotton, ready-made garments, dried fish, rice, leather goods, etc. 

Pakistan is one of the countries with great potential for providing education. Education is one of the most important factors in Pakistan. Although education is not up to the mark, many improvements are still being made, and many schools, colleges, and universities are being established.

HEC (Higher Education Commission) is the biggest institute in Pakistan responsible for overseeing, regulating, and accrediting the higher education efforts in Pakistan. The level of education depends on the financial resources and the commitment level of the government; in Pakistan, the resources are limited, and that’s why there are fewer teachers and education-providing facilities. There are a total of 218 universities in Pakistan. 

National Symbols 

The national symbols of Pakistan are

• Markhor (National Animal)
• Chukar (National Bird) 
• Deodar (National Tree)
• Jasmine (National Flower) 
• Allama Muhammad Iqbal (National Poet)
• Quaid e Azam (National Hero) 
• Shalwar Qameez (National Dress)
• Hockey (National Sports) 
• Indus River (National River)
• Okra (National Vegetable)
• Dolphin (National Aquatic Animal)
• Mango (National Fruit)

To conclude essay on Pakistan I would say that Pakistan has faced several challenges since its independence. But on the other hand, Pakistan is rich in culture and has a young population. This population can help Pakistan to become more economically stable and help Pakistan to prosper. This country had been faced several challenges, such as poverty, terrorism, and political instability, and done major improvements in many scenarios.

Pakistan’s strength is its location and size; this country also benefits from foreign aid and receives donations from IMF, World Bank, and the USA, which means that Pakistan has some good international relations. The major weakness of Pakistan is that people lack knowledge in different fields to become a more modernized society. Pakistan also lacks an efficient education system.

There is improper governance, a lack of an efficient education system, and health care problems that can lead to future difficulties for Pakistan . As Pakistan has faced many challenges in history, it can also face any other challenge with faith and strength. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

• How many times has martial law been applied in Pakistan? 

In total 4 martial laws have been applied 

First: 7th October 1958 (Iskandar Mirza)

Second: 25th March 1969 (Yahya Khan)

Third: 25th July 1997 (Zia ul Haq)

Fourth: 12th October 1999 (Pervaiz Musharraf) 

• Who was the first president of Pakistan?

The first president was Major General Iskandar Mirza; he was elected on 5th March 1956. 

• Who was the first Chief of Army Staff in Pakistan?

The first COAS of Pakistan was Lt. General Tikka Khan, appointed on 20th March 1972. 

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Pakistan Culture

Here In this global world, people can be easily identified by their culture. People dresses, Behaves and live according to their culture. The culture is followed by our forebears and still it will be followed by our future generations. There are many cultures to talk, but this dissertation concentrates on the culture of Pakistan and America.

Since both are different cultured the Pakistan culture follows many traditional ways than American culture. In Pakistan people like to live with join family in the reason that they adopted to that culture. They live in the same home until it becomes old and it is named dominated society. Women were not allowed to study and men go to work.

In the Olden days they assumed that women were not allowed to study if so women will not respect them and social order will be changed. But in the modern world women also started to study and experience the life outside the home. Pakistani people strictly follow religious culture than American.

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The Pakistani people are called as Muslims. Pakistani culture gives regulations to men also than any other cultures in the world. People of Pakistani showcase their identity as Muslims through that women wear veil and Burga and men wear pajamas and grow bears.Many modifications are taking place in Pakistani culture because women get more freedom than earlier and many women writers are coming up like Malala.

Pakistanis grandly celebrate Ramzan festival. American culture is enjoying more liberation and survives joyfully. They like to live nuclear life and do not mingle with family members. From teenage itself, they live their own life, take care of themselves and take own decisions. In Pakistan only Muslims lives, but in America many religious people live and follow their own religion without any hesitation. The American people are Christians and live a rich life with limited moral values, but Pakistan has strong moral values.

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• Punjabi Culture

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Punjab (the land of five rivers) is the biggest land area of Pakistan and is popularly known for its culture. It shares most of its cultural and carnival values with Indian culture. According to population, 56% of the total population of the country is situated in Punjab Province. It has a total of 36 districts and contributes approximately 50-60 % of the economy.

Punjabi Culture is one of the oldest in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The scope, history, complexity and density of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas of the Punjabi culture include: Punjabi cuisine, philosophy, poetry, artistry, music, architecture, traditions and values and history. Some cities of Punjab have more importance for Sikh community from India. The founder of Sikh religion was born in Nankana Sahib, a district of Punjab so Sikh from different parts of world come and visits Punjab. Jahngir tomb and Badshahi Masjid in Lahore are the important places of Pakistan. Data Sahib is very scared place in Punjab and most of the people come and visit Data sahib every year.

Punjabi people are very warm hearted and fun loving. Punjabis are heterogeneous group comprising of different tribes, clans, communities and are known to celebrate each and every tradition of their culture. People of Punjab have strong beliefs on pir-faqeers, jogi, taweez, manat-ka-dhaga, saint of repute, black magic, and other superstitions, however recently due to increase of literacy, people have become somewhat rational . Punjabis also believe in cast system but as now people are getting educated, the differences are getting blurred. Some popular casts of Punjabi’s are; Jats, Maliks, Mughals, Arains, Gujjars, Awans, Rajputs, Gakhars, Khokhars, Sheikhs, Aheers, Kambohs, Niazis, Legharis, Khosas, Dogars, Thaheem, Mirani, Qureshis, and Syeds.

In villages’ people usually live in small communities (biradaris), however they live in peace and harmony with each other. They take active part in the happiness/grieve of each other and give a great deal of respect to their culture, norms and run their lives according to their set traditions. Punjabi people are famous for their hospitable and loving nature.

Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. It is spoken as the first language by majority people in Punjab, even spoken and understood in areas beyond the confines of Punjab. Facts and figures show that Punjabi language is spoken as first language by 44% of Pakistanis. Urdu language is also commonly spoken in this region. Key Punjabi languages/dialects are:

Costumes of Punjab are an indication of the bright and vibrant culture and lifestyle of the people.

The costumes are a mix of colours, comfort and beauty and Punjab is well known for the use of phulkari(embroidery) in its costumes. In most of the villages of Punjab men wear Pagri(turban), dhoti/lacha, kurta, khusa. Women wear gharara, or choridar pajama or colorful shalwar kameez, paranda, choli/duppata, khusa, kola puri chappal or tillay wali jutti. Whereas in urban areas of Punjab men and women follow latest trends and fashion, generally they wear different styles of shalwar kameez.

The extensive cuisine of Punjab can be vegetarian and non-vegetarian. One commonality between all Punjabi dishes is the liberal usage of ghee or clarified butter spices and Punjabis are fond of sweet-meats also. Most Punjabi food is eaten with either rice or roti. There are some dishes that are exclusive to Punjab such as Mah Di Dal, Paratha, Makai ki rotti, Saron Da Saag, and in cities Choley, Haleem, Baryani and other spicy dishes are popular. In beverages, tea is consumed in all seasons and as a custom most of Punjabis serve tea to their guests. Punjabis are also fond of Zarda, Gulab-Jamuns, Kheer, Jalaibi,Samosy, Pakorey etc. During summers people drink lassi, doodh-soda, aloo bokharey ka sharbat, lemonade etc.  These cuisines have become world-wide delicacies with large scale representation.

Punjabi people have fanatical interest in sports. Punjabi’s are fond of kabaddi, and wrestling, which is also popular in other parts of Pakistan and it’s also played on national level. Other games being played in Punjab region include Gilli-Danda, Khoo-Khoo, Yassu-Panju, Pitho-Garam, Ludo, Chuppan-Chupai, Baraf-Panni, Kanchy and some major sports include cricket, boxing, horse-racing, hockey and football. National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held.

Cultural Festivals

There are numerous festivals which are celebrated by Punjabi people including some religious festivals such as Eid-Milad-Un-Nabi, Jumu’ah, Laylat-ul-Qadr etc. Urcs (devotional fairs),which are held at the shirnes of sufi saints, Melas and Nomaish (exhibitions).The Provincial capital Lahore is widely popular for its entertaining events and activities. Lahori’s are famous all over the country for their celebrations particularly for Basant festival (kite flying) in the spring season. Other festivals celebrated in Punjab region include Baisakhi, Teej, Kanak Katai etc.

Dance and Music

Bhangra is most commonly known Punjabi music genre and dance style. Punjabis passionately love folk songs/music, Qawali and Punjabi music is recognized throughout the world. The Tabla, Dhol, Dholki, Chimta, Flute and Sitar are all common instruments of this delightful culture. Punjabi dance is based around happiness, energy and enthusiasm.Different forms of dance in Punjab are: Loddi, Dhamal, Sammi, Kikli, Gatka, Bhangra, Giddha and Dandiya. Punjabi dances have been embraced by the American culture and others alike and now they are one of the most appreciated art forms.

Custums and Rituals

Some of the customs followed in Punjab have no foundation in Islam. However, the Punjabi culture has adopted those ceremonies and traditions from Hindu culture.

Birth Rituals

Punjabis celebrate birth of their child with great enthusiasm. Grandfather or grandmother or some respected elder member from the family puts honey with their index finger in child’s mouth called Ghutii. Sweets are distributed among friends and relatives and people bring gifts for the child and mother. Generally on 7 th day child’s head is shaven and Aqiqa ceremony is held, also sheep/goat is slaughtered.

Punjabi Weddings

Punjabi weddings are based on traditions and are conducted with strong reflection of the Punjabi culture followed by several pre-wedding customs and rituals (dholki,mayun,ubtan etc.)Punjabi weddings are very loud, energetic, full of music,colors, fancy-dresses, food and dancing. Punjabi weddings have many customs and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times. In cities the wedding are celebrated following a blend of modern and traditional customs and the ceremony generally lasts for 3days, Mehndi, Barat (Nikkah+Ruksati) and Walima, followed by Chauti (bringing the bride back to her parents’ home the next day).

Funeral Rituals

At funerals after namaz-e-janaza it is customary to offer lunch to people who came for condolence. On 3 rd day of the funeral, Qul is held and every following thursday the Quran is recited (jumah-e-raat) followed by prayers for deceased and after 40days the chaliswaan is held. After which the funeral is over. Some families observe anniversaries yearly (barsi).There is no formal dress code for Punjabi funerals however people mostly wear shalwar kameez and casual clothing is observed. Funerals of Shia families are more intense. Both men and women wear black shalwar-kameez and rigorous crying and screaming is a common occurrence at such funerals.

Punjab is very rich with literature and Sufis adds more in its literature. Punjabi poetry is renowned for its extremely deep meaning, beautiful and hopeful use of words. The large number of Punjabi poetry is being translated throughout the world into many languages. Some famous poets of Punjabi are Sultan Bahu, Mia Mohammad Baksh, Baba Farid, Shah Hussain, Anwar Masood etc. Waris Shah, whose contribution to Punjabi literature is best-known for his seminal work in Heer Ranjha, known as Shakespeare of Punjabi language.  Bulleh Shah was a Punjabi Sufi poet, a humanist and a philosopher. The verse from Bulleh Shah primarily employed is called the Kafi, a style of Punjabi. Some other popular folk tales of Punjab include Sassi-Punnu, Sohni Mahiwal etc. that are passing through generations.

Arts and Crafts

Punjab is the major manufacturing industry in Pakistan’s economy and here each art enjoys a place of its own. The main crafts created in the highlands and other rural areas of Punjab are basketry, pottery, which are famous for their modern and traditional designs all over the world and are included in the best formations of Punjabis. bone work, textile, cloth woven on handlooms with stunning prints is embroidered in the rural-areas and the weavers produce colorful cloths like cotton,silk etc. embroidery, weaving, carpets, stone craft, jewelry, metal work along with truck art and other wood works. The craft of Punjab is its fundamental soul and its craft create its entity.

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Culture of Pakistan

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The Culture Of Pakistan Essay

Show More Pakistan and its Culture: Pakistan is a country that is located in South Asia and is a relatively new country. Although Pakistan has only been a country since 1947, the history in the area goes back thousands of years. A lot of the culture in Pakistan has been based off that history, and has some diversity due to that history. Understanding the culture of a country helps the military associate with the people in that country and builds good public relations. Political and Military: Pakistan ’s government is a parliamentary democracy with an elected Prime Minister, who is the head of government and a President, who is the head of state. Along with them, there is a council of advisors that consists of the Senate and the National Assembly who …show more content… There have been four military coups since Pakistan became a country. They were in 1955, 1969, 1977, and 1999. The coup in 1999 consisted of General Musharraf overthrowing the Prime Minister. A few years after the coup the General, got himself appointed as president and held the position until 2008. When it comes to countries, military it is imperative for are military to understand what they have and what they are capable of doing. When it comes to Pakistan, they do have a military but they do not have the capabilities we do. With that being, said they can still be a threat by using guerrilla tactics. You would also have worry about the civilian populace, as they can and would be even bigger threats if they are not on are …show more content… The country of Pakistan is already a poor country and we have the ability to help or hurt their Economy based on what we sell or buy from them. When it comes to unit operations, we can definitely use this to be advantages. Religion: Pakistan was originally part of India, and got its independence in 1947, to become an independent Muslim country. Right now, the country is made up of 97% Muslim with 77% of them being Sunni. The Shia Islam makes up about 20% of the country. Christians, Hindus, Buddhists, and Parses make up about 1% of the country. With the country being diverse there are many rituals that are followed depending on their religion. Muslims believe in Allah and their prophet who is Muhammad, and read the Qur’an. To name a few rituals you have Ramadan in which Muslims fast from sun up to sun down for a month, and thank Allah for the blessings of the year. Two Hindu festivals the Hindu celebrates are Diwali and

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Short essay on Pakistani Culture

The culture of Pakistan includes various different cultures and societies of different ethnic backgrounds. In northern Pakistan there exists the Dardic, Wakhi and Burusho communities, the west comprises of the Baluch and the Pakhtoon, in eastern Pakistan there are the Muhajir and the Makarani communities and lastly in the east there are the Punjabis, Kashmiris and the Sindhis. The Pakistani culture is a mixture of all these cultures and ethnicities which have been significantly affected by the cultures of the neighboring countries including Turkish people, Persians, Afghans, Indians, the Southern and Central Asian Countries and of course for religious reasons the Middle East.

In older times Pakistan was known to be the heart of Culture due to its people of diverse backgrounds. There happens to be many cultural rituals and magnificent structures that have been adapted from the past ancient rulers and colonizers of the state. The Persian Empire is one empire which has had the greatest influence on Pakistan, in fact the rulers of the Persian Empire in Pakistan known as the satraps were once upon a time the wealthiest of the whole empire. Other significant empires which have had a great impact include the Afghan Empire, Mughal Empire and the British Empire (for a short duration).

The cultural history of Pakistan dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization which existed in 2800 – 1800 B.C., and was known for its amazing cities, organized sanitation, brilliant roads and exquisite societies. The culture of Pakistan seems to be so diverse because it has been invaded quite a few times and has been inhabited by a number of different people, each of them have left their traces of culture on the locals of the country. The more prominent invaders were the Greeks, Aryans, White Huns, Arabs, Turks, Mongol, Afghans, Buddhists and other Eurasian groups until and including the British who finally left in the 1940s.

There are differences in the cultural practices of different ethnic groups in dress, food and religious aspects; they show varying influence from Tibet, Nepal, India and Eastern Afghanistan. Pakistan was the first state in South Asia which received the complete influence of Islam; it has developed a unique Islamic identity, which is different from the areas of further west.

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The sites and structures that Pakistan is home to include Zorastrian Fire Temples, Islamic Centers, Shia Shrines, Sufi Shrines, Sikh, Hindu and Pagan temples, gardens, palaces, tombs, historical structures and Mughal buildings. Pakistan is also known for its sculptures (Greco Buddhist friezes), ceramic crafts, jewelry, silk goods and engraved woodwork and metal work. The Pakistan society is predominantly multilingual and multicultural. The cultures within Pakistan though seem to have more similarities than differences as they have co-existed for several thousands of years (and seem to have the Aryan heritage).

More importantly after sixty years of integration in a state a unique Pakistani culture has emerged from within the many cultures that exist, especially in the urban areas where the various ethnic groups have lived together. The family values still hold respect and are significant, yet urbanization has increased the number of nuclear families, due to the socio economic constraints of the extended family in the traditional culture. Thus the culture of Pakistan is representative of its colorful history and the vibrant civilizations and empires that have existed in the region, however Pakistan has developed its own identity and culture amongst the many that have coexisted, by including variations of all the diverse ethnic cultures and practices of the various cultures.

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I find many Common roots between Army values, custom, and norms that I grew up with which define me as the person that I am, values such as Loyalty, Respect, Honor and Integrity. Over the course of six years serving in the United States Army I learn and achieves so much that, I falling love with it and Army become very important element in my life, which has the highest level of priority in my life. I will never hesitate to sacrifices my life to protect and defend United States of America, Constitution and United State Army just like the one I do for my family and I will do everything in my power to serve in the way that best benefit Army interest. I Leads others in the Army with set myself as an example, armed myself with warrior ethos, live with the Army Values, and maintain my military bearing in the highest standard level.

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These are just a few of the army values and how they play an important part in an effective leader and follower’s day to day

Cultural Appropriation In Fashion

Appropriation is the act of borrowing and changing the meaning of cultural products, images, slogans and elements as well as reusing existing elements to create new works and meanings. Many artists believe that in borrowing existing images or elements of imagery, they are able to recreate the idea as it is now placed within a new concept. This essay will discuss how appropriation has been used in cultural and social contexts in order to create controversy and sell products, as well as be a form of expression. Pop culture often uses brash ways when trying to provide interest in society. As humans we are constantly wanting more and are never fully satisfied without entertainment, thus in order to meet these high demands many often turn to cultural appropriation as a void of entertainment.

Robert Merton Strain Theory

Introduction The two most important components of societies are the social structure and culture. Culture deeply influences an individual 's beliefs, values, goals as well as his identity. Cultural goals are developed in accordance with the existing social structure of the society. The social structure of a society must provide the 'means ' for an individual to achieve his cultural goals.

Cultural Encounters In American Culture

Everyone around the world has different beliefs, behaviors, objects and religion that are common for a particular society or a group of people who enjoys shared values and thus gives positive contributions to the society. This is called Culture. These are carried on by the people from generation by generation. It is the particular view point, customs and beliefs that discern one culture from another. It is transferred from one generation to another through language, material objects, and daily rituals.

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Democracy in Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects

• Quratulain Babar
• February 11, 2024
• CSS , CSS Essays , CSS Solved Essays

Democracy in Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects | CSS & PMS Solved Essays

Quratulain Babar , a Sir Syed Kazim Ali student, has attempted the CSS essay “ Democracy in Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects ” on the given pattern, which Sir  Syed Kazim Ali  teaches his students. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan’s top English writing and CSS, PMS essay and precis coach with the highest success rate of his students. The essay is uploaded to help other competitive aspirants learn and practice essay writing techniques and patterns to qualify for the essay paper.

1-Introduction

Although Pakistan’s democracy is still in its early stages, facing challenges, such as public unawareness, a distorted political culture, and a widening gap between political parties and the electorate, democracy holds a crucial role in the country’s society, emphasizing the necessity of immediate free and fair elections and improved governance as essential steps to overcome the current political turmoil.

2-Understanding Democracy and its prerequisites?

3-State of Democracy in Pakistan

4-Challenges to Democracy in Pakistan

• Case in point:  According to Barbara Crossett, a New York Times reporter, in Pakistan, the baradari system plays a crucial role in the party’s choice of candidates
• Case in point:  The average voter turnout for the past nine general elections is just over 45 per cent.
• Case in point:  Major political parties like PPP and PML (N) hold no internal elections for party offices, which are filled through nominations and appointments.
• Case in point:  According to the Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index, Pakistan is ranked at 140th position among 180 countries.
• Case in point:  The inability of the civilian governments to complete their five-year tenure.

5-Prospects of Democracy in Pakistan

• Case in point:  It was stated at a Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency’s roundtable discussion on the International Day of Democracy that 63 per cent of Pakistanis believe that a civilian government can govern the country.
• Case in point:  The study conducted by the University of Karachi on a sample of students shows that political awareness among the youth is due to mass media.
• Case in point:  Many Chief Justices have considered missing persons, and a particular cell has been made to deal with the cases.
• Case in point:  The lawyers’ movement of 2007-08
• Case in point:  The punishment of paramilitary personnel who recklessly shot a criminal suspect in Karachi, which followed an expose of the brutal shooting by a television channel .

6-How to Counter the Challenges to Democracy?

• ✓By restructuring the political parties
• ✓By promoting a culture of cooperation among political parties
• ✓By holding free and fair elections 

7-Conclusion 

Democracy, in its present form, has taken a long time to emerge, bolstered by many developments – from 1215, the English Magna Carta, to the French and the American Revolutions in the eighteenth century, to the adult franchise spread in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in North America and Europe. But since the latter half of the twentieth century, democracy has been established as a form of government to which every nation is entitled – whether in Europe, America, Asia, or Africa. The flowering and reach of democratic practice are, however, a continuing process. Likewise, democracy in Pakistan, still in its juvenile stage, is undergoing the same evolution as it is yet to solve many problems that threaten its democracy. For instance, unawareness among the masses about the nature of democracy, distorted political culture, deteriorating political crisis, and, among others, the widening political gap between the political parties and the electorate are significant hurdles in democracy. Despite these challenges, it is irrefutable that democracy has attained a special place in Pakistan, and if it continues to flourish, its prospects can be multiple. To illustrate, the wide acceptance of democracy, the emergence of an assertive judiciary, and a more vibrant civil society are the rays of light in the darkness, indicating that there is no viable political solution other than democracy for Pakistan’s political turmoil. Thus, the political elite should pull Pakistan out of this dilemma by holding immediate free and fair elections and improving governance to fill the void between the government and the masses.

Democracy is a system of government in which laws, policies, leadership, and significant initiatives of a state or other political entity are determined directly or indirectly by the “People’. Historically, this group was often a minority, such as all male adults in ancient Athens or all sufficiently propertied male adults in 19th-century Britain. However, the concept has evolved to encompass all or nearly all adult citizens in the modern era. Like any other form of government, democracy has its fundamentals, without which it cannot flourish in any state. For instance, free and fair elections are the prerequisites of democracy. Moreover, free media, newspapers, and television cannot be ignored in the contemporary era because they are essential to creating political awareness among the general public. Another vital precondition of democracy is education, which generates a well-informed electorate. In addition, freedom of speech and expression, particularly on societal and political issues, is the critical essence of democracy. All these elements and a fair and impartial judiciary form the main pillars of democracy.

Currently, Pakistan is experiencing a complete breakdown of democracy with a powerless interim setup at the centre provinces serving beyond their constitutional mandate, a divided judiciary that is being openly defied, and an increasingly censored media. Moreover, the post-2018 period has seen democratic reversals and regression as the hybrid arrangement entailed the military establishment, giving it an expansive role in politics, governance, and even the economy.  According to the Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency, the phase that ended with the Parliament’s dissolution in August this year is the period of democratic decline rather than democratic consolidation.  Further, this has been accompanied by primarily politically motivated corruption cases against opposition leaders, the jailing of political leaders and activists, the defiance of the rule of law, and the marginalization of the Parliament.

There are many culprits behind the sorry state of democracy in the country. First, one of the significant challenges to informed choices is Pakistan’s flawed political culture. Political culture refers to peoples’ attitudes toward the political system and its various parts and attitudes towards the self in the system. In the case of Pakistan, the political structure is greatly influenced by caste and the radar system. In this system, people are divided into social hierarchical communities, and each community has its place in the social hierarchy, remaining constant generation after generation. Moreover, individual opinions have no value; these are bound by the decisions of the biradari, who make decisions on every political and social aspect.  According to Barbar Crossette, a New York Times reporter, the biradari system in Pakistan plays a vital role in the party’s choice of candidates . Further, the backward rural areas of the country have feudalism-like political structures regulated by feudal lords. As a result, the leading political parties maximize their vote by harnessing landlords and factory owners. Thus, in such a political culture, informed choices become a dream for individuals whose opinions do not stand a chance before the biradari or landlord.

Another factor that poses a challenge to democratic stability is what might be called the political gap between the existing political parties and the electoral system, and several factors have transformed the national landscape. To illustrate, recent years have seen a wave of urbanization – a shift in the centre of economic power from rural areas to cities, the expansion of modern communication technologies, and greater public awareness brought about by broadcast and social media. However, representative or electoral politics have lagged and failed to reflect these changes. This has created a growing disconnect between traditional politics and new social dynamics. A telling symptom of the gap between electoral politics and changing public aspirations is the falling voter turnout.  For instance, the average voter turnout for the past nine general elections is just a little over 45 per cent, which means that more than half of the voters do not even participate in electing their new governments at the federal and provincial levels . Thus, the archaic nature of Pakistani politics puts it at odds with the changing society and its needs, making it difficult for democracy to evolve. 

Moreover, the weak institution of political parties also hampers the development of democracy.  For example, major political parties like PPP and PML(N) hold no internal elections for party offices, which are filled through nominations and appointments.  As a result, party officials are not representatives of the workers who feel frustrated about this imposition from the top. These party officials tend to come from the ruling classes and care little about the workers and the need to remain in touch with the problems of ordinary citizens. They turn into sycophants for the leader at the top and end up insulating and isolating him from political realities, thus creating a void between the party and its voters and allowing non-political actors to come into play.

Further, bad governance is another major hurdle in democracy, as the country is performing poorly at all governance indicators: transparency, accountability, service delivery, and the rule of law. It is manifested in governance based on clientelist politics geared to rewarding networks of supporters rather than the needs of citizens. This encourages rent-seeking behaviour and corruption.  According to the Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index, Pakistan is ranked at 140th position among 180 countries.  Regarding other governance indicators, the government cannot provide public goods to its citizens and uphold the rule of law. For example, according to a report released by the Pakistan Medical Association (PMA), the government cannot provide even safe drinking water to its citizens, let alone other necessities of the masses. Thus, the inability of the government to govern and cater to the needs of the masses does not allow democracy to flourish in the country.

Further, political instability is one of the significant challenges to democracy.  This is manifested in the inability of civilian governments to complete their tenure.  It happens due to the lack of cooperation and tolerance between the ruling party and the opposition. This results in the apolitical forces to come into play, leading to political instability. Thus, the clashes and conflicts between the political parties are the major impediments to the development of actual democratic norms.

Nonetheless, no matter how significant these challenges are, they cannot obstruct the dawn of democracy in the country. As is evident from changing socio-political dynamics, only the future of democracy in Pakistan is feasible. In this regard, significant trends favouring the consolidation of democracy are discussed below.

First, political actors – political parties and other stakeholders and participants in the democratic process – now have a shared stake in the continuance of democracy. However, this was not always so in the past when one or another political party looked to the army to resolve their political disputes. But now, there is wide acceptance and public consensus that military intervention is not the answer or the option.  In this consideration, it was stated at a Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency’s roundtable discussion on the International Day of Democracy that 63 per cent of Pakistanis believe that a civilian government can govern the country.  The military even supports this consensus, which is moving toward accepting the principle of civilian democracy. This has added to the delegitimization of military rule in the country. Thus, the broad consensus on the democratic form of government indicates the prospects for democracy in the country.

Moreover, the growth and expansion of media – broadcast and social, has made it a powerful political force, paving the way for democracy. It is exercising this power to hold rulers to account, expose corruption and injustice, and become a platform for sustained demands for accountable governance. Undoubtedly, the media in Pakistan has become more open, direct, and proactive, highlighting societal wrongdoings. As a result, it has become an effective tool that creates political awareness among the masses, enabling them to participate in the political process effectively.  For instance, the study conducted by the University of Karachi on a sample of students shows that political awareness among the youth is due to mass media.  Consequently, political awareness has led the youth to have political discussions and political participation in different forums. Thus, the rise of media as a robust political force indicates the bright future of democracy in the country. 

Like the media, another emerging force is the assertive judiciary that is contributing to the consolidation of democracy. To illustrate, it is seeking to operationalize democratic checks and balances, limit the excess of executive power and focus government attention on pressing issues, for example, the breakdown of law and order in Karachi, increasing corruption, and the cases of missing persons. Among many cases going on at present in the Supreme Court is an investigation of missing persons allegedly picked by the country’s security forces.  In this regard, many Chief Justices have considered missing persons, and a particular cell has been made to deal with the cases.  In this way, the judiciary tries to ensure that ill practices are subject to the law and that Pakistan’s democracy is anchored in the rule of law and does not degenerate into elected autocracy or kleptocracy.

In addition, the rise of a large, more assertive urban middle class also has an essential bearing on democratic consolidation.  It has unleashed new political dynamics as it wants a more prominent political voice, expressing itself first in the lawyers’ movement of 2007-08.  This saw months of street action by lawyers and members of civil society in support of judges ousted by President Pervaiz Musharaf and in defense of the rule of law. Two waves of protests led to the restoration of the Chief Justice and his colleagues. Although the campaign had a single-point agenda, it reflected broader liberal-democratic aspirations and was spearheaded by middle-class professionals, with politicians following, not leading. Thus, the urban middle class wanting to play a role in the country’s politics affords opportunities to align Pakistan’s governance with the forces of demographic change and the modernizing impulses of a social class whose universe is quite different from the stagnant, patrimonial world of traditional politics. 

Similarly, the well-informed civil society is another countervailing force, increasing the odds of democracy in the country. In this regard, unjust practices at national and international levels are now challenged more frequently and confidently. Examples abound of citizens taking their cases to the media, the media mounting pressure, and the judiciary taking action in a mutually reinforcing manner.  This is exemplified by the punishment of paramilitary personnel who recklessly shot a criminal suspect in Karachi, which followed an expose of the brutal shooting by a television channel.  This and other cases illustrate a new form of citizen-driven accountability.

So, to ensure the country’s democratic evolution, specific measures are suggested to avert the challenges to democracy. For example, the restructuring of political parties is of utmost significance. This institution needs to be strong by involving all members in decision-making. In addition, all the parties must carry out regular elections within their respective parties so new leaders can emerge. Local governments are the ideal nurturing grounds for political leadership as the people serving in the union councils are aware of the ground realities and needs of the people and, thus, are more deserving of coming up in the political hierarchy of their concerned political parties. This would ultimately lead to a strong leadership with a well-defined political ideology, leading the country on a democratic path.

Furthermore, there is a dire need for a cooperation-based system where all political stakeholders collaborate for the greater national good regardless of their diverse ideologies. This can be done by enacting a charter of democracy, as in the past, so that an environment of tolerance can prevail. This is necessary for the smooth functioning of the government as it would prevent the exploitative elements from taking advantage of the differences between the ruling elite and the opposition.

No less importantly, in the contemporary scenario, the most widely advocated solution to the challenges to democracy is the prompt conduct of free and fair elections. As a result of the ousting of the previous government, most citizens feel betrayed as they do not believe in the legitimacy of the current interim setup. Thus, fair general elections would lead to political stability, ultimately opening up the avenues for democratic stability of the country.  

In summary, democracy in Pakistan has specific challenges like weak political parties, bad governance, the gap between the masses and the government, and political instability. Still, the future of democracy in Pakistan is feasible due to the emergence of new acts changing the country’s political dynamics. For instance, the government is witnessing an interplay between a recently empowered judiciary, vigorous media, and citizen activism. These are excellent signs to argue that democracy has a future in Pakistan. Thus, to overcome the impediments of democracy, there is a need to restructure the political parties, hold free and fair elections, and improve governance.

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Essay on Culture of Pakistan In Urdu

Back to: Urdu Essays List 1

پاکستانی کلچر پر ایک مضمون

پاکستان اسلامی جمہوریہ کے نام سے جانا جاتا ہے۔ پاکستان ایک ایسی قوم ہے جو جنوبی ایشیاء میں واقع ہے۔ اس قوم کے متعدد نسلی گروہ اور ثقافتیں موجود ہیں جیسے پنجابی ، کشمیری ، مہاجر ، پشتون ، شنکی ، اور کچھ دیگر کمیونٹیز جو پورے ملک میں پھیلی ہوئی ہیں۔ ان ثقافتوں کو چھوڑ کر یہ گروہ ایک نئی ثقافت کی شکل میں سامنے آئی ہے جو پڑوسی ممالک اور ان کی ثقافتوں سے بہت زیادہ متاثر ہوئے ہیں۔ پاکستان کی ثقافت جنوبی ایشیاء کی دوسری اقوام سے بھی منفرد ہے۔

پاکستان کی زبانیں

پاکستان ملک کی آبادی 60 سے زیادہ زبانیں بولتی ہے اور ان سب میں اردو کو قومی زبان بنایا گیا ہے جس کو بولنے والوں کا ایک بہت بڑا طبقہ ہے۔ اردو قومی زبان ہونے کے علاوہ مسلمانوں کی زبان بھی ہے۔ ملک میں اردو بنیادی زبان ہونے کے باوجود بھی آبادی کا صرف ٪8 طبقہ ہی اسے بنیادی زبان کے طور پر استعمال کرتا ہے۔ دوسری سرکاری زبان انگریزی ہے جو حکومت اور قانونی امور کے لئے استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔ بیشتر حصے میں عوام انگریزی کی ایک خاص تغیر کا استعمال کرتی ہے جسے پاکستانی انگریزی کہا جاتا ہے۔ ان دونوں زبانوں کے علاوہ عربی کو اسلام کی تعلیم میں ایک اہم زبان کا درجہ عطا کیا گیا ہے۔

ان کے علاوہ پاکستان کی سب سے عام زبان پنجابی زبان ہے۔ آبادی کا ٪ 44.15 حصہ اس زبان کا استعمال کرتا ہے اور یہ زبان زیادہ تر پنجاب کے آس پاس کے علاقوں میں استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔ دوسری زبانوں میں سندھی شامل ہے جو زیادہ تر سندھ میں بولی جاتی ہے۔ سرائیکی زبان جو زیادہ تر ہندوستان کے جنوبی پنجاب اور زیادہ تر خطوں میں بولی جاتی ہے۔ نیز اس میں دوسری زبانیں بھی شامل ہیں۔ قوم کے پانچوں صوبوں میں سے ہر ایک میں ایک صوبائی زبان موجود ہے جسے قومی قانون نے تسلیم نہیں کیا۔

پاکستان کا کھانا

ایشیاء کے بیشتر ممالک کی طرح پاکستان میں بھی کھانا اس کے پڑوسیوں سے متاثر ہوتا ہے۔ پاکستان کے معاملے میں بیرونی اثر و رسوخ عام طور پر افغانستان اور مشرق وسطی سے ہے۔ ملک کے مختلف خطوں میں کھانا پکانے کے انداز اور تکنیک میں کافی فرق ہوتا ہے۔ مثال کے طور پر صوبہ سندھ اور پنجاب اپنے مسالہ دار کھانوں کے لئے جانا جاتا ہے جو ہندوستانی کھانے سے کافی ملتا جلتا ہوتا ہے۔ اس کے برعکس شمالی و مغربی صوبوں جیسے آزاد جموں و کشمیر اور خیبر پختون میں ایسا کھانا تیار کیا جاتا ہے جو ہلکا اور کم مسالے دار ہوتا ہے جو وسطی ایشیاء کے باورچی خانے سے متعلق طرز کے جیسا ہے۔ پاکستانی کھانے میں بریانی ، ابلا ہوا چاول ، اور کباب سب سے زیادہ پسند کیے جاتے ہیں۔ مقامی کھانوں کے علاوہ بین الاقوامی طرز نے بھی قوم کو متاثر کیا ہے۔ در حقیقت فیوژن فوڈ ایک عام رواج ہے خاص طور پر ملک کے شہری علاقوں میں۔ فیوژن فوڈ کی ایک مثال پاکستانی چینی کھانا ہے۔

شعر و شاعری

پاکستان میں انگریزی شاعری ، بلوچی شاعری ، اور پشتو شاعری جیسے مختلف زمروں میں درجہ بند نظموں کا بھرپور ذخیرہ ہے۔ صوفی شاعری کا ایک اور زمرہ ملک میں مضبوطی سے جڑ گیا ہے۔ چونکہ اس خطے کو پرانے ادوار میں فارسی حکمرانوں کی زبردست پذیرائی حاصل تھی لہذا یہاں کی فارسی شاعری کافی مشہور ہے۔ شاعری صرف قومی سطح پر ہی نہیں بلکہ صوبائی سطح پر بھی کی جاتی ہے۔ چونکہ 1947 میں آزادی کے بعد اردو قومی زبان بن گئی تھی اور اب زیادہ تر نظمیں اردو میں ہی لکھی جاتی تھیں۔ اردو میں نظمیں لکھنے والے کچھ مشہور شاعروں میں احمد فراز ، احمد ندیم قاسمی ، اور فیض احمد فیض کے نام اہم ہیں۔

پاکستان میں بہت ساری تقریبات وقتاً فوقتاً عمل میں آتی رہتی ہیں۔ مسلمان آبادی والے کسی بھی دوسرے ملک کی طرح پاکستان بھی رمضان المبارک کا مقدس مہینہ مناتا ہے اور اس مہینے کے دوران تمام مسلمان صبح سے شام تک روزے رکھتے ہیں اور زیادہ کثرت سے مساجد میں شریک ہوتے ہیں۔ اس کے علاوہ رمضان المبارک کے مقدس مہینے کے موقع پر عید الفطر اور عید الاضحی جیسے تہوار بھی مناۓ جاتے ہیں۔

مذہبی تقریبات کے علاوہ قوم ہر 14 اگست کو یوم آزادی کے موقع پر جشن مناتی ہے جب پاکستان نے برطانوی ہندوستان سے آزادی حاصل کی تھی۔ اس خصوصی دن کے موقع پر ملک بھر میں کئی مساجد میں لوگ قومی نماز کے لئے جمع ہوتے ہیں۔ صبح آزادی کی جنگ میں اپنی جانوں سے ہاتھ دھو بیٹھنے والوں کو 21 توپوں کی سلامی کے ذریعے یاد کیا جاتا ہے۔ دیگر پروگراموں میں قومی ترانہ گایا جاتا ہے اور شہروں اور عمارتوں کو سجایا جاتا ہے۔

تفریح ​​اور کھیل

فیلڈ ہاکی پاکستان کا باضابطہ طور پر تسلیم شدہ کھیل ہے حالانکہ اسکواش اور کرکٹ زیادہ مقبول ہیں۔ قومی فیلڈ ہاکی ٹیم کو ہاکی ورلڈ کپ میں کچھ کامیابی ملی ہے کیوں کہ اس نے چار بار ٹرافی اپنے نام کی ہے۔ قومی کرکٹ ٹیم نے 1992 کا کرکٹ ورلڈ کپ جیتا ہے اور اس کے بعد 1999 میں رنر اپ کارکردگی کا مظاہرہ کیا تھا۔ قوم 1987 اور 1996 کے کرکٹ ورلڈ کپ کے میزبان بھی کھیل چکی ہے۔ کرکٹ ٹیم نے دیگر تعریفیں جیسا کہ 2009 کے آئی سی سی ورلڈ ٹی ٹوئنٹی، ایشیا کپ ، اور آئی سی سی چیمپئنز ٹرافی 2017 میں جیتا ہے۔

بین الاقوامی سطح پر قوم نے سمر اولمپکس میں کھیلوں میں حصہ لیا ہے جن میں فیلڈ ہاکی ، ایتھلیٹکس ، شوٹنگ ، باکسنگ ، اور تیراکی شامل ہیں۔ ہاکی وہ کھیل ہے جس میں پاکستانیوں نے سب سے زیادہ کامیابی 1960 ، 1968 ، اور 1984 میں تین طلائی تمغے جیتنے کے بعد حاصل کی تھی۔ 2005 میں اس کے آغاز کے بعد سے گراں پری ریسنگ نے بھی کچھ مقبولیت حاصل کی۔ ایک اور کھیل جو عروج پر ہے وہ فٹ بال۔

پاکستان کو بین الاقوامی سطح پر دستکاری میں بڑا امتیاز حاصل ہے۔ چنیوٹ کا لکڑی کا فرنیچر ، سیالکوٹ کا کھیلوں کا سامان اور ملتان اور حیدرآباد کی کڑھائی دنیا بھر میں مشہور ہے۔

پاکستانی موسیقی کی مختلف اقسام کی نمائندگی ہوتی ہے۔ اس میں قوالی اور غزل جیسے روایتی انداز کی زیادہ جدید شکلیں ہیں جو روایتی پاکستانی موسیقی کو مغربی موسیقی کے ساتھ ملا دیتے ہیں۔

پاکستان میں ثقافتوں ، لوگوں اور زمین کی تزئین کی آمیزش کی وجہ سے سیاحت کی صنعت بڑھ رہی ہے۔ موہنجوداڑو ، ہڑپہ اور ٹیکسلا کی قدیم تہذیبی کھنڈرات ، مراریی کے پہاڑی اسٹیشنوں تک ، اور شوگنان اور سری پای کی پیدل سفر والی پٹریوں ، ہر ایک کے پاس ہر طرح کے مسافر کو کچھ پیش کش ہے۔ پاکستان کے شمالی حصوں میں بہت سے پرانے قلعے اور برج ہیں۔ یہاں کے لوگوں کے ساتھ گلگت ، ہنزہ اور چترال کی وادیاں خاص طور پر خوبصورت مقامات ہیں۔

Watch CBS News

NPR suspends Uri Berliner, editor who accused the network of liberal bias

By Aimee Picchi

Edited By Alain Sherter

April 17, 2024 / 8:18 AM EDT / CBS News

National Public Radio has suspended Uri Berliner, a senior editor who earlier this month claimed in an essay that the network had "lost America's trust" by pushing progressive views in its coverage while suppressing dissenting opinions.

Berliner's suspension was reported by NPR media correspondent David Folkenflik, who said that the senior editor was suspended for five days without pay starting on Friday. A formal rebuke from NPR said Berliner had violated its policy of securing prior approval to write for other news outlets, and warned that he would be fired if he breached those guidelines in future, Folkenflik reported.

NPR declined to comment to CBS News. "NPR does not comment on individual personnel matters, including discipline," a spokesperson said. 

Berliner's  essay  in the Free Press caused a firestorm of debate, with some conservatives, including former President Donald Trump, calling on the government to "defund" the organization. Some of Berliner's NPR colleagues also took issue with the essay, with "Morning Edition" host Steve Inskeep writing on his Substack that the article was "filled with errors and omissions."

"The errors do make NPR look bad, because it's embarrassing that an NPR journalist would make so many," Inskeep wrote.

In the essay, Berliner wrote that NPR has always had a liberal bent, but that for most of his 25 year tenure it had retained an open-minded, curious culture. "In recent years, however, that has changed," he wrote. "Today, those who listen to NPR or read its coverage online find something different: the distilled worldview of a very small segment of the U.S. population."

Berliner added, "[W]hat's notable is the extent to which people at every level of NPR have comfortably coalesced around the progressive worldview. The "absence of viewpoint diversity" is "is the most damaging development at NPR," he wrote. 

After the essay's publication, NPR's top editor, Edith Chapin, said she strongly disagrees with Berliner's conclusions and is proud to stand behind NPR's work.

COVID coverage, DEI initiatives

Berliner criticized coverage of major events at NPR, singling out its reporting on COVID and Hunter Biden as problematic. With the first topic, he wrote that the network didn't cover a theory that COVID-19 had been created in a Chinese lab, a theory he claimed NPR staffers "dismissed as racist or a right-wing conspiracy."

He also took NPR for task for what he said was failing to report developments related to  Hunter Biden's laptop . "With the election only weeks away, NPR turned a blind eye," Berliner wrote. 

Berliner also criticized NPR for its internal management, citing what he claims is a growing focus on diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives, or DEI.

"Race and identity became paramount in nearly every aspect of the workplace," Berliner wrote. "A growing DEI staff offered regular meetings imploring us to 'start talking about race'."

Inskeep said Berliner's essay left out the context that many other news organizations didn't report on Hunter Biden's laptop over questions about its authenticity. He also disputed Berliner's characterization that NPR editors and reporters don't debate story ideas. 

"The story is written in a way that is probably satisfying to the people who already believe it, and unpersuasive to anyone else — a mirror image of his critique of NPR," Inskeep wrote.

—With reporting by the Associated Press.

Aimee Picchi is the associate managing editor for CBS MoneyWatch, where she covers business and personal finance. She previously worked at Bloomberg News and has written for national news outlets including USA Today and Consumer Reports.

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An ISIS Terror Group Draws Half Its Recruits From Tiny Tajikistan

Young migrants from the former Soviet republic were accused of an attack on a concert hall in Moscow that killed 145 people.

By Neil MacFarquhar and Eric Schmitt

The mother of one of the suspects in the bloody attack on a concert hall near Moscow last month wept as she talked about her son.

How, she wondered, did he go from the bumpy, dirt roads of their village in Tajikistan, in Central Asia, to sitting, bruised and battered, in a Russian courtroom accused of terrorism? Even though he spent five years in Tajik prisons as a teenager, she said he never exhibited signs of violent extremism.

“We need to understand — who is recruiting young Tajiks, why do they want to highlight us as a nation of terrorists?” said the mother, Muyassar Zargarova.

Many governments and terrorism experts are asking the same question.

Tajik adherents of the Islamic State — especially within its affiliate in Afghanistan known as the Islamic State Khorasan Province (I.S.K.P.), or ISIS-K — have taken increasingly high-profile roles in a string of recent terrorist attacks. Over the last year alone, Tajiks have been involved in assaults in Russia, Iran and Turkey , as well as foiled plots in Europe. ISIS-K is believed to have several thousand soldiers, with Tajiks constituting more than half, experts said.

“They have become key to I.S.K.P.’s externally focused campaign as it seeks to gain attention and more recruits,” said Edward Lemon, an international relations professor at Texas A&M University who specializes in Russia, Tajikistan and terrorism.

Analysts say a kind of double whammy leaves Tajiks vulnerable to recruitment. An increasingly authoritarian former Soviet republic, Tajikistan ranks among the world’s poorest countries, which fuels discontent and drives millions of migrant laborers to seek better lives abroad. In a country of 10 million people, a majority of working men, estimated at more than two million, seek employment abroad at any given time.

And most migrants end up in Russia , where rampant discrimination, low wages, poor prospects and isolation make some susceptible to jihadist recruiters. Officially, about 1.3 million Tajik laborers are in Russia, although experts believe hundreds of thousands of others work there illegally.

“The new Tajik generation has lost all belief in the future,” said Muhiddin Kabiri, the exiled leader of the country’s Islamic Renaissance Party, a moderate opposition group that was abruptly outlawed as “extremist” in 2015. “There are only two choices: a secular dictatorship and, as an alternative, the Islamic State or other radical Islamic groups.”

As many as 2,000 Tajiks flocked to the physical caliphate established by the Islamic State in parts of Syria and Iraq from 2014 to 2019. With the caliphate dismantled but not eradicated — and with branches from Africa through the Middle East to Central Asia — ISIS-K has revived some of the would-be state’s global ambitions.

Recruitment of foot soldiers is focused online, where ISIS-K maintains an extensive media operation in Arabic, English, Russian and other languages. Russia is a frequent target. Many online testimonials from Tajiks imply that Muslim men who avoid fighting with ISIS are not really men.

Asfandyar Mir, a senior counterterrorism specialist at the U.S. Institute of Peace in Washington, highlighted the kind of audio message intended to incite Tajik migrant workers in Russia. A commander who has since been killed, using the nom de guerre Furkan Falistini, speaks directly to laborers there: “When the Russian police see you on the streets, Tajiks hide their eyes, hoping the police do not see them,” he says in the video. “You should look at them so that they are scared of you. You start killing them, and God will remedy your fears.”

Days after Russia charged four migrant laborers from Tajikistan with the concert hall attack that killed 145 people, ISIS-K launched an online Tajik-language magazine, the Voice of Khorasan . Its rollout, days after the first Turkish edition, appeared to underscore the group’s widening aspirations, noted Lucas Webber, a researcher who tracks the Islamic State’s presence online.

While the magazine mentioned the Islamic State’s longstanding hostility toward Russia, the main story lambasted the 30-year, iron-fisted rule of Tajikistan’s President Emomali Rahmon.

“Rahmonov the Devil was the first to start eradicating Islam under the guise of being a Muslim,” the article said. The president changed his surname to the more Tajik-sounding Rahmon in 2007, but the Islamic State uses the old one, not least to highlight his close ties with Russian President Vladimir V. Putin.

After the Tajik suspects in the concert hall attack appeared in a Russian courtroom bearing wounds from an apparent torture , one online poster said, “Broadcasting videos of prisoners being tortured by you has increased the thirst of thousands of brothers for your blood.”

Another post showed what appeared to be a man in military fatigues staring at television screens that showed London, Paris, Rome and Madrid. “After Moscow … Who is the next?!” the English text read.

There is no single formula for radicalization, experts say, but for some young Tajik migrants, personal grievances outweigh geopolitical considerations.

Tajikistan’s problems are rooted in a vicious civil war that raged for five years, starting in 1992, after it won independence from the Soviet Union. Mr. Rahmon, the former head of a collective farm who became president in 1994, signed a peace agreement with the opposition that guaranteed representation.

Initially, some criticism of government corruption and nepotism was allowed, and the Islamic Renaissance Party held a couple of Parliament seats. But when the party was declared a terrorist organization, opposition figures were killed, jailed or driven into exile. Tajikistan holds at least 1,000 political prisoners, according to Mr. Kabiri, the party’s exiled head.

Mr. Rahmon, 71, was born in the Soviet Union two days before Mr. Putin, and they share autocratic impulses. The Kremlin has long shored up Mr. Rahmon’s rule by stationing an estimated 7,000 troops in Tajikistan, a rare large deployment outside Russia.

The more ISIS ties Rahmon to Putin, “the more it looks like he is hitching his wagon to Russia, the less legitimate his regime seems and the more likely they are to increase their popularity among Tajiks,” said Steve Swerdlow, a professor of international relations at the University of Southern California and a veteran human rights researcher in Central Asia.

Mr. Rahmon pushed through a constitutional referendum in 2016 allowing him to remain president for life. News releases on the presidential website refer to him as “the Founder of Peace and National Unity.” His oldest son, Rustam Emomali, 36, chairman of the National Assembly and the mayor of Dushanbe, the capital, is expected to succeed his father.

Mr. Rahmon wages a rigorous campaign against public signs of piety. People with beards or hijabs are subject to random harassment, with beards sometimes forcibly shaved in public or hijabs torn off. A powerful Committee on Religion, Regulation of Traditions, Celebrations and Ceremonies oversees every facet of worship, including building mosques and printing books.

“They have this very tight control over official Islam, and anything that exists beyond that is deemed extremist, dangerous,” said Mr. Lemon, the professor at Texas A&M.

Given the violence fomented by jihadists globally, Tajikistan’s government has reasons for concern, Mr. Swerdlow noted. But harsh measures can feed the very extremism that they are intended to curtail.

Echoing Soviet positions, Mr. Rahmon blames extremism solely on outside influences. In a speech last month, he said Tajiks enjoyed freedom of religion, while radical ideas originated from “dubious” religious schools abroad or foreign intelligence services.

“These actions were plotted by malicious groups and special services of some countries, and they take advantage of the lack of education, inexperience and ignorance of some of our youth,” the president said. More than 1,000 Tajik militants had died in foreign armed conflicts, he said, with thousands more missing.

In terms of religious freedom, the United States has repeatedly designated Tajikistan a “country of particular concern.” Officials at the Defense and State Departments declined requests for interviews about extremism linked to Tajikistan.

The State Department issued a brief statement saying it worked with Tajikistan and other Central Asian countries to strengthen law enforcement and degrade terrorist groups. One former senior Tajik police officer, trained in counterextremism in the United States, famously became the overall military commander for the Islamic State’s caliphate around 2016 before he died.

After the terrorist attack outside Moscow, Russia inaugurated sweeping expulsions .

In Tajikistan, the mothers of three suspects listed the problems their sons typically faced in Russia: Salaries too low to pay rent or to afford the permits needed to drive a taxi, for example.

“Let them answer who bought the weapons, who gave them their equipment,” Ms. Zargarova said. “My son didn’t have money for a gun.”

Milana Mazaeva contributed reporting.

Neil MacFarquhar has been a Times reporter since 1995, writing about a range of topics from war to politics to the arts, both internationally and in the United States. More about Neil MacFarquhar

Eric Schmitt is a national security correspondent for The Times, focusing on U.S. military affairs and counterterrorism issues overseas, topics he has reported on for more than three decades. More about Eric Schmitt