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dissertation

dissection , distraction , dissension , dissenting

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Accueil > Dictionnaire > Définitions du mot « dissertation »

Dissertation

Dernière mise à jour le 20 février 2024 - - Nous soutenir

Définitions de « dissertation »

Dissertation - nom commun.

(Rhétorique) Exposé méthodique et réfléchi, généralement écrit, portant sur un sujet donné ou une problématique spécifique.

Je m'instruis de mon mieux aux dissertation s philologiques de Jacques Boulenger, d'André Thérive et des savants alcooliques du Grammaire Club. — Ludovic Naudeau, La France se regarde : le Problème de la natalité

(Éducation) Travail écrit élaboré par un élève ou un étudiant visant à traiter une question ou analyser un sujet déterminé, suivant des règles précises.

L’exercice que l’écolage enfantin m’avait entraînée à faire portait alors dans les classes le beau nom de « composition française », injustement détrôné aujourd’hui au profit de prétentieuses « dissertation s ». La composition française, discipline reine de la classe, scandait le chemin des écoliers. — Mona Ozouf, Composition française

Expressions liées

Cette dissertation critique — Sainte-Beuve, Port-Royal

Né à Kœnigsberg en 1862, d'une famille de la bourgeoisie, Hilbert fait la plus grande partie de ses études à l'université de cette ville, où il soutient sa dissertation inaugurale en 1885, puis devient privat-docent de 1886 à 1892, et professeur titulaire de 1893 à 1895

• Longue, savante dissertation
• Publier une dissertation
• Sujet, copie de dissertation

Étymologie de « dissertation »

Usage du mot « dissertation », évolution historique de l’usage du mot « dissertation » depuis 1800, fréquence d'apparition du mot « dissertation » dans le journal le monde depuis 1945.

Source : Gallicagram. Créé par Benjamin Azoulay et Benoît de Courson, Gallicagram représente graphiquement l’évolution au cours du temps de la fréquence d’apparition d’un ou plusieurs syntagmes dans les corpus numérisés de Gallica et de beaucoup d’autres bibliothèques.

Synonymes de « dissertation »

Citations contenant le mot « dissertation ».

Oeuf : point de départ pour une dissertation philosophique sur la genèse des êtres. Gustave Flaubert — Dictionnaire des idées reçues

Le sujet de l’examen de dissertation du concours de fin d'études de l'enseignement de base (9ème) a fait couler beaucoup d’encre ce jeudi 2 juillet 2020. www.businessnews.com.tn — Concours de la 9ème année : un sujet de dissertation salué par la toile !

Sources et ressources complémentaires

• Définitions du Wiktionnaire
• Définitions du TLFi
• Définitions du Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, huitième édition (1932-1935)
• Définitions de l'Encyclopédie (1re édition - 1751)
• Définitions du Littré (1872-1877)
• Synonymes de dissertation sur lebonsynonyme.fr

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Source : Google Books Ngram Viewer, application linguistique permettant d’observer l’évolution au fil du temps du nombre d'occurrences d’un ou de plusieurs mots dans les textes publiés.

Traduction de "Dissertation" en français

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dissertation translation | English-French dictionary

dissertation

dissection , distraction , dissension , dissenting

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▾ Dictionary (English)

Dissertation noun ( plural: dissertations ) —, thèse f (often used) ( plural: thèses f ), mémoire m ( plural: mémoires m ), dissertation f, dissertation be noun —, thèse de doctorat f, doctoral dissertation n —, phd dissertation n —, final dissertation n —, master's dissertation n —, dissertation director n —, dissertation projects pl —, dissertation prize n —, ▸ dictionary (english), dissertation noun, feminine —, essay n (often used), dissertation n, concours de dissertation m —, dissertation doctorale f —, dissertation de doctorat f —, courte dissertation f —, ▸ external sources (french), ▾ external sources (english).

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Essays à la française: la dissertation

Aside from classroom exercises and formal writing assignments, the dissertation is a major part of the BAC exam, which highschool students must pass to enter into university or secondary studies. Introduction Similar to a standard essay introduction, the introduction presents the subject or issue that is to be analyzed and evaluated. The introduction serves as a roadmap for the writer’s upcoming argument and the structure of the remainder of the dissertation.

Thesis Part of what is often referred to as “le développement”, the thesis section outlines the body of the argument chosen for the topic of the dissertation.

Antithesis Unlike the secondary support paragraph often found in an american essay, the anthesis section is dedicated to expressing the limits of one’s argument.

Conclusion Also referred to as the synthesis, provides a brief conclusion of the paper. The conclusion also invites one to go further and put forth questions that the reader can reflect on.

In addition to structural differences, the content of the dissertation can oftentimes be different to that of an american essay.

https://www.etudes-litteraires.com/bac-francais/technique-dissertation.php

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• Dissertation

6 étapes incontournables pour réaliser une dissertation

Publié le 2 octobre 2019 par Justine Debret . Mis à jour le 31 janvier 2024.

En français, la dissertation est un exercice d’argumentation qui se construit en 6 étapes. Nous allons vous expliquer comment faire une dissertation de A à Z.

Pour faire une dissertation, c’est très simple :

• Lire et analyser le sujet
• Trouver la problématique
• Faire le plan de la dissertation
• Rédiger l’introduction
• Rédiger le développement
• Faire la conclusion

Pour tout comprendre sur comment faire une dissertation, nous allons utiliser un exemple concret issu des annales du Bac S de philosophie de 2019.

Table des matières

1. lire et analyser le sujet, 2. trouver la problématique, 3. faire le plan de la dissertation, 4. rédiger l’introduction, 5. rédiger le développement de la dissertation, 6. ecrire la conclusion, présentation gratuite.

Vous allez devoir produire une réflexion organisée sur un sujet spécifique qui vous est imposé.

Le sujet peut être :

• une question
• un thème ou concept
• une citation

Si vous avez le choix entre plusieurs sujets, sélectionnez celui qui vous inspire le plus et sur lequel vous avez le plus de connaissances. Il faudra le choisir rapidement si vous devez faire une dissertation lors d’un examen de quelques heures (dans les 10 premières minutes).

Une fois le sujet choisi, vous allez devoir définir chaque terme présent dans l’intitulé, afin de mieux le comprendre.

Exemple : Reconnaître ses devoirs, est-ce renoncer à sa liberté ?

Essayez ensuite de reformuler le sujet complètement à partir de vos définitions ou de synonymes.

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Lisez plusieurs fois la reformulation du sujet rédigée à partir de vos définitions. Au brouillon, écrivez toutes les idées qui vous viennent à l’esprit sur le sujet (exemples, auteurs, événements, …).

C’est à partir de ces connaissances et votre reformulation que vous allez pouvoir trouver votre problématique.

Petit conseil ! Utilisez cette question clé : à quel(s) problème(s) ces connaissances tentent-elles de répondre ?

Une question centrale va émerger et c’est à partir de cette dernière que votre dissertation va se construire pour créer un débat où s’affrontent des thèses divergentes.

Le plan d’une dissertation peut prendre diverses formes. L’important est qu’il réponde bien à votre problématique pour que vous évitiez le hors-sujet.

• Utilisez votre brouillon initial sur lequel vous avez noté vos idées.
• Classez ensuite ces idées par thématique ou argument.
• Normalement, vous pourrez arriver à deux ou trois idées principales, divisées en deux ou trois sous-parties qui seront illustrées par des exemples concrets.
• N’oubliez pas de rédiger une transition entre chaque grande partie (conclusion de la partie actuelle et introduction de la partie suivante).

I) Les devoirs de l’Homme, une soumission naturelle et nécessaire ?

1) Les devoirs, un concept pluriel et contextuel -> Expliquez ici quels sont les différents devoirs que nous rencontrons et en quoi il divergent en fonction des cultures et systèmes étatiques. -> L’existence de devoirs pluriels (travail, citoyenneté, devoir par rapport à la famille, devoir scolaire, droits et devoirs de l’Homme).

2) L’Homme contraint par nature ? -> Concept de contrainte imposée par la nature sur l’Homme (la nature de l’Homme). -> Hobbes et “l’Homme est un loup pour l’Homme” : il abandonne sa liberté et vit en société pour survivre car la nature de l’Homme est agressive.

3) L’Homme : un animal social contraint pour sa liberté ? -> Aristote parlait du concept d’”animal social”. -> Le devoir de morale et d’empathie chez Rousseau fait qu’un être est humain (naturellement) et sociable. -> Sartre et son concept de liberté et libre arbitre : l’Homme est libre et responsable de ses actes naturellement (c’est inné). C’est pour cela qu’il peut vivre en société.

– TRANSITION –

II) La libération de l’Homme par le devoir

1) La culture libératrice -> Le devoir nous permet de nous cultiver et donc de nous libérer de la nature qui est en nous (Kant). -> L’école et l’éducation, le vote, … sont des droits et devoirs qui nous libèrent de notre ignorance naturelle (innée) et de la contrainte du déterminisme. -> Freud et les pulsions de l’Homme qui sont contrôlées intérieurement pas le surmoi. La pression sociale et les devoirs sociaux nous permettent de nous libérer de nos pulsions et désirs en les rejetant dans le ca.

2) Le travail comme contrainte de libération quotidienne -> Le concept de travail comme contrainte/liberté (apporte l’estime de soi, mais nous contraint lourdement) avec Platon, Marx (“l’opium du peuple”) et Kant.

3) La reconnaissance comme liberté -> Kant définit l’autonomie comme la capacité à se donner ses propres règles et de les suivre. La liberté ne consiste donc pas à échapper à toute règle, à tout devoir, mais à se les donner et à y soumettre ses actes. -> Exemple du devoir de mémoire des survivants de la Seconde Guerre mondiale : processus de libération psychologique personnelle et rôle de devoir citoyen.

L’introduction d’une dissertation doit suivre une structure stricte. Elle introduit le sujet, la problématique et le plan.

Les parties d’une introduction de dissertation sont :

• Une amorce ou phrase d’accroche.
• L’énoncé du sujet.
• La définition des termes et reformulation du sujet.
• La problématique.
• L’annonce du plan.

Le droit de vote est considéré par les institutions comme un devoir moral pour les citoyens, comme le rappelle l’inscription figurant sur les cartes électorales : « Voter est un droit, c’est aussi un devoir civique ».

Les devoirs explicitent un comportement à suivre ou à ne pas suivre. Ils préconisent la conformité avec une règle. Cette notion semble en contradiction avec celle de la liberté, car le devoir s’opposerait à une impulsion ou un désir qui définirait notre liberté.

Toutefois, cette conception de la liberté est naïve et limitée, car être libre ne consiste pas à faire ce que l’on veut. De même, le devoir ne se limite pas à une contrainte imposée de l’extérieur. Il peut s’agit d’une obligation qu l’on décide de s’imposer librement.

Nous questionnons donc ces concepts en essayant de répondre à la problématique suivante : peut-on vraiment dire qu’on renonce à sa liberté quand on fait le choix de se soumettre à ses devoirs, quand on exerce donc sa liberté avec son libre-arbitre ?

Notre raisonnement questionnera tout d’abord les devoirs de l’Homme comme une soumission naturelle et nécessaire (I), avant d’interroger la possible libération de l’Homme par le devoir (II).

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Le développement d’une dissertation comporte toujours deux ou trois parties. Si vous faites une dissertation en deux parties, vous devrez rédiger trois sous-parties pour chacune (deux si vous faites trois grandes parties).

Chaque partie soutient une idée centrale qui répond à la problématique, alors que chaque sous-partie s’articule autour d’un argument qui soutient et illustre l’idée directrice.

Vos arguments doivent absolument être illustrés par un exemple !

Entre chaque partie, vous devez rédiger une transition qui conclut la partie précédente et annonce la partie suivante.

La conclusion d’une dissertation est une brève synthèse du développement en indiquant nettement la réponse à la question posée dans l’introduction. Il est aussi possible d’ajouter une ouverture à la fin.

Notre étude a montré qu’au-delà du poids contraignant des devoirs que l’on peut sentir au premier abord, ils n’entravent pas notre réelle liberté. Bien au contraire, nos devoirs nous libèrent de la nature humaine qui est en nous et qui nous rend esclave de nos pulsions, désirs et violence interne. Reconnaître ses devoirs et les accepter, contribue à entretenir notre puissance d’agir et donc notre liberté.

Le concept de devoir reste très lié à celui de droit dans les démocraties occidentales. Le droit de vote est-il libérateur ?

Voici une présentation que vous pouvez utiliser pour vous améliorer ou partager nos conseils méthodologiques sur la dissertation. N’hésitez pas à la partager ou à l’utiliser lors de vos cours :).

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Debret, J. (2024, 31 janvier). 6 étapes incontournables pour réaliser une dissertation. Scribbr. Consulté le 6 septembre 2024, de https://www.scribbr.fr/dissertation-fr/comment-faire-une-dissertation/

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Babel is a scholarly journal designed primarily for translators, interpreters and terminologists (T&I), yet of interest also for non-specialists concerned with current issues and events in the field.

The scope of Babel is intentional and embraces a multitude of disciplines built on the following pillars: T&I theory, practice, pedagogy, technology, history, sociology, and terminology management. Another important segment of this journal includes articles on the development and evolution of the T&I professions: new disciplines, growth, recognition, Codes of Ethics, protection, and prospects. The creation of Babel was proposed on the initiative of Pierre-François Caillé, founding president of the Fédération Internationale des Traducteurs (FIT) and approved by the first FIT Congress of 1954 in Paris. Babel continues to be published for FIT and each issue contains a section dedicated to THE LIFE OF FIT. Articles for Babel are normally published in English or French but we also accept articles in Arabic, Chinese, German, Italian, Russian and Spanish.

Babel is published for the International Federation of Translators (FIT) .

Babel publishes its articles Online First.

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• MªCarmen África Vidal Claramonte . 2022 . Translation and Contemporary Art: Transdisciplinary Encounters Reviewed by Sarah I. Aldawood
• Fabrizio Gallai . 2023 . Relevance Theory in Translation and Interpreting: A Cognitive-Pragmatic Approach Reviewed by Han Lili
• Federico Marco Federici (ed.). 2022 . Language as a Social Determinant of Health: Translating and Interpreting the COVID-19 Pandemic Reviewed by Wenhe Zhang &  Shaoqiang Zhang | BABEL 70:3 (2024) pp. 445–449

5 October 2023

• First Secretary Gierek, President Carter, and the president’s Polish interpreter : An analysis of an awkward diplomatic encounter based on new archival evidence Leonid S. Chekin | BABEL 69:6 (2023) pp. 725–748
• La retraducción como práctica arqueológica : Estudio holístico de cuatro retraducciones de Moby-Dick en español Javier Ortiz García | BABEL 69:6 (2023) pp. 766–796
• Sophie Ling-chia Wei . 2020 . Chinese Theology and Translation: The Christianity of the Jesuit Figurists and Their Christianized Yijing Reviewed by Joanna Krenz
• Jinsil Choi . 2022 . Government Translation in South Korea: A Corpus-based Study Reviewed by Li Tao
• Andrew Samuel Walsh . 2020 . Lorca in English: A History of Manipulation through Translation Reviewed by Marius Swart | BABEL 70:4 (2024) pp. 579–581
• Peng Wang &  David B. Sawyer . 2023 . Machine Learning in Translation Reviewed by Kizito Tekwa | BABEL 70:3 (2024) pp. 450–453
• Callum Walker . 2023 . Translation Project Management Reviewed by Margherita Zanoletti | BABEL 70:4 (2024) pp. 590–592

2 October 2023

• Carla Quinci . 2023 . Translation Competence: Theory, Research, and Practice Reviewed by Lau Ngar Wai

26 September 2023

• Danmu- assisted learning through back translation : Reception of the English-dubbed Journey to the West (Season II) Chen Xuemei | BABEL 69:5 (2023) pp. 598–624

22 September 2023

• Technology preparedness and translator training : Implications for curricula Hari Venkatesan | BABEL 69:5 (2023) pp. 666–703

18 September 2023

• Power dynamics in Egypt’s censorship of Gibran’s The Prophet Hisham M. Ali | BABEL 69:5 (2023) pp. 581–597
• From classical to cosmopolitan : Post-colonial translations of Cilapattikaram Anna George | BABEL 69:5 (2023) pp. 625–640
• Rewriting the Indian other : A post-colonial translation of Rudyard Kipling’s “The story of Muhammad Din” into Arabic Mohammed Hamdan | BABEL 69:5 (2023) pp. 641–665

31 July 2023

• Lucía Ruiz Rosendo &  Marija Todorova (eds.). 2022 . Interpreter Training in Conflict and Post-Conflict Scenarios Reviewed by Ondřej Klabal | BABEL 70:3 (2024) pp. 442–444

25 July 2023

• Do education and the labor market speak the same language? Challenges of the ESCO European classification of occupations in mapping today’s professional translators Natividad Aguayo-Arrabal | BABEL 69:3 (2023) pp. 305–332

24 July 2023

• The creativity and limitations of AI neural machine translation : A corpus-based study of DeepL’s English-to-Chinese translation of Shakespeare’s plays Hu Kaibao &  Li Xiaoqian | BABEL 69:4 (2023) pp. 546–563
• Ethical issues for literary translation in the Era of artificial intelligence Li Bo | BABEL 69:4 (2023) pp. 529–545
• Walter Benjamin as translator as John Henry : Competing with the machine Douglas Robinson | BABEL 69:4 (2023) pp. 499–528
• Neural machine translation and human translation : A political and ideological perspective Sheng Anfeng &  Kong Yankun | BABEL 69:4 (2023) pp. 483–498
• Automated translation and pragmatic force : A discussion from the perspective of intercultural pragmatics Roberto A. Valdeón | BABEL 69:4 (2023) pp. 447–464
• M.ª Carmen África Vidal Claramonte . 2023 . Translating Borrowed Tongues. The Verbal Quest of Ilan Stavans Reviewed by Núria Molines-Galarza | BABEL 69:6 (2023) pp. 865–868
• Séverine Hubscher-Davidson &  Caroline Lehr (eds.). 2023 . The Psychology of Translation: An Interdisciplinary Approach Reviewed by Tao Wang &  Shuxian Song | BABEL 70:4 (2024) pp. 582–585
• Maghiel van Crevel &  Lucas Klein (eds.). 2019 . Chinese Poetry and Translation: Rights and Wrongs Reviewed by Sum Wong | BABEL 70:4 (2024) pp. 586–589
• Hanna Pięta , Rita Bueno Maia &  Ester Torres-Simón . 2022 . Indirect Translation Explained Reviewed by Zhou Mengyuan | BABEL 69:5 (2023) pp. 720–723

6 July 2023

• Defending the last bastion : A sociological approach to the challenged literary translation Wang Hongtao | BABEL 69:4 (2023) pp. 465–482

3 July 2023

• The untranslatability of Literaturnost revisited in the era of artificial intelligence Han Lei | BABEL 69:4 (2023) pp. 564–579

29 June 2023

• Claudine Borg . 2022 . A Literary Translation in the Making: A Process Orientated Perspective Reviewed by Mary Isobel Bardet | BABEL 70:3 (2024) pp. 439–441
• Introduction : Literary translation in the age of artificial intelligence Wang Ning | BABEL 69:4 (2023) pp. 437–446

15 June 2023

• Paratexts as a site of cultural reflection : James Legge and Wang Tao’s collaborative translation of The Chinese Classics Riccardo Moratto &  Xu Qianqian | BABEL 69:3 (2023) pp. 375–397

12 June 2023

• Jhumpa Lahiri . 2022 . Translating Myself and Others Reviewed by Yow Tsz Chung

9 June 2023

• Fan Shengyu . 2022 . The Translator’s Mirror for the Romantic: Cao Xueqin’s Dream and David Hawkes’ Stone Reviewed by Xiaodi Wang | BABEL 70:3 (2024) pp. 436–438

8 June 2023

• The Little Prince : A study of its translations into Hebrew and Arabic Judith Rosenhouse | BABEL 69:2 (2023) pp. 242–265
• Douglas Robinson . 2023 . Priming Translation Cognitive, Affective, and Social Factors Reviewed by Ferdi Bozkurt | BABEL 69:5 (2023) pp. 704–707
• Yifeng Sun &  Dechao Li (eds.). 2023 . Transcultural Poetics: Chinese Literature in English Translation Reviewed by Xiang Jun | BABEL 69:3 (2023) pp. 433–435

7 June 2023

• M. Cristina Caimotto &  Rachele Raus . 2023 . Lifestyle Politics in Translation: The Shaping and Re-shaping of Ideological Discourse Reviewed by Jan Buts | BABEL 69:5 (2023) pp. 708–711
• Chuan Yu . 2022 . Online Collaborative Translation in China and Beyond: Community, Practice, and Identity Reviewed by Huang Boyi | BABEL 69:5 (2023) pp. 716–719
• Gisele Dionísio da Silva &  Maura Radicioni (eds.). 2022 . Recharting Territories: Intradisciplinarity in Translation Studies Reviewed by Lu Sijing | BABEL 69:6 (2023) pp. 859–864

2 June 2023

• Irene Ranzato &  Serenella Zanotti (eds.). 2019 . Reassessing Dubbing: Historical Approaches and Current Trends Reviewed by Pan Li &  Huang Chuxin | BABEL 69:6 (2023) pp. 853–858

16 May 2023

• Traducir literatura africana poscolonial : El caso de “Miedo y asco a salir de Harare”, de Dambudzo Marechera María Remedios Fernández-Ruiz | BABEL 69:3 (2023) pp. 333–352
• Translations of Alice in Wonderland in the Sinosphere : Outward Adventures or homecoming tales? Li Xueyi | BABEL 69:3 (2023) pp. 353–374
• Tong King Lee . 2023 . Kongish: Translanguaging and the Commodification of an Urban Dialect Reviewed by Lian-Hee Wee | BABEL 69:3 (2023) pp. 421–424

15 May 2023

• Words with borders : Censoring translated books in the Jordanian context Bilal Sayaheen &  Ibrahim Darwish | BABEL 69:3 (2023) pp. 398–415

20 April 2023

• El franquismo frente a otras voces : Ana Frank: Soterrada en español; al descubierto en catalán María Jesús Fernández-Gil | BABEL 69:1 (2023) pp. 20–45

14 April 2023

• Notes in English retranslations of Mikhail Bulgakov’s The Master and Margarita : Function, meaning, and significance Natalia Kaloh Vid | BABEL 69:6 (2023) pp. 797–821

4 April 2023

• La traducción económico-financiera vista por los profesionales : Cartografía bibliográfica Daniel Gallego Hernández | BABEL 69:2 (2023) pp. 159–187
• Estonian and Swedish color idioms – shared and unshared : An empirical study of the translation process Merle Oguz &  Mari Uusküla | BABEL 69:2 (2023) pp. 216–241

30 March 2023

• Translating explicatures between Arabic and English : Completing logical forms and calculating pragmatic competence and metalinguistic knowledge Marwan Jarrah &  Rasheed Al-Jarrah | BABEL 69:2 (2023) pp. 188–215

27 March 2023

• Wine Tesseur . 2023 . Translation as Social Justice: Translation Policies and Practices in Non-Governmental Organizations Reviewed by Marija Todorova | BABEL 69:5 (2023) pp. 712–715

23 March 2023

• The pivotal role of translators’ research in literary translation : A case study on Jeffrey C. Kinkley Xu Minhui | BABEL 69:2 (2023) pp. 266–284

Volume 70 (2024)

Volume 69 (2023), volume 68 (2022), volume 67 (2021), volume 66 (2020), volume 65 (2019), volume 64 (2018), volume 63 (2017), volume 62 (2016), volume 61 (2015), volume 60 (2014), volume 59 (2013), volume 58 (2012), volume 57 (2011), volume 56 (2010), volume 55 (2009), volume 54 (2008), volume 53 (2007), volume 52 (2006), volume 51 (2005), volume 50 (2004), volume 49 (2003), volume 48 (2002), volume 47 (2001), volume 46 (2000), volume 45 (1999), volume 44 (1998), volume 43 (1997), volume 42 (1996), volume 41 (1995), volume 40 (1994), volume 39 (1993), volume 38 (1992), volume 37 (1991), volume 36 (1990), volume 35 (1989), volume 34 (1988), volume 33 (1987), volume 32 (1986), volume 31 (1985), volume 30 (1984), volume 29 (1983), volume 28 (1982), volume 27 (1981), volume 26 (1980), volume 25 (1979), volume 24 (1978), volume 23 (1977), volume 22 (1976), volume 21 (1975), volume 20 (1974), volume 19 (1973), volume 18 (1972), volume 17 (1971), volume 16 (1970), volume 15 (1969), volume 14 (1968), volume 13 (1967), volume 12 (1966), volume 11 (1965), volume 10 (1964), volume 9 (1963), volume 8 (1962), volume 7 (1961), volume 6 (1960), volume 5 (1959), volume 4 (1958), volume 3 (1957), volume 2 (1956), volume 1 (1955)  .

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Examples should be numbered with Arabic numerals (1,2,3, etc.) in parentheses.

Examples in languages other than the language in which your article is written should be given in italics with an approximate translation. Glosses may be inserted between the original and the translation. This interlinear gloss does not receive punctuation or highlighting. For abbreviations in the interlinear gloss, you may use CAPS or SMALL CAPS, which will be converted to small caps by our typesetters during final formatting.

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(1)          Kare wa    besutoseraa  o          takusan kaite-iru .        

              he     TOP best-seller     ACC    many     write-PERF    

              “He has written many best-sellers.’”                              

(2)          a.            Jan houdt van Marie.

                             Jan loves         Marie

                             “Jan loves Marie.”

              b.            Ed en  Floor  gaan samen-wonen.

                             Ed and Floor   go      together-live.INF

                             “Ed and Floor are going to live together.”

Notes should be kept to a minimum. Note indicators in the text should appear at the end of sentences and follow punctuation marks.

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Funding information should be provided if funding was received through a grant for the research that is discussed in the article, including funder name and grant number, in a separate section called "Funding information" before (an Acknowledgment section and) the References.

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Acknowledgments (other than funding information, see above) should be added in a separate, unnumbered section entitled "Acknowledgments", placed before the References.

It is essential that the references are formatted to the specifications given in these guidelines, as these cannot be formatted automatically. This book series uses the ‘Author-Date’ style as described in the latest edition of The Chicago Manual of Style . References in the text: These should be as precise as possible, giving page references where necessary; for example (Clahsen 1991, 252) or: as in Brown et al. (1991, 252). All references in the text should appear in the references section. References section: References should be listed first alphabetically and then chronologically. The section should include all (and only!) references that are actually mentioned in the text. A note on capitalization in titles. For titles in English, CMS uses headline-style capitalization. In titles and subtitles, capitalize the first and last words, and all other major words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, some conjunctions). Do not capitalize articles; prepositions (unless used adverbially or adjectivally, or as part of a Latin expression used adverbially or adjectivally); the conjunctions and, but, for, or, nor; to as part of an infinitive; as in any grammatical function; parts of proper names that would be lower case in normal text; the second part of a species name. For more details and examples, consult the Chicago Manual of Style. For any other languages, and English translations of titles given in square brackets, CMS uses sentence-style capitalization: capitalization as in normal prose, i.e., the first word in the title, the subtitle, and any proper names or other words normally given initial capitals in the language in question.

Görlach, Manfred. 2003. English Words Abroad . Amsterdam: John Benjamins.  

Spear, Norman E., and Ralph R. Miller, eds. 1981. Information Processing in Animals: Memory Mechanisms . Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 

• Non-English Latin-Script

Holz-Mänttäri, Justa. 1984. Translatorisches Handeln. Theorie und Methode [Translation action: Theory and method]. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.

• Non-Latin-Script

Sun, Yifeng . 2016. Wenhua fanyi   文化翻譯 [Cultural translation] . Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe.

• Intext citations

(Görlach 2003 ) (Spear and Miller 1981)

(Holz-Mänttäri 1984, 33) (Sun 2016, 10–33)

Journal article:

Rayson, Paul, Geoffrey N. Leech, and Mary Hodges. 1997. “Social Differentiation in the Use of English Vocabulary: Some Analyses of the Conversational Component of the British National Corpus.”  International Journal of Corpus Linguistics  2 (1): 120–132.

Van Dijk, Teun A. 1995. “Discourse, Opinions and Ideologies.” Current Issues in Language and Society 2 (2): 115 – 145. doi.org/10.1080/13520529509615438 .

Claes, Jeroen, and Luis A. Ortiz López. 2011. “Restricciones pragmáticas y sociales en la expresión de futuridad en el español de Puerto Rico” [Pragmatic and social restrictions in the expression of the future in Puerto Rican Spanish].  Spanish in Context  8: 50–72.

Sun, Yifeng 孫藝風 . 2019. “Fanyi yanjiu yu shijie wenxue” 翻譯研究與世界文學 [Translation studies and world literature]. Zhongguo fanyi 中國翻譯 [Chinese translators journal] 40 (1): 5 – 18.

(Rayson, Leech and Hoges 1997, 124–130) (Claes and López 2011) (Sun 2019, 12)

Book chapter:

• In a single-volume work

Adams, Clare A., and Anthony Dickinson. 1981. “Actions and Habits: Variation in Associative Representation during Instrumental Learning.” In  Information Processing in Animals: Memory Mechanisms , edited by Norman E. Spear and Ralph R. Miller, 143–186. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

• In a multi-volume work

van Doorslaer, Luc. 2010. “Journalism and Translation.” In Handbook of Translation Studies , edited by Yves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer, vol. 1, 180–184. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

(Adams and Dickinson 1981, 143–186) (van Doorslaer 2010, 180–184)

Translation:

Pu, Songlin. 2006. Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio , translated by John Minford. London: Penguin Classics.

•   Intext citations

(Pu 2006, 67) (Minford 2006, 120–123)

Multivolume works:

• Entire collection

Gambier, Yves, and Luc van Doorslaer. 2014. Handbook of Translation Studies . 4 vols. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

• Individual volume

Gambier, Yves, and Luc van Doorslaer. 2014. Handbook of Translation Studies , vol. 4. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

(Gambier and van Doorslaer 2014)

Newspaper and magazine articles:

Owen, Stephen.1990. “What Is World Poetry? The Anxiety of Global Influence.” New Republic , 19 November 1990, 28–32.

Goldblatt, Howard. “My Hero: Mo Yan.” Guardian , 12 October 2012.

(Owen 1990, 28–32)

(Goldblatt 2012)

(Lovell 2012)

Thesis or dissertation:

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. 2013. “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogue.” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago.

(Rutz 2013, 56–57)

Lovell, Julia. 2012. “Mo Yan’s Creative Space.” New York Times , 15 October 2012. Accessed 10 November 2020. www.nytimes.com/2012/10/16/opinion/mo-yans-creative-space.html .

Adam, Joshua V. 2018. “Translation Without Theory.” Los Angeles Review of Books , 7 October 2018. Accessed 10 November 2020. lareviewofbooks.org/article/translation-without-theory .

(Adam 2018)

Appendices should follow the References section.

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Translation & Interpreting Studies

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Dissertation

a scholarly work prepared for public defense to obtain an academic degree. The system of holding public defenses of compulsory written compositions on themes in science or literature for the purpose of granting university degrees or ranks began to develop in the Middle Ages in universities in German-speaking countries. During the 16th and 17th centuries the system spread to other countries. In Russia the defense of published dissertations was introduced after the establishment of Moscow University (1755). Public defense of the dissertation in conjunction with oral and written examinations for the degrees of master and doctor was instituted by the Statute of 1819 on Granting Academic Degrees. The master’s essay was to be written in Latin, Russian, or another language, and the doctoral dissertation in Latin, with the additional requirement of “theses”—the prototype of the thesis abstract.

In the USSR the defense of dissertations in a competition for the academic degrees of candidate of science and doctor of science was instituted in 1932. Until 1938 academic degrees based on results of the defense of a dissertation were conferred by professional qualifications commissions under the people’s commissariats, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the academies of the republics, and branch academies. In 1937 the list of branches of science for which dissertation defenses were to be conducted was established, and the right to approve doctoral dissertations was transferred to the Higher Certifying Commission. In 1945 a single diploma, which could be issued only by the Higher Certifying Commission, was introduced for successfully defended dissertations.

Individuals with a higher education who have completed postgraduate programs or passed candidate’s examinations in the established manner are permitted to defend candidate’s dissertations. The candidate’s dissertation must contain new scholarly and practical conclusions and recommendations and must display the competitor’s capability for independent scholarly or scientific research and his thorough theoretical knowledge in the given discipline. The doctoral dissertation is an independent research work containing general theoretical conclusions and the solution of a major scientific or scholarly problem, and it represents a significant contribution to scholarship or science and practice.

Public defenses of doctoral and candidate’s dissertations are held in the councils of higher educational institutions and scientific institutions, to which a decision of the Higher Certifying Commission of the Ministry of Higher and Special Secondary Education of the USSR has granted the right to accept for defense dissertations in given specialties.

The basic content of a dissertation presented for defense must be published as a monograph or as articles in scientific or specialized journals, collections, scholarly reports or the transactions of higher educational and scientific research institutions, or in other fee-paying publications. (This rule also applies to works that are coauthored.) Works and projects other than a dissertation may be presented for defense. Among them are published works, inventions and discoveries registered with the Committee for Inventions and Discoveries of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and completed projects done by individuals or groups on creating of new machines, management systems, instruments, structures, and technological processes. Textbooks written by an individual with no coauthor may also be presented for defense. An abstract reflecting the basic content and conclusions of a dissertation is published prior to the defense.

Official opponents (at least three for a doctoral dissertation and two for a candidate’s dissertation) and the leading enterprise, scientific research institution, and higher educational institution give their opinions on a dissertation. For a doctoral dissertation, doctors of science in the given specialty must serve as the official opponents; for the candidate’s dissertation, candidates of science and at least one doctor of science.

After the public defense of the dissertation, which is held as a public debate between the competitor for an academic degree and official as well as unofficial opponents, the council of the institution of higher learning or scientific institution decides by a secret vote whether to confer the degree of

candidate of science or to petition the Higher Certifying Commission for the conferral of the degree of doctor of science. (Candidate’s dissertations are examined by the Higher Certifying Commission for purposes of control.)

Between 1937 and 1971, 33,992 doctors and 325,197 candidates of science were confirmed by the Higher Certifying Commission on the basis of defense results (see Table 1).

Dissertations (including prerevolutionary ones) are kept in branch libraries, institutions, and archives. An all-union collection of dissertations has been organized in the Lenin State Library of the USSR (with the exception of medical dissertations, which are transferred to the State Central Medical Library). The bibliographical registration of dissertations was begun by the All-Union Book Chamber between 1938 and 1940 and has been continued by the Lenin State Library of the USSR. Numerous dissertation bibliographies for various universities and institutes, branches of knowledge, and individual subjects have been published in the USSR and other countries.

M. N. V OLKOV , V. G. P ANOV , and P. K. K OLMAKOV

• Academic Ranks and Degrees
• Academy of Social Sciences Attached to the CPSU Central Committee AON
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• Adonts, Nikolai Georgievich
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Dictionnaires de langue en ligne

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