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Advances in pathogenesis research and challenges in treatment development for acute myeloid leukemia

• Progress in Hematology
• Recent progress in the molecular pathophysiology and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
• Published: 03 September 2024

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• Hiroki Yamaguchi   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0571-7495 1  

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) develops when hematopoietic stem cells acquire chromosomal and genetic abnormalities, transforming into leukemia stem cells (LSCs) and further gaining driver mutations. Advances in genomic analysis have identified numerous new gene mutations involved in AML development. Recent research has shown that individuals with germline mutations in genes like DDX41 and CEBPA develop AML upon acquiring additional somatic mutations, and the latest WHO classification separates AML with such mutations into distinct disease groups. LSCs are regulated by different metabolic processes than normal stem cells, contributing to drug resistance and relapse. LSCs rely on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) metabolism for energy production, and venetoclax inhibits this process, affecting LSCs. Resistant LSCs show enhanced glycolysis, which suggests that targeting both OXPHOS and glycolysis is crucial. While targeted therapies like FLT3, BCL-2, and IDH inhibitors have shown efficacy, resistance remains an issue, highlighting the need for new treatment strategies. CAR-T cell therapy is an emerging immunotherapy that shows particular promise for targeting CD123 and CLL-1, with acceptable toxicity. Future developments in CAR-T cell therapy and other immunotherapies are anticipated to improve AML treatment outcomes.

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Department of Hematology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan

Hiroki Yamaguchi

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HY has received Consulting fees from Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., AbbVie GK., PharmaEssentia CO., Ltd., MSD K.K., Novartis Pharma K.K., Alexion Pharma G.K., and Daiichi-Sankyo Co Ltd., HY has received honoraria from Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., PharmaEssentia CO., Ltd., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Novartis Pharma K.K., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Daiichi-Sankyo Co Ltd., Alexion Pharma G.K., AbbVie GK., AstraZeneca K.K., Astellas Pharma Inc., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Asahi Kasei Pharma K. K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., GlaxoSmithKline K.K., Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Shionogi & Co., Ltd.. HY is editor of International Journal of Hematology.

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Yamaguchi, H. Advances in pathogenesis research and challenges in treatment development for acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12185-024-03837-6

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Received : 04 August 2024

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Accepted : 13 August 2024

Published : 03 September 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s12185-024-03837-6

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• Acute myeloid leukemia
• Germline gene mutation
• Leukeimc stem cell
• OXPHOS metabolism
• Molecularly targeted drug
• CAR-T therapy
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Virtual autism is a neuro-psychiatric behaviour disorder generated due to excessive screen exposure. Its symptoms are analogous to classic autism; hence, it is called virtual autism. Psychic, motor, sensory, affective and psychosocial stimulation is absent due to improper development of the neurological system. Virtual autism it is not about the destruction of neurological links, but about re-edification of these links, due to their inadequate stimulation. However, the brain of a child with virtual autism can be restored back to normal by taking appropriate precautionary measures; which is unlikely in classic autism.

Cet article cherche à analyser de manière critique les politiques économiques menées et les résultats escomptés en République Démocratique du Congo sur une période de 47 ans soit de 1970 à 2016. Ainsi, le carré magique de Nicolas Kaldor a permis d’apprécier les performances économiques enregistrées au cours de la période sous examen en identifiant les défis leur inclusivité. La recherche a recouru à la méthode quantitative mobilisant les outils économétriques notamment la modélisation var Cointégration et l’approche analytique du Carré magique de Kaldor. Les résultats suivants ont été dégagés : la croissance économique de la RDC reste exclusive en raison du niveau inférieur du taux de croissance moyen de la période par rapport au taux requis (soit 1,01% contre 4,22%) pour maintenir ou baisser le taux de chômage tenant compte d’un taux moyen de croissance de la population active de 3% et 89% du chômage naturel. De même, cette nature exclusive de sa croissance économique est due au caractère structurel de la précarité de masse, des niveaux défavorables des indices tels que : l’indice d’inclusion sociale, l’indice de bonne gouvernance, l’indice de violences civiles et protestations, l’indice de corruption, l’indice de pauvreté, l’indice d’accès aux services de base, l’indice de durcissement du régime politique, l’indice de diversification et compétitivité et l’indice des inégalités. Et les différentes crises macroéconomiques et sociales tirent leurs racines profondes dans l’instabilité politique et conflits armés. L’application du Carré magique de Kaldor au cas de laRépubliqueDémocratique du Congo a révélé trois sous périodes : de 1970 à 2016, la croissance économique est restée exogène au sens du modèle de (Solow, 1956) ; de 1970 à 1989, le cadre macroéconomique congolais a été marqué par la stagflation au sens de (Friedman, 1956) et (Hayek, 1935) alors que la sous période de 2010 à 2016, la situation macroéconomique de la RDC a enregistrée une croissance molle au sens de (Fitoussi, 1996). Par conséquent, les autorités congolaises ont privilégié la maitrise de l’inflation par rapport aux autres objectifs de la politique économique par un activisme de la politique budgétaire contre la politique monétaire prise comme politique d’accompagnement.

This study addresses the ʺTransparency of domestic financial management”. The aim of the study was to analyze the experiences of spouse employees at the Faculty of Medicine of Universidade 11 de Novembro regarding transparency in domestic financial management. It was a qualitative descriptive exploratory study, using a semi-structured interview. The study population consisted of 59 employees, from which a sample of 12 individuals was randomly selected, depending on their availability to participate in the study and through raffles. Of the 12 participants, 58% were female, who indicated that they shared financial management with their spouses. Of the male participants, 25% indicated that they have non-transparent financial management motivated by distrust with their partners, while 17% have transparent financial management with their spouses motivated by love. The results of the study revealed a disparity regarding the application of the principle of transparency in domestic financial management among Faculty of Medicine of the University 11 de Novembro's employees, with greater relevance among men, which can result in distrust, divorce, and consequently, family disruption.

Le présent document porte sur la construction sociale des inégalités de genre dans l'accès et le contrôle de la terre dans la commune rurale de Komsilga au Burkina Faso. Il met en évidence les obstacles auxquels les femmes sont confrontées dans l'accès à la terre, malgré leur contribution significative aux activités agricoles. L'accès des femmes à la terre est inégalitaire par rapport aux hommes en termes de qualité, de nature et de proportion des terres auxquelles elles ont réellement accès. De plus, la possession de terres par les femmes est rare et difficile en raison de facteurs socio-économiques et culturels. Ces inégalités d'accès et de contrôle de la terre entre hommes et femmes sont liées à des enjeux de pouvoir pour le contrôle des ressources matérielles et symboliques. La recherche vise à mieux comprendre les causes de ces inégalités de genre dans l'accès et le contrôle de la terre par les femmes. La première partie du document présente le cadre théorique et méthodologique de la recherche, tandis que la deuxième partie présente les résultats de l'étude, notamment les pratiques en matière d'accès et de contrôle de la terre, les justifications sociales de ces inégalités et les actions proposées pour améliorer l'accès des femmes à la terre.

The researcher used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to determine the most appropriate model for organizational commitment of police officer’s in Region XII. The study used a quantitative non-experimental research design with a descriptive- predictive approach. The sample size comprised 400 participants who were selected through a stratified sampling technique. These participants were surveyed using standardized adapted instruments to gather data. The data was then evaluated using a variety of statistical approaches such as the mean, Pearson product moment correlation, multiple regression, and structural equation modeling. The study's findings revealed that Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Information Security and Organizational Commitment were all at a very high level. Furthermore, it was observed that all three exogenous variables had a significant relationship with Organizational Commitment of the Police officer’s. However, when performing regression analysis, it was observed that Job Satisfaction had the strongest influence on organizational commitment in Region XII. In terms of model evaluation, Model 5 consistently demonstrated an outstanding fit to the data. As a result, Model 5 was identified as the most parsimonious model for this study. As remaining indicators and strong predictors of organizational commitment, the best-fit model includes indicators of employee corporation and conscientiousness; job characteristics and promotion; and organizational information security such as security compliance intention, security participation intention, security motivation, and security climate.

The traditional culture of a country is the material and spiritual values accumulated and preserved throughout the entire historical process of formation and development of that country. Culture is both a goal and a spiritual foundation to promote socio-economic development, ensuring the connection between people and between people and society. Vietnamese traditional cultureis an invaluable assetcreated by the community of Vietnamese peoples in the process of building and defending the country; is the thread that binds the ethnic community, the basis for creating new values and cultural exchange; is the foundation for molding the cultural identity and value system of the nation's culture, and is a resource for development.In the context of international integration, the work of preserving and promoting traditional cultural values in Vietnam has extremely important practical significance. In the rule of law regime, law is a commonly used and effective method. Therefore, Vietnam needs to build and improve the legal system in general, and the cultural law in particular, ensuring the promotion of traditional cultural values, considering them as the driving force and core goal to preserve, build and develop the country's culture.

Objectives: To conduct a detailed analysis of the relationships between student worries and psychological distress within the College of Medical Sciences. Designs and Methods: A convenience sampling technique was used to select participants who provided consent before answering a questionnaire. All participating students were legally eligible. Demographic data collection included age, residence and sex. The study used a modified Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale to evaluate students' well-being, mental health, concerns, medication usage, and coping strategies. Results: There was a significant association between Mental health status based on Warwick-Edinburgh Mental well-being groups and interference with Daily Living Activities and University Studies (X² = 26.497, df=1, p< 0.001). An odds ratio showed those who reported interference with daily living activities and University studies due to worry were four times more likely to experience psychological distress than their counterparts (OR: 3.6517 95 %, CI:2.207- 6.042, Z statistic: 5.041, Significance level P < 0.0001). A Chi-squared test found that there is a significant association between Mental health status and Student requests for support from Academic staff among College of Medical Science students. (X² = 9.760, df=1, p< 0.002). The Shapiro-Wilks test found the Warwick-Edinburgh mental health and well-being scores to be normally distributed; Test statistic W= 0.993, df: 289, p-value: 0.175. An independent samples T-test showed a significant difference between the mean scores on the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale for those who reported interference with daily living activities due to worry. The effect size is large (d=0.838). The 95% confidence interval for the difference of the means ranged from 3.3 to 5.87. Conclusion: These findings collectively underscore the intricate relationships between mental health, academic challenges, and the seeking of support among College of Medical Science students. The results align with existing research, contributing to a deeper understanding of the nuanced factors influencing mental well-being within this academic context.

Vietnam is a multi-ethnic country with 54 ethnic groups living together. In which, 38 ethnic groups have a population of over 10,000 people, 16 ethnic groups have a population of less than 10,000 people (very small ethnic groups). While ethnic groups with large populations mainly live in the midlands and plains, where living and production conditions are favorable; then mountainous areas, which account for nearly three-quarters of the country's natural area, are the main areas of residence for most ethnic minorities. So what needs to be done to ensure social justice, close to the development level of very few mountainous and downstream ethnic groups, and preserve the traditional culture of these peoples? On the basis of identifying the preservation of traditional culture of very small ethnic groups in Vietnam over the past time, the article offers some basic solutions to contribute to the preservation of traditional culture of very small ethnic groups in Vietnam in the next period.

This paper examines the "Coffee Can Portfolio" approach within the contemporary asset management context, contrasting its long-term investment philosophy against modern financial risk management strategies. It delves into historical and behavioral finance perspectives, exploring the efficacy of holding stocks over extended periods, and the psychological barriers such as loss aversion and the disposition effect that often hinder investors from holding on to winning stocks. Through a literature review and case studies of the Voya Corporate Leaders’ Trust Fund and Berkshire Hathaway's long-term holdings, the paper evaluates the practical applications and challenges of implementing the Coffee Can Portfolio approach.. It addresses the role of diversification, Value at Risk (VaR), and portfolio construction in managing financial risks associated with a Coffee Can Portfolio approach. The findings underscore the importance of initial stock selection, patience, behavioral finance understanding, and the judicious use of risk management tools in crafting a resilient long-term portfolio. The paper’s comprehensive analysis aims to bridge the gap between theoretical investment strategies and real-world portfolio management, offering insights into achieving superior financial outcomes through disciplined, long-term investment practices.

The Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) plays a crucial role in emergency departments by prioritizing patient care based on the severity of their condition. This study aimed to assess healthcare providers' knowledge and understanding of CTAS levels, criteria for assigning triage acuity, and implications for patient outcomes and hospital efficiency. Data from 507 participants across diverse healthcare specialties revealed a balanced gender distribution, with physicians being the largest participant group. Findings showed that most participants understood the primary purpose of CTAS and recognized the presence of five acuity levels within the system. Additionally, respondents demonstrated knowledge of triage criteria, recommended timeframes for interventions based on CTAS levels, and responsibilities for assigning CTAS acuity. Ongoing training and proficiency in CTAS were highlighted as essential for optimal patient triage and care delivery. The study emphasizes the significance of regular re-assessment and education on CTAS protocols to ensure accuracy in patient triage and efficient emergency care delivery.

Green Information Technology (Green IT) is an emerging field that focuses on the environmentally responsible and sustainable use of IT resources. It refers to the practice of designing, using, and managing IT in an environmentally responsible and sustainable manner. This paper also discusses the principles of Green IT which are required to be considered in the context of an organization's specific needs and sustainability goals. Additionally, regulations and industry standards may evolve, so staying updated with the latest developments is crucial for effective green IT implementation. The rapid growth of the IT industry has led to environmental issues, such as e-waste and energy consumption. This paper lists some of the mitigation aspects for resolving these problems through responsible practices and technologies. This paper explores the principles and practices of Green IT, its impact on the environment, and its potential benefits to organizations which demonstrate that Green IT practices are not only environmentally responsible but also economically advantageous for organizations, contributing to a more sustainable and socially responsible business environment. It also highlights various strategies and technologies that can be employed to make IT operations more sustainable. Overcoming the challenges and barriers to adopting Green IT enumerated in the paper requires a combination of technological innovation, regulatory support, and organizational commitment to sustainability. Organizations can benefit from improved efficiency, reduced energy costs, and a positive environmental reputation by successfully implementing green IT initiatives. The inescapable aspects included in this paper provide a foundation for understanding the environmental impact of Green IT and the measures that can be taken to promote sustainability in the IT sector. Further research and evolving technologies will continue to shape the landscape of Green IT, and it is opined that staying updated on the latest developments is crucial for addressing environmental concerns in the industry. Objectives of study: • To discuss the principles of Green IT for its applicability towards minimizing environmental impact of IT systems & infrastructure. • To deliberate upon various strategies, practices, and technologies aimed at reducing energy consumption, resource use, and electronic waste in the IT sector. • To ascertain likely benefits associated with adopting Green IT practices as supported by various research and industry reports. • To identify strategies and technologies & its adoption for reduction of the environmental impact of IT operations and promote resultant sustainability. • To detect and deliberate upon the Challenges & Barriers in adopting Green IT. Research Methodology: Since this is an exploratory research by nature, the findings are only indicative and suggestive. The authors are already engaged in a confirmatory and broader research on the same topic and the work is in progress. The references cited were purely utilized to gather an insight about the topic. The research methodology for subject paper is a Bibliographic research.

In Agile product development, user consideration is fundamental to success. Users serve as the nucleus of a product, rendering developers without a purpose in their absence. Consequently, User-Centered Design (UCD) emerges as a pivotal strategy within Agile Development, emphasizing user needs throughout the process. This paper delves into the myriad applications of psychological principles in UCD, elucidating how stakeholders at every stage of the Agile Development Life Cycle stand to gain significant advantages.

Terminaliaarjuna, commonly known as arjuna, belongs to the family of Combretaceae. Its bark decoction is being used in the Indian subcontinent for anginal pain, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and dyslipidemia, based on the observations of ancient physicians for centuries. The utility of arjuna in various cardiovascular diseases needs to be studied further. Therefore, the present review is an effort to give a detaed survey of the literature summarizing the experimental and clinical studies pertinent to arjuna in cardiovascular disorders, which were particularly performed during the last decade. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical studies of arjuna were retrieved through the use of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases. Most of the studies, both experimental and clinical, have suggested that the crude drug possesses anti-ischemic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antiatherogenic activities. Its useful phytoconstituents are: Triterpenoids, β-sitosterol, flavonoids, and glycosides. Triterpenoids and flavonoids are considered to be responsible for its beneficial antioxidant cardiovascular properties. The drug has shown promising effect on ischemic cardiomyopathy. So far, no serious side effects have been reported with arjuna therapy. However, its long-term safety still remains to be elucidated. Though it has been found quite useful in angina pectoris, mild hypertension, and dyslipidemia, its exact role in primary/secondary coronary prevention is yet to be explored.

Child sexual abuse and human trafficking stand as significant global phenomena, casting their impact across a wide spectrum of individuals, irrespective of their social, religious, ethnic, or educational backgrounds. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of legal protections available for human trafficking victims in both the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Additionally, it seeks to explore the psychological, behavioral and other consequences experienced by victims, alongside examining techniques for identifying instances of child sexual abuse and proposing strategies for future enhancements. Existing research indicates that victims of child sexual abuse and human trafficking face an elevated risk of developing various forms of psychopathology, encompassing depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and psychotic disorders. These findings emphasize the urgent necessity for bolstering legal frameworks and psychological support systems to alleviate the adverse outcomes for victims and prevent future occurrences. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics surrounding child sexual abuse and human trafficking, while advocating for proactive measures to safeguard the well-being of vulnerable individuals.

The "Ashtapailu Raja Shiv Chatrapati web Application" is a multifaceted web application dedicated to the life, legacy, and history of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. This project encompasses various features, including e-commerce for selling Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj-related merchandise, profiles of event management professionals, detailed information on historic forts, and interactive maps for exploration. Moreover, the application offers an extensive learning section, catering to users at different levels of expertise. Beginners can access introductory materials, including biographies and books about Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Intermediate learners will find deeper insights into his life and reign, while the advanced section presents historical letters and evidence from his era. In addition to these core features we are going to introduce some for features through which user can explore about Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, engage in discussions through a community forum, and access content in multiple languages. The project aims to serve as an educational resource, offering curated materials, newsletters, and updates to enrich the understanding of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's remarkable history. The "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Web Application" seeks to be a comprehensive and engaging platform for individuals interested in learning, exploring, and celebrating the enduring legacy of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

Cet article porte sur la politiqueéconomique, performances économiques et carré magique de Nicolas Kaldor en République Démocratique du Congo. Il a analysé de manière critique les politiques économiques menées et les résultats escomptés durant la période allant de 1970 à 2016. Au terme des analysespar les approches analytique etéconométrique dans l’optique du carré magique de Kaldor, il se dégage que la croissance économique de la République Démocratique du Congo reste exogène au seuil de signification de 10% au sens de [Solow, (1956)]. En outre, la période allant de 1970 à 1989 est considérée comme la période de stagflation au sens de [Friedman, (1956)] et [Hayek, (1935)]. Par contre, celle de 2010 à 2016 comme période de croissance molle au sens de [Fitoussi, (1996)].

Les funérailles chez les Sénoufos de Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Burkina Faso et Ghana tout comme chez les autres peuples de Côte d’Ivoire donnent lieu à une animation particulière et à la valorisation d’un pan de leur riche patrimoine culturel. Le tourisme funéraire qui est un segment du tourisme culturel à travers le monde que drainent les obsèques et les différentes activités qui meublent les rites funéraires, la sollicitation des établissements de tourisme, la commercialisation des souvenirs contribue à n’en point douter au rayonnement du tourisme local à Korhogo.

The taxonomic importance of the specimens preserved in any museum has been established. The genetic study of the genes preserved in the muscles and tissues of the taxidermy skin of the museum specimens has led to the hypothesis of evolutionary theories in the field of biology. In the museum collection some of the species have been preserved for long and have a scope of reidentification, because such species have been wrongly identified. The Natural History section of the State Museum, Lucknow has a rich collection of avian diversity. George Reid the first incharge of Natural History Section in 1890 mentioned 783 species (as per Nineteenth Century taxonomy), represented by 5,360 specimens. Zarrin, 2023 has listed 780 different species of birds preserved in the collection. But this is not the final list as there is a vast scope of verification and re identification. Modern research has revealed that barcode analysis may produce the final data and it is a boon for identification of species. Author co-supervised research conducted during 2011- 16 on the avian specimens preserved in the State Museum Lucknow and during the documentation of the specimens of the natural history collection of the State Museum, Lucknow a new species– Pink Headed Duck was re identified. At the time of verification, the specimen was found labelled as Spot billed duck. The same species was documented by George Ried in his catalogue of Avian collection of State Museum Lucknow, published in 1886. He revised the catalogue in 1890. In Salim Ali, 1960 prepared a list of Museums of world, where the specimen of Pink Headed Duck is preserved, but he has not mentioned the State Museum, Lucknow. This species is categorized as critically endangered under the IUCN list of species. According to Birdlife Data zone this species has not been conclusively seen in the wild since 1949. Like this species there are a number of species going towards extinction every day. The rate of extinction is much higher than the identification. Less than 10% of the total number of species present in the world has been identified till date. Identifying a species with its morphological character is now talk of the past, because it is time taking as well as not very accurate. There is rapid extinction of species due to various factors involved. It is an urgent need of the hour to document the species diversity as much as possible. DNA is the unique marker for each species and it will prove a revolutionary method if we document genetic diversity of maximum species. It will consume less time in comparison to traditional morphological and physiological identification of species. An International consortium of Barcode has been signed by several countries. This International scientific network will create a library of DNA sequences or Barcodes that is unique to each species. This library will provide a means to identify organisms rapidly and inexpensively, even from fragmentary remains. In this research the taxidermy specimens preserved in different Museums will be a resource pool. Another important aspect of genomic research is the research and analysis of historical RNA (coding type: m-RNA, t-RNA and noncoding type: mi-RNA) of preserved specimens. Scientists from Stockholm University, the Arctic University of Norway, Lund University and Karolinska Institute have extracted, sequenced and analyzed historical RNA from muscles and skin tissue of 130-year- old Thylacines cynocephalus preserved in desiccation room temperature in Stockholm Museum collection. Such researches can be initiated on pan India basis. It will definitely be a revolution in the field of Cytology, Genomics, Taxonomy and other allied branches of Biology. The avian specimens preserved in Indian Natural History Museums can be a resource pool for creating Library of DNA sequences or barcoding as well as research and analysis of RNA.

Export of cultivated MAPs (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants) is certainly valuable for conservation and rural economy. Global Picrorhiza Extract Market size was valued at US$ 2.01 Bn in 2022 and the total revenue is expected to grow at 3.8% through 2023 to 2029, reaching nearly US$ 2.62 Bn. This herb Kutki is in high demand in national and international markets due to its vast medicinal properties. The over exploitation and unsustainable harvesting have posed an alarming threat to the existence of this important species, and its population has declined drastically. Realizing the disappearing population this plant was listed as an endangered species in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

Terminalia Nurses play a vital role in the healthcare system, providing care to patients across various settings. Understanding the demographic characteristics of nurses is crucial for effective workforce planning, education, and policy development. This study aims to describe the demographic characteristics of nurses working in Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire distributed to nurses working in various healthcare facilities in Dindigul district. The questionnaire collected data on nurses' age, gender, education, experience, marital status, and place of residence. It provides insights into the demographic profile of nurses in Dindigul district. The higher proportion of female nurses is consistent with national trends. The majority of nurses are young and relatively inexperienced, indicating a potential need for mentorship and professional development opportunities. The high prevalence of married nurses suggests the importance of considering family-friendly policies in the workplace.

Lima bean belongs to the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae, genus Phaseolus and species Phaseolus lunatus. Lima beans or butter beans or sieva beans are some of the most common legumes that are consumed all over the world. The beans are actually the seeds of this plant, but their large size and dense nutrient profile make them an excellent sustenance crop. The larger varieties of these beans are typically lima beans, while smaller-seeded varieties are sieva beans, but they are actually the same species. Lima beans and fava beans (Vicia faba) have a somewhat similar appearance once they’re both shelled and dried. However, fava bean pods are typically bumpy while lima bean pods are smooth. Lima beans also tend to be starchier with a more mild flavor than fava beans, which some say have a cheese-like taste. Lima beans, also known as butter beans, are a type of legume that belongs to the same family as common beans, such as kidney beans and black beans. They are named after Lima, a city in Peru, where the beans were first discovered and cultivated. Lima beans are characterized by their flat, kidney-shaped seeds and come in both a green and a cream-colored variety. P. lunatus is a fast-growing herbaceous vine, attaining up to 6 m in length, that can become weedy in the wild. It can rapidly colonize degraded areas and secondary vegetation forming dense thickets which displace native vegetation. In addition, P. lunatus has deep rooting, drought tolerance, and wide environmental adaptation, which are traits that help it to colonize new habitats including degraded and infertile areas. It has been listed as invasive in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Fiji, Philippines, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. In this review article on Origin, Domestication, Taxonomy, Botanical Description, Genetics and Cytogenetics, Genetic Diversity, Breeding of Lima Bean are discussed.

Librarians play a pivotal role in managing information resources and facilitating access to knowledge for diverse user communities. This paper explores the multifaceted aspects of librarian behavior, encompassing their roles, responsibilities, and ethical considerations. The discussion delves into key responsibilities such as cataloguing, reference services, collection development, and information literacy instruction, elucidating how these tasks contribute to fulfilling the mission of libraries. Ethical considerations including confidentiality, intellectual freedom, and professional conduct are examined in the context of librarian practice. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the importance of effective communication, interpersonal skills, and adaptability in navigating the evolving landscape of library services. Community engagement emerges as a crucial aspect, underscoring librarians' efforts in outreach, programming, and fostering cultural competency. Through an exploration of librarian behavior, this paper aims to underscore the significance of professionalism, ethical conduct, and continuous innovation in enhancing library services and promoting information access for all.

This paper signifies the need of having more research on engaging parts of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). It summarizes a significant number of recent reviews on the design, engagements, and assessment strategies of select MOOCs. The study mainly focused select studies on Future Learn as it has more impact on students of higher education. The paper gives an overall idea of MOOCs, engagements in MOOCs in general, and a summary of various reviews on engagements, assessment, and instructional designs of MOOCs. The paper also highlights the need for carrying out further studies on MOOCs.

Financing women's entrepreneurship remains a challenge. The aim of this research is to find rational factors that explain the exclusion of women owners of very small businesses or microenterprises. The research question is "Why do microfinance institutions exclude women entrepreneurs from financing?"The chosen analytical framework is trade-off theory to explain this exclusion. Our methodological approach is quantitative. The data used are secondary and extracted from the database of a microfinance institution in Gabon. We selected one hundred and sixtywomen’svery small business owners and their characteristics. The structural equation technique was used for data processing. The results indicate that women owners are excluded from financing by microfinance institutions because they borrow large amounts, divert the sums borrowed from investment to domestic consumption, are late in repaying and borrow for the long term. Paradoxically, recidivism in borrowing and the cultural proximity of women entrepreneurs to microfinance institution managers do not favor their financing. Paradoxically, they are not excluded from financing by the risk they present. Age is not a factor that excludes them from financing. Our theoretical contribution is to complete the trade-off theory by specifying the factors that determine risk. Our managerial contribution is to help microfinance institution managers to improve their practices by better targeting women’s entrepreneurs. They can also introduce controls to combat the detour of borrowed funds towards investment. Finally, they can correct the paradox noted in this paper, by financing more repeat offenders, as they honor their repayments.This result can also be used as an institutional policy to encourage more state support for women entrepreneurs.

Terminalia arjuna, commonly known as arjuna, belongs to the family of Combretaceae. Its bark decoction is being used in the Indian subcontinent for anginal pain, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and dyslipidemia, based on the observations of ancient physicians for centuries. The utility of arjuna in various cardiovascular diseases needs to be studied further. Therefore, the present review is an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature summarizing the experimental and clinical studies pertinent to arjuna in cardiovascular disorders, which were particularly performed during the last decade. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical studies of arjuna were retrieved through the use of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases. Most of the studies, both experimental and clinical, have suggested that the crude drug possesses anti-ischemic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antiatherogenic activities. Its useful phytoconstituents are: Triterpenoids, β-sitosterol, flavonoids, and glycosides. Triterpenoids and flavonoids are considered to be responsible for its beneficial antioxidant cardiovascular properties. The drug has shown promising effect on ischemic cardiomyopathy. So far, no serious side effects have been reported with arjuna therapy. However, its long-term safety still remains to be elucidated. Though it has been found quite useful in angina pectoris, mild hypertension, and dyslipidemia, its exact role in primary/secondary coronary prevention is yet to be explored.

Peanut, Hypertension was a common issue that while maybe not effectively treated achieved colossally extended probability of CVS and CNS-related disorder to survey the remedy design for hypertensive patients after the endorsement to establish the patient's drug-related issues. There are around 1,500 all-out patients who were thought about for the review, out 500 patients examination of SGOT level has broadcasted HT and a patients after the medications taken SGOT levels for just with HT ( 39.7 ± 3.613↓) hypertension were essentially diminished when contrasted with before drugs taken under HT & associated diseases The investigation of SGPT level has shown HT and associated disease patients after the medications taken SGPT levels for hypertension ( 33.8 ± 3.291↓ ) were fundamentally diminished when contrasted with before drugs taken HT & associated were extensively diminished when contrasted with before drugs taken under HT & associated patients later than the medications taken HT + bradycardia (10.62 ± 0.0265↑) and HT + disease ( 10.62 ±0.0025) patients levels of calcium were radically expanded when contrasted with before drugs taken HT & associated and uncovered HT and associaed patients after the medications taken sodium levels for hypertension (2.5 ± 0.0601↓) and hyperlipidemic (2.8 ± 0.0156↓) were considerably diminished when contrasted with before drugs taken. The HT research labourers will accomplish research work on the relationship among receptors and controlled exogenously saw-made substances and find the compound part for the treatment of HT and related diseases, which will be essential to diminish HT and its associated hardships commonness in the Kerala zone.

Background: With the changes in the education system all throughout the world brought by the pandemic, this study aims to identify the level of readiness of high school science teachers in teaching biology amidst the Covid19 Pandemic and determine how the science teachers could increase their preparedness in teaching during this critical times. Objectives: The objective of this research is to know the level of readiness of High School Teachers in Teaching Biology amidst the pandemic and suggest on how they could improve their preparedness during critical times. Methods: This research utilized a Quantitative method using a structured interview form administered through Google Forms. This form was divided into three parts, agreement, personal information and checklist proper. This study utilized both descriptive and inferential statistics in treating the data collected. Results: The respondents perceived that they are confidently ready to teach Science 9 biology amidst the pandemic. The respondents’ mean score from all the parameters for readiness in on line teaching amidst the pandemic is 3.87 which indicate that they are ready for the alternative way of teaching. Conclusions: Online learning or virtual learning has gained popularity in science education. Teachers should be aware of their readiness in on line teaching and to develop their skills in order to help the learners to be developed academically even when faced in critical or challenging circumstances.

Introduction: Ayurveda and other Hindu literatures explained the concept of Samskaras to the child which aims to achieve the global and all round development of the child. Although there are many Samskaras at different ages, certain important Samskaras mentioned during first year of the life which witnesses the maximum brain growth. Need of the study: there is a real need to educate the parents regarding Samskaras, with regards to the right method, right age and scientific importance and health benefits to child. There is also need to prepare a protocol and standard operational methods with do and don’ts of each Samskara so that it could be practiced uniformly. Objectives: To evaluate the scientific understanding, misconceptions and methodology of practice of childhood Samskaras in public (parents) and applicability of Ayurveda childhood Samskaras in the present day scenario.Material and Method:500 children were enrolled for the studyfollowed by preparation of a questionnaire format of Samskaras that are performed up to 1 year of age were given to the parents / care giver. After filling the questionnaire format, data were collected and statically analyzed. Discussion: Samskaras are having multi facets benefits related to health status, adaptation status, checking of normal growth and developmental patterns, time to time correction of the mistakes in baby nurturing, and inculcation of moral and social ethics and needed correction of personality development. Global approach of Ayurveda always takes care of once physical, psychological, spiritual, social, lingual and emotional health. Conclusion: This survey study reveals that there is significant benefits in terms of enhancing immunity, prevention of nutritional disorders, prevention of allergic and hypersensitivity, early detection of neurobehavioral problems and role in building the personality of the child in those who performed the Samskaras by understanding its scientific importance.

The logistic challenges in the emergency medical supply chains during the pandemic have led to the exploration of innovative solutions and robust models to optimize the supply chain logistics. This research is based on the original ideas of Li (2023). It investigates the effectiveness of different logistics strategies and innovations presented in the literature for emergency medical supply chains during pandemics. The study utilizes a mixed-method approach to assess the effectiveness and impact of these strategies in a holistic manner. Its recognizes the key performance and resilience factors through a review of existing literature and a mixing-methods research approach. Study results underscore the pivotal role of the recently proposed cutting-edge logistics models like the Physical Internet (PI), the proliferation of technological innovations like IoT devices and machine learning algorithms, and cross-sector cooperation methods in successfully managing supply chain operations. On the other hand, ethical consideration and equitable distribution principles are also considered crucial factors for the fair distribution of medical resources during emergencies. This study emphasizes the role of investment in targeted training and capacity-building schemes aimed at ensuring that supply chain managers and health professionals are ready and competent to respond to emergencies. It recommends that healthcare and policymakers should implement more advanced logistics models, integration of technological solutions, cross-sectoral collaboration, and an emphasis on ethical principles as the core strategies that should be used to improve the efficiency, reactivity and resilience of emergency medical supply chains during pandemics. This study enriches the background knowledge base by offering practical and informed methods and remedies to improve the healthcare supply system during extreme emergencies and eventually contribute to the preparedness and response to future pandemics.

Lighting in classrooms refers to the entire set of devices that are installed to produce lighting effects. This aspect, although largely ignored, is of utmost importance in the development and learning of students within classrooms, laboratories and different educational sites. learning in schools. Their good or bad implementation has a great impact on teaching results, performance and fatigue for all those who use them. The objective of the research was to evaluate the lighting levels in the classrooms of a university in Mexico in accordance with the guidelines of NOM-025-STPS-2008. The lighting levels were evaluated in 16 classrooms distributed in two buildings. To determine the lighting of the classrooms, a Sper Scientific 840010 Pocket / Mini Light Meter was used. In the morning shift, only 51% of the total classrooms met the standard, during the afternoon shift, 88.88% of the classrooms on average met the standard. It is necessary to provide maintenance to the luminaires inside the classrooms so that they provide the amount of e lux indicated by the legislation. It is important to have good lighting inside the classrooms since it will allow greater comfort for the students and therefore better learning. Monitoring the lighting levels in the classrooms periodically will allow us to detect those where the lighting level does not comply with the provisions of NOM-025-STPS-2008.

Visual sociology offers a compelling framework for understanding society and culture through the analysis of visual data. This abstract explores the significance of methodological tools in visual sociology, focusing on the pivotal roles of photography and film. Methodological tools in visual sociology provide systematic approaches for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting visual materials, enabling researchers to uncover the complexities of social life. Photography stands out as a cornerstone methodological tool in visual sociology, allowing researchers to capture fleeting moments and social interactions in a tangible and visually engaging form. Through techniques like participant observation and photo elicitation, photographers gain insights into social dynamics that may not be accessible through other methods. Film and video serve as powerful mediums for documenting and representing social phenomena in motion. Documentaries, in particular, have emerged as valuable tools for exploring diverse social issues and perspectives. Filmmakers utilize cinematic techniques such as interviews and visual storytelling to convey complex narratives and stimulate critical reflection. Methodological tools in visual sociology, particularly photography and film, play essential roles in uncovering and interpreting social realities. By employing these tools, visual sociologists can navigate the complexities of visual data and generate meaningful insights into various aspects of human society and culture.

Changes in the climate and its adverse implications for the welfare of humans and economies have sparked debates and advocacies for the reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases. In Europe, a market for the training of greenhouse gas was established and remains the largest environmental market involving thousands of operators with obligations to minimize the emission of carbon dioxide from the planet earth. This paper reviews the European Union Emission Trade Scheme from a competitive market perspective, discusses the benefits of free allocation and auctioning and their economic implications. Although the use of free allowances was employed to address the exposure of EU-regulated firms/plants to international competition, it promotes the continual use of inefficient plants, as a plant closure would, in most schemes, mean the loss of the (over) compensation that these free allowances constitute. Auctioning offers the best option for enhancing transparency and competitiveness in the EU carbon market as it promotes optimal allocation of carbon emissions.

Background: During the process of unknown person’s identification from mutilated remains, gender determination is one of the prefatory procedures. After gender determination, age estimation helps to reduce the range of potential matches for unknown person’s identification. Skeletal and dental components are chiefly used in such cases as these two structures survive longest after death of individual. Mandibular bone being more resistant to degradation & destruction, also being durable and retain shape better than other facial bones can be useful in identification. In such situations, orthopantomograph (OPG) has proven to be a valuable tool. Hence present study used mandibular morphological variables on OPG to determine gender and age in a population of Gujarat and also assess accuracy of the same. Material and methodology: In this retrospective study, data collection consisted of precalibrated OPGs of 200 dentate males & 200 dentate females, after framing inclusion and exclusion criterias. Eleven variables were measured bilaterally on mandible by using mouse driven method using image J software and statistics performed on SPSS software. Results and Conclusion: Mean values of all variables show gender discriminating features bilaterally, although all not being statistically significant. Discriminant function analysis gave centroid value of -.845 and + .845 on right side and -.832 and +.532 on left side with accuracies of 79.3% and 81.3% respectively. Similarly regression analysis for age estimation in males gave R2 values of .328 and .306 and in females gave R2 values of .431 and .454 for right and left side respectively. This leads to inference that OPG can be used for age and gender estimation in population of Gujarat.

This paper aims to explore how the consumer perception regarding the ethics of online retailers (CPEOR) influences the repurchase intention and electronic-word-of-mouth. This paper engages in a netnographic study, where we analyzed 1145 publicly made comments on Facebook. Findings show that a negative perception of the elements of CPEOR, engenders negative consequences related to trust, RPI and EWOM and vice versa. This paper revealsthe importance of ethical marketing in the context of e-commerce in Morocco, and suggests to take into consideration variables like trust and product category given their moderating role that affects the relationship among variables.

Peanut, a crucial legume crop in tropical and semiarid regions, serves as a significant source of edible oil and vegetable protein. This study, conducted at the Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (SARI) during the 2021 cropping season, aimed to assess the impact of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on groundnut yield and its components. Employing a 3 x 3 x 2 factorial experiment design, the trial was arranged in a randomized complete block with three replications. Various parameters including plant height at harvest, plant population at harvest, pod yield (kg/plant), number of mature pods/plants, number of immature pods/plants, pod yield (kg/ha), and haulm weight (kg/ha) were collected and analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Significance levels were determined by Least Significance Difference (LSD) at a 5% probability level. Results indicated significant effects (p < 0.05) of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on the number of mature pods per plant. Specifically, the application of 30 kg/ha of nitrogen and 20 kg/ha each of phosphorus and potassium resulted in the highest number of mature pods per plant (9.2). Furthermore, the combination of 60 kg/ha of nitrogen and 20 kg/ha of potassium without phosphorus application exhibited the highest haulm weight (265.11 kg/ha). Additionally, prevalent weed species within the experimental field included Digitariasanguinalis, Cyperus esculentus, Cynodondactylon, and Commelinalatifolia. These findings underscore the importance of balanced nutrient management for optimizing groundnut yield in tropical agricultural settings.

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Vol. 07 Issue 02 July 2024 Paper Submission : 25 July 2024 Author Notification : 3 to 10 days Journal Publication : 31 July 2024

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Multidisciplinary Sciences (IJARMS) ISSN 2581-8996 aims to establish itself as a platform for exchanging ideas in new emerging trends that needs more focus and exposure and is always committed to publish articles that will strengthen the knowledge of upcoming Researchers and Scientists.

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Recent Advances in Orthodontics

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Authors : Dr. T D Vaibhav; Dr. K.M. Shahul Hameed Faizee; Dr. A. Jyosthna; Dr. L. Xavier Dhayananth; Dr. Sukanya Ranganathan

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 8 - August

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Abstract : This review highlights the progress in orthodontics. Advances in the field have enhanced diagnostic efficiency and streamlined treatment planning. Modern technologies such as computer applications, electronic dental models, artificial intelligence, and cephalometric applications give orthodontists a significant advantage over traditional diagnostic methods. The stereolithography technique offers valuable diagnostic insights, predicts surgical outcomes, and assists in creating surgical guides. CAD/CAM technology enables the milling of virtual arch forms and lingual retainers, reducing chair time. Laser innovations improve the efficiency of etching, bonding, and even accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. Additionally, developments in brackets and archwires have made significant strides. Ultimately, it is up to the clinician to utilize these advancements wisely to achieve optimal aesthetic results for patients.

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• Jyosthna A, Xavier Dhayananth L, Evan A Clement, Piradhiba R, Navaneetha Nambi, A Review–CAD/CAM in Orthodontics, J Res Med Dent Sci, 2022, 10 (2):253-257 03)
• Vaid N. Up in the air: orthodontic technology unplugged! APOS Trends in Orthodontics. 2017 Jan 1;7(1):1-.
• Bichu YM, Hansa I, Bichu AY, Premjani P, Flores-Mir C, Vaid NR. Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in orthodontics: a scoping review. Progress in orthodontics. 2021 Dec;22:1-1.
• Joffe L. OrthoCAD: digital models for a digital era. J Orthod. 2004 Dec;31(4):344-7
• Power G, Breckon J, Sherriff M, McDonald F. Dolphin Imaging Software: an analysis of the accuracy of cephalometric digitization and orthognathic prediction. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2005 Sep 1;34(6):619-26.
• Peluso MJ, Josell SD, Levine SW, Lorei BJ. Digital models: an introduction. InSeminars in Orthodontics 2004 Sep 1 (Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 226-238).
• AKDENİZ BS, AYKAÇ V, TURGUT M, ÇETİN S. Digital dental models in orthodontics: A review. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine. 2022 Jan 1;39(1):250-5
• Machoy ME, Szyszka-Sommerfeld L, Vegh A, Gedrange T, Woźniak K. The ways of using machine learning in dentistry. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2020 Mar;29(3):375-384.
• Kumar A, Vig S, Sharma A. Impact of recent advances in radiology on orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning-A review. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Sciences Research. 2021 Nov 1;9(11):74-8.
• Sharan J, Singh S, Lale SV, Mishra M, Koul V, Kharbanda OP. Applications of nanomaterials in dental science: A review. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2017 Apr 1;17(4):2235-55.
• Rohmetra A, Gupta N, Jaiswal A, Singh A V , Singh R, Perception of computerised predictions using cephalometric software facad in orthognathic surgery.  IP J Surg Allied Sci  2020;2(2):33-36
• Vyzhenko, Y. (2023). MODERN POSSIBILITIES OF APPLICATION OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES IN ORTHODONTICS.  Actual problems of modern medicine: Bulletin of the Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy  ,  23  (4), 288-292.
• Hajeer MY, Millett DT, Ayoub AF, Siebert JP. Current Products and Practices: Applications of 3D imaging in orthodontics: Part I. Journal of orthodontics. 2004 Mar 1;31(1):62-70.
• Hill DL, Berg DC, Raso VJ, Lou E, Durdle NG, Mahood JK, Moreau MJ. Evaluation of a laser scanner for surface topography. InResearch into spinal deformities. IOS Press 2002 (pp. 90-94).
• Li D, Zhang H, Song Z, Man D, Jones MW. An automatic laser scanning system for accurate 3D reconstruction of indoor scenes. IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA) 2017 Jul 18 (pp. 826-831).
• Aziman C, Hellén-Halme K, Shi XQ. A comparative study on image quality of two digital intraoral sensors. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2019 Oct;48(7):20190063.
• Pittayapat P, Limchaichana-Bolstad N, Willems G, Jacobs R. Three-dimensional cephalometric analysis in orthodontics: a systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2014 May;17(2):69-91.
• Cossellu G, Biagi R, Sarcina M, Mortellaro C, Farronato G. Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome during oral appliance therapy. J Craniofac Surg. 2015 May;26(3):745-8. 
• Möhlhenrich, Stephan Christian et al. “Suitability of virtual plaster models superimposed with the lateral cephalogram for guided paramedian orthodontic mini-implant placement with regard to the bone support.”  Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics  81 (2020): 340 - 349.
• Thawri SR, Paul P, Reche A, Rathi HP. 3D Technology Used for Precision in Orthodontics. Cureus. 2023 Oct 17;15(10):e47170.
• Raman R, Bashir R. Stereolithographic 3D bioprinting for biomedical applications. InEssentials of 3D biofabrication and translation 2015 Jan 1 (pp. 89-121).
• Borzabadi-Farahani A, Cronshaw M, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Cronshaw M. Lasers in orthodontics. Lasers in dentistry—current concepts. 2017 Sep 22:247-71
• Gorduysus MO, Al-Rubai H, Salman B, Al Saady D, Al-Dagistani H, Muftuoglu S. Using erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser irradiation in different energy output levels versus ultrasonic in removal of root canal filling materials in endodontic retreatment. Eur J Dent. 2017 Jul-Sep;11(3):281-286.
• Kurchak M, DeSantos B, Powers J, Turner D. Argon laser for light-curing adhesives. Journal of clinical orthodontics: JCO. 1997 Jun;31(6):371-4.
• Moreira FC, Jacob HB, Vaz LG, Guastaldi AC. Effect of Yd: YAG laser irradiation on the shear bond strength of orthodontic metal brackets. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics. 2020 Mar 20;25:28-35.
• Yassaei S, Fekrazad R, Shahraki N. Effect of low level laser therapy on orthodontic tooth movement: a review article. J Dent (Tehran). 2013 May;10(3):264-72.
• Heidari S, Torkan S. Laser applications in orthodontics. J Lasers Med Sci. 2013 Fall;4(4):151-8.
• Jain S, Vibhute PK, Patil C, Umale V, Kulshrestha R, Chandurkar K. Laser welding in orthodontics: a review study. J. Dent. Health Oral Res. 2020;1:1-4.
• COLBY LE, BEVIS RR. Simulated intraoral laser microwelding of orthodontic appliances. The Angle Orthodontist. 1978 Oct 1;48(4):253-61.
• Kumar, Avinash and Hajra Ghafoor. “Rapid prototyping: A future in orthodontics.”  Journal of Orthodontic Research  4 (2016): 1 - 7.
• Zreaqat M, Hassan R. Self-Ligating Brackets: An Overview. Principles in Contemporary Orthodontics. 2011 Nov 25;1.
• Jangde A, Garg A, Virang B, Sahu S. Self ligating brackets from past to present: An update. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2018;17:30-43.
• Damon DH. The rationale, evolution and clinical application of the self‐ligating bracket. Clinical orthodontics and research. 1998 Aug;1(1):52-61.
• Trevisi H, Bergstrand F. The SmartClip self-ligating appliance system. InSeminars in Orthodontics 2008 Mar 1 (Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 87-100).
• Baxi S, Tripathi AA, Bhatia V, Prasad Dubey M, Kumar P, Bagde H. Self-Ligating Bracket Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus. 2023 Sep 7;15(9):e44834
• Chainani, P., Paul, P., & Shivlani, V. (2023). Recent Advances in Orthodontic Archwires: A Review. Cureus, 15(10).

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