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The Art of Retrofitting: Transforming Old Buildings into Smart Ones

• 1.1 Introduction
• 2 Historical Background
• 3 Key Concepts and Definitions
• 4.1 Benefits of retrofitting old buildings into smart ones
• 4.2 Retrofitting techniques and technologies
• 4.3 Sustainable materials and design considerations in retrofitting
• 5.1 Retrofitting a historic building into a smart museum
• 5.2 Transformation of an old office building into a sustainable smart workplace
• 6 Current Trends or Developments
• 7 Challenges or Controversies
• 8 Future Outlook
• 9.1 Share this:
• 9.2 Like this:
• 9.3 Related

Introduction

In today’s era of sustainable development, retrofitting old buildings has emerged as an interesting and innovative approach. This article provides an overview of the significance of retrofitting, its historical background, key concepts, benefits, techniques, case studies, current trends, challenges, and future outlook.

Historical Background

Retrofitting, although a contemporary concept, has its roots in the past. Over time, retrofitting techniques and technologies have evolved, leading to more efficient and effective ways of transforming old buildings into smart ones.

Key Concepts and Definitions

To better understand retrofitting, it is important to define the term and explore its significance in the context of old buildings. Additionally, this section introduces the concept of smart buildings and their role in the retrofitting process. Key terms such as energy efficiency, automation, and IoT (Internet of Things) are also explained.

Main Discussion Points

Benefits of retrofitting old buildings into smart ones.

Improved energy efficiency and reduced carbon footprint: Retrofitting enhances the energy performance of old buildings, resulting in lower energy consumption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Enhanced comfort and indoor air quality: Smart technologies optimize heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, ensuring a comfortable and healthy indoor environment. Cost savings and increased property value: Retrofitting can lead to significant energy savings, reducing operational costs, and increasing the value of the building.

Retrofitting techniques and technologies

Energy-efficient lighting systems and sensors: Advanced lighting solutions, such as LED lights and occupancy sensors, reduce energy consumption and enhance lighting control. Smart HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems: Intelligent HVAC systems adjust temperature and airflow based on occupancy and weather conditions, optimizing energy use. Building automation and control systems: Integrated systems automate various building functions, allowing for centralized control and efficient operation. Integration of renewable energy sources: Retrofitting provides an opportunity to incorporate renewable energy technologies like solar panels, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources.

Sustainable materials and design considerations in retrofitting

Use of eco-friendly and recycled materials: Retrofitting projects can utilize sustainable materials, reducing the environmental impact and promoting circular economy practices. Incorporation of passive design strategies: Passive design techniques, such as natural ventilation and daylighting, maximize energy efficiency without relying on active systems. Importance of proper insulation and air sealing: Retrofitting includes improving insulation and sealing air leaks to minimize energy loss and enhance thermal comfort.

Case Studies or Examples

Retrofitting a historic building into a smart museum.

Overview of the project and its objectives: This case study focuses on the transformation of a historic building into a state-of-the-art museum, preserving its architectural heritage while incorporating smart technologies. Details of the retrofitting techniques used: The case study explores the specific retrofitting techniques employed, including energy-efficient lighting, automation systems, and sustainable materials. Outcomes and benefits achieved: The case study discusses the positive outcomes of the retrofitting project, such as improved energy performance, enhanced visitor experience, and reduced environmental impact.

Transformation of an old office building into a sustainable smart workplace

Description of the retrofitting process and challenges faced: This case study delves into the process of retrofitting an old office building, highlighting the challenges encountered and the strategies used to overcome them. Implementation of energy-efficient technologies and automation: The case study explores the integration of energy-efficient technologies, including smart lighting, HVAC systems, and automation controls, to create a sustainable and productive workplace. Impact on employee productivity and satisfaction: The case study examines the impact of the retrofitting project on employee well-being, productivity, and job satisfaction.

Current Trends or Developments

This section discusses the latest advancements in smart building technologies and retrofitting solutions. It also presents research findings that highlight the long-term performance and benefits of retrofitted buildings. Additionally, the adoption of smart building standards and certifications is explored.

Challenges or Controversies

Retrofitting old buildings into smart ones is not without its challenges and controversies. This section examines the cost implications and financial barriers associated with retrofitting projects. Compatibility issues between different smart technologies and systems are also discussed, along with privacy and security concerns in smart buildings.

Future Outlook

Looking ahead, the retrofitting market shows potential for growth and expansion. This section explores the integration of artificial intelligence in smart building management, envisioning more advanced and efficient systems. The role of government policies and incentives in promoting retrofitting initiatives is also emphasized.

In conclusion, retrofitting old buildings into smart ones is a crucial step towards a sustainable future. The benefits, techniques, case studies, and trends discussed in this article highlight the importance of this innovative approach in achieving energy efficiency, comfort, and environmental responsibility.

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Seismic retrofitting of existing industrial steel buildings: a case-study.

1. Introduction

1.1. general description of the structure of the selected case-study, 1.2. description of investigated connections, 2. design philosophy of retrofit interventions, 2.1. design of global retrofitting interventions, 2.2. design of local retrofitting solutions.

• Bolted connections shear resistance F con,Rd,i (due to bolt shearing, plate bearing, or net-area failure depending on the i -th connection configuration);
• Truss members axial resistance N truss,Rd,i (due to yielding in tension or buckling in compression depending on the considered i -th truss member);
• Column web panel (CWP) resistance V cwp,Rd,i (due to web shearing or column hinging);
• Upper connection resistance for other local mechanisms F up,Rd,i (due to T-stub opening in X-direction or web punching in Y-direction).

3. Main Modelling Assumptions

3.1. global modelling of the structure, 3.2. local modelling of the truss mr joints, 4. performance of the existing structure, 4.1. global assessment, 4.2. local assesment, 5. performance of the retrofitted structure, 6. conclusions.

• The investigated existing structure is very deformable in both the principal directions; showing excessive deflections under wind actions;
• The global structural behaviour is highly influenced by local deficiencies. Indeed, brittle failures always anticipate more ductile mechanisms, and lateral deformability is worsened by the lower stiffness of connections;
• The local seismic performance of MR truss joints in both the X- and Y-direction is poor due to premature failure of bolted connection among lower chords and hollow columns, for rather small values of ISD (1–2%);
• The hysteretic behaviour of joints is significantly affected by a pinching effect exhibited in both the principal directions;
• The introduced non-linear links are able to perfectly reproduce the local joint behaviour in term of elastic stiffness, resistance, and ultimate displacement, allowing to account for the real joint performance also in global FEAs;
• The real joint stiffness, evaluated by means of refined FEAs, and accounted for in the global analyses by the introduction of non-linear links, influences the whole structural behaviour, and should be properly accounted for in the existing structural assessment.
• The design procedure adopted for the retrofitting of MR joints results in a very ductile mechanism under both monotonic and cyclic loads; the joints behave in elastic range up to 4% of rotation. For high rotations, the failure mode is governed by plastic deformations within the column and some local plasticity within the trusses and plates, whereas the bolts remain in elastic range;
• The global seismic performance of the retrofitted structure is positively influenced by local interventions that allow to ensure a ductile behaviour to the whole structure up to the formation of the plastic hinges in the columns;
• The introduction of the new CBFs in both directions allow to provide a sufficient elastic stiffness and resistance to the whole structures against both seismic and wind actions;
• The local and global retrofit interventions were designed to not interrupt the productive activities within the building, and to minimise the impact on the working spaces. Thus, the CBFs were designed to be placed on the external façade of the building, and their shape does not limit either the height or the required spaces for the access of industrial vehicles and machineries. Contrariwise, the local intervention should be performed in the inner part of the building, but their installation involves only a small portion of the entire structure.

Author Contributions

Institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Tartaglia, R.; Milone, A.; Prota, A.; Landolfo, R. Seismic Retrofitting of Existing Industrial Steel Buildings: A Case-Study. Materials 2022 , 15 , 3276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093276

Tartaglia R, Milone A, Prota A, Landolfo R. Seismic Retrofitting of Existing Industrial Steel Buildings: A Case-Study. Materials . 2022; 15(9):3276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093276

Tartaglia, Roberto, Aldo Milone, Alessandro Prota, and Raffaele Landolfo. 2022. "Seismic Retrofitting of Existing Industrial Steel Buildings: A Case-Study" Materials 15, no. 9: 3276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093276

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5 Influential examples of Retrofitting in Architecture

Retrofitting in Architecture: In current times, the terms green building, green design, and energy conservation have become synonymous with building design. For the sake of the environment, one has to design buildings that tackle the issue of an increase in carbon footprint and are energy efficient. The green buildings are somewhat contributing to the reduction of carbon footprint. But, what about the other 90% of buildings which are not green? How are they contributing? Prior to generating new green buildings, isn’t it better to make the existing buildings green?

Opportunities to reduce energy use in an existing building differ distinctly from those in the design of new buildings. In the existing buildings, the major determinants in the physical aspects of the building, such as building configuration, orientation , materials, construction, mechanical systems, and location, are already in place. Most of these are, therefore, difficult to modify. But the design assumptions of the occupancy, space utilization, and environmental standards, are subject to change over a period of time. What is the solution to this problem? 

The answer lies in retrofitting. To retrofit is to modify an existing building for energy efficiency. Retrofitting measures are actions taken to upgrade a building, enabling it to respond positively to climate change. Reducing the property’s carbon footprint is one of the key objectives of a retrofit. Other important considerations include increasing the comfort of the building for its occupants and reducing the incidence of fuel poverty. Thus, to be competitive in the world, the owner/user has to resort to a less energy-hungry way of existence, i.e., he must retrofit! 

The big question emerges, what measures can be taken to make an existing building more efficient in terms of energy consumption? Are green retrofit technologies a worthwhile investment? Let us answer these questions with a few Indian & international examples of retrofitting in architectural buildings. 

1. Paharpur Business Centre, Delhi | Retrofitting in Architecture

Paharpur business center is a 25- year old building in Delhi, a living example of achieving the lowest carbon footprint in the city with retrofitting. It has received numerous certifications for its exceptional indoor air quality and energy efficiency, viz. LEED Platinum rating, NABERS certification, etc. The focus of the building is on the health, wellness, and happiness of its employees.

The six-story building, spread across 50,000 square ft, has over 1,200 plants. The plants in this indoor jungle are strategically placed, depending on the floor capacity and time of usage. On the terrace is a greenhouse that helps circulate fresh air after removing toxic particles from the ambient air and pumps it into the air-conditioning system. Furthermore, LED lights have replaced CFL bulbs. Candles, that were once used to keep food warm inside large aluminum containers, have given way to tiny induction heaters. Solar panels set up on the rooftops. The building is focused on every aspect of an employee’s life- air, water, nourishment, light, and fitness. 

2. Godrej Bhavan, Mumbai

An iconic office building located in Mumbai, Godrej Bhavan demonstrates the profitability and practicality of green energy-saving retrofits. Built-in 1962, the six-story building was upgraded in 2010 to incorporate comprehensive energy efficiency and sustainability features, such as efficient HVAC, lighting, and building management systems. It is the perfect example of how a high-performing office space can maximize energy-saving strategies with ease of maintenance, improved comfort, and air quality. The building recovered the cost of initial investment within five years of installation, with substantial savings projected in the next fifteen years.

The building’s architectural design, façade, glazing, lighting, HVAC system were already in usage. In order to ensure continued building operations, worker productivity, building safety, and increased awareness of the benefits of retrofits, the company came up with a unique solution to tackle the multiple issues. Undertaking retrofitting during non-office hours, replacement of outdated HVAC system, creation of artificial floors to locate AHUs, and sourcing energy-efficient technologies and green materials from special vendors, were some measures adopted to retrofit the building efficiently. Moreover, the fresh air circulation and indoor air quality improved by planting large trees, and operable windows installed allowed access to fresh air. DGUs and shading devices installed to reduce heat gain while still providing light. A green roof garden developed to reduce the heat gain from the roof.  

Replicable lessons from Godrej Bhavan’s upgrade show the real energy and cost savings from implementing energy efficiency in existing buildings. The retrofit helps lower electricity usage, improves building systems, enhances occupant comfort,  saves operating costs, and increases environmental awareness among building occupants.

3. Mahindra Towers, Mumbai

Mahindra Towers headquarters is located in Mumbai and was constructed in 1985. With a built-up area of 200,000 sq.ft., the retrofit focused on improving efficiency in lighting and cooling systems. The Mahindra Towers had an impressive payback period of less than a year. The implementation of energy-saving mechanisms undertaken in conjunction with an energy servicing company demonstrated the benefits of working with such an organization. 

The energy-saving company did an energy audit for the Mahindra Towers, and based on their recommendations, existing low- efficiency lighting replaced with high efficiency, high frequency, low-harmonic electronic ballasts; the air-conditioning system optimized with reduced wasted energy and capacity; the metering altered and optimized along with a reduction in power losses. These energy conservation measures not only saved energy, but also improved equipment reliability, increased the quality and property value of the building, enhanced occupant comfort, and amplified the company’s environmental commitment. 

4. One Prudential Plaza, Chicago | Retrofitting in Architecture

The One Prudential Plaza, constructed in 1955, is one of the landmarks of the city of Chicago. The building’s original curtain wall system was made of vertical strips of limestone and rigid aluminum windows with center-pivot units for easier maintenance. However, the seals on the windows failed and the windows caulked shut to reduce air and water infiltration.

In order to match modern standards, improve aesthetics, and increase the comfort of the building tenants, the façade underwent a retrofit, whereby 1200 bays of existing single-pane windows were replaced with energy-efficient ones. Contributing to a safer, more comfortable, more energy-efficient, and more attractive workplace , high-performance windows with thermal barriers, aluminum framing, and experienced engineering and fabrication, were chosen. These windows helped dramatically lower the building’s heating and cooling costs while increasing occupants’ comfort and minimizing window surface condensation issues.

5. Harvard House Zero

Intending to intelligently address the challenge of retrofitting existing buildings, Harvard University retrofitted the CGBC’s Headquarters in a pre-1940s timber-framed building, creating an ultra-efficient and energy-intensive prototype with a comfortable indoor environment.

Up-gradation of the existing envelope with additional insulation, enlarged windows, skylights along with retention of the building’s original character, was part of the retrofit process. Sophisticated room sensors to open-close the windows and maintain air quality, solar vents to direct air to the basement, and naturally pumped heated or cooled water through the floor slabs, further helped maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality.

Moreover, sculpted window shrouds protected interior spaces from direct sunlight or heat. Locally available, low-emission materials, such as clay plaster, birch wood, and ultra-high-slag concrete, helped create a balanced, comfortable indoor environment. Rooftop photovoltaic panels accomplished the electrical energy requirements.  This array of environmentally conscious retrofits helped achieve the goal of long-term energy autonomy.

Kavya Jain is an architect by profession with a zest for writing, travelling, reading and eating! She is a young designer trying to use her knowledge for the betterment of the society. She spends her free time pursuing her passion of teaching kids in slums across the city. She is a firm believer of living life one day at a time, because the future will come your way, no matter what anyway!

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Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of fire damaged concrete buildings

Study has been aimed to establish a structured solution for rehabilitation and retrofitting of fire damaged concrete buildings. This study explains the rehab process of fire damaged concrete buildings in three basic categories; condition evaluation, decision making, rehabilitation & retrofitting. Evaluation method of damaged building has been based upon understanding of material properties at elevated temperatures, condition survey and condition assessment. Condition survey includes visual inspection, hammering and chiselling techniques whereas condition assessment includes both non-destructive and destructive tests that are selected upon the basis of efficiency, economy, and performance. Feasibility study is required to make right decisions for the rehab of fire damaged building. Such a feasibility study should include all important aspects that will have an impact in the future, therefore must be considered in decision making. A new feasibility analysis model is developed as a part of research. It is expected to help decision making process because of its sound conceptual foundation and detailed structure. If feasibility study reveals rehabilitation and retrofitting worthwhile then it can be effectively rehabilitated with the help of right techniques. Rehabilitation of non-structural members/elements and retrofitting of structural elements with the help of soda blasting, patch repair, FRP reinforcing, partial removal and replacement, concrete jacketing, steel jacketing and few other retrofitting techniques has been discussed. Respective pros and cons of these techniques have been covered with special focus on sustainability, economy, efficiency and limitations. These techniques can be used separately or in conjunction with other techniques. As every locks has its own key similarly every case has its unique solution therefore it can’t be said that which technique or set of techniques is universally superior to others. Generally speaking, partial removal and replacement offers more advantages. It seems to have more ticks and less crosses when compared to others

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IJIRST - International Journal for Innovative Research in Science and Technology

In present era, there are so many buildings which collapse fully or partially due to lake of maintenance, improper construction method and material or even due to earthquake. They need repairing to make them safe. Repair are always neglected or delayed by many people in most of building owing to lack of awareness and financial ability and so it leads to major hazards. Hence, it is needed proper repair and reconstruction application. In this project we have more focus on repairing on building which have required maintenance, because most of problem occurs after certain life of building. In addition, we have also focus on repairing of that sort of structure which have more than of their certain life and which has affected by some disaster like earthquake, flood, etc. At last, we will suggest some useful innovative materials and its application, how to apply on damage part, which would ultimately improve the strength of the structure.

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT)

IJERT Journal

https://www.ijert.org/repair-rehabilitation-and-retrofitting-of-reinforced-concrete-structures https://www.ijert.org/research/repair-rehabilitation-and-retrofitting-of-reinforced-concrete-structures-IJERTCONV9IS01008.pdf Repair, rehabilitation is very important in any construction of structure. Due to aging and life increasing of the structure, it is subjected to repairs. Repairs leads to damage and failure of structure. So, in order to prevent damages and repairs in the structures these are very useful. These are achieved by selection of suitable methods and proper construction and maintenance of the structure. By using suitable retrofitting methods, we can minimize the losses and damages in the construction of reinforced cement concrete structures. Proper supervision is required for maintenance. Regular inspection and periodical inspections are plays very good role in strengthening of the structure. Repairs are done by using suitable methods. These are used to increase the durability of the structure but not in the form of strength aspects. Rehabilitation done before construction of structure to strengthening of structural elements. Retrofitting is done after construction of the structure to strengthening the structure. These are used to prevent and withstand the upcoming defects like earthquakes etc. these are used to improve strength at during construction stage and as well after construction stages. The minor defects are fixed easily by using resin injection or grouting or any other suitable methods and the main problem is to deal the major defects. It takes more time to set. So, repair and rehabilitation and retrofitting of structures are needed for every structure to continue the structure in economical point of view and prevent damages. It is also helping to maintain a structure in good condition and good performance as well. To improve strength aspect and as well as performance aspect and functional utility of structure.

Sai Kiran Yadav

CONSTRUCTION

Ferhad R . Karim

When concrete structures are exposed to elevated temperatures or fire, their strength begins to degrade. The major problem is that the structure induces cracks, which let the aggressive material enter the concrete and the steel reinforcement corrosion. Therefore, the damaged member should have been strengthened or repaired; sometimes, the repair is chosen over demolition because it is more economical. Researchers used materials to repair heat-damaged concrete, such as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, shotcrete, ferrocement, epoxy resin mortar, and fiber-reinforced concrete. The compatibility of these materials should be investigated, for example, the bond strength between repair material and substrate. Ferrocement can restore stiffness and toughness, while a structure with FRP jacketing cannot regain stiffness. Reviewing post-fire strength and repairing materials has not been done; therefore, this study highlights the strength loss of fire-damaged concrete and the repaired...

BEST Journals

Retrofitting reduces the vulnerability of damage of an existing structure during a future earthquake. It aims to strengthen a structure to satisfy the requirements of the current codes for seismic design. In this respect, seismic retrofit is beyond conventional repair or even rehabilitation. The principles of seismic retrofit refer to the goals, objectives and steps. The steps encompass condition assessment of the structure, evaluation for seismic forces, selection of retrofit strategies and construction. The applications include different types of buildings, industrial structures, bridges, urban transport structures, marine structures and earth retaining structures. The benefits of retrofitting include the reduction in the loss of lives and damage of the essential facilities, and functional continuity of the life line structures. For an existing structure of good condition, the cost of retrofitting tends to be smaller than the replacement cost. Thus, the retrofitting of structures is an essential component of long term disaster mitigation. It was proposed to seismically upgrade a seven story non-ductile concrete framed building of early nineties vintage. Analysis results revealed that the structures did not have sufficient structural capacity to resist even a moderate earthquake. To ensure a higher level of safety, reduce the risk of exorbitant repair costs and minimize building downtime after an earthquake, it was intended that the seismic upgrade of the structural system will target the performance standard of ‘immediate occupancy’. A dual stage approach was used to address this complex retrofit issue. The first part consisted of providing robust concrete moment frames in each direction using the time tested jacketing methodology. This ensured adequate strength and stiffness to the structure.

Ryan Sangho Lee

This paper presents a case study on the rehabilitation of a fire-damaged structure and describes the results of a site investigation and tests, leading to a plan for the rehabilitation of the structure. The fire took place in the main control room of a thermal power plant and lasted about three hours until it was finally extinguished. To set up a rehabilitation plan for the damaged structure, a visual inspection of the damaged condition was first carried out, which was followed by analysis and on-site material tests indicating the degree of neutralization progress in the remaining structure. Specimens of damaged concrete and reinforcing bars were sampled and tested for their residual strengths. As a conclusion, two methods of rehabilitation were suggested considering the current condition of the structure and the sequence of construction.

Ijesrt Journal

This paper deals with the latest techniques in repair and rehabilitation of structures. The various causes of structural failure and the principles of rehabilitation of structures are discussed. Major repair that are to be carried out in Brick walls, Plaster walls and RCC members are explained in detail and an in-depth analysis into Reinforced Cement Concrete repair options like Shotcrete method (Guniting) and Form and Pump Method. The paper also deals with the comparatively new Form and Pump technique developed for the past 10 years are discussed.

Jónatas Valença , judite miranda , Claudia Almeida

Concrete has been used to build some of the most outstanding constructions since the last Century. Some of these are definitely part of the World’s heritage. In order to preserve this legacy, interventions must be performed according to very strict restoration requirements. However, when referring to concrete, there is an almost generalised lack of concern in this subject. Thus, a method specifically designed for concrete heritage, called ‘Patch Restoration Method’ (PRM), was developed. PRM aims to encompass the whole process, from assessment to intervention, and have been developed to ensure the match between the repairing mortars and the concrete substrate, taking into account the effect of aging. After the proof of concept, PRM was applied in an exceptional example of concrete heritage: the headquarters of Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, in Lisbon, Portugal. Results obtained are presented and discussed, and conclusions are drawn. Finally, the tentative guidelines for the PRM are proposed.

Ashok Dhingra

Sam Bhuyan Robert W. Bobel Boris Bresler T. Z. Chastain James R. Clifton Glenn W. DePuy Ashok K. Dhingra Peter Emmons Russell S. Fling Robert Gevecker Zareh B. Gregorian Robert L. Henry Lawrence F. Kahn Dov Kaminetzky* Stella L. Marusin Katharine Mathert James E. McDonald Richard L. Miller Michael J. Paul Sherwood P. Prawel Ranjit S. Reel Gajanan M. Sabnis Carolyn L Searls Robert E. Shewmaker Avanti C. Shroff Martin B. Sobelman Robert G. Tracy Vikas P. Wagh James Warner Habib M. Zein Al-Abidien

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology IJRASET

IJRASET Publication

Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) as a construction material has come into use for the last one century. In India, RCC has been used extensively in the last 50-60years.During this period, we have created large number of infrastructural assets in terms of buildings, bridges, sports stadium etc., which are lifeline for the civilized society. These have been created with huge investment of resources. We cannot even dream of recreating such assets out of limited national resources. It is there more essential to maintain them in functional condition. Since, deterioration of RCC is a natural phenomenon and has started exhibiting in large number of structures, a systematic approach is needed in dealing with such problems. Identification of the causes of deterioration and consequent repair/rehabilitation strategy at optimum cost needs a scientific evaluation and solution. It has been observed that the deterioration phenomena of RCC are not realized by majority of practicing civil engineers. As a result, the factors considered necessary for durability of RCC buildings are many times not given due importance during construction and/or during maintenance. I. INTRODUCTION As the human body becomes deteriorated upon ageing after a certain period of time, then there is important that problem can be remedied by taking necessary actions and preventive steps at the appropriate time. This is exactly the case with buildings. As time passes, the condition of buildings also becomes deteriorated due to various factors. Rehabilitation of structures is a multidisciplinary activity. The concerned engineer or the concerned faculty should know the design aspects, environmental factors, construction procedure, and about building materials and the other things. The rehabilitation of existing structures is a more complicated, difficult as well as sophisticated task than new construction. Thus, some numbers of non-destructive, partially destructive and destructive techniques in the existing RCC structures are used for evaluation of concrete structure and to predict and analyze the cause of deterioration of the concrete. To overcome the ill effects caused by these deteriorated buildings Repair and Rehabilitation works are carried out from periodic time. Many of the existing structures were designed with the help of codes that have since been modified and upgraded. Concrete constructions require proper care in the form of regular maintenance. If buildings remain for several years with im proper attention and negligence then, various factors like water clogging, paint peeling, plaster break-off, fungus and other organic growth, cracking and creeping of external surfaces will affect the structure.

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