southwest airlines business strategy case study

A unique take on Southwest Airlines Strategy

Anyone who has studied business management either as a degree or as an elective would have definitely studied Michael Porter’s 5 Forces framework. This framework was first published in  Harvard Business Review  in 1979. The model is very much relevant in 21st-century business as well due to its deep 360-degree view of a business.

One of the 5 forces is called “Barriers to Entry” and more often than not either Oil & Gas or Airline industry would serve as an apt example of an industry with very high barriers to entry due to its high Capex and Opex requirements.

But wait, then with so many barriers to entry, why do airlines still bleed red? There are many reasons for this, but one of them is stiff competition with low-cost carriers, the 5th, and the framework’s central force (competition among the players).

Before we move on, the below is an interesting tweet response from Anand Mahindra, on being asked to buy the ailing “ Jet Airways ”.

Remember the quote: “If you want to be a millionaire, start with a Billion dollars and then start (buy) an airline!” https://t.co/dYRdwup3kK — anand mahindra (@anandmahindra) June 29, 2019

The US Airline Industry

Following the 9/11 attacks, the US airline industry has been through rough weather. 20+ airlines have filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 7. 60+ airlines have filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11.  This list also includes the top 3 out of 4 airlines namely, American Airlines, United & Delta Air Lines, however they were able to exit the bankruptcy within a few years.

The landscape has been constantly changing with a high volume of mergers and acquisitions, resulting in changing market share statistics.

The graph above covering the period January to December 2020 showcases that the top 4 airlines constitute approx. 65% of the market share.

In this story, we are focusing on Southwest Airlines that was founded on the notions of the low-cost carrier but with its unique strategy has been profitable for the last 45 years in a row. 

The takeoff strategy of Southwest Airlines

Southwest Airlines Co. , typically referred to as Southwest, is one of the United States’ major airlines and the world’s largest low-cost carrier airline. The airline was established on March 15, 1967, by  Herb Kelleher  as Air Southwest Co. and adopted its current name, Southwest Airlines Co., in 1971, when it began operating as an intrastate airline wholly within the state of Texas first flying between Dallas, Houston and San Antonio. 

Most airlines back in the 1960s followed the most popular “Hub and Spoke” model for their operations.

Hub and Spoke model – As the name suggests, there is a defined hub from where the flights originate, and the destinations are the spokes.

The benefit of a hub and spoke model is that it has fewer routes, but the major drawback of this model is its rigidity, and if there is a slight change in the airline routing due to weather, etc., it can have cascading consequences to the other planned flights.

Point to Point model – Southwest, being a low-cost carrier, focused more on the point to point model and bought significant process improvements, in a way mastered it to achieve very high operational efficiency.

In the point-to-point model, each flight is a single journey. The origin and destination are connected via a single non-stop flight. The point-to-point model offers more travel options and flexibility as compared to the hub and spoke model.

For passengers undertaking further journeys, they will have to collect the baggage and recheck them for leg 2 of their journey. This model has considerably led to saved travel hours and done away with the necessity for connecting flights.

Key Differentiating Factors in Southwest Airlines Strategy

Southwest airlines is the third largest airline in the United States of America and arguably the biggest in the low-cost carrier segment across the globe.

So, was the operational efficiency gained due to the change in the flight operations model the only reason why Southwest airlines is the #1 low-cost carrier in the world?

NO, let’s understand what differentiated Southwest airlines strategy from its counterparts.

Customer Eccentricity

For Southwest, they keep the customers at the center of their business operations. They offer certain benefits to flyers which are not offered by other airlines, like

• Southwest allows two checked-in bags, free of cost, unlike many of its competitors.
• Flight change thirty minutes prior to the departure is allowed by Southwest.
• Southwest offers free in-flight entertainment like Live TV, Movies, use of whatsapp and imessage. It offers Wi-Fi services at very nominal rates.

All these have resulted in Southwest being the airline with the least number of complaints, according to the Department of Transportation of the United States of America.

Only one type of aircraft

Many airlines have different types of aircraft in their fleet, but not Southwest. Southwest operates by using only Boeing 737 aircraft. It saves a lot of money by:

• Training cabin crews and support staff on only one type of aircraft.
• Maintenance of inventory of spare parts for one aircraft type.
• In case of breakdown, alternate aircraft can be arranged immediately.
• Its policy of not assigning seats helps tremendously as customers can take any available seat when boarding the aircraft, thereby reducing the boarding time. In the case of alternate aircraft also, this policy hugely benefits the airline reducing the turnaround time.

Right recruitment policies

Southwest stresses a lot on the customer experience and hence it is very imperative for the airline to hire the right kind of people. Southwest focusses on hiring people who have an attitude for serving customers.

Employees undergo various pieces of training which also includes cross-training. Training is heavily centered around team building and collaboration.

The Southwest Airlines case study is a lesson in cultural strategy. An organization built on the fundamentals of customer eccentricity, effective processes, and a dedicated team is meant to achieve success and overcome challenges. This model of exceptional customer service can help a business earn an impeccable reputation in the industry. That’s what makes the Southwest model uniquely priced, yet one profitable in this cruel airline industry.

Southwest’s ability to be different and not follow the herd—not to mention becoming America’s largest airline—can be traced in large part to the Airline Deregulation Act. Thanks to this act, Herb and Rollin realized their Vision and the traveling public benefits on every flight, every day. Gary Kelly, Chairman & CEO, Southwest Airlines

Vinit Joshi is Corporate Planning & Strategy professional with 15+ years of experience across renowned & diversified business groups. When not working or spending time with family, Vinit loves listening to a variety of music

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Southwest Airlines: A Case Study in Great Customer Service

The airline giant's reputation for exceptional customer service and employee happiness is crucial to its ongoing success.

Table of Contents

Southwest Airlines serves over 126 million passengers each year, provides service to 121 airports across 11 countries and has maintained its nearly 72,000-employee roster with no involuntary furloughs or layoffs in its history. In addition to its commercial and financial success, Southwest Airlines is known for its excellent customer service. Southwest has built an impeccable reputation by putting customers first and ensuring its employees are content and financially secure.

This model of exceptional customer service can be extrapolated to fit the needs of almost any industry if you employ strategies that work for your business. We’ll explain why Southwest is so successful as a company and a customer service provider to help other businesses understand and implement its tenets. 

Southwest treats its employees well

Great customer service starts with happy employees. Southwest treats its employees well by backing individual employees’ decisions and providing everyone with quality employee benefits . For example, the company offers a 401(k) plan and matches contributions dollar-for-dollar up to 9.3 percent of the employee’s eligible earnings. It also offers a profit-sharing plan, an employee stock purchase plan, health and well-being rewards, as well as quality medical, vision and dental coverage.

In addition to benefits, Southwest also encourages professional development through in-person and online classes, mentorship programs, and even a Career Mobility Center that supports internal career advancement through advisement sessions and interview prep resources. The company also prioritizes community outreach, encouraging and incentivizing employees to give back to causes that matter to them.

Southwest makes excellent customer service its mission

According to a mission statement on Southwest’s website, “The mission of Southwest Airlines is dedication to the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride and Company Spirit.” 

Southwest outperforms competitors in customer service

In its last survey of the airline industry from 2018, the Temkin Group compared nine U.S. airlines on the quality of their customer experience – the sum of all a customer’s experiences and interactions with a brand. The strategy of focusing on customer experience is built around the needs of the individual customer over the lifetime of the customer-brand relationship.

The Temkin Group’s survey ranked each airline on the criteria of functionality (how well experiences meet customer needs), accessibility (how easy it is for customers to do what they want to do) and emotion (how customers feel about the experience).

Southwest Airlines earned the highest score every year the Temkin Experience Ratings were published from 2011 to 2018, except for 2015. In the most recent rankings, the company received the highest score in the airline industry, 76 percent – 10 percentage points higher than the industry average score of 66 percent. 

Over the years, Southwest Airlines has maintained high ratings among customers, even amid a global pandemic and overall declines in passenger satisfaction. According to the 2023 J.D. Power North American Airline Satisfaction Study , Southwest ranked highest in customer satisfaction for a second consecutive year for the economy and basic economy segment.

How Southwest Airlines emphasizes the customer experience

Southwest Airlines takes the following crucial steps to prioritize the customer experience:

• Southwest offers multiple avenues for customer support. Customer experience is no longer just an in-person interaction or a phone call. It’s now online, in live chat and more. In addition to multiple phone numbers for different customer service issues, Southwest offers live chat (via mobile app), email and a self-help resource center, allowing multiple touch points and opportunities to delight customers .
• Southwest adapts to meet customers’ evolving expectations. The airline invested over $2 billion to improve the customer experience. From improved real-time travel communications to bag tracking to bolstered self-service options, Southwest proactively meets passenger needs to make traveling more convenient and comfortable.
• Southwest empowers employees. Southwest takes care of its employees, which, in turn, helps employees take care of its customers. Providing robust financial and wellness benefits and ongoing career development allows Southwest’s team to perform at its best and effectively support its customers.

How to provide excellent customer service

All businesses should strive to achieve Southwest’s exceptional customer service. However, many of its specific strategies are tailored to the airline industry and may not work for your organization. Here are a few additional methods any business can implement to give its customers the service they deserve.

1. Be responsive to issues.

Nothing is more frustrating than being put on hold for over an hour, especially if you’ve already paid for a product or service. Remember that your customer relationships don’t end after money has been exchanged. These relationships are long-term commitments that must be cultivated over time.

If you don’t have the time to answer calls all day, consider staffing your business with more agents or outsourcing customer service calls. Ensure all customer service reps and outsourced service agents use one of the best CRM software platforms to ensure consistency and informed help. You can also streamline your communication channels and preferences to accommodate as many customer inquiries as possible. For example, it’s easy to set up a chat feature or an FAQ page on your website to avoid being overwhelmed by calls. 

With so many options available to help your customers, there’s no excuse for leaving them in the dark when they have an issue.

2. Communicate beyond complaints.

Responding to problems swiftly is vital to maintaining a high level of customer service, but communicating with your audience shouldn’t stop there. Starting a weekly email newsletter or using X (formerly Twitter) as a customer support channel are great ways to stay in touch with your base.

A simple “thank you for thinking of us” when a customer tags your brand on social media can go a long way. It’s a simple, cost-free measure to set your business apart as one that truly cares about customer service.

3. Get to know your customers.

Customers love a personalized experience because it makes them feel heard. However, to ensure the personalized experience stays positive, you should understand the customer’s wants and needs. Maintaining this mindset will help ensure the customer trusts you and your company in the long run.

Almost every customer service representative has some kind of script they must stick to, but there are opportunities to veer off-book and personalize the experience. You could ask customers what they’ve been up to lately or why they chose your company, or just find a way to make them laugh. If you’re willing to go that extra mile, it can be the difference between keeping a customer and losing them.

4. Keep a positive attitude.

When trying to keep a positive attitude toward the customer, it can help to inhabit a service persona. How you speak to your customers can sometimes be more important than what you say. This approach allows you to connect with the customer on an emotional level. You’ll understand their explicit needs and better understand their overall attitude toward you and the company. If you focus on positive thinking and a positive attitude, customers will likely respond in kind.

Danielle Fallon-O’Leary contributed to this article. 

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Southwest Airlines’ Generic Competitive Strategy, Growth Strategies

Southwest Airlines’ generic competitive strategy (Porter’s model) ensures product/service attractiveness and competitive advantages for successfully implementing intensive strategies for growth (Ansoff Matrix). With a strategic position as one of the main competitors in the commercial aviation industry in the United States, the company is popular for its low fares and high accessibility. These variables relate to Southwest’s intensive growth strategies and generic competitive strategy. In Michael E. Porter’s model, competitive advantage is developed through generic competitive strategies that the airline company can apply. On the other hand, based on Igor Ansoff’s matrix, Southwest Airlines can use various intensive growth strategies. These corporate strategy frameworks are considered in this business analysis of the commercial aviation company and its approach to growing despite strong competitors. Southwest’s success indicates effective implementation of its generic strategy for competitive advantage and intensive growth strategies suited to the business.

Southwest Airlines uses its generic competitive strategy to counteract the competitive power of other firms, such as Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, and American Airlines. These competing commercial aviation companies possess resources and the operating scale to grow despite the competitive landscape. Southwest’s intensive growth strategies facilitate the operational scale needed to maintain the corporation’s generic strategy, thereby also strengthening its competitive advantage and competitive positioning in the industry.

Southwest’s Generic Competitive Strategy (Porter’s Model)

Southwest Airlines’ generic competitive strategy is cost leadership , which creates competitive advantage based on low costs and correspondingly low prices. To address competition, the company’s strategic objective in this generic competitive strategy is to minimize operating costs, optimize profit margins, keep low prices, and offer its airline services to the mass market. The large-scale operations linked to this generic strategy for competitive advantage supports the fulfillment of Southwest Airlines’ mission statement and vision statement , which aim for global leadership in the industry. The commercial aviation corporation’s success depends on effectiveness in implementing the generic competitive strategy of cost leadership.

Cost leadership as a generic competitive strategy is observable in Southwest Airlines’ service offerings as a low-cost carrier. The company’s advertising campaigns frequently emphasize low fares as a selling point, in contrast to other firms that use the focus strategy or the differentiation strategy, such as Delta. In a way, Southwest has a best-cost provider strategy, as the company continues to minimize costs while also maintaining a high level of customer satisfaction through service quality. Based on its generic competitive strategy, the enterprise presents itself as a major commercial aviation contender in terms of price and in terms of warmth and friendliness in its customer service.

Southwest’s Intensive Growth Strategies (Ansoff Matrix)

Market Penetration . With its generic competitive strategy, Southwest Airlines applies market penetration as its primary intensive growth strategy. The company’s strategic objective in this intensive strategy is to grow its revenues by providing more of its current air transportation services to more passengers in markets where it currently operates. Southwest’s generic strategy of cost leadership ensures low costs that translate to across-the-board low prices that are a competitive advantage for keeping a large share of the commercial aviation market, in support of market penetration as an intensive growth strategy. The price sensitivity of customers in the transportation sector is one of the factors that make cost leadership and market penetration effective strategies in this case. The business strengths and competitive advantages identified in the SWOT analysis of Southwest Airlines Co. attract customers and support the success of market penetration. The strong airline brand and attractive prices enable this intensive growth strategy. Also, Southwest Airlines’ marketing mix (4P) determines how the company penetrates the target market.

Product Development . Product development is a minor intensive growth strategy in Southwest’s organizational development. The corporation’s competitive advantage depends mainly on cost leadership as its generic competitive strategy, and market penetration as its intensive strategy for airline business growth. Southwest’s product evolution has already stabilized, which means that the business has been aiming its product development efforts mostly at enhancing its current offerings. Thus, product development, as an intensive growth strategy, minimally contributes to growing the airline company. Changes in current products require corresponding changes in Southwest Airlines’ operations management, which manifests the applied intensive growth strategies and generic competitive strategy for competitive advantage in commercial aviation. The organizational culture (corporate culture) of Southwest Airlines is also a factor integrated into product development, as the company relies on organizational cultural variables to optimize its service quality and customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Market Development . The growth of Southwest Airlines minimally depends on market development. This intensive growth strategy aims to offer current services to new commercial aviation markets. When applying market development, the generic competitive strategy of cost leadership ensures competitive advantage in new civil aviation markets. However, Southwest continues to focus on its limited multinational operations in the United States and a few other countries. Thus, market development is not a significant intensive growth strategy for the airline business.

Diversification . Diversification is an insignificant intensive growth strategy for Southwest Airlines. The objective of this intensive strategy is to grow the company through new operations, such as service businesses related to air travel operations. Southwest focuses on growing within its current markets, with minimal emphasis on using the generic competitive strategy of cost leadership for competitive advantage in diversifying its business. Thus, diversification is an insignificant intensive growth strategy in the airline business. The addition or expansion of business operations requires accompanying changes in Southwest Airlines’ organizational structure (business structure) .

Key Points – Southwest’s Generic Competitive Strategy & Intensive Growth Strategies

Southwest Airlines applies cost leadership as its generic strategy for competitive advantage, along with intensive growth strategies to maximize market share and move toward its long-term goal and strategic plan of becoming a global industry leader. The intensive strategy of market penetration provides support for the airline company’s generic competitive strategy of cost leadership, and vice versa. Southwest’s brand image and service quality reflect these strategies and associated competitive advantages. For example, customers know the company for low airfares, which are a consequence of cost leadership as a generic competitive strategy that leads to cost-based and price-based competitive advantages. Also, Southwest is known for its large-scale operations, which are a result of market penetration as an intensive growth strategy.

• Kerkemezos, Y., Pennings, E., Karreman, B., & van Reeven, P. (2023). Price asymmetries and the path dependence of market power: Evidence from the US airline industry. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 87 , 102921.
• Obu, O. C., & Ukpere, W. I. (2023). The effects of transactional barriers on the effectiveness of a firm’s competitive strategy. Journal of Economic Development, Environment & People, 12 (3).
• Southwest Airlines Co. – Form 10-K .
• Southwest Airlines Co. – Proven Business Strategy .
• U.S. Department of Commerce – International Trade Administration – Travel, Tourism & Hospitality Industry .
• Copyright by Panmore Institute - All rights reserved.
• This article may not be reproduced, distributed, or mirrored without written permission from Panmore Institute and its author/s.
• Educators, Researchers, and Students: You are permitted to quote or paraphrase parts of this article (not the entire article) for educational or research purposes, as long as the article is properly cited and referenced together with its URL/link.

Pioneer in the Skies: The Case of Southwest Airlines

• First Online: 29 July 2016

Cite this chapter

• Kai-Ingo Voigt 4 ,
• Oana Buliga 4 &
• Kathrin Michl 4  

Part of the book series: Management for Professionals ((MANAGPROF))

10k Accesses

Southwest Airlines is a somewhat different example of a business model pioneer—and indeed, one may ask if the company is a pioneer at all: neither was Southwest the first to offer intrastate flights on its home market, Texas, nor was it the first to experiment with low-cost flights. But while the other companies were merely experimenting, Southwest developed a business model, which proved its sustainability over the course of more than four decades. By starting operations in 1971, Southwest faced from the very beginning harsh competition from incumbent airlines. This inspired the young company to create its very own business model—and unlike its main competitors at the time, the airline remains profitable until today. Winning this race made Southwest a prime example of a pioneer in the low-cost airline industry.

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Voigt, KI., Buliga, O., Michl, K. (2017). Pioneer in the Skies: The Case of Southwest Airlines. In: Business Model Pioneers. Management for Professionals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38845-8_14

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Case Study: Profitability Takes Flight, Southwest Airlines Unique Business Model Unveiled

Southwest Airlines is a renowned American low-cost airline established in 1967 and has since become one of the industry’s most successful and profitable carriers.

With its headquarters in Dallas, Texas, Southwest operates an extensive domestic network, serving more than 100 destinations across the United States.

Significance of Profitability in The Airline Industry

Profitability is a critical aspect of any business, and the airline industry is no exception. Achieving consistent profitability is a significant challenge in an industry characterized by intense competition, volatile fuel prices, and economic uncertainties.

However, Southwest Airlines has managed to stand out from its competitors with its unique and highly successful business model.

Southwest Airlines’ Unique Business Model

Southwest Airlines was founded on providing customers with low-cost, efficient, and reliable air travel.

From the outset, its founders aimed to differentiate Southwest from traditional carriers by implementing a business model that focused on simplicity, operational efficiency, and a strong emphasis on customer satisfaction.

Critical Elements of the Business Model

Here are the key elements of Southwest Airlines’ prestigious business model:

Low-cost operations

Southwest Airlines has distinguished itself as a low-cost carrier by implementing various cost-saving strategies.

These include utilizing a single aircraft type (Boeing 737) to simplify maintenance and training, operating from secondary airports to reduce fees, and minimizing unnecessary frills such as assigned seating and in-flight meals.

High Aircraft Utilization

Southwest maximizes the utilization of its aircraft by keeping them in the air for a significant portion of the day.

Quick turnarounds, efficient boarding processes, and high aircraft utilization rates contribute to cost savings and increased revenue potential.

Point-to-Point Routes

Unlike traditional hub-and-spoke models that many airlines employ, Southwest’s point-to-point route system allows direct flights between smaller airports, reducing transfer times and increasing operational efficiency.

This approach also enables Southwest to serve niche markets and respond quickly to changing demand.

Customer-Centric Approach

Southwest Airlines places a strong emphasis on customer service and satisfaction. Southwest has built a loyal customer base with its “Bags Fly Free” policy, no change fees, and friendly customer service.

The airline strives to provide a hassle-free and enjoyable flying experience, differentiating itself from competitors.

Efficient Workforce Management

Southwest focuses on building a stable and motivated workforce. The company’s employee-friendly policies and positive company culture have resulted in high employee satisfaction and productivity.

The airline’s efficient workforce management contributes to operational efficiency and cost control.

Case Study: Southwest Airlines’ Profitability

Southwest Airlines has consistently reported profits for several consecutive years, even during industry downturns and economic challenges.

This remarkable achievement sets Southwest apart from many other airlines struggling to maintain profitability.

Factors Contributing to Profitability:

Many different elements are responsible for the continuous progress of the airline. Some of the critical factors that played a crucial role in Southwest Airlines’ profitability include the following:

Strategic Route Planning

Southwest strategically selects routes that align with its business model, focusing on high-demand and high-frequency routes.

This approach allows the airline to optimize revenue potential while minimizing operational complexities.

Cost Leadership and Operational Efficiency

Southwest’s relentless focus on cost reduction and operational efficiency has significantly driven its profitability.

The airline maintains a competitive advantage in the industry by keeping costs low and implementing efficient operational practices.

Revenue Management Strategies

Southwest employs effective revenue management strategies, including dynamic pricing and capacity management.

These strategies ensure optimal seat utilization and maximize revenue per available seat mile (RASM).

Strong Customer Loyalty and Brand Reputation

Southwest’s commitment to customer satisfaction has resulted in a strong brand reputation and customer loyalty.

Repeat business and positive word-of-mouth recommendations contribute to sustained revenue and profitability.

Challenges and Limitations of Southwest’s Model

Here are some challenges and limitations faced by one of the most successful Airlines in the United States. 

Vulnerability to Fuel Price Fluctuations

Like any airline, Southwest is exposed to the volatility of fuel prices. Increases in fuel costs can significantly impact the airline’s profitability, as fuel represents a substantial portion of its operating expenses.

Fluctuations in fuel prices require Southwest to employ effective fuel hedging strategies and closely monitor its fuel efficiency to mitigate risks.

Limited International Presence

While Southwest has been highly successful in the domestic market, its international operations could be more extensive.

The airline primarily focuses on serving domestic destinations, which may pose challenges in expanding its market reach and tapping into lucrative international markets where competition may be fierce.

Potential Risks of Focusing On the Domestic Market

Relying heavily on the domestic market exposes Southwest to potential risks associated with economic fluctuations, regulatory changes, and geopolitical events that could impact domestic air travel demand.

Diversifying its operations to include more international destinations could mitigate these risks.

Southwest Airlines’ Response to Challenges

Fuel Hedging Strategies

Southwest employs fuel hedging strategies to mitigate the risks associated with fuel price fluctuations.

These strategies involve entering into contracts to secure future fuel purchases at predetermined prices, reducing the impact of sudden price increases.

Expansion of International Routes

Recognizing the growth potential in international markets, Southwest has gradually expanded its global operations.

By adding more international destinations to its network, the airline aims to diversify its revenue streams and reduce reliance on the domestic market.

Mitigation Plans for Market Risks

Southwest monitors market trends, economic indicators, and regulatory changes to adjust its operations and strategies proactively.

The airline maintains an elegant approach, quickly adapting to changing market conditions and mitigating potential risks.

If you want to know further, an inclusive case study solution can help you the right way.

Southwest Airlines case study solution , written by experts, lets you take a comprehensive look into the airline’s history, profitability model, challenges, how they tackled them, and many other aspects.

Conclusion:

Southwest Airlines has established a unique and highly successful business model that centers around low-cost operations, efficient utilization of resources, and a customer-centric approach.

Its focus on simplicity, operational efficiency, and customer satisfaction has contributed to its profitability and competitive advantage in the airline industry.

Southwest Airlines’ profitability stands out in an industry often plagued by financial challenges.

The airline’s ability to consistently generate profits can be attributed to its distinctive business model, which enables cost leadership, operational efficiency, and strong customer loyalty.

Southwest’s success serves as a valuable case study for the airline industry. It highlights the importance of innovation, adaptability, and a customer-centric approach in achieving profitability and sustainable growth.

Other airlines can learn from Southwest’s strategies and consider adopting elements of its business model to enhance their own competitiveness and financial performance.

Read more case studies here .

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Southwest Airlines: Point-To-Point Business Strategy Case Study

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A short description about the Southwest Airlines

Main issues/problems of the case, situational analysis, answering the questions.

Southwest Airlines (initially known as Air Southwest) launched its first flight in 1971. Its founders were Herb Kelleher and Rollin King. By then, the company only served three cities within US (Houston, San Antonio, and Dallas) and had not expanded its operations beyond the country. Unfortunately, it incurred remarkable losses in the first two years of its operation. This forced it to vend one of its four aircrafts instead of sacking some of its employees.

After enacting viable business strategies, Southwest Airline managed to overcome such obstacles. It announced its first profits in 1973. By 1977, the company had expanded its operations. It served other additional cities like El Paso, Lubbock, and Corpus Christi among others. It later launched interstate destinations within US indicating its prospective growth.

Later in 1986, the firm established a training program to equip its flight crews with viable business etiquettes. This enabled it to enhance its competitiveness in the realms of customer services. It later won a monthly Triple Crown prize due to its exemplary services. Upon its rapid expansion, the company acquired Moris Air in 1994 and consequently enhanced its flights to other cities within US.

It introduced Ticketless Travel in various cities, a move that augmented its business’ prowess. As at 2006, Southwest Airlines had advanced both technologically, revenue acquisition, and business wise. It acquired ATA Airlines allowing it to attain boarding slots in LaGuardia Airport, New York. This move enabled it to handle international flights after partnering with WestJet Airlines (a prominent low-cost carrier).

The company had to increase its charges for both domestic and international services in order to survive in the industry. In order to overcome current challenges facing the airline industry, Southwest Airlines has embraced technological innovations, price adjustments, protocol reforms, and viable acquisitions and mergers.

Southwest Airlines is facing numerous problems within the aviation industry. Firstly, there is a constant increase in fuel prices. This leads to increased business costs and other relevant challenges engulfing the entire industry. Another problem is the increase in operational costs mentioned earlier. An airline business is costly to establish, ratify, and operate due to massive logistical issues involved in the entire context.

Southwest Airlines is also experiencing such problems despite the witnessed success. There is a considerable need to reduce costs and increase profits in numerous occasions. It is from this context that the entire problems facing the industry lie. Additionally, it is important to consider that some airline business slump due to higher operational costs and reduced profits. Another problem is the current security threats that face the company and other players in the airline industry.

Such security problems might force the company to cancel some of its flights leading to reduced revenues and consequent losses. The global economic crisis has equally contributed to the mentioned problems. Economic catastrophe affects market trends, travelling schedules, and reduces the influx of customers since most organizations and individuals strive to minimize expenditures. Fluctuating fuel prices is another problem facing the company due to unpredictability of fuel costs mentioned earlier.

The company is equally unsure whether its point-to-point business strategy will apply as it tries to expand its domestic operations. Another problem is the stringent competition within the industry. International expansion strategies, union walkouts, and environmental uncertainties are some of the problems faced by the organization.

SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, & internal analysis (strengths & weaknesses)

When subjected to SWOT analysis, Southwest Airlines has numerous strengths in its business endeavors. The company has several competitive advantages compared to its rivals in the aviation industry. Additionally, it has established right products for its clients. This is evident in the travel arrangements, reliability, and variability in the destinations it covers. Additionally, it embraces technology and innovation to ensure that it remains competitive.

Concurrently, the company has trained competent human capitals hence capable of achieving customer satisfaction. Southwest Airlines has equally enhanced its customer services and changed business processes in order to attain the desired competitiveness. Conversely, the company possesses some weaknesses when analyzed critically.

Some of its customer services still need to meet international standards. The aspects of technology have not been fully enacted in the company despite the stringent competitions experienced. Additionally, it has limited international flights compared to other prominent competitors in the very industry.

Southwest Airlines has numerous opportunities it can cease in order to enhance its competitiveness, revenues, and customer value when scrutinized critically. The demand for aviation services is rapidly growing despite the recent economic challenges. This indicates that the company might perform well in future due to increased flight demands. Another opportunity is the merger it makes with other international airlines like WestJet Airlines. Additionally, the fact that it has a competent, innovative, and creative workforce is crucial.

This provides another considerable opportunity in the entire scenario. There are various opportunities in the aviation industry, which the company can harness in order to remain competitive in the market. Conversely, there are business threats that might hinder the wellbeing of Southwest Airlines. The fluctuating fuel prices, global fiscal crisis, stringent competition, security threats, high operational costs, and adverse international regulations form critical threats to the company.

There are also some issues that emerge when Southwest Airlines is subjected to PEST analysis. Political issues can affect the company massively. This is possible with regard to political trends, legislations, international policies, political wrangles, and other prominent business aspects in the entire scenario.

Economic factors incorporate the current global financial challenges and other considerable factors. Additionally, there are other specific economic factors in the aviation industry that have affected Southwest Airlines. This incorporates high operational costs within the industry, fluctuating fuel costs, and other potential fiscal problems facing the industry.

On social factors, the company enjoys changing lifestyles that have promoted the use of aircrafts as a means of travelling and sending important cargos. The use of flights is embraced by people of different ages. Additionally, the company has embraced technology in its various operations. Southwest Airlines has been innovative in its business approaches, a fact aided by technological advancements within the business.

Value Chain Analysis

Southwest Airlines has attained considerable competitive advantages in the business realms having enacted and embraced stringent and viable value chains in its endeavors. Airline industry is quite competitive hence demanding its players to embrace considerable value chain provisions as evident in the provided case. The entire business activities that Southwest Airlines assumes in its daily operations have contributed to the aspects of the alleged value chain.

Things done in every department or sectors of the company contribute to the demanded value chain. This is quite important in various aspects. The management of the company, employees, suppliers, affiliates, and other considerable stakeholders have endeavored to add value to the service provision granted by the company.

The ultimate competitive advantages noticeable within the company result from considerable contributions made by the entire stakeholders. It is from this observation that Southwest Airlines attains its ultimate value chain. This has enabled it to grow tremendously in the past years despite the challenges.

Customers have also trusted the services given by the company as evident in the case. Due to these provisions, the company has managed to grasp a considerable market share as evident by its continuous business growth. Additionally, the use of appropriate business approaches and staying customer-focused has allowed the business to augment its competitiveness in the airline industry despite the noticeable challenges.

Industry (Porter’s 5 forces analysis)

Porter’s 5 forces are applicable in the airline industry with respects to the provided Southwest Airlines’ case. This is an important observation following its relevancy in the entire context. For example, threat from new entrants into the industry is applicable in this context. Southwest Airlines and other existing airline firms are threatened by the entrance of other competitive rivals. However, since the industry is costly to establish and operate, such chances are limited.

Additionally, there is a considerable rivalry from the existing firms within the American market and beyond. Other international airlines like Emirates Airlines and Qatar Airlines among others have fronted stringent competition to Southwest Airlines with regard to its international markets. Additionally, the bargaining power of buyers is evident in the industry due to competition. Customers go for cheap and reliable airline companies.

This has forced other industry players to strategize properly and cut prices. Additionally, suppliers operating in the industry have equally fronted their bargaining power. The jet fuel suppliers usually change the cost of fuels to suit their business interests. This is a massive challenge to the industry and beyond.

Another apparent force evident in the case is the availability of substitute products/services. Airline customers can seek the services of other companies if such needs arise. This factor forces numerous businesses to establish their competitive advantages and other relevant business strategies.

Southwest Airlines experience competition from various firms. This occurs both locally and internationally. Since the company started as local airline business, all the local airlines in US as at then provided considerable competition provisions. On the international flights, Southwest Airlines experiences competition from well-established airline companies globally.

Evidently, Southwest Airlines can still maintain 36-year streak profitability despite the challenges mentioned in the case. This is possible since the industry is growing rapidly while the company has numerous strengths and opportunities to cease this opportunity. Additionally, the company can still depend on fuel hedging to control cost despite the fluctuating oil prices. This is possible through proper management and other characterizing factors.

Concurrently, the point-to-point methodology will still be useful as the company enhances its domestic flights. This is possible since it adds massive competitive advantages to the company against other rivals. Major traditional airlines will threaten Southwest Airlines when they become low-cost counterparts.

Additionally, the company will be able to expand internationally, maintain its positive relations with employees, and avoid future union walkouts and bargains. Despite the probable persistence of the current financial crisis, Southwest Airlines will still expand if it enacts its business strategies evident in the case. The company can embrace viable business strategies to curb environmental uncertainties. This will help it maintain its loyalty to customers.

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IvyPanda. (2019, May 19). Southwest Airlines: Point-To-Point Business Strategy. https://ivypanda.com/essays/southwest-airlines-analysis-case-study/

"Southwest Airlines: Point-To-Point Business Strategy." IvyPanda , 19 May 2019, ivypanda.com/essays/southwest-airlines-analysis-case-study/.

IvyPanda . (2019) 'Southwest Airlines: Point-To-Point Business Strategy'. 19 May.

IvyPanda . 2019. "Southwest Airlines: Point-To-Point Business Strategy." May 19, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/southwest-airlines-analysis-case-study/.

1. IvyPanda . "Southwest Airlines: Point-To-Point Business Strategy." May 19, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/southwest-airlines-analysis-case-study/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Southwest Airlines: Point-To-Point Business Strategy." May 19, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/southwest-airlines-analysis-case-study/.

Southwest Airlines: Managing Corporate Resources (Strategic Perspectives)

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Southwest Airlines (A)

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• The Springfield Nor'easters: Maximizing Revenues in the Minor Leagues (Brief Case)  By: Frank V. Cespedes, Christopher H. Lovelock and Laura Winig
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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, disruptive innovation: the southwest airlines case revisited.

Strategy & Leadership

ISSN : 1087-8572

Article publication date: 5 July 2011

The standard explanation of Southwest's success is that it applied a low‐cost competitive strategy. This paper aims to address this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper argues that Southwest was actually employing a disruptive strategy. Financial data show that Southwest's results were highly variable during the time it was growing into a national carrier.

The paper finds that Southwest's disruptive strategy of innovative operational cost reduction did not produce striking financial returns until it adopted more efficient aircraft, which made its fuel costs competitive.

Practical implications

Cost efficiencies alone do not make a firm a disruptor. What is required is the combination of a low‐cost business model and enabling technologies.

Originality/value

This paper points out that managers should learn to see operational innovations and cost savings in the context of disruption, not just price advantage.

• Competitive strategy
• Low‐cost strategy
• Low‐cost carrier
• Industry disruptor
• Point‐to‐point route
• Cost‐cutting innovations
• Disruptive innovation
• Disruption theory
• Delivery services

Raynor, M.E. (2011), "Disruptive innovation: the Southwest Airlines case revisited", Strategy & Leadership , Vol. 39 No. 4, pp. 31-34. https://doi.org/10.1108/10878571111147387

Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2011, Emerald Group Publishing Limited

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Southwest Airlines Is Playing with Brand Fire

• Adam Richardson

Southwest Airlines is often used as a case study for a well-run business: it’s consistently more profitable than its competitors, it’s very disciplined about how it operates, and its customers are happy. It also has a strong brand, built on the promise of low prices, convenience, and a no-frills-but-pleasant experience. But recent actions are starting […]

Southwest Airlines is often used as a case study for a well-run business: it’s consistently more profitable than its competitors, it’s very disciplined about how it operates, and its customers are happy. It also has a strong brand, built on the promise of low prices, convenience, and a no-frills-but-pleasant experience. But recent actions are starting to erode the brand and customer happiness, potentially creating a long-term risk.

• Adam Richardson is a creative director at the global innovation firm frog design and the author of Innovation X: Why a Company’s Toughest Problems Are Its Greatest Advantage . His background combines experience in product development, product strategy, and customer research.

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Southwest Airlines Co. (Strategizing Corporate Resources & Capabilities)

2022, The Management Scientist

Abstract : This case study evaluates how the corporate resources and capabilities are strategized by Southwest Airlines Co. to gain and maintain a long-run competitive position in the airline industry. This study comprises of identification and analysis of airline industry attributes, risk factors, and sources as well as strategies for sustaining competitive advantage. The Porter Five Forces Model and SWOT analysis were used for analyzing competitive landscape of airline industry. Analysis of operational efficiency and profitability identified the role and utilization of the resources and capabilities within the domain of Southwest Airlines co. Keywords : Cash Flows, Competitive Advantage, Income Statement, Operational Efficiency, Porter Five Forces Model, Profitability, Risk Factors, SWOT Authors: Beverly Fleischman, Jerry Stai, James Ondracek, Mohammad Saeed, Andy Bertsch Journal: The Management Scientist Volume 21, Issue 1, January – March 2022, pp. 1 – 14, ISSN 0976 – 2353

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Home » Management Case Studies » Case Study: Southwest Airlines Competitive Advantages

Case Study: Southwest Airlines Competitive Advantages

For most of the last fifteen years, the U.S. airline industry has been one of the least attractive to be in. Following the 1978 deregulation of the industry, twenty-nine new airlines entered the industry between 1978 and 1993- This rapid increase in air ­line carrying capacity led to a situation of overcapacity. As more and more airlines chased passengers, fares were driven down to levels barely sufficient to maintain the prof ­itability of U.S. airlines. Indeed, twice since 1978 the indus ­try has been engulfed in an intense price war–first in the1981-1983 period and then again in the 1990-1993 period. So intense did the com ­petition become during these two periods that in 1982 the whole industry lost $700 million, while in the 1990-1992 period the industry lost a staggering $7.1 billion, more than had been made during the previous fifty-year history of the industry.

Despite the obviously hostile nature of this industry, one company, Southwest Airlines, has not only been consistently profitable but also has been its performance improve during years when its competitors were wallow ­ing in red ink. Southwest is a regional airline with a major presence in Texas. In 1992, when every major U.S. airline except Southwest lost money, Southwest actually reported a sharp jump in its net profit to $105.5 million on rev ­enues of $1.68 billion, up from $26.9 million on revenues of $1.31 billion in 1991.

Southwest is profitable because of two factors: its low costs and the loyalty of its customers. Its low costs come from a number of sources. Southwest offers a no-frills approach to customer service. No meals are served on board, and there are no first-class seats. Southwest does not subscribe to the big reservation computers used by travel agents because it deems the booking fees too costly. The airline flies only one type of aircraft, the fuel-efficient Boeing 737, which keeps training and maintenance costs down. Southwest’s customer loyalty also comes from a number of sources. Due to its low cost structure, Southwest can offer its customers low prices, which builds loyalty. Southwest also has a reputation for being the most reliable carrier in the industry. It has the quickest turn ­around time in the industry (it takes a Southwest ground crew just fifteen minutes to turn around an incoming a craft and prepare it for departure), which helps keep flights on time. The company also has a well-earned reputation for listening to its customers. For example, when five Texas medical students who commuted weekly to out-of-state medical school complained that the flight them to class fifteen minutes late, Southwest moved the departure time up fifteen minutes. In addition, South west’s focused route structure (it serves just fifteen states, mostly in the South) has helped it build a substantial regional presence and avoid some of the cutthroat competition that the nationwide airlines have to grapple with.

Last but not least, the airline has a very productive work force. Southwest Airlines’ People Department, is touted as the crux on their groundbreaking route to success in the airline industry, and there is no question that both the ingrained and manufactured personality traits along with the both the innate and encouraged behavior patterns of Southwest employees have been an important factor in their recent success, however their true competitive advantage lies in the simplicity and streamlined nature of their product and operation. Southwest’s original business plan to dominate in the interstate air traffic in both Texas and California was forced upon them by the actions of their competitors, and it was at this time in the company’s history that the underdog/scrapper nature of their employees, especially Herb Kelleher, the CEO, really made a huge impact. Kelleher even compared himself at the time to a medieval crusader, which shows the depth of his passion and commitment to his company. When Southwest was faced with such a daunting uphill climb to be competitive in the industry, that unique spirit that is still highly-valued was crucial to their success in the introduction and growth phase of the company. That spirit provided the inspiration for extremely high levels of organizational commitment Southwest needed for employees to struggle for years to achieve even the beginnings of a successful airline. Employees felt, and still feel, like they had true ownership in the company and that their behaviors and attitude on a daily basis led to the company’s success. Though these feelings have proven to be helpful it is Southwest’s very targeted business plan and their slow expansion that is their advantage. Southwest choose to be the best at what they were “given” in the early 1970’s, they threw everything at it with a crusader’s commitment and it worked. Then by maintaining their low cost, no frills beginnings as they unhurriedly expanded the continued underdog attitude has worked because essentially as Southwest expands they are underdogs in the markets they are joining. Their competitive advantage is their business model, a difficult one to initiate and maintain in the airline business therefore they need the unique employee spirit to implement such a difficult strategy. For example, their pilots work more hours for less pay but their commitment to making the Airline a success and the feelings generated by the organizational commitment of upper management and their colleagues make that extra work fulfilling because the pilots are conditioned to feel they themselves and their actions are crucial to Southwest’s triumph. In addition, Southwest operates a gener ­ous stock option plan that extends to all employees. As a result about 10 percent of the airline’s stock is owned by its employees, which gives them an additional incentive to work hard.

Case Discussion Questions

• What does the success of Southwest Airlines tell you about the relative importance of industry company-specific factors in explaining a con performance?
• What is the basis of Southwest Airlines competitive advantage? How might it lose that advantage?

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