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Management of Labour and Delivery – Questions

Rekha Wuntakal, Madhavi Kalidindi, Tony Hollingworth in Get Through , 2014

For each clinical scenario below, choose the single most appropriate stage of labour from the above list of options. Each option may be used once, more than once or not at all. A 30-year-old para 3 woman was admitted at term with regular uterine activity at 5 cm cervical dilatation and 4 hours later she delivered a female neonate with APGARs 9, 10, 10 at 1, 5 and 10 minutes. Syntometrine injection was given immediately after delivery and placenta with membranes was delivered completely 20 minutes after the delivery of the baby by continuous cord traction.A 23-year-old para 3 woman was admitted after spontaneous rupture of membranes at 39 weeks’ gestation. She is contracting 4 in 10 minutes and pushing involuntarily. On vaginal examination the cervix was fully dilated, vertex was 2 cm below the spines in direct occipito-anterior position with minimal caput and moulding.A 30-year-old nulliparous woman was admitted at term with uterine contractions once in every 5 minutes. On examination, the fetus is in cephalic presentation with two fifths palpable per abdomen. The cervix is central, soft, fully effaced and 2 cm dilated with intact membranes.

Biometric Measurements and Normal Growth Parameters in a Child

Nirmal Raj Gopinathan in Clinical Orthopedic Examination of a Child , 2021

In cephalic presentation, the intra-uterine fetal position is of universal flexion, which is carried by the child to the immediate post-partum period. The hips and knees are flexed. The lower legs are internally rotated. The feet are further internally rotated with respect to the lower legs. At times there is an external rotational contracture of the hip that tends to mask the true femoral rotational profile. The anatomy of the lower limbs changes significantly as the child grows. This is primarily in response to the development of motor abilities and the ability of the child to crawl, cruise, stand, walk, and finally run. These changes are seen right from the hip joints, the femoral neck, knees, and tibia to the feet.

DRCOG MCQs for Circuit A Questions

Una F. Coales in DRCOG: Practice MCQs and OSCEs: How to Pass First Time three Complete MCQ Practice Exams (180 MCQs) Three Complete OSCE Practice Papers (60 Questions) Detailed Answers and Tips , 2020

External cephalic version: Used to convert a breech presentation to cephalic presentation.Not contraindicated if there is a prior Caesarean section scar.Can cause premature labour.Contraindicated in hypertension.Can be performed after 33 weeks' gestation in a rhesus-negative mother.

Complex maternal congenital anomalies – a rare presentation and delivery through a supra-umbilical abdominal incision

Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 2018

Samantha Bonner, Yara Mohammed

She had a spontaneous conception and booked at 9 weeks of gestation under consultant-led care. A scan confirmed the pregnancy was in the right uterus. She had no other significant medical history but did suffer from recurrent urinary tract infections and hence was on low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis. There was no sonographic evidence of hydronephrosis. Her body mass index (BMI) was 18 at the time of booking. Combined screening was low risk and she had a normal 20 week anomaly scan. She had serial growth scans which demonstrated a normal growth trajectory on a customised chart. The baby was consistently a cephalic presentation. She had multidisciplinary antenatal care, including specialist urologists, general surgeons, obstetricians and anaesthetists. An antenatal MRI scan had shown extensive adhesions over the lower segment of the uterus. She was extensively counselled regarding the mode of delivery and this was scheduled at 37 weeks of gestation to avoid the potential of spontaneous labour and an emergency Caesarean section.

Utilization of epidural volume extension technique for external cephalic version

Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings , 2021

Hanna Hussey, James Damron, Mark F. Powell, Michelle Tubinis

Repeat ultrasound demonstrated breech presentation, normal amniotic fluid volume, and fetal head toward the maternal left abdomen. After 0.25 mg of intramuscular terbutaline injection, a forward roll was initiated by applying pressure from behind the fetal head toward the maternal left. Continuous progress was made and bedside ultrasound showed cephalic presentation. Immediately after successful ECV, the fetal heart rate was 70 beats/min but returned to baseline with conservative measures. Motor blockade regressed after approximately 1.5 hours. After 4 hours of fetal heart rate monitoring and tocometry, the patient was deemed stable for discharge. Follow-up discussion with the patient via phone call on postprocedure day 1 confirmed that she was not experiencing pain or concerning symptoms for neuraxial complications. She returned to the labor and delivery unit at 40 weeks’ gestation for elective induction of labor and had a successful vaginal delivery.

Antenatal scoring system in predicting the success of planned vaginal birth following one previous caesarean section

Aida Kalok, Shahril A. Zabil, Muhammad Abdul Jamil, Pei Shan Lim, Mohamad Nasir Shafiee, Nirmala Kampan, Shamsul Azhar Shah, Nor Azlin Mohamed Ismail

The inclusion criteria were pregnant women at 36 weeks of gestation or more with singleton foetus in cephalic presentation, who agreed for trial of vaginal delivery after one lower segment caesarean section. We excluded women with contraindication for vaginal birth, or who declined trial of vaginal delivery from this study. Previous antenatal history was noted and recorded during the 36-week assessment, including year and indication for previous caesarean section. Recurrent indications involved were cephalopelvic disproportion and obstructed labour. While non-recurrent indications were foetal distress and malpresentation. Past operative notes were checked for any operative complications such as extended uterine tear, organ injury and post-partum haemorrhage. Information regarding current pregnancy including pre-existing medical disorder was recorded. Estimated foetal weight based on ultrasound scan at 36 weeks of gestation was used in this study.

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Chapter 10:  Normal Mechanisms of Labor

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Left occiput anterior: loa.

• BIRTH OF THE PLACENTA
• CLINICAL COURSE OF LABOR: LOA
• RIGHT OCCIPUT ANTERIOR: ROA
• Full Chapter
• Supplementary Content

LOA is a common longitudinal cephalic presentation ( Fig. 10-1 ). Two-thirds of occiput anterior positions are in the LOA position. The attitude is flexion, the presenting part is the posterior part of the vertex and the posterior fontanelle, and the denominator is the occiput (O).

FIGURE 10-1.

Left occiput anterior.

Diagnosis of Position: LOA

Abdominal examination.

The lie is longitudinal. The long axis of the fetus is parallel to the long axis of the mother

The head is at or in the pelvis

The back is on the left and anterior and is palpated easily except in obese women

The small parts are on the right and are not felt clearly

The breech is in the fundus of the uterus

The cephalic prominence (in this case the forehead) is on the right. When the attitude is flexion, the cephalic prominence and the back are on opposite sides. The reverse is true in attitudes of extension

Fetal Heart

The fetal heart is heard loudest in the left lower quadrant of the mother's abdomen. In attitudes of flexion, the fetal heart rate is transmitted through the baby's back. The point of maximum intensity varies with the degree of rotation. As the child's back approaches the midline of the maternal abdomen, so does the point where the fetal heart is heard most strongly. Therefore, in a left anterior position, it is heard below the umbilicus and somewhere to the left of the midline, depending on the exact situation of the back.

Vaginal Examination

The station of the head is noted—whether it is above, at, or below the ischial spines

If the cervix is dilated, the suture lines and the fontanelles of the baby's head can be felt. In the LOA position, the sagittal suture is in the right oblique diameter of the pelvis

The small posterior fontanelle is anterior and to the mother's left

The bregma is posterior and to the right

Since the head is probably flexed, the occiput is a littler lower than the brow

Normal Mechanism of Labor: LOA

The mechanism of labor as we know it today was described first by William Smellie during the 18th century. It is the way the baby adapts itself to and passes through the maternal pelvis. There are six movements, with considerable overlapping:

Internal rotation

Restitution

External rotation

The following description is for left anterior positions of the occiput.

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Telugu Meaning of 'cephalic presentation'

Meaning of 'cephalic presentation'.

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Cephalic presentation at 24 weeks

Share this page, i am a 29 year old pregnant woman waiting to deliver my kid next week due to some complications in my pregnancy. i would like to know how my baby’s cephalic presentation would be at 33 weeks because head first is the way to deliver a baby naturally. can someone answer this question for me.

Asked for Female, 29 Years 20489 Views v

cephalic presentation is the presentation in which the head present first ..If you're trying for normal vaginal delivery then this is the favourable position... however if you are delivering earlier ...  Read More

Cephalic presentation seen at my last scan. I am 24 weeks pregnant. Is this normal at this time of pregnancy? Is the baby will change its position?

Asked for Female, 29 Years 2486 Views v

Normal Yes may change Position fixes at 36 weeks ...  Read More

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Hello! I am a 28 year old woman and I am 26 weeks pregnant. I wanted to ask about the position of the fetus in the womb during these weeks. I want to know about the appropriate cephalic presentation of the child at 28 weeks. Should I be careful about something or must I incorporate something new to my already existing plans after 28 weeks?

Asked for Female, 28 Years 21757 Views v

There is literally nothing which you can do about the baby's position because the baby keeps on moving in the womb.. cephalic position as such means a normal position for a vaginal delivery but whethe ...  Read More

Does cephalic presentation change again? Or will it remain same? Chances of normal delivery? Doctor said everything is normal

Asked for Female, 29 Years 1393 Views v

Normal delivery depends on a lot of factors… for now it’s fine ...  Read More

I am a 35 week pregnant woman and I fully intend to deliver the baby through natural means. I do not want a C- Section unless it is completely necessary. For that to happen, I know that the baby must come head first through the vaginal opening. So, what must be the cephalic position of the baby at 35 weeks? If the baby is not upside down yet, what

Asked for Female, 35 Years 9347 Views v

Cephalic means baby is with head down position which is normal position. ...  Read More

I am a 29 year old pregnant woman waiting to deliver my kid next week due to some complications in my pregnancy. I want to give birth naturally and I don’t want to get into C-section without any proper reason. I would like to know how my baby’s cephalic presentation would be at 33 weeks because head first is the way to deliver a baby naturally. Can

Asked for Female, 29 Years 5229 Views v

Cephalic presentation is gud sign.... If the head is fixed n BPD is within 9.2cms then gud chances of normal delivery ...  Read More

I am a woman, 37 weeks pregnant and may pop the baby out any moment. I was just wondering about the cephalic position of the baby at 37 weeks. It is almost the end of the gestation period and I am quite worried about the position. Should I actually worry about the cephalic position? What is the significance of it now?

Asked for Female, 37 Years 6077 Views v

cephalic position is presentation by vertex..which s the favourable position for normal vaginal delivery... and the total pregnancy s 40 weeks but baby becomes mature after 37 weeks for u to deliver ...  Read More

I m 31 weeks and 4 days pregnant & my doppler scan shows single live fetus in cephalic presentation .is it normal?

Asked for Female, 31 Years 1981 Views v

Hi dear it's normal You can easily take an online consultation for further treatment guidance Homeopathic medicines are well proved to promote a healthy pregnancy and normal delivery Visit my webs ...  Read More

I m 28weeks pregnant...my last scan was done..but my babies position is cephalic presentation... please tell me what is cephalic presentation...

Asked for Female, 26 Years 10136 Views v

Need details about your concern Connect with me online for detailed consultation Https://prac.to/drdigvijay ...  Read More

I m 31 weeks 5 days. As per the scan report cephalic presentation.. What it means? Normal delivery possible?

Asked for Female, 28 Years 2318 Views v

Yes possible ...  Read More

Currently I'm 24 weeks pregnant.im masturbating the clitoris daily cause I can't control the urge .is it cause preterm labour?

Asked for Female, 25 Years 1271 Views v

Pls connect for online consultation and advice ...  Read More

Kindly go through my urine examination report..it's showing some pus cells and cal oxilate few .. kindly recommend me.what to do..I m 24 weeks pregnant

Asked for Female, 31 Years 67 Views v

Nothing to be done, plenty of fluids And general hygiene ...  Read More

My wife is 24 weeks pregnant. She is diagnosed with asymmetrical IUGR with 2 weeks 4 days lagging. Needs information at this stage how much protein , and other nutrients need in how much quantity. And apart of any supplement needed please guide us. And tell quantity wise nutrition .

Asked for Male, 30 Years 215 Views v

Hi, it is better to take proper calculated diet plan as she is pregnant. This time is very important for growth of the baby and optimum amount of nutrition supply is required. There are many food ever ...  Read More

I have completed 24 weeks of pregnancy. can you suggest the test I have to do in between 14 to 25th week

Asked for Female, 27 Years 113 Views v

Connect please ...  Read More

I am 34 week 4 days pregnant. In last 2 scan , my baby position is cephalic presentation spine towards to right posterior? Anterior placenta. Is normal delivery possible? What I have to do for normal delivery ?

Asked for Female, 29 Years 1044 Views v

Yes possible, ur doctor will do pelvic assessment after 38 wks & decide ...  Read More

My baby is currently in cephalic presentation as per 30th week check up and 32 week scan. Is there any chance that the baby may change the position?

Asked for Female, 30 Years 542 Views v

Yes there are chances ...  Read More

Why am i feeling movement mostly at lower abdomen... I feel kicks at lower abdomen mostly. I rarely feel movement around belly.. My placenta position is anterior. I m 24 weeks pregnant. Is everything ok with this situation?

Asked for Female, 31 Years 816 Views v

Its normal ...  Read More

During my anamoly scan at 18 weeks 5 days, my cephalic index showed 69 and dolicocephaly. Is it normal or common finding? Or it will affect in future?

Asked for Female, 35 Years 616 Views v

Incomplete information Need the ultrasound to comment Was the dual test normal? ...  Read More

Noticed little spotting for the first time in 24 weeks of pregnancy. Is there anything to worry? Or is it normal?

Asked for Female, 29 Years 197 Views v

Please consult for proper discussion. ...  Read More

Am 24 weeks pregnant but am bleeding like spotting I will say more than spotting but it is pink in color and it has been 3 days is it normal

Asked for Female, 26 Years 1484 Views v

Consult it's not ...  Read More

Dear Doctor Myself 31 years second pregnancy... 24 weeks pregnancy... feeling dizziness and head ache frequently from last one week... I'm taking calcium and vit d3... Not taking iron due to gastric... May I know what should I do..

Asked for Female, 31 Years 154 Views v

BP , sugar, hemoglobin to be checked Take plenty of fluids Take rest Take small frequent meals Consult ur doctor ...  Read More

Hello Dr Am 24 weeks pregnant but I bleed for 3 days is it normal or not bleeding At 24 weeks or should I visit gynecologist

Asked for Female, 26 Years 373 Views v

Consult Gynaecologist immediately ...  Read More

My anomaly scan was fine ,gained 2 kgs total in 24 weeks pregnancy . Can feel slight movements in stomach too but I don't show much on my belly size and it's my first pregnancy . Is it normal ?

Asked for Female, 35 Years 325 Views v

It's fine ...  Read More

Any Recommendations in 24 weeks and 2 days For Normal Pregnancy. Scannings? Tests? Any others? Anything others before visiting Doctor?

Asked for Female, 27 Years 120 Views v

Contact me on practo for detailed information about this and treatment for the same. ...  Read More

I am 24 week pregnant and i am having headache can i take crocin? If yes then it should be of how mucb mg?

Asked for Female, 23 Years 107 Views v

Yes Paracetamol 500mg tablets can be taken. But please get your blood pressure checked? Do you have pedal edema i.e swelling of feet and ankles? ...  Read More

Hii doctor. I am 24 week pregnent. I have posterior placenta with grade 1 maturity. What does it mean? Should i have to take bed rest?

1484 Views v

...  Read More

Hi I m 24 week pregnant and I want to know that which medical test need to be done at this stage . And at which week next ultrasound need to be done.As I have already done my anomaly scan and everything is normal .Please suggest .

Asked for Female, 24 Years 505 Views v

Hi.. Please do GTT(glucose tolerance test) if not done already. You can do growth scan at 28weeks. ...  Read More

Urine culture is insignificant but I have 10-14 pus and epithelial cells and vaginal discharge. Should I take uti medications . I am so frightened to take medications for uti 24 weeks currently

Asked for Female, 27 Years 228 Views v

Take Urikind sachet twice a day for 2 weeks Take Syrup Urilizer two spoons three times a day for a month ...  Read More

I am about 24 weeks pregnant .i felt nearly 30 movements from morning . But after dinner, I didn't feel any ( it has been a hour since I had dinner )

Asked for Female, 27 Years 281 Views v

Please observe over the next few days. ...  Read More

I am 24 weeks pregnant. Before 2 weeks my tummy used to be hard, now for past 3 days, my bump looks flexible ( somewhat soft ). Is there any reason . Should I inform gynaecologist

Asked for Female, 27 Years 256 Views v

Hi there, that's absolutely fine. Nothing to worry about. Those are the changes common in pregnancy. Make sure you feel baby movements. ...  Read More

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Presentation and position of baby through pregnancy and at birth

9-minute read

If you are concerned about your baby’s movements, contact your doctor or midwife for advice immediately.

• If you baby is in a breech presentation, your doctor may recommend trying a technique called an external cephalic version to try and move your baby while they are still in the uterus for an easier birth.

What does presentation and position mean?

Presentation refers to the part of your baby’s body that is facing downwards in the direction of the birth canal.

Position refers to where your baby’s occiput (the bottom part of the back of their head) is in relation to your body.

If your baby is in a breech presentation , then position refers to where your baby’s sacrum (lower back) is in relation to your body.

People — including medical professionals — sometimes use these terms incorrectly. Sometimes when speaking about babies in breech presentation, the word ‘position’ will be used to refer to their presentation. For example, you may read information or hear people say ‘breech position’ instead of ‘breech presentation’.

What are the different types of presentation my baby could be in during pregnancy and birth?

Most babies present headfirst, also known as cephalic presentation. Most babies that are headfirst will be vertex presentation. This means that the crown of their head sits at the opening of your birth canal.

In rare cases, your baby can be headfirst but in face or brow presentation, which may not be suitable for vaginal birth.

If your baby is in a breech presentation, their feet or bottom will be closest to your birth canal. The 3 most common types of breech presentation are:

• frank or extended breech — where your baby’s legs are straight up in front of their body, with their feet up near their face
• complete or flexed breech — where your baby is in a sitting position with their legs crossed in front of their body and their feet near their bottom
• footling breech — where one or both of your baby’s feet are hanging below their bottom, so the foot or feet are coming first

Read more on breech presentation .

What are the different positions my baby could be in during pregnancy and birth?

If your baby is headfirst, the 3 main types of presentation are:

• anterior – when the back of your baby’s head is at the front of your belly
• lateral – when the back of your baby’s head is facing your side
• posterior – when the back of your baby’s head is towards your back

How will I know what presentation and position my baby is in?

Your doctor or midwife can usually work out your baby’s presentation by feeling your abdomen. They may also double check it with a portable ultrasound. Your baby’s presentation is usually checked around 36 weeks .

Your doctor or midwife will also confirm your baby’s head position in labour by examining your belly and using an ultrasound , and they may also do a vaginal examination . During the vaginal examination they are feeling for certain ridges on your baby’s head called sutures and fontanelles that help them work out which way your baby is positioned.

What is the ideal presentation and position for baby to be in for a vaginal birth?

For a vaginal birth, your baby will ideally be headfirst with the back of their head at the front of your belly, also known as being in the anterior position. This position is best for labour and birth since it means that the smallest part of your baby’s head goes down the birth canal first.

When does a baby usually get in the ideal presentation and position for birth?

Your baby will usually be in a headfirst position by 37 weeks of pregnancy. Around 3 in every 100 babies will be in breech presentation after 37 weeks.

Your baby’s position can change with your contractions during labour as they move down the birth canal, so their exact position can change during labour.

What are my options if baby isn't in the ideal presentation or position for a vaginal birth?

If your baby is in a breech presentation, your doctor may recommend a technique called an external cephalic version (ECV) to try and move your baby while they are still in the uterus . An ECV involves your doctor using their hands to apply pressure on your belly and help turn your baby to a headfirst position. It has a 1 in 2 chance of success and is a safe option in most pregnancies.

There is no evidence to show that alternative therapies, such as exercises, acupuncture or chiropractic treatments, help your baby change from a breech presentation to headfirst.

If your baby remains breech, your doctor may discuss having a breech vaginal birth. Not all doctors and hospitals offer this option. They may also suggest you birth your baby with a planned caesarean section .

If your baby’s presentation is headfirst but the position of your baby’s head is not ideal for labour, it can lead to a longer labour, and potential complications . The position of your baby’s head will often change as your labour progresses. If it doesn’t, sometimes you can still give birth without assistance, or you may need your doctor to help turn your baby’s head or help your birth with a vacuum or forceps .

Any procedure or decision for a type of birth will only go ahead with your consent . You will be able to discuss all the options with your doctor, and based on your preferences for yourself and your baby’s safety, make a decision together .

Resources and support

The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology has a factsheet about the options available to you if your baby is in a breech presentation at the end of your pregnancy .

Mercy Perinatal has information on external cephalic version (ECV) safety and benefits if your baby is in a breech presentation at the end of your pregnancy.

The Women’s Hospital has information about the different presentations and positions your baby could be in, and how it can affect your birthing experience.

Speak to a maternal child health nurse

Call Pregnancy, Birth and Baby to speak to a maternal child health nurse on 1800 882 436 or video call . Available 7am to midnight (AET), 7 days a week.

Learn more here about the development and quality assurance of healthdirect content .

Last reviewed: October 2023

Related pages

External cephalic version (ecv), malpresentation, breech pregnancy, search our site for.

• Foetal Version
• Breech Presentation

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Top results

Breech presentation and turning the baby

In preparation for a safe birth, your health team will need to turn your baby if it is in a bottom first ‘breech’ position.

Read more on WA Health website

Breech Presentation at the End of your Pregnancy

Breech presentation occurs when your baby is lying bottom first or feet first in the uterus (womb) rather than the usual head first position. In early pregnancy, a breech position is very common.

Read more on RANZCOG - Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists website

External Cephalic Version for Breech Presentation - Pregnancy and the first five years

This information brochure provides information about an External Cephalic Version (ECV) for breech presentation

Read more on NSW Health website

When a baby is positioned bottom-down late in pregnancy, this is called the breech position. Find out about 3 main types and safe birthing options.

Read more on Pregnancy, Birth & Baby website

Malpresentation is when your baby is in an unusual position as the birth approaches. Sometimes it’s possible to move the baby, but a caesarean maybe safer.

Labour complications

Even if you’re healthy and well prepared for childbirth, there’s always a chance of unexpected problems. Learn more about labour complications.

ECV is a procedure to try to move your baby from a breech position to a head-down position. This is performed by a trained doctor.

Having a baby

The articles in this section relate to having a baby – what to consider before becoming pregnant, pregnancy and birth, and after your baby is born.

Anatomy of pregnancy and birth - pelvis

Your pelvis helps to carry your growing baby and is tailored for vaginal births. Learn more about the structure and function of the female pelvis.

Planned or elective caesarean

There are important things to consider if you are having a planned or elective caesarean such as what happens during and after the procedure.

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What Is Cephalic Position?

The ideal fetal position for labor and delivery

• Why It's Best

Risks of Other Positions

• Determining Position
• Turning a Fetus

The cephalic position is when a fetus is head down when it is ready to enter the birth canal. This is one of a few variations of how a fetus can rest in the womb and is considered the ideal one for labor and delivery.

About 96% of babies are born in the cephalic position. Most settle into it between the 32nd and 36th weeks of pregnancy . Your healthcare provider will monitor the fetus's position during the last weeks of gestation to ensure this has happened by week 36.

If the fetus is not in the cephalic position at that point, the provider may try to turn it. If this doesn't work, some—but not all—practitioners will attempt to deliver vaginally, while others will recommend a Cesarean (C-section).

Getty Images

Why Is the Cephalic Position Best?

During labor, contractions dilate the cervix so the fetus has adequate room to come through the birth canal. The cephalic position is the easiest and safest way for the baby to pass through the birth canal.

If the fetus is in a noncephalic position, delivery becomes more challenging. Different fetal positions have a range of difficulties and varying risks.

A small percentage of babies present in noncephalic positions. This can pose risks both to the fetus and the mother, and make labor and delivery more challenging. It can also influence the way in which someone can deliver.

A fetus may actually find itself in any of these positions throughout pregnancy, as the move about the uterus. But as they grow, there will be less room to tumble around and they will settle into a final position.

It is at this point that noncephalic positions can pose significant risks.

Cephalic Posterior

A fetus may also present in an occiput or cephalic posterior position. This means they are positioned head down, but they are facing the abdomen instead of the back.

This position is also nicknamed "sunny-side up."

Presenting this way increases the chance of a painful and prolonged delivery.

There are three different types of breech fetal positioning:

• Frank breech: The legs are up with the feet near the head.
• Footling breech: One or both legs is lowered over the cervix.
• Complete breech: The fetus is bottom-first with knees bent.

A vaginal delivery is most times a safe way to deliver. But with breech positions, a vaginal delivery can be complicated.

When a baby is born in the breech position, the largest part—its head—is delivered last. This can result in them getting stuck in the birth canal (entrapped). This can cause injury or death.

The umbilical cord may also be damaged or slide down into the mouth of the womb, which can reduce or cut off the baby's oxygen supply.

Some providers are still comfortable performing a vaginal birth as long as the fetus is doing well. But breech is always a riskier delivery position compared with the cephalic position, and most cases require a C-section.

Likelihood of a Breech Baby

You are more likely to have a breech baby if you:

• Go into early labor before you're full term
• Have an abnormally shaped uterus, fibroids , or too much amniotic fluid
• Are pregnant with multiples
• Have placenta previa (when the placenta covers the cervix)

Transverse Lie

In transverse lie position, the fetus is presenting sideways across the uterus rather than vertically. They may be:

• Down, with the back facing the birth canal
• With one shoulder pointing toward the birth canal
• Up, with the hands and feet facing the birth canal

If a transverse lie is not corrected before labor, a C-section will be required. This is typically the case.

Determining Fetal Position

Your healthcare provider can determine if your baby is in cephalic presentation by performing a physical exam and ultrasound.

In the final weeks of pregnancy, your healthcare provider will feel your lower abdomen with their hands to assess the positioning of the baby. This includes where the head, back, and buttocks lie

If your healthcare provider senses that the fetus is in a breech position, they can use ultrasound to confirm their suspicion.

Turning a Fetus So They Are in Cephalic Position

External cephalic version (ECV) is a common, noninvasive procedure to turn a breech baby into cephalic position while it's still in the uterus.

This is only considered if a healthcare provider monitors presentation progress in the last trimester and notices that a fetus is maintaining a noncephalic position as your delivery date approaches.

External Cephalic Version (ECV)

ECV involves the healthcare provider applying pressure to your stomach to turn the fetus from the outside. They will attempt to rotate the head forward or backward and lift the buttocks in an upward position. Sometimes, they use ultrasound to help guide the process.

The best time to perform ECV is about 37 weeks of pregnancy. Afterward, the fetal heart rate will be monitored to make sure it’s within normal levels. You should be able to go home after having ECV done.

ECV has a 50% to 60% success rate. However, even if it does work, there is still a chance the fetus will return to the breech position before birth.

Natural Methods For Turning a Fetus

There are also natural methods that can help turn a fetus into cephalic position. There is no medical research that confirms their efficacy, however.

• Changing your position: Sometimes a fetus will move when you get into certain positions. Two specific movements that your provider may recommend include: Getting on your hands and knees and gently rocking back and forth. Another you could try is pushing your hips up in the air while laying on your back with your knees bent and feet flat on the floor (bridge pose).
• Playing stimulating sounds: Fetuses gravitate to sound. You may be successful at luring a fetus out of breech position by playing music or a recording of your voice near your lower abdomen.
• Chiropractic care: A chiropractor can try the Webster technique. This is a specific chiropractic analysis and adjustment which enables chiropractors to establish balance in the pregnant person's pelvis and reduce undue stress to the uterus and supporting ligaments.
• Acupuncture: This is a considerably safe way someone can try to turn a fetus. Some practitioners incorporate moxibustion—the burning of dried mugwort on certain areas of the body—because they believe it will enhance the chances of success.

A Word From Verywell

While most babies are born in cephalic position at delivery, this is not always the case. And while some fetuses can be turned, others may be more stubborn.

This may affect your labor and delivery wishes. Try to remember that having a healthy baby, and staying well yourself, are your ultimate priorities. That may mean diverting from your best laid plans.

Speaking to your healthcare provider about turning options and the safest route of delivery may help you adjust to this twist and feel better about how you will move ahead.

Glezerman M. Planned vaginal breech delivery: current status and the need to reconsider . Expert Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2012;7(2):159-166. doi:10.1586/eog.12.2

Cleveland Clinic. Fetal positions for birth .

MedlinePlus. Breech birth .

UT Southwestern Medical Center. Can you turn a breech baby around?

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. If your baby is breech .

Roecker CB. Breech repositioning unresponsive to Webster technique: coexistence of oligohydramnios .  Journal of Chiropractic Medicine . 2013;12(2):74-78. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2013.06.003

By Cherie Berkley, MS Berkley is a journalist with a certification in global health from Johns Hopkins University and a master's degree in journalism.

Cephalic Meaning In Telugu

సాధారణ ఉదాహరణలు మరియు నిర్వచనాలతో cephalic యొక్క నిజమైన అర్థాన్ని తెలుసుకోండి., definitions of cephalic.

1 . తలలో లేదా సంబంధించినది.

1 . in or relating to the head.

Examples of Cephalic :

1 . మొదటి దశను "సెఫాలిక్ దశ" అంటారు.

1 . the first phase is called the" cephalic phase.".

2 . ఈ సంభావ్యతలో పెరుగుదల ప్రగతిశీలమైనది మరియు ఈ కాలంలో బ్రీచ్ మరియు సెఫాలిక్ ప్రెజెంటేషన్‌లకు సమానంగా ఉంటుంది.

2 . the increase of this probability is gradual and identical for breech and cephalic presentations during this period.

3 . 36 వారాల గర్భధారణ సమయంలో సంక్లిష్టమైన బ్రీచ్ గర్భంతో ఉన్న స్త్రీలకు బాహ్య సెఫాలిక్ వెర్షన్‌ను అందించాలి.

3 . women who have an uncomplicated singleton breech pregnancy at 36 weeks of gestation should be offered external cephalic version.

4 . నియోనాటల్ సెఫాలిక్ స్ఫోటము: జీవితం యొక్క మొదటి రోజులలో కనిపించే డెర్మటోసిస్, మొటిమల మాదిరిగానే ముఖం లేదా నెత్తిమీద పస్ట్యులర్ దద్దుర్లు కనిపించడం ద్వారా వర్గీకరించబడుతుంది.

4 . neonatal cephalic pustule: dermatosis that appears in the first days of life, characterized by the appearance of a pustular eruption on the face or scalp, similar to acne.

5 . బాహ్య సెఫాలిక్ వెర్షన్ విరుద్ధంగా ఉంటే లేదా విఫలమైతే, సిజేరియన్ అందించాలి, ఎందుకంటే ఇది పెరినాటల్ మరణాలు మరియు నవజాత శిశువుల అనారోగ్యాన్ని తగ్గిస్తుంది.

5 . if external cephalic version is contra-indicated or has been unsuccessful, caesarean section should be offered because it reduces perinatal mortality and neonatal morbidity.

6 . మొదటి కాలంలో, ఇది గర్భం యొక్క 24వ వారం వరకు కొనసాగుతుంది, ఈ అబద్ధం యొక్క బ్రీచ్ లేదా సెఫాలిక్ ప్రెజెంటేషన్‌ల సమాన నిష్పత్తితో రేఖాంశ అబద్ధం యొక్క సంభవం పెరుగుతుంది.

6 . during the first period, which lasts until the 24th gestational week, the incidence of a longitudinal lie increases, with equal proportions of breech or cephalic presentations from this lie.

7 . పాము తన తలపై ఉదారంగా ఉంటుంది, దొంగ తన కుటుంబంలో దాతృత్వాన్ని సృష్టిస్తాడు, దొంగ తన స్నేహాన్ని ఇక్కడ దొంగిలించడు, బ్రాహ్మణుడు తన కుల శ్రేయస్సు కోసం కట్టుబడి ఉంటాడు, సన్యాసి ఔదార్యాన్ని మాత్రమే సృష్టిస్తాడు, మనిషి లేదా చీమ లేని జీవితం రెండింటి మధ్య తేడా లేదు.

7 . the snake is generous for its cephalic , the robber generates generosity in his family, the thief does not steal his acquaintance here, the brahmin remains engaged in the welfare of his caste, the monk generates generosity only, the life free of man or the ant there is no difference between the two.

8 . సెఫాలిక్ సిర చేతిలో ఉంది మరియు ఆక్సిలరీ సిరలోకి ప్రవహిస్తుంది.

8 . The cephalic vein is located in the arm and drains into the axillary vein.

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Cephalic meaning in Telugu - Learn actual meaning of Cephalic with simple examples & definitions. Also you will learn Antonyms , synonyms & best example sentences. This dictionary also provide you 10 languages so you can find meaning of Cephalic in Hindi, Tamil , Telugu , Bengali , Kannada , Marathi , Malayalam , Gujarati , Punjabi , Urdu.

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good luck on your presentation

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cephalic in position with gross poly hydramnios

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time management is the process of planning and exercising conscious control of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase effectiveness, efficiency, and productivity. it involves a juggling act of various demands upon a person relating to work, social life, family, hobbies, personal interests and commitments with the finiteness of time. using time effectively gives the person "choice" on spending/managing activities at their own time and expediency.[1] time management may be aided by a range of skills, tools, and techniques used to manage time when accomplishing specific tasks, projects, and goals complying with a due date. initially, time management referred to just business or work activities, but eventually the term broadened to include personal activities as well. a time management system is a designed combination of processes, tools, techniques, and methods. time management is usually a necessity in any project development as it determines the project completion time and scope. it is also important to understand that both technical and structural differences in time management exist due to variations in cultural concepts of time. the major themes arising from the literature on time management include the following: creating an environment conducive to effectiveness setting of priorities the related process of reduction of time spent on non-priorities implementation of goals contents related concepts time management is related to different concepts such as: project management: time management can be considered to be a project management subset and is more commonly known as project planning and project scheduling. time management has also been identified as one of the core functions identified in project management.[2] attention management relates to the management of cognitive resources, and in particular the time that humans allocate their mind (and organize the minds of their employees) to conduct some activities. organizational time management is the science of identifying, valuing and reducing time cost wastage within organizations. it identifies, reports and financially values sustainable time, wasted time and effective time within an organization and develops the business case to convert wasted time into productive time through the funding of products, services, projects or initiatives at a positive return on investment. cultural views of time management differences in the way a culture views time can affect the way their time is managed. for example, a linear time view is a way of conceiving time as flowing from one moment to the next in a linear fashion. this linear perception of time is predominant in america along with most northern european countries such as, germany, switzerland, and england.[3] people in these cultures tend to place a large value on productive time management, and tend to avoid decisions or actions that would result in wasted time.[3] this linear view of time correlates to these cultures being more “monochronic”, or preferring to do only one thing at a time. generally speaking, this cultural view leads to a better focus on accomplishing a singular task and hence, more productive time management. another cultural time view is multi-active time view. in multi-active cultures, most people feel that the more activities or tasks being done at once the better. this creates a sense of happiness.[3] multi-active cultures are “polychronic” or prefer to do multiple tasks at once. this multi-active time view is prominent in most southern european countries such as spain, portugal, and italy.[3] in these cultures, the people often tend to spend time on things they deem to be more important such as placing a high importance on finishing social conversations.[3] in business environments, they often pay little attention to how long meetings last, rather the focus is on having high quality meetings. in general, the cultural focus tends to be on synergy and creativity over efficiency.[4] a final cultural time view is a cyclical time view. in cyclical cultures, time is considered neither linear nor event related. because days, months, years, seasons, and events happen in regular repetitive occurrences, time is viewed as cyclical. in this view, time is not seen as wasted because it will always come back later, hence, there is an unlimited amount of it.[3] this cyclical time view is prevalent throughout most countries in asia including japan, china, and tibet. it is more important in cultures with cyclical concepts of time to complete tasks correctly, therefore, most people will spend more time thinking about decisions and the impact they will have before acting on their plans.[4] most people in cyclical cultures tend to understand that other cultures have different perspectives of time and are cognizant of this when acting on a global stage.[citation needed] creating an effective environment some[which?] time-management literature stresses tasks related to the creation of an environment conducive to "real" effectiveness. these strategies include principles such as: "get organized" - the triage of paperwork and of tasks "protecting one's time" by insulation, isolation and delegation "achievement through goal-management and through goal-focus" - motivational emphasis "recovering from bad time-habits" - recovery from underlying psychological problems, e.g. procrastination also, the timing of tackling tasks is important as tasks requiring high levels of concentration and mental energy are often done at the beginning of the day when a person is more refreshed. literature[which?] also focuses on overcoming chronic psychological issues such as procrastination. excessive and chronic inability to manage time effectively may result from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) or attention deficit disorder (add).[5] diagnostic criteria include a sense of underachievement, difficulty getting organized, trouble getting started, trouble managing many simultaneous projects, and trouble with follow-through.[6][page needed] some authors[which?] focus on the prefrontal cortex which is the most recently evolved part of the brain. it manages the functions of attention span, impulse managegment, organization, learning from experience and self-monitoring, among others. some authors[quantify] argue that changing the way the prefrontal cortex works is possible and offer a solution.[7] setting priorities and goals time management strategies are often associated with the recommendation to set personal goals. the literature stresses themes such as: "work in priority order" – set goals and prioritize "set gravitational goals" – that attract actions automatically[citation needed] these goals are recorded and may be broken down into a project, an action plan, or a simple task list. for individual tasks or for goals, an importance rating may be established, deadlines may be set, and priorities assigned. this process results in a plan with a task list, schedule, or calendar of activities. authors may recommend a daily, weekly, monthly or other planning periods associated with different scope of planning or review. this is done in various ways, as follows. abcd analysis a technique that has been used in business management for a long time is the categorization of large data into groups. these groups are often marked a, b, and c—hence the name. activities are ranked by these general criteria: a – tasks that are perceived as being urgent and important, b – tasks that are important but not urgent, c – tasks that are unimportant but urgent, d – tasks that are unimportant and not urgent. each group is then rank-ordered by priority. to further refine the prioritization, some individuals choose to then force-rank all "b" items as either "a" or "c". abc analysis can incorporate more than three groups.[8] abc analysis is frequently combined with pareto analysis.[citation needed] pareto analysis see also: pareto analysis the pareto principle is the idea that 80% of tasks can be completed in 20% of the given time, and the remaining 20% of tasks will take up 80% of the time. this principle is used to sort tasks into two parts. according to this form of pareto analysis it is recommended that tasks that fall into the first category be assigned a higher priority.[clarification needed] the 80-20-rule can also be applied to increase productivity: it is assumed that 80% of the productivity can be achieved by doing 20% of the tasks. similarly, 80% of results can be attributed to 20% of activity.[9] if productivity is the aim of time management, then these tasks should be prioritized higher.[10] the eisenhower method a basic "eisenhower box" to help evaluate urgency and importance. items may be placed at more precise points within each quadrant. the "eisenhower method" stems from a quote attributed to dwight d. eisenhower: "i have two kinds of problems, the urgent and the important. the urgent are not important, and the important are never urgent."[11] note that eisenhower does not claim this insight for his own, but attributes it to an (unnamed) "former college president."[12] using the eisenhower decision principle, tasks are evaluated using the criteria important/unimportant and urgent/not urgent,[13][14] and then placed in according quadrants in an eisenhower matrix (also known as an "eisenhower box" or "eisenhower decision matrix"[15]). tasks are then handled as follows: tasks in important/urgent quadrant are done immediately and personally[16] e.g. crises, deadlines, problems.[15] important/not urgent quadrant get an end date and are done personally[16] e.g. relationships, planning, recreation.[15] unimportant/urgent quadrant are delegated[16] e.g. interruptions, meetings, activities.[15] unimportant/not urgent quadrant are dropped[16] e.g. time wasters, pleasant activities, trivia.[15] this method is inspired by the above quote from u.s. president dwight d. eisenhower. note, however, that eisenhower seems to say that things are never both important and urgent, or neither: so he has two kinds of problems, the urgent and the important. posec method posec is an acronym for "prioritize by organizing, streamlining, economizing and contributing". the method dictates a template which emphasizes an average individual's immediate sense of emotional and monetary security. it suggests that by attending to one's personal responsibilities first, an individual is better positioned to shoulder collective responsibilities.[17] inherent in the acronym is a hierarchy of self-realization, which mirrors abraham maslow's hierarchy of needs: prioritize – your time and define your life by goals. organize – things you have to accomplish regularly to be successful (family and finances). streamline – things you may not like to do, but must do (work and chores). economize – things you should do or may even like to do, but they're not pressingly urgent (pastimes and socializing). contribute – by paying attention to the few remaining things that make a difference (social obligations). elimination of non-priorities time management also covers how to eliminate tasks that do not provide value to the individual or organization. according to sandberg,[18] task lists "aren't the key to productivity [that] they're cracked up to be". he reports an estimated "30% of listers spend more time managing their lists than [they do] completing what's on them". hendrickson asserts[19] that rigid adherence to task lists can create a "tyranny of the to-do list" that forces one to "waste time on unimportant activities". any form of stress is considered to be debilitative for learning and life, even if adaptability could be acquired its effects are damaging.[20] but stress is an unavoidable part of daily life and reinhold niebuhr suggests to face it, as if having "the serenity to accept the things one cannot change and having the courage to change the things one can." part of setting priorities and goals is the emotion "worry," and its function is to ignore the present to fixate on a future that never arrives, which leads to the fruitless expense of one's time and energy. it is an unnecessary cost or a false aspect that can interfere with plans due to human factors. the eisenhower method is a strategy used to compete worry and dull-imperative tasks.[21] worry as stress, is a reaction to a set of environmental factors; understanding this is not a part of the person gives the person possibilities to manage them. athletes under a coach call this management as "putting the game face."[22] change is hard and daily life patterns are the most deeply ingrained habits of all. to eliminate non-priorities in study time it is suggested to divide the tasks, capture the moments, review task handling method, postpone unimportant tasks (understood by its current relevancy and sense of urgency reflects wants of the person rather than importance), manage life balance (rest, sleep, leisure), and cheat leisure and nonproductive time (hearing audio taping of lectures, going through presentations of lectures when in a queue, etc.).[23] certain unnecessary factors that affect time management are habits, lack of task definition (lack of clarity), over-protectiveness of the work, the guilt of not meeting objectives and subsequent avoidance of present tasks, defining tasks with higher expectations than their worth (over-qualifying), focusing on matters that have an apparent positive outlook without assessing their importance to personal needs, tasks that require support and time, sectional interests and conflicts, etc.[24] a habituated systematic process becomes a device that the person can use with ownership for effective time management. implementation of goals "to do" redirects here. for the auxiliary use of the verb "to do" in the english language, see do-support. see also: shopping list a to-do form with checkboxes tattooed into a person's arm. some items have been written out with a black pen. a task list (also called a to-do list or "things-to-do") is a list of tasks to be completed, such as chores or steps toward completing a project. it is an inventory tool which serves as an alternative or supplement to memory. task lists are used in self-management, business management, project management, and software development. it may involve more than one list. when one of the items on a task list is accomplished, the task is checked or crossed off. the traditional method is to write these on a piece of paper with a pen or pencil, usually on a note pad or clip-board. task lists can also have the form of paper or software checklists. writer julie morgenstern suggests "do's and don'ts" of time management that include: map out everything that is important, by making a task list. create "an oasis of time" for one to manage. say "no". set priorities. don't drop everything. don't think a critical task will get done in one's spare time.[25] numerous digital equivalents are now available, including personal information management (pim) applications and most pdas. there are also several web-based task list applications, many of which are free. task list organization task lists are often diarized and tiered. the simplest tiered system includes a general to-do list (or task-holding file) to record all the tasks the person needs to accomplish and a daily to-do list which is created each day by transferring tasks from the general to-do list. an alternative is to create a "not-to-do list", to avoid unnecessary tasks.[25] task lists are often prioritized: a daily list of things to do, numbered in the order of their importance, and done in that order one at a time until daily time allows, is attributed to consultant ivy lee (1877–1934) as the most profitable advice received by charles m. schwab (1862–1939), president of the bethlehem steel corporation.[26][27][28] an early advocate of "abc" prioritization was alan lakein, in 1973. in his system "a" items were the most important ("a-1" the most important within that group), "b" next most important, "c" least important.[8] a particular method of applying the abc method[29] assigns "a" to tasks to be done within a day, "b" a week, and "c" a month. to prioritize a daily task list, one either records the tasks in the order of highest priority, or assigns them a number after they are listed ("1" for highest priority, "2" for second highest priority, etc.) which indicates in which order to execute the tasks. the latter method is generally faster, allowing the tasks to be recorded more quickly.[25] another way of prioritizing compulsory tasks (group a) is to put the most unpleasant one first. when it's done, the rest of the list feels easier. groups b and c can benefit from the same idea, but instead of doing the first task (which is the most unpleasant) right away, it gives motivation to do other tasks from the list to avoid the first one. a completely different approach which argues against prioritizing altogether was put forward by british author mark forster in his book "do it tomorrow and other secrets of time management". this is based on the idea of operating "closed" to-do lists, instead of the traditional "open" to-do list. he argues that the traditional never-ending to-do lists virtually guarantees that some of your work will be left undone. this approach advocates getting all your work done, every day, and if you are unable to achieve it helps you diagnose where you are going wrong and what needs to change.[30] various writers have stressed potential difficulties with to-do lists such as the following: management of the list can take over from implementing it. this could be caused by procrastination by prolonging the planning activity. this is akin to analysis paralysis. as with any activity, there's a point of diminishing returns. to remain flexible, a task system must allow for disaster. a company must be ready for a disaster. even if it is a small disaster, if no one made time for this situation, it can metastasize, potentially causing damage to the company.[31] to avoid getting stuck in a wasteful pattern, the task system should also include regular (monthly, semi-annual, and annual) planning and system-evaluation sessions, to weed out inefficiencies and ensure the user is headed in the direction he or she truly desires.[32] if some time is not regularly spent on achieving long-range goals, the individual may get stuck in a perpetual holding pattern on short-term plans, like staying at a particular job much longer than originally planned.[33] software applications many companies use time tracking software to track an employee's working time, billable hours, etc., e.g. law practice management software. many software products for time management support multiple users. they allow the person to give tasks to other users and use the software for communication. tasklist applications may be thought of as lightweight personal information manager or project management software. modern task list applications may have built-in task hierarchy (tasks are composed of subtasks which again may contain subtasks),[34] may support multiple methods of filtering and ordering the list of tasks, and may allow one to associate arbitrarily long notes for each task. in contrast to the concept of allowing the person to use multiple filtering methods, at least one software product additionally contains a mode where the software will attempt to dynamically determine the best tasks for any given moment.[35] time management systems time management systems often include a time clock or web-based application used to track an employee's work hours. time management systems give employers insights into their workforce, allowing them to see, plan and manage employees' time. doing so allows employers to manage labor costs and increase productivity. a time management system automates processes, which eliminates

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