apa style thesis example

APA Thesis Statement

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Crafting a compelling thesis statement is at the heart of any impactful research. When adhering to APA guidelines, striking the right balance between clarity, precision, and engagement becomes paramount. Delve into a curated collection of APA thesis statement examples, gain insights from a structured guide on how to write them, and arm yourself with practical tips to refine your craft. Embark on this academic journey, and elevate the essence of your research.

What is the APA Thesis Statement? – Definition

The APA thesis statement refers to a clear, concise sentence or two in an academic paper that presents the main point or argument of the paper. Though the American Psychological Association (APA) provides guidelines for the entire paper, it doesn’t specify a unique format for the concise thesis statement . However, the thesis in an APA-style paper should follow standard conventions: be specific, assertive, and positioned at the end of the introduction section.

What is an Example of an APA Thesis Statement?

“In examining the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance, this study demonstrates that reduced hours of sleep lead to significant declines in attention span and memory recall among college students.”

This example follows APA conventions in its clarity and specificity, positioning the reader for the detailed research that follows.

100 APA Thesis Statement Examples

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An APA thesis statement succinctly encapsulates the main idea or argument in a research paper. Following APA guidelines, it is typically located at the end of the introductory section and should be clear, concise, and specific. To help you understand the diverse ways a specific thesis statement can be presented, here are 100 unique examples, categorized by their respective research topics.

• Mental Health : “The study aims to explore the correlation between social media usage and increased levels of anxiety among teenagers.”
• Climate Change : “This research investigates the direct impact of carbon emissions on global warming trends over the last two decades.”
• Child Development : “Attachment styles in early childhood have significant long-term impacts on social and emotional well-being.”
• Technology in Education : “The incorporation of digital tools in classrooms enhances interactive learning but also poses distractions.”
• Corporate Social Responsibility : “Companies with robust CSR programs witness higher employee satisfaction and increased brand loyalty.”
• Healthcare Policy : “Universal healthcare, while costly, is essential for creating a more equitable society.”
• Artificial Intelligence : “The growing integration of AI in healthcare promises efficiency but also raises ethical concerns.”
• Nutrition : “Plant-based diets contribute to higher energy levels and lower rates of chronic disease.”
• Online Privacy : “The erosion of online privacy is directly correlated with the rise in identity theft cases.”
• Immigration : “The economic contributions of immigrants outweigh the initial costs of their integration into American society.”
• Cybersecurity : “Small businesses are disproportionately affected by cyberattacks due to a lack of robust security measures.”
• Gun Control : “Stricter gun control laws have a direct impact on reducing instances of mass shootings.”
• Telemedicine : “The rise of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic has improved healthcare accessibility but exposed digital divide issues.”
• Animal Rights : “Animal testing for cosmetics is both ethically and scientifically outdated.”
• Literature and Gender : “The portrayal of women in 19th-century literature reflects the societal norms of their time, not their actual potential.”
• Urban Planning : “Green spaces in urban settings contribute to improved mental health among residents.”
• Political Polarization : “Social media algorithms contribute to the deepening of political polarization in America.”
• Renewable Energy : “Investment in renewable energy sources is more cost-effective in the long run than continuing to rely on fossil fuels.”
• Obesity : “The rise in childhood obesity is strongly linked with the decline in physical activity in schools.”
• Feminism : “Third-wave feminism has broadened the scope of feminist discourse but also led to internal divisions.
• Virtual Reality : “The adoption of virtual reality in education increases engagement, but questions of equitable access remain.”
• Space Exploration : “The quest for Mars colonization reveals more about humanity’s survival instincts than our desire for discovery.”
• Gig Economy : “While the gig economy offers flexibility, it often sacrifices workers’ rights and benefits.”
• Bioethics : “CRISPR gene editing, while revolutionary, raises profound ethical issues about human evolution.”
• Cultural Appropriation : “Borrowing elements from cultures, without understanding or respect, contributes to societal division.”
• Ancient Civilizations : “The fall of the Roman Empire can be attributed as much to internal corruption as to external invasion.”
• Modern Architecture : “Sustainable architectural practices are not just environmentally responsible but also cost-efficient in the long run.”
• Euthanasia : “The right to die, with dignity, should be considered a fundamental human right, albeit with strong safeguards.”
• Organic Farming : “Organic farming, while more labor-intensive, yields healthier produce and sustains soil health.”
• Financial Literacy : “Introducing financial literacy in school curricula can significantly reduce future personal debt crises.”
• Quantum Computing : “The advent of quantum computing promises to revolutionize industries but also threatens current cryptographic methods.”
• Colonial Histories : “The lasting impacts of British colonialism are evident in modern-day economic and cultural disparities across former colonies.”
• Meditation and Health : “Regular meditation not only reduces stress but can significantly improve cognitive abilities.”
• Consumer Behavior : “Brands promoting sustainable practices witness a rise in millennial and Gen Z patronage.”
• Performance Arts : “Modern theatre, in its digital adaptations, maintains its essence but risks losing intimate audience connection.”
• Language Evolution : “The growth of internet slang accelerates the evolution of languages, but at the cost of linguistic purity.”
• Antibiotic Resistance : “Overprescription of antibiotics in healthcare has accelerated the emergence of resistant bacterial strains.”
• Holocaust Studies : “Denial of the Holocaust not only distorts history but also fuels hate ideologies.”
• Dystopian Literature : “Dystopian novels of the 21st century reflect growing societal concerns about technology overpowering humanity.”
• Ocean Pollution : “Plastic pollution in the oceans is not only a marine life hazard but also enters the human food chain through seafood.”
• Digital Currencies : “Cryptocurrencies, while volatile, represent a significant shift in financial systems and decentralization.”
• Aging Population : “An aging global population presents challenges in healthcare provision but also offers economic opportunities.”
• Youth Activism : “Modern youth activism, amplified by social media, has reshaped political discourse but also confronts online polarization.”
• E-learning : “E-learning offers accessibility and customization in education, but the lack of social interaction is a significant drawback.”
• Museum Studies : “Digital exhibits in museums enhance reach but challenge traditional conceptions of artifact authenticity.”
• Terrorism : “The root causes of global terrorism are as much socio-economic as they are religious or political.”
• Wearable Tech : “Wearable health tech promises better patient monitoring but also raises concerns about data privacy.”
• Human Rights : “The global rise in authoritarian regimes challenges the universality of human rights principles.”
• Robotics : “The integration of robotics in industries increases efficiency but also exacerbates unemployment concerns.”
• Fashion Industry : “The fashion industry’s shift towards sustainability is driven by consumer demand more than environmental concerns.”
• Tourism : “Ecotourism, while beneficial for local economies, requires strict regulation to prevent ecosystem damage.”
• Public Transportation : “Investments in public transportation not only reduce urban congestion but also contribute to a decline in carbon emissions.”
• Alternative Medicine : “Alternative medicine practices, when integrated with conventional treatment, can lead to holistic patient care.”
• Biodiversity : “The loss of biodiversity due to human activities threatens not just ecosystems but also global food security.”
• Blockchain : “The blockchain, beyond cryptocurrencies, has the potential to revolutionize supply chains and voting systems.”
• Mental Wellness : “Workplace environments that prioritize mental wellness report higher productivity and lower attrition rates.”
• Video Gaming : “Video gaming can enhance cognitive abilities but can also lead to addictive behaviors if unchecked.”
• Astronomy : “The study of exoplanets not only fuels interstellar travel ambitions but also broadens our understanding of life.”
• Public Health : “Vaccination, beyond preventing diseases, plays a crucial role in maintaining global health security.”
• Music Therapy : “Music therapy offers significant benefits in treating anxiety and depression without relying on medication.”
• Animal Behavior : “Observing animal behavior in the wild, as opposed to captivity, offers more authentic insights into species characteristics.”
• Nanotechnology : “The application of nanotechnology in medicine can revolutionize drug delivery and tissue repair.”
• Gender Studies : “Gender fluidity challenges traditional binaries and requires a rethinking of societal norms and structures.”
• Urban Farming : “Urban farming initiatives not only address food security but also enhance community bonding.”
• Space Tourism : “While space tourism promises a new frontier for the wealthy, it poses significant ethical and environmental challenges.”
• Child Psychology : “Exposure to screen time at early ages can affect cognitive development and attention spans in children.”
• Modern Sculpture : “Sculpture in the digital age challenges traditional materials and embraces transient, dynamic forms.”
• Neuroscience : “Neuroplasticity studies reveal the brain’s capacity for change and adaptation at any age.”
• Historiography : “Post-colonial historiography is essential in challenging and rectifying biased historical narratives.”
• Cyberbullying : “Cyberbullying has psychological impacts as severe as traditional bullying and requires comprehensive educational interventions.”
• Astrophysics : “Dark matter, while elusive, plays a pivotal role in the universe’s structure and expansion.”
• Sociolinguistics : “Regional dialects and accents play a significant role in shaping individual identities and cultural affiliations.”
• Clean Energy : “Transitioning to clean energy not only addresses climate change but also promises economic opportunities in green sectors.”
• Photojournalism : “Modern photojournalism, in the age of deep fakes, requires stringent verification processes to maintain credibility.”
• Marine Biology : “Coral reef degradation has cascading impacts on marine biodiversity and human livelihoods.”
• Financial Markets : “Global financial market stability is increasingly vulnerable to geopolitical events and requires multi-lateral safeguarding mechanisms.”
• Zoology : “Cross-species disease transmission, such as in the case of zoonotic diseases, emphasizes the importance of wildlife conservation.”
• Social Media Trends : “Viral challenges on social media, while popular, often sideline concerns of safety and mental well-being.”
• Cosmology : “Understanding the Big Bang Theory is fundamental to exploring the universe’s origins and its eventual fate.”
• Criminal Psychology : “Profiling serial offenders relies heavily on understanding patterns and the psychological triggers of criminal behavior.”
• Classical Music : “The revival of classical music in modern culture is driven by digital access and evolving interpretations.”
• Forensic Science : “DNA evidence, while revolutionary, requires stringent collection and preservation protocols to prevent miscarriages of justice.”
• Sports Medicine : “Concussions in contact sports have long-term neurological impacts that require comprehensive prevention and treatment strategies.”
• Veterinary Medicine : “The rise of pet-specific therapies reflects the evolving understanding of animal emotions and needs.”
• Epidemiology : “Pandemic preparedness, beyond medical interventions, requires global cooperation and information transparency.”
• Dance Therapy : “Dance therapy offers unique pathways to physical and emotional healing by bridging movement and emotion.”
• Archaeology : “Recent underwater archaeological discoveries challenge traditional timelines of ancient civilizations.”
• Behavioral Economics : “Consumer decisions are influenced more by emotional factors than rational cost-benefit analyses.”
• Environmental Law : “Enforcing stringent environmental laws is imperative in the face of corporate pushback and lobbying.”
• Bioinformatics : “Bioinformatics tools have accelerated drug discovery processes, making personalized medicine a tangible reality.”
• Endangered Languages : “Preserving endangered languages is crucial for maintaining cultural diversity and global heritage.”
• Paleontology : “Recent dinosaur fossil discoveries challenge traditional classifications and evolutionary timelines.”
• Ornithology : “Urban bird species demonstrate remarkable adaptability and play a crucial role in local ecosystems.”
• Entomology : “The decline in global bee populations threatens food security and underscores the importance of insect conservation.”
• Data Privacy : “As smart home devices proliferate, concerns about data privacy and security become paramount.”
• Digital Marketing : “Consumer trust in brands is heavily influenced by transparent and ethical digital marketing practices.”
• Philanthropy : “Modern philanthropy is shifting towards sustainable community-building rather than mere monetary donations.”
• Ethnography : “Modern ethnographic studies emphasize participatory observation to gain authentic cultural insights.”
• Pharmacology : “The opioid crisis highlights the need for balanced pharmacological interventions and patient education.”
• Aerodynamics : “The shift towards electric aircraft demands innovations in aerodynamic designs to ensure energy efficiency.

APA Thesis Statement Examples for Annotated Bibliography

Annotated bibliographies offer a synthesis of sources, and the thesis statement helps anchor the main theme being explored. These examples encapsulate focused arguments for diverse annotated bibliographies.

• Evolution Theories : “This annotated bibliography delves into various theories of evolution, highlighting contrasting viewpoints and supporting evidence.”
• Modern Poetry : “The compilation reviews poets of the 21st century, exploring themes of identity, politics, and nature in their works.”
• Nuclear Energy : “This bibliography examines the pros and cons of nuclear energy, focusing on its environmental impacts and potential as an alternative fuel source.”
• Child Nutrition : “Exploring global perspectives on child nutrition, this bibliography evaluates the influence of cultural, economic, and social factors.”
• Elderly Care Models : “This collection provides insights into various elderly care models, highlighting their effectiveness and areas of improvement.”
• Quantum Physics Discoveries : “The bibliography collates groundbreaking studies in quantum physics, detailing their implications on our understanding of the universe.”
• Postmodern Literature : “This annotated list delves into the characteristics and major works of postmodern literature, exploring its departure from traditional narratives.”
• Human-AI Interaction : “The bibliography evaluates the rapidly evolving dynamics of human-AI interactions, focusing on ethical, practical, and psychological aspects.”
• Sustainable Farming : “This collection assesses sustainable farming techniques worldwide, emphasizing their environmental and economic impacts.”
• Space Exploration Milestones : “The bibliography chronicles major milestones in space exploration, shedding light on achievements, challenges, and future prospects.”

APA Thesis Statement Examples for Research Paper

These necessitate a clear and focused thesis statement for research paper to guide the direction of study. These examples showcase distinct arguments suited for comprehensive exploration.

• VR in Healthcare : “Virtual reality’s integration in healthcare settings has revolutionized patient therapy and medical training.”
• Microplastics Impact : “Microplastics in our oceans pose a substantial threat to marine life and subsequently human health.”
• Teacher Burnout : “The increasing rates of teacher burnout demand systemic educational reforms and enhanced institutional support.”
• Economic Inequality : “Rising economic inequality in developed nations has roots in policy decisions, technological shifts, and globalization.”
• Solar Power Advancements : “Recent advancements in solar power technology position it as a front-runner in sustainable energy solutions.”
• Genetic Memory : “Exploring the concept of genetic memory challenges traditional understandings of inheritance and human experience.”
• Telecommuting Trends : “The rise of telecommuting reshapes urban planning needs, corporate structures, and work-life balances.”
• Bilingualism Benefits : “Bilingualism, beyond linguistic advantages, offers cognitive, social, and cultural benefits.”
• Artificial Meat : “The development of lab-grown meat could revolutionize the food industry, offering environmental and ethical solutions.”
• Psychedelic Therapy : “The controlled use of psychedelics holds promising potential for treating various mental health disorders.”

APA Style Thesis Statement Examples

APA style thesis statements emphasize clarity, precision, and a formal tone. These examples embody these principles while presenting a clear argument.

• Mental Health Apps : “Mobile applications dedicated to mental health offer potential benefits but raise concerns regarding data privacy and efficacy.”
• Urban Green Spaces : “Urban green spaces are not mere aesthetic additions; they significantly contribute to community well-being and environmental health.”
• E-sports Popularity : “The exponential growth of e-sports hinges on technological advancements, cultural shifts, and its commercial viability.”
• Language Acquisition : “The critical period hypothesis in language acquisition highlights the innate human capacity for linguistic adaptability.”
• Antibiotic Resistance : “The global health threat of antibiotic resistance mandates urgent research into alternative treatment modalities.”
• Blockchain in Banking : “The integration of blockchain in banking could redefine transparency, security, and transaction efficiency.”
• Cognitive Load Theory : “Cognitive Load Theory offers vital insights for educational strategies, emphasizing the optimization of working memory.”
• Exoplanet Exploration : “The search for exoplanets illuminates possibilities of extraterrestrial life and potential future human colonization.”
• Gender Representation in Media : “Media’s gender representation shapes societal norms, perpetuating stereotypes or driving progressive change.”
• Plant-Based Diets : “Adopting plant-based diets can significantly reduce carbon footprints and address pressing environmental concerns.”

APA Thesis Statement Examples for Assignment

Assignments, whether academic or professional, require concise and pointed thesis statements. These examples exemplify clarity and specificity for a range of topics.

• 5G Technology : “5G technology, while promising unprecedented connectivity speeds, brings forth challenges in infrastructure and health concerns.”
• Migration Patterns : “Modern global migration patterns are influenced by geopolitical conflicts, economic disparities, and environmental challenges.”
• Fintech Innovations : “Financial technology innovations are reshaping banking experiences, prioritizing user-centric design and real-time solutions.”
• Ocean Acidification : “Ocean acidification, a lesser-known consequence of climate change, poses grave threats to marine biodiversity.”
• Holistic Education : “Holistic education approaches prioritize the integration of emotional, social, and academic development.”
• Nano-robotics in Medicine : “The frontier of nano-robotics in medicine promises targeted drug delivery but raises bioethical concerns.”
• Urbanization Challenges : “Rapid urbanization in emerging economies necessitates sustainable infrastructure planning and social inclusivity.”
• Minimalist Lifestyle : “The minimalist lifestyle movement counters consumerism, advocating for simplicity and intentionality in choices.”
• Drones in Agriculture : “Drones are revolutionizing agriculture, enabling precision farming, and efficient resource management.”
• Ancient Mathematics : “Ancient civilizations’ mathematical systems lay the groundwork for contemporary mathematical thought and practice.

APA 7th Edition Style Thesis Statement Examples

The 7th edition of the APA style emphasizes clarity, conciseness, and inclusivity. Crafting thesis statements under this guideline necessitates precision in language and a keen awareness of updated citation protocols. Here are 10 distinct examples, each tailored to demonstrate the characteristics of the APA 7th edition style.

• Sustainable Fashion : “As the global fashion industry contributes significantly to environmental degradation, a shift towards sustainable practices becomes imperative for ecological preservation.”
• Digital Humanities : “Exploring digital humanities reveals how technology is reshaping the interpretation and presentation of cultural artifacts.”
• Geriatric Care : “The increasing global geriatric population necessitates reformed healthcare models that prioritize aging-related ailments and mental well-being.”
• Microfinance : “Microfinance initiatives, while aiming to empower marginalized communities economically, must address inherent interest rate challenges to ensure genuine upliftment.”
• Exoplanetary Science : “Research into exoplanetary atmospheres offers potential insights into the viability of extraterrestrial life.”
• Culinary Arts and Culture : “The evolution of culinary arts reflects deep-rooted cultural narratives, revealing historical migrations and societal amalgamations.”
• Quantum Teleportation : “Current advancements in quantum teleportation challenge traditional conceptions of information transfer, presenting revolutionary implications for secure communications.”
• Oceanic Acoustics : “The study of acoustics in oceanic environments provides crucial insights into marine life communication and the potential impacts of human-made noise pollution.”
• Intercultural Communication : “Effective intercultural communication in an increasingly globalized world requires comprehensive understanding and respect for diverse sociolinguistic cues.”
• Pedagogical Innovations : “In the digital age, pedagogical innovations that incorporate experiential learning promote higher student engagement and retention.

Does APA have a thesis statement?

Yes, the APA (American Psychological Association) format does include guidelines for writing a thesis statement. However, the APA guidelines are more concerned with citation and formatting rather than content specifics like the formation of a thesis statement. Nevertheless, thesis statements are fundamental components of any academic work, and papers following APA guidelines are no exception. Within the context of the APA style, a thesis statement should be clear, concise, and specific, aligning with the style’s emphasis on straightforwardness and precision.  Our MLA thesis statement is also worth a look at

What are the APA Guidelines for Writing a Thesis Statement?

While the APA (American Psychological Association) style primarily focuses on the formatting of documents and citations, it does provide some implicit guidance on crafting content, including thesis statements. The essence of the APA style revolves around clarity, precision, and a focus on evidence-based claims. Drawing from these general principles, here are some guidelines for writing a thesis statement in APA style:

• Clarity and Conciseness : APA style emphasizes clear and concise communication. Your thesis statement should, therefore, get straight to the point without being wrapped in excessive verbiage or complex sentence structures.
• Evidence-based Claims : APA style is rooted in empirical research. When making a claim in your thesis statement, it’s essential that the claim can be backed up with empirical evidence. If your statement alludes to specific research or data, be prepared to provide citations for that information in the body of your work.
• Maintain Objectivity : The tone of your thesis statement should be objective. Avoid subjective language or first-person pronouns like “I believe” or “In my opinion.” Instead, present the statement as a factual, research-backed claim.
• Specificity : A thesis statement should be specific, providing a clear direction for your paper. Avoid broad or overly general statements. Instead, hone in on a particular aspect of your topic that you plan to explore or argue.
• Positioning : While this isn’t a strict APA rule, traditionally, in many academic papers, the thesis statement is placed at the end of the introduction. This allows readers to grasp the context before being presented with the central claim.
• Refrain from Questions : A thesis statement should be declarative, not interrogative. Instead of posing a question, your statement should assert a stance or claim.
• Alignment with Research : Ensure that your thesis statement aligns with the research you present in your paper. There should be a clear thread connecting your statement to the evidence you provide in the body of your work.
• Revision : Writing is a process. After crafting your thesis statement, be prepared to return to it after completing your paper to ensure that it still aligns with the content and provides a clear and concise summary of your research.

How do you write a thesis statement in APA format? – Step by Step Guide

• Identify Your Research Topic : Before drafting your thesis statement, be clear about the main topic of your research. Understand the scope and relevance of your subject.
• Formulate a Preliminary Question : Start by forming a question related to your topic. This helps to narrow down the focus and set the stage for your statement. For instance, if you’re researching sustainable fashion, a question might be, “How does sustainable fashion impact the environment?”
• Write a Clear and Concise Statement : Convert your question into a clear and concise statement. Example: “Sustainable fashion significantly reduces environmental degradation.”
• Position Your Statement : In APA papers, especially longer essays or dissertations, the thesis statement typically appears at the end of the introduction section. However, for shorter papers, it can directly follow the introduction sentence.
• Ensure Specificity : An APA thesis statement should be specific. Avoid vague or overly broad statements. Instead of saying, “Food is crucial for health,” specify the type of food and its health benefits.
• Revise and Refine : Once your statement is written, revisit it to ensure clarity, precision, and alignment with your research data. It’s common for a thesis statement to undergo several revisions before the final draft.
• Cite Supporting Research : If your thesis statement is based on specific research or data, ensure you properly cite these sources in APA format. This adds credibility to your statement and adheres to the integrity standards of APA.

Tips for Crafting an APA Thesis Statement

• Avoid Assumptions : Ensure your statement doesn’t assume information that isn’t yet established in the paper. Introduce and then assert.
• Limit Ambiguity : Choose words that have precise meanings relevant to your topic. Avoid words that might have multiple interpretations.
• Maintain Parallel Structure : This helps in readability and clarity. If you’re listing multiple ideas or claims, use a consistent grammatical form.
• Stay Relevant to the Audience : Remember the intended readership of your paper. Frame your thesis in terms they would find clear and relevant.
• Iterative Approach : As you dive deeper into your research, your understanding of the topic might evolve. Don’t hesitate to tweak the thesis to better encapsulate your findings.
• Seek Peer Reviews : Sometimes, an outside perspective can help identify areas of improvement or clarity in your thesis statement.
• Avoid Absolutes : Words like “always” or “never” can be hard to prove and may weaken your statement. Instead, opt for terms that suggest strong evidence without asserting absolute truths, unless you’re certain.
• Use Action Words : Making your thesis statement dynamic can help draw the reader in. Use verbs that convey a sense of movement or transformation related to your research.
• Limit Length : Even for complex topics, try to keep your thesis statement to one or two sentences. This ensures it remains punchy and easy to understand.
• Stay Updated on APA Changes : While your main focus is content, it’s still essential to keep an eye on any updates or changes to the APA style guidelines to ensure your work remains compliant.

By incorporating these tips, you can enhance the effectiveness and clarity of your thesis statement, ensuring it aligns well with both your research and APA guidelines.

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APA Style 6th Edition: Citing Your Sources

• Basics of APA Formatting
• In Text Quick View
• Block Quotes
• Books & eBooks
• Thesis/Dissertation

Standard Format

Various examples.

• Conference Presentations
• Course Documents
• Social Media
• Government Documents
• Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
• Additional Resources
• Sample Reference Page

Dissertation or thesis available from a database service:

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (year of publication).  Title of dissertation or thesis (Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis).  Retrieved from Name of database.  (Accession or Order No.)

For an unpublished dissertation or thesis:

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (year of creation).  Title of dissertation or thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis).  Name of Institution, Location.

See Ch 7 pp. 207-208 APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules

Formatting:

• Italicize the title
• Identify whether source is doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis in parentheses after the title
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APA Formatting and Style (7th ed.)

• What's New in the 7th ed.?
• Principles of Plagiarism: An Overview
• Basic Paper Formatting
• Basic Paper Elements
• Punctuation, Capitalization, Abbreviations, Apostrophes, Numbers, Plurals
• Tables and Figures
• Powerpoint Presentations
• Reference Page Format
• Periodicals (Journals, Magazines, Newspapers)
• Books and Reference Works
• Webpage on a Website
• Discussion Post
• Company Information & SWOT Analyses
• Dissertations or Theses
• ChatGPT and other AI Large Language Models
• Online Images
• Online Video
• Computer Software and Mobile Apps
• Missing Information
• Two Authors
• Three or More Authors
• Group Authors
• Missing Author
• Chat GPT and other AI Large Language Models
• Secondary Sources
• Block Quotations
• Fillable Template and Sample Paper
• Government Documents and Legal Materials
• APA Style 7th ed. Tutorials
• Additional APA 7th Resources
• Grammarly - your writing assistant
• Writing Center - Writing Skills This link opens in a new window
• Brainfuse Online Tutoring

Reference Page Examples - Dissertations or Theses

• Published Dissertation or Thesis
• Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis

 A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available from a database such as ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

If the database or archive requires users to log in before they can view the dissertation or thesis, meaning the url will not work for readers, end the reference with the database name., author, a. a. (year).  title of dissertation  (publication no. xxxxxxxxx). [doctoral dissertation or masters thesis, name of, institution that awarded the degree]. name of source i.e. proquest dissertations and theses global. url for, the dissertation or thesis., d'arcangelis, g. s. (2009).  the bio scare: anthrax, smallpox, sars, flu and post-9/11 u.s. empire  (order no.,            3388146). [doctoral dissertation, university of california los angeles]. proquest dissertations and theses,            global. , * ** remember: each source listed on the reference page must correspond to at least one in-text citation in the body of the paper; each in-text citation must correspond to a source listed on the reference page., when a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description “[unpublished doctoral dissertation]” or “[unpublished master’s thesis]” in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title., in the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree., author, a. a. (year).  title of dissertation  [unpublished doctoral dissertation or unpublished, masters thesis], name of institution that awarded the degree. , johnson, b. (2005). balanced scorecard applications  [unpublished master's thesis]. worthington university..

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in APA

How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in APA

In this citation guide, you will learn how to reference and cite an undergraduate thesis, master’s thesis, or doctoral dissertation. This guide will also review the differences between a thesis or dissertation that is published and one that has remained unpublished. The guidelines below come from the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2020a), pages 333 and 334. Please note that the association is not affiliated with this guide.

Alternatively, you can visit EasyBib.com for helpful citation tools to cite your thesis or dissertation .

Guide Overview

Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation, citing a published dissertation or thesis from a database, citing a thesis or dissertation published online but not from a database, citing a thesis or dissertation: reference overview, what you need.

Since unpublished theses can usually only be sourced in print form from a university library, the correct citation structure includes the university name where the publisher element usually goes.

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year published). Title in sentence case [Unpublished degree type thesis or dissertation]. Name of institution.

Ames, J. H., & Doughty, L. H. (1911). The proposed plans for the Iowa State College athletic field including the design of a reinforced concrete grandstand and wall [Unpublished bachelor’s thesis]. Iowa State University.

In-text citation example:

• Parenthetical :  (Ames & Doughty, 1911)
• Narrative :  Ames & Doughty (1911)

If a thesis or dissertation has been published and is found on a database, then follow the structure below. It’s similar to the format for an unpublished dissertation/thesis, but with a few differences:

• The institution is presented in brackets after the title
• The archive or database name is included

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year published). Title in sentence case (Publication or Document No.) [Degree type thesis or dissertation, Name of institution]. Database name.

Examples 1:

Knight, K. A. (2011). Media epidemics: Viral structures in literature and new media (Accession No. 2013420395) [Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

Trotman, J.B. (2018). New insights into the biochemistry and cell biology of RNA recapping (Document No. osu1523896565730483) [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center.

In the example given above, the dissertation is presented with a Document Number (Document No.). Sometimes called a database number or publication number, this is the identifier that is used by the database’s indexing system. If the database you are using provides you with such a number, then include it directly after the work’s title in parentheses.

If you are interested in learning more about how to handle works that were accessed via academic research databases, see Section 9.3 of the Publication Manual.

In-text citation examples :

• Parenthetical citation : (Trotman, 2018)
• Narrative citation : Trotman (2018)

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year Published). Title in sentence case [Degree type thesis or dissertation, Name of institution]. Name of archive or collection. URL

Kim, O. (2019). Soviet tableau: cinema and history under late socialism [Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh]. Institutional Repository at the University of Pittsburgh. https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/37669/7/Olga%20Kim%20Final%20ETD.pdf

Stiles, T. W. (2001). Doing science: Teachers’ authentic experiences at the Lone Star Dinosaur Field Institute [Master’s thesis, Texas A&M University]. OAKTrust. https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2001-THESIS-S745

It is important to note that not every thesis or dissertation published online will be associated with a specific archive or collection. If the work is published on a private website, provide only the URL as the source element.

In-text citation examples:

• Parenthetical citation : (Kim, 2019)
• Narrative citation : Kim (2019)
• Parenthetical citation : (Stiles, 2001)
• Narrative citation : Stiles (2001)

We hope that the information provided here will serve as an effective guide for your research. If you’re looking for even more citation info, visit EasyBib.com for a comprehensive collection of educational materials covering multiple source types.

If you’re citing a variety of different sources, consider taking the EasyBib citation generator for a spin. It can help you cite easily and offers citation forms for several different kinds of sources.

To start things off, let’s take a look at the different types of literature that are classified under Chapter 10.6 of the Publication Manual :

• Undergraduate thesis
• Master’s thesis
• Doctoral dissertation

You will need to know which type you are citing. You’ll also need to know if it is published or unpublished .

When you decide to cite a dissertation or thesis, you’ll need to look for the following information to use in your citation:

• Author’s last name, and first and middle initials
• Year published
• Title of thesis or dissertation
• If it is unpublished
• Publication or document number (if applicable; for published work)
• Degree type (bachelor’s, master’s, doctoral)
• Thesis or dissertation
• Name of institution awarding degree
• DOI (https://doi.org/xxxxx) or URL (if applicable)

Since theses and dissertations are directly linked to educational degrees, it is necessary to list the name of the associated institution; i.e., the college, university, or school that is awarding the associated degree.

To get an idea of the proper form, take a look at the examples below. There are three outlined scenarios:

• Unpublished thesis or dissertation
• Published thesis or dissertation from a database
• Thesis or dissertation published online but not from a database

American Psychological Association. (2020a). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

American Psychological Association. (2020b). Style-Grammar-Guidelines. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/parenthetical-versus-narrative

Published August 10, 2012. Updated March 24, 2020.

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau. Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib.com. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing.

APA Formatting Guide

APA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Multiple Authors
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Parenthetical Citations
• Reference Page
• Sample Paper
• APA 7 Updates
• View APA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all APA Examples

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To cite a published thesis in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the author, publication year, title of the thesis, institute name, archive name, and URL (uniform resource locator). The templates for an in-text citation and reference list entry of a thesis, along with examples, are given below:

In-text citation template and example:

Use the author surname and the publication year in the in-text citation.

Author Surname (Publication Year)

Cartmel (2007)

Parenthetical:

(Author Surname, Publication Year)

(Cartmel, 2007)

Reference list entry template and example:

The title of the thesis is set in sentence case and italicized. Enclose the thesis and the institute awarding the degree inside brackets following the publication year. Then add the name of the database followed by the URL.

Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the thesis [Master’s thesis, Institute Name]. Name of the Database. URL

Cartmel, J. (2007). Outside school hours care and schools [Master’s thesis, Queensland University of Technology]. EPrints. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17810/1/Jennifer_Cartmel_Thesis.pdf

To cite an unpublished dissertation in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the author, year, title of the dissertation, and institute name. The templates for in-text citation and reference list entry of an online thesis, along with examples, are given below:

Author Surname (Year)

Averill (2009)

(Author Surname, Year)

(Averill, 2009)

The title of the dissertation is set in sentence case and italicized. Enclose “Unpublished doctoral dissertation” inside brackets following the year. Then add the name of the institution awarding the degree.

Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the dissertation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Name of the Institute.

Averill, R. (2009). Teacher–student relationships in diverse New Zealand year 10 mathematics classrooms: Teacher care [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington.

APA Citation Examples

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• APA headings and subheadings

APA Headings and Subheadings | With Sample Paper

Published on November 7, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on October 24, 2022.

Headings and subheadings provide structure to a document. They signal what each section is about and allow for easy navigation of the document.

APA headings have five possible levels. Each heading level is formatted differently.

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Table of contents

Additional guidelines for apa headings, how many heading levels should you use, when to use which apa heading level, section labels vs headings, sample paper with apa headings, using heading styles in word or google docs.

As well as the heading styles, there are some other guidelines to keep in mind:

• Double-space all text, including the headings.
• Use the same font for headings and body text (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt.).
• Don’t label headings with numbers or letters.
• Don’t add extra “enters” above or below headings.

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Depending on the length and complexity of your paper, you may not use all five heading levels. In fact, shorter student papers may have no headings at all.

It’s also perfectly fine for some sections in your paper to go as deep as five levels, where others use only heading level 1.

Heading level 1 is used for main sections like “ Methods ”, “ Results ”, and “ Discussion ”. There is no “ Introduction ” heading at the beginning of your paper because the first paragraphs are understood to be introductory.

Heading level 2 is used for subsections under level 1. For example, under “Methods” (level 1) you may have subsections for “Sampling Method” and “Data Analysis” (level 2). This continues all the way down to heading level 5.

Always use at least two subheadings or none at all. If there is just one subheading, the top-level heading is sufficient.

In addition to regular headings, APA works with “section labels” for specific parts of the paper. They’re similar to headings but are formatted differently. Section labels are placed on a separate line at the top of a new page in bold and centered.

Use section labels for the following sections in an APA formatted paper :

• Author note
• Paper title
• Reference page

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The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

• Missing commas and periods
• Incorrect usage of “et al.”
• Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
• Missing reference entries

Instead of formatting every heading individually, you can use the “Styles” feature in Word or Google Docs. This allows you to save the styling and apply it with just a click.

The first time you use APA Style, you need to update the default heading styles to reflect the APA heading guidelines. Click here for the instructions for Microsoft Word and Google Docs .

An added benefit of using the “Styles” feature is that you can automatically generate a table of contents .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Streefkerk, R. (2022, October 24). APA Headings and Subheadings | With Sample Paper. Scribbr. Retrieved September 10, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-headings/

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APA 7th referencing style

• About APA 7th
• Printing this guide
• In-text references
• Direct quotations
• Reference list
• Author information
• Additional referencing information
• Using headings
• Book chapter
• Brochure and pamphlets
• ChatGPT and other generative AI tools
• Conferences
• Dictionary or encyclopaedia
• Government legislation
• Journal article
• Lecture notes and slides
• Legal sources
• Newspaper or magazine article
• Other web sources
• Patents and standards
• Personal communication
• Press (media) release
• Secondary source (indirect citation)
• Social media
• Software and mobile apps
• Specialised health information
• Television program

Thesis - from website

Thesis - from database.

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APA Citations (7th edition)

Citing web resources.

• Citing Books and eBooks
• Citing Journal Articles
• Citing Videos

APA: Citing Web Resources  from  Lawrence W. Tyree Library  on  Vimeo . View a transcript  here.

In this tutorial, you will learn the basics for citing a web page, a blog post, and what you should do if you are missing a date.

Every APA reference needs four parts:  author, date, title,  and  source . As you go through these examples, you will learn how to identify these four parts and how to place and format them into a proper APA reference.

Example 1: A Webpage

For the first example, you will learn how to cite a webpage. The first step is to identify who wrote the content. In this example, the author is Ashley Strickland.

To list a specific author, write the  last name , a  comma , and the  initials , followed by a  period .

Example: Strickland, A.

Next, identify when this webpage was published. Dates are usually found near the top or the bottom of the page. Do not use a general copyright date for an overall website.

Unless an item is a newspaper, newsletter, magazine article, or blog post, you only need to provide the year. Since this example is an online news article, you should provide the whole date. After the author, list the entire date in  parentheses , starting with the  year , a  comma , and then the  month and day . End with a period.

Example: Strickland, A. (2019, November 19).

Next, identify the  title of the page . The title will usually be above the text, in a larger size font.

List the  title  of the page in  italics  after the date. Make sure you only capitalize the  first word of the title ,  the first word of the subtitle , which comes after a colon, and any  proper nouns . End with a period.

Example: Strickland, A. (2019, November 19).  Neptune's moons perform a strange orbit dance around each other .

The last information you need is the  source  For webpages, this is the  website title  and the  URL , or Web address. In this case, the website is CNN. If you are having trouble locating the name of the website, try looking at the URL, which is located in the address bar at the top of the browser.

The  title of the website  is listed after the title of the webpage, with a period at the end. Type the website title, a period, and then the  URL . There is no period after the URL. This completes your reference.

Example: Strickland, A. (2019, November 19).  Neptune's moons perform a strange orbit dance around each other . CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/19/world/neptune-moons-orbit-scn-trnd/index.html

If you refer to a work in your paper, either by directly quoting, paraphrasing, or by referring to main ideas, you will need to include an in-text parenthetical citation. There are a number of ways to do this. In this example, a  signal phrase  is used to introduce a direct quote. Note that the  author's name  is given in the text, and the  publication date  and  location  are enclosed in parentheses at the beginning and end of the sentence. Since there are no page numbers, you should describe where the information is located, either by paragraph number or section.

Example: Strickland (2019) explains that "Naiad is in a tilted, varying orbit that resembles an oddly zigzagging pattern" (para. 2).

Example 2: No Date

Sometimes a webpage may not provide all the information you need for a citation. This example shows how to cite a webpage with no date. Start with the author. While resources are often written by specific people, sometimes an entire organization is the author. In this case,  Santa Fe College  is the author. Most webpages with no personal author will have an organizational author.

For organizational authors, simply list the name of the organization, capitalizing all important words. Because there is no date, use the abbreviation  n.d.  in place of a year. This stands for  no date.

Example: Santa Fe College. (n.d.).

Next, find the title and the source for this webpage.

Type the title of the webpage in italics and end with a period. Since the website title is the same as the author, this component can be omitted.

Example: Santa Fe College. (n.d.).  History of the college .  Santa Fe College.

Finally, add the URL. Do not include a period at the end. This concludes the reference.

Example: Santa Fe College. (n.d.).  History of the college . https://www.sfcollege.edu/about/history-of-the-college/index

For in-text citations with no date, use the abbreviation  n.d.

Example: Santa Fe College (n.d.) states that “community colleges are a uniquely American creation” (para. 2).

Example 3: A Blog Post

Blog posts are cited similarly to webpages. You will need to identify the author of the post, the title of the post, the blog name, date, and URL.

Assemble your citation components in the same order as the previous examples. The only difference in the formatting is that the title of the blog is italicized, and the title of the blog post is not. You will also want to include the entire date.

Example: Kaplan, H. (2017, October 4). Lumia: The art of light.  Eye Level . https://americanart.si.edu/blog/eye-level/2017/04/56195/lumia-art-light

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

University Thesis and Dissertation Templates

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Theses and dissertations are already intensive, long-term projects that require a lot of effort and time from their authors. Formatting for submission to the university is often the last thing that graduate students do, and may delay earning the relevant degree if done incorrectly.

Below are some strategies graduate students can use to deal with institutional formatting requirements to earn their degrees on time.

Disciplinary conventions are still paramount.

Scholars in your own discipline are the most common readers of your dissertation; your committee, too, will expect your work to match with their expectations as members of your field. The style guide your field uses most commonly is always the one you should follow, and if your field uses conventions such as including all figures and illustrations at the end of the document, you should do so. After these considerations are met, move on to university formatting. Almost always, university formatting only deals with things like margins, font, numbering of chapters and sections, and illustrations; disciplinary style conventions in content such as APA's directive to use only last names of authors in-text are not interfered with by university formatting at all.

Use your university's formatting guidelines and templates to your advantage.

If your institution has a template for formatting your thesis or dissertation that you can use, do so. Don't look at another student's document and try to replicate it yourself. These templates typically have the necessary section breaks and styles already in the document, and you can copy in your work from your existing draft using the style pane in MS Word to ensure you're using the correct formatting (similarly with software such as Overleaf when writing in LaTeX, templates do a lot of the work for you). It's also often easier for workers in the offices that deal with theses and dissertations to help you with your work if you're using their template — they are familiar with these templates and can often navigate them more proficiently.

These templates also include placeholders for all front matter you will need to include in your thesis or dissertation, and may include guidelines for how to write these. Front matter includes your table of contents, acknowledgements, abstract, abbreviation list, figure list, committee page, and (sometimes) academic history or CV; everything before your introduction is front matter. Since front matter pages such as the author's academic history and dissertation committee are usually for the graduate school and not for your department, your advisor might not remember to have you include them. Knowing about them well before your deposit date means you won't be scrambling to fill in placeholders at the last minute or getting your work returned for revision from the graduate school.

Consider institutional formatting early and often.

Many graduate students leave this aspect of submitting their projects until it's almost too late to work on it, causing delays in obtaining their degree. Simply being aware that this is a task you'll have to complete and making sure you know where templates are, who you can ask for help in your graduate office or your department, and what your institution's guidelines are can help alleviate this issue. Once you know what you'll be expected to do to convert to university formatting, you can set regular check-in times for yourself to do this work in pieces rather than all at once (for instance, when you've completed a chapter and had it approved by your chair). 

Consider fair use for images and other third-party content.

Most theses and dissertations are published through ProQuest or another publisher (Harvard, for instance, uses their own open publishing service). For this reason, it may be the case that your institution requires all images or other content obtained from other sources to fall under fair use rules or, if an image is not considered under fair use, you'll have to obtain permission to print it in your dissertation. Your institution should have more guidance on their specific expectations for fair use content; knowing what these guidelines are well in advance of your deposit date means you won't have to make last-minute changes or removals to deposit your work.

Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References

This page contains a reference example for an unpublished dissertation or thesis.

Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership perceptions and practices of elementary school leaders [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Virginia.

• Parenthetical citation : (Harris, 2014)
• Narrative citation : Harris (2014)
• When a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description “[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]” or “[Unpublished master’s thesis]” in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title.
• In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree.
• The same format can be adapted for other unpublished theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate.
• If you find the dissertation or thesis in a database or in a repository or archive, follow the published dissertation or thesis reference examples .

Unpublished dissertation or thesis references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.6 and the Concise Guide Section 10.5