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JavaScript Assignment Operators

Summary : in this tutorial, you will learn how to use JavaScript assignment operators to assign a value to a variable.

Introduction to JavaScript assignment operators

An assignment operator ( = ) assigns a value to a variable. The syntax of the assignment operator is as follows:

In this syntax, JavaScript evaluates the expression b first and assigns the result to the variable a .

The following example declares the counter variable and initializes its value to zero:

The following example increases the counter variable by one and assigns the result to the counter variable:

When evaluating the second statement, JavaScript evaluates the expression on the right-hand first ( counter + 1 ) and assigns the result to the counter variable. After the second assignment, the counter variable is 1 .

To make the code more concise, you can use the += operator like this:

In this syntax, you don’t have to repeat the counter variable twice in the assignment.

The following table illustrates assignment operators that are shorthand for another operator and the assignment:

Chaining JavaScript assignment operators

If you want to assign a single value to multiple variables, you can chain the assignment operators. For example:

In this example, JavaScript evaluates from right to left. Therefore, it does the following:

• Use the assignment operator ( = ) to assign a value to a variable.
• Chain the assignment operators if you want to assign a single value to multiple variables.

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Left-hand-side expressions

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This chapter describes JavaScript's expressions and operators, including assignment, comparison, arithmetic, bitwise, logical, string, ternary and more.

A complete and detailed list of operators and expressions is also available in the reference .

JavaScript has the following types of operators. This section describes the operators and contains information about operator precedence.

• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Arithmetic operators
• Bitwise operators

Logical operators

String operators, conditional (ternary) operator.

• Comma operator

Unary operators

• Relational operator

JavaScript has both binary and unary operators, and one special ternary operator, the conditional operator. A binary operator requires two operands, one before the operator and one after the operator:

For example, 3+4 or x*y .

A unary operator requires a single operand, either before or after the operator:

For example, x++ or ++x .

An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand. The simple assignment operator is equal ( = ), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x .

There are also compound assignment operators that are shorthand for the operations listed in the following table:

Destructuring

For more complex assignments, the destructuring assignment syntax is a JavaScript expression that makes it possible to extract data from arrays or objects using a syntax that mirrors the construction of array and object literals.

A comparison operator compares its operands and returns a logical value based on whether the comparison is true. The operands can be numerical, string, logical, or object values. Strings are compared based on standard lexicographical ordering, using Unicode values. In most cases, if the two operands are not of the same type, JavaScript attempts to convert them to an appropriate type for the comparison. This behavior generally results in comparing the operands numerically. The sole exceptions to type conversion within comparisons involve the === and !== operators, which perform strict equality and inequality comparisons. These operators do not attempt to convert the operands to compatible types before checking equality. The following table describes the comparison operators in terms of this sample code:

Note:  ( => ) is not an operator, but the notation for Arrow functions .

An arithmetic operator takes numerical values (either literals or variables) as their operands and returns a single numerical value. The standard arithmetic operators are addition ( + ), subtraction ( - ), multiplication ( * ), and division ( / ). These operators work as they do in most other programming languages when used with floating point numbers (in particular, note that division by zero produces Infinity ). For example:

In addition to the standard arithmetic operations (+, -, * /), JavaScript provides the arithmetic operators listed in the following table:

A bitwise operator treats their operands as a set of 32 bits (zeros and ones), rather than as decimal, hexadecimal, or octal numbers. For example, the decimal number nine has a binary representation of 1001. Bitwise operators perform their operations on such binary representations, but they return standard JavaScript numerical values.

The following table summarizes JavaScript's bitwise operators.

Bitwise logical operators

Conceptually, the bitwise logical operators work as follows:

• The operands are converted to thirty-two-bit integers and expressed by a series of bits (zeros and ones). Numbers with more than 32 bits get their most significant bits discarded. For example, the following integer with more than 32 bits will be converted to a 32 bit integer: Before: 11100110111110100000000000000110000000000001 After: 10100000000000000110000000000001
• Each bit in the first operand is paired with the corresponding bit in the second operand: first bit to first bit, second bit to second bit, and so on.
• The operator is applied to each pair of bits, and the result is constructed bitwise.

For example, the binary representation of nine is 1001, and the binary representation of fifteen is 1111. So, when the bitwise operators are applied to these values, the results are as follows:

Note that all 32 bits are inverted using the Bitwise NOT operator, and that values with the most significant (left-most) bit set to 1 represent negative numbers (two's-complement representation).

Bitwise shift operators

The bitwise shift operators take two operands: the first is a quantity to be shifted, and the second specifies the number of bit positions by which the first operand is to be shifted. The direction of the shift operation is controlled by the operator used.

Shift operators convert their operands to thirty-two-bit integers and return a result of the same type as the left operand.

The shift operators are listed in the following table.

Logical operators are typically used with Boolean (logical) values; when they are, they return a Boolean value. However, the && and || operators actually return the value of one of the specified operands, so if these operators are used with non-Boolean values, they may return a non-Boolean value. The logical operators are described in the following table.

Examples of expressions that can be converted to false are those that evaluate to null, 0, NaN, the empty string (""), or undefined.

The following code shows examples of the && (logical AND) operator.

The following code shows examples of the || (logical OR) operator.

The following code shows examples of the ! (logical NOT) operator.

Short-circuit evaluation

As logical expressions are evaluated left to right, they are tested for possible "short-circuit" evaluation using the following rules:

• false && anything is short-circuit evaluated to false.
• true || anything is short-circuit evaluated to true.

The rules of logic guarantee that these evaluations are always correct. Note that the anything part of the above expressions is not evaluated, so any side effects of doing so do not take effect.

In addition to the comparison operators, which can be used on string values, the concatenation operator (+) concatenates two string values together, returning another string that is the union of the two operand strings.

For example,

The shorthand assignment operator += can also be used to concatenate strings.

The conditional operator is the only JavaScript operator that takes three operands. The operator can have one of two values based on a condition. The syntax is:

If condition is true, the operator has the value of val1 . Otherwise it has the value of val2 . You can use the conditional operator anywhere you would use a standard operator.

This statement assigns the value "adult" to the variable status if age is eighteen or more. Otherwise, it assigns the value "minor" to status .

The comma operator ( , ) simply evaluates both of its operands and returns the value of the last operand. This operator is primarily used inside a for loop, to allow multiple variables to be updated each time through the loop.

For example, if a is a 2-dimensional array with 10 elements on a side, the following code uses the comma operator to update two variables at once. The code prints the values of the diagonal elements in the array:

A unary operation is an operation with only one operand.

The delete operator deletes an object, an object's property, or an element at a specified index in an array. The syntax is:

where objectName is the name of an object, property is an existing property, and index is an integer representing the location of an element in an array.

The fourth form is legal only within a with statement, to delete a property from an object.

You can use the delete operator to delete variables declared implicitly but not those declared with the var statement.

If the delete operator succeeds, it sets the property or element to undefined . The delete operator returns true if the operation is possible; it returns false if the operation is not possible.

Deleting array elements

When you delete an array element, the array length is not affected. For example, if you delete a[3] , a[4] is still a[4] and a[3] is undefined.

When the delete operator removes an array element, that element is no longer in the array. In the following example, trees[3] is removed with delete . However, trees[3] is still addressable and returns undefined .

If you want an array element to exist but have an undefined value, use the undefined keyword instead of the delete operator. In the following example, trees[3] is assigned the value undefined , but the array element still exists:

The typeof operator is used in either of the following ways:

The typeof operator returns a string indicating the type of the unevaluated operand. operand is the string, variable, keyword, or object for which the type is to be returned. The parentheses are optional.

Suppose you define the following variables:

The typeof operator returns the following results for these variables:

For the keywords true and null , the typeof operator returns the following results:

For a number or string, the typeof operator returns the following results:

For property values, the typeof operator returns the type of value the property contains:

For methods and functions, the typeof operator returns results as follows:

For predefined objects, the typeof operator returns results as follows:

The void operator is used in either of the following ways:

The void operator specifies an expression to be evaluated without returning a value. expression is a JavaScript expression to evaluate. The parentheses surrounding the expression are optional, but it is good style to use them.

You can use the void operator to specify an expression as a hypertext link. The expression is evaluated but is not loaded in place of the current document.

The following code creates a hypertext link that does nothing when the user clicks it. When the user clicks the link, void(0) evaluates to undefined , which has no effect in JavaScript.

The following code creates a hypertext link that submits a form when the user clicks it.

Relational operators

A relational operator compares its operands and returns a Boolean value based on whether the comparison is true.

The in operator returns true if the specified property is in the specified object. The syntax is:

where propNameOrNumber is a string or numeric expression representing a property name or array index, and objectName is the name of an object.

The following examples show some uses of the in operator.

The instanceof operator returns true if the specified object is of the specified object type. The syntax is:

where objectName is the name of the object to compare to objectType , and objectType is an object type, such as Date or Array .

Use instanceof when you need to confirm the type of an object at runtime. For example, when catching exceptions, you can branch to different exception-handling code depending on the type of exception thrown.

For example, the following code uses instanceof to determine whether theDay is a Date object. Because theDay is a Date object, the statements in the if statement execute.

The precedence of operators determines the order they are applied when evaluating an expression. You can override operator precedence by using parentheses.

The following table describes the precedence of operators, from highest to lowest.

A more detailed version of this table, complete with links to additional details about each operator, may be found in JavaScript Reference .

• Expressions

An expression is any valid unit of code that resolves to a value.

Every syntactically valid expression resolves to some value but conceptually, there are two types of expressions: with side effects (for example: those that assign value to a variable) and those that in some sense evaluates and therefore resolves to value.

The expression x = 7 is an example of the first type. This expression uses the = operator to assign the value seven to the variable x . The expression itself evaluates to seven.

The code 3 + 4 is an example of the second expression type. This expression uses the + operator to add three and four together without assigning the result, seven, to a variable. JavaScript has the following expression categories:

• Arithmetic: evaluates to a number, for example 3.14159. (Generally uses arithmetic operators .)
• String: evaluates to a character string, for example, "Fred" or "234". (Generally uses string operators .)
• Logical: evaluates to true or false. (Often involves logical operators .)
• Primary expressions: Basic keywords and general expressions in JavaScript.
• Left-hand-side expressions: Left values are the destination of an assignment.

Primary expressions

Basic keywords and general expressions in JavaScript.

Use the this keyword to refer to the current object. In general, this refers to the calling object in a method. Use this either with the dot or the bracket notation:

Suppose a function called validate validates an object's value property, given the object and the high and low values:

You could call validate in each form element's onChange event handler, using this to pass it the form element, as in the following example:

• Grouping operator

The grouping operator ( ) controls the precedence of evaluation in expressions. For example, you can override multiplication and division first, then addition and subtraction to evaluate addition first.

Comprehensions

Comprehensions are an experimental JavaScript feature, targeted to be included in a future ECMAScript version. There are two versions of comprehensions:

Comprehensions exist in many programming languages and allow you to quickly assemble a new array based on an existing one, for example.

Left values are the destination of an assignment.

You can use the new operator to create an instance of a user-defined object type or of one of the built-in object types. Use new as follows:

The super keyword is used to call functions on an object's parent. It is useful with classes to call the parent constructor, for example.

Spread operator

The spread operator allows an expression to be expanded in places where multiple arguments (for function calls) or multiple elements (for array literals) are expected.

Example: Today if you have an array and want to create a new array with the existing one being part of it, the array literal syntax is no longer sufficient and you have to fall back to imperative code, using a combination of push , splice , concat , etc. With spread syntax this becomes much more succinct:

Similarly, the spread operator works with function calls:

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HTML Assignment and HTML Examples for Practice

Text formatting, working with image, working with link, frame set & iframe.

Variable Assignment

To "assign" a variable means to symbolically associate a specific piece of information with a name. Any operations that are applied to this "name" (or variable) must hold true for any possible values. The assignment operator is the equals sign which SHOULD NEVER be used for equality, which is the double equals sign.

The '=' symbol is the assignment operator. Warning, while the assignment operator looks like the traditional mathematical equals sign, this is NOT the case. The equals operator is '=='

Design Pattern

To evaluate an assignment statement:

• Evaluate the "right side" of the expression (to the right of the equal sign).
• Once everything is figured out, place the computed value into the variables bucket.

We've already seen many examples of assignment. Assignment means: "storing a value (of a particular type) under a variable name" . Think of each assignment as copying the value of the righthand side of the expression into a "bucket" associated with the left hand side name!

Read this as, the variable called "name" is "assigned" the value computed by the expression to the right of the assignment operator ('=');

Now that you have seen some variables being assigned, tell me what the following code means?

The answer to above questions: the assignment means that lkjasdlfjlskdfjlksjdflkj is a variable (a really badly named one), but a variable none-the-less. jlkajdsf and lkjsdflkjsdf must also be variables. The sum of the two numbers held in jlkajdsf and lkjsdflkjsdf is stored in the variable lkjasdlfjlskdfjlksjdflkj.

Examples of builtin Data and Variables (and Constants)

For more info, use the "help" command: (e.g., help realmin);

Examples of using Data and Variable

Pattern to memorize, assignment pattern.

The assignment pattern creates a new variable, if this is the first time we have seen the "name", or, updates the variable to a new value!

Read the following code in English as: First, compute the value of the thing to the right of the assignment operator (the =). then store the computed value under the given name, destroying anything that was there before.

Or more concisely: assign the variable "name" the value computed by "right_hand_expression"

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Write an HTML program to display hello world.

Description: You need to write an HTML program to display hello world on screen.

Hint : You need to type Hello World inside the body tag.

Write a program to create a webpage to print values 1 to 5

Description: Write a program to create a webpage to print values 1 to 5 on the screen.

Hint: Put values inside the body tag.

Write a program to create a webpage to print your city name in red color.

Description: Write a program to create a webpage to print your city name in red color.

Hint: You need to put the city name inside the body tag and use color attribute to provide the color.

Write a program to print a paragraph with different font and color.

Description: Create a webpage to print a paragraph with 4 – 5 sentences. Each sentence should be in a different font and color.

Hint: Put the paragraph content inside the body tag and paragraph should be enclosed in <p> tag.

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Assignment #4: HTML Me Something ¶

You’ve learned a bit of HTML and some CSS, but you have likely only used it in bits and pieces so far, adding or modifying content in exercises or pre-existing files. Here, you are going to take another step forward by building an entire page from scratch. You will also get some practice using Git.

There are two parts to this exercise, one focused on HTML and another focused on CSS. HTML makes up the structure and content of web pages, while CSS dictates the visual style .

Best practices dictate that content and style should be kept as separate as possible. To that end, we will build the HTML portion of our page first, and afterwards we will add a few styles with CSS. We do this to avoid using HTML tags to change the general appearance of our page. For example, what if we want all of our main headings to be red ? We can either add this style one time in the CSS file, or we must include style="color:red" in EVERY h1 tag. Especially for large websites, CSS provides the best place to control the overall appearance of a page.

Sections: ¶

Getting Started

Part 1: HTML

Part 2: CSS

Submitting Your Work

Getting started ¶

In Canvas , Graded Assignment #4: Candidate Testing contains a GitHub Classroom assignment invitation link.

From now on, we will not be using repl.it to work on our assignments. We will use local development to create projects in the future.

Setup the Project ¶

Accept the assignment invitation and navigate to the repository page just as you have done in previous assignments. As always, if you need to refer back to a guide, check out Assignment 0 . However, there is no Repl.it button on our repository. Instead, we are going to clone our repo. Let's follow the steps outlined in the Git studio to clone your assignment repository to your own machine.

Open up the directory in Visual Studio Code and start exploring the different files. You will only make changes to index.html and styles.css so make sure that you don't edit any other files.

Getting to Work ¶

It’s time to build out your page! Dive into each of the two parts below:

Submitting your work ¶

Once you are done with your site, navigate to the Canvas assignment and paste the link to your repo in the submission box and submit!

Bonus Mission ¶

If you want to show off your hard work to all your friends, Github has a cool feature called Github Pages that makes this really easy.

Github provides free hosting for any “static” web content (like this project). All you have to do is change a setting on your GitHub repository.

In a browser, go to the Github page for your repository.

Click on the Settings tab

Scroll down to the GitHub Pages section and enable the GitHub Pages feature by choosing your master branch from the dropdown. Hit Save .

In any browser, you should now be able to visit YOUR_USERNAME.github.io/html-me-something and see your web page!

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• Coronavirus

Springfield City Manager Bryan Heck says immigration narrative 'skewed by misinformation'

Springfield City Manager Bryan Heck released a public statement Wednesday criticizing the unfounded rumors spread by conservative figures, including former President Donald Trump, that Haitian immigrants in the city have been eating pets and wildlife.

"It is disappointing that some of the narrative surrounding our city has been skewed by misinformation circulating on social media and further amplified by political rhetoric in the current highly charged election cycle," Heck said in the statement posted to Facebook.

Springfield, a city of around 58,000 people about 45 miles from Columbus, has seen an influx of around 20,000 Haitian immigrants in recent years, spurred by local employers looking to fill positions, The Cincinnati Enquirer previously reported .

Springfield, Ohio fact check: Are immigrants eating dogs as Trump says? What to know

The fast-paced growth of the immigrant population has posed challenges for the city, but not because the immigrants are eating pets like the rumors claim, Heck said.

"These rumors will not distract us from the real strain on our resources, including the impact to our schools, health care system and first responders," Heck said.

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There have been no credible reports of pets being harmed, injured or abused by members of the Haitian immigrant community, Heck said in a statement released Monday.

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Man Found Dead Inside North Carolina Supermarket Freezer: 'Unfortunate Accident'

“Food Lion is deeply saddened by the unexpected loss of our associate,” the company said in a statement to PEOPLE

Jeffrey Greenberg/Universal Images Group via Getty

Authorities in Raleigh, N.C., said the body of a supermarket employee was found inside a freezer on Tuesday, Sept. 10.

In an email to PEOPLE, the Raleigh Police Department said that its officers responded to the report of a deceased person at the Food Lion supermarket located at 4510 Capital Blvd. The police confirmed the body of an adult male in the freezer, adding that the incident is being treated as a death investigation. 

A Food Lion spokesperson shared a statement with PEOPLE about the death of its employee, whose name was not disclosed. “Food Lion is deeply saddened by the unexpected loss of our associate,” said the spokesperson. “We express our deepest condolences to the associate’s family and friends.”

“Food Lion is cooperating with local authorities in their investigation of this unfortunate incident,” the statement continued.

“As always, the safety and well-being of customers and associates are daily priorities for Food Lion, and we are committed to ensuring a safe place to work and shop. We are providing resources to support our associates during this difficult time,” the spokesperson concluded.

Founded in 1957 in Salisbury, N.C., Food Lion oversees 1,000 grocery stores in 10 states in the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic areas, per the company’s website — adding that it employs 82,000 associates and serves over 10 million customers weekly. 

There have been reported incidents of freezer-related deaths involving workers in recent years.

On May 11, 2023, the body of an Arby’s employee was found in a walk-in freezer of the restaurant’s New Iberia, La., location, Fox affiliate KADN reported. The death of the victim, later identified as Nguyet Le, 63, was likely the result of an accident, authorities said at the time. 

According to a lawsuit filed against Arby’s by her family on May 25 of that year, Le was trapped inside the freezer as she was opening the restaurant, the Miami Herald reported.

The complaint added that she “panicked once locked inside and beat her hands bloody trying to escape or get someone’s attention.” Her son, Nguyen Le, who also worked at the Arby’s, found her body when he arrived to begin his shift, per the complaint. 

Never miss a story — sign up for PEOPLE's free daily newsletter to stay up-to-date on the best of what PEOPLE has to offer​​, from celebrity news to compelling human interest stories. 

In a statement shared with McClatchy News , a spokesperson for the fast food chain said that the New Iberia franchisee was “cooperating fully with local authorities as they conduct their investigation” the Herald reported. 

In Brooklyn, N.Y., a 33-year-old bakery employee died after he was found locked inside the bakery’s walk-in freezer on Nov. 3, 2022. According to the New York City Police Department (NYPD), authorities responded to a call and found the man "unconscious and unresponsive" at Beigel's Bakery in Canarsie.

Per the New York Times , the man was trapped inside the freezer during the early morning hours and was pronounced dead at the scene after authorities arrived. The paper reported, citing police, that the death appeared accidental.

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Chad McQueen, ‘The Karate Kid’ Star and Steve McQueen’s Son, Dies at 63

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Chad McQueen , son of the legendary actor Steve McQueen who played “Dutch” in “The Karate Kid” film series, died Wednesday in Palm Springs. He was 63.

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McQueen is best known for his role as “Dutch” in “The Karate Kid” (1984) and its sequel, “The Karate Kid Part II” (1986). His portrayal of one of the Cobra Kai members was iconic in ’80s pop culture. His character, in particular, exhibited a merciless attitude and encouraged Johnny Lawrence (played by William “Billy” Zabka) to brutally beat up Daniel LaRusso (Ralph Macchio) during the night of the Halloween dance.

His character also mocks and threatens the New Jersey native before the All-Valley Tournament. During the second season of the TV series “Cobra Kai,” it is revealed that Dutch has been serving time in prison. Though there were talks of McQueen potentially appearing in the show, scheduling issues reportedly prevented it.

Although he would continue to appear in other films, such as “New York Cop” (1993) and “Red Line” (1995), his film career was not as extensive as his father’s. Following in his father’s footsteps, however, McQueen had a successful career in auto racing, his true passion. He competed professionally in events like the 24 Hours of Le Mans and the 12 Hours of Sebring and founded McQueen Racing, a company that develops high-performance cars and motorcycles, continuing the family legacy of passion for automobiles.

McQueen was born in Los Angeles on Dec. 28, 1960. He was raised in Malibu.

He is survived by his wife, Jeanie, and his children, Chase, Madison and Steven, a professional actor best known for his role in “The Vampire Diaries.”

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Value returned by the assignment

Why does the regular assignment statement (say, x = 5 ) return the value assigned ( 5 in this case), while the assignment combined with a variable declaration ( var x = 5 ) returns undefined ?

I got the return values by executing these statements in the Chrome browser's Javascript console:

• assignment-operator

• possible duplicate of Difference between using var and not using var in JavaScript . Take a look at kangax's answer. " var x = 1 declares variable x in current scope (aka execution context).... x = 1 , on the other hand, is merely a property assignment. It first tries to resolve x against scope chain. If it finds it anywhere in that scope chain, it performs assignment; if it doesn't find x , only then it creates x property on a global object." –  Chase Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 1:24
• 3 that interesting.. I've never noticed this! –  anthonybell Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 1:26
• 4 I think x = 5 is an expression which is capable of returning a value, while var x = 5 is a statement which is not. This is most evident by the fact that you can't declare variables inline, i.e console.log(var x = 5) . Where are you getting the return value of undefined from? –  Waleed Khan Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 1:26
• 1 By what example makes you think that x=5 actually "returns"? –  Abby Chau Yu Hoi Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 1:34
• 1 @AbbyChauYuHoi I don't agree with return keyword as well, but my answer was for some reason downvoted. I don't get this people... –  Karol Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 3:37

5 Answers 5

That's the way the language was designed. It is consistent with most languages.

Having a variable declaration return anything other than undefined is meaningless, because you can't ever use the var keyword in an expression context.

Having assignment be an expression not a statement is useful when you want to set many variable to the same value at once:

It can also be used like this:

However that is not the most readable code and it would probably be better written as:

• 2 What would break if Javascript treated a variable declaration as an expression (usable inside other expressions, etc.)? –  user10165 Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 2:42
• @user10165 They would have do define more rules and such for example, at what point in the expression is the variable useable. There aren't many use cases for it either, since you can do everything without it. –  Paul Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 2:55

That's because var x = 5; is a variable statement, not an expression.

The behaviour of this statement is described in Section 12.2 of the ECMAScript Language Reference .

Evaluate VariableDeclarationList. Return (normal, empty, empty).

This is basically a void return value.

• 1 @user10165 It's basically how the language is designed, and seeing how you can have multiple declarations in a single statement I can imagine why they made it void :) –  Ja͢ck Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 2:52

The assignment operator (i.e., the equals sign) (1) assigns the right-side-operand (i.e., a value or the value of a variable, property, or function) to the left-side-operand (i.e., variable or property) and then (2) the assignment expression (e.g., y = 10) becomes a simple operand with the same value as its right-side-operand (e.g., 10) before the rest of the expression is evaluated. This is similar to when a called function is replaced with its return value when an expression is evaluated (although function calls are first in the order of operations and assignment operations are fourteenth):

Take note that not only does x now equal 3, but the entire expression evaluates to 3.

The purpose of the var keyword is to bind variables to the current scope. Variables declared with the var keyword are bound to the scope where they are declared. The var keyword assigns the left-most variable (or property) as a reference to the value of the evaluated expression:

Using the var keyword with an expression is called a declaration. Declarations are actions that do not evaluate to a value, not even undefined (even though your console is printing undefined). Further, declarations cannot appear where JavaScript expects an expression, as other answers to this post have shown.

• "The var keyword is a special operator that writes the return value of a statement to memory" So if you don't have var then return value of statement is not written to memory? –  Karol Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 3:31
• Yeah, I better adjust that. –  orb Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 3:38
• Thanks for the help. Sometimes random thoughts about the way Java works creep in my head when I am dealing with JavaScript and I end up having to slap myself upside the head a few times. –  orb Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 3:52
• Yeah, would be much simpler if we have only one language! –  Karol Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 4:17
• Good point. Well, gotta run -- I am late for a game of ~Darts~!! :-) –  orb Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 4:31

When you write var x = 5; it declares x and initalizes its value to 5.

This is a VariableStatement , it returns nothing,

but x=5 is an expression that assigns 5 to x. as there is no x , JavaScript implicitly creates a global x in normal code

• what is the other one x = 5 ? –  anthonybell Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 1:26
• 1 It is an assignment operation. –  Rob G Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 1:27
• 1 I believe x = 5 with no other qualification is equivalent to window.x = 5 , or whatever the global object is. –  Waleed Khan Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 1:28
• Is it meaningful to ask why the variable declaration plus an (optional) assignment is classified by Javascript as a statement rather than an expression ? –  user10165 Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 2:39

I edited my answer because of comment and some other answers.

Assignment operator doesn't return anything... In below example, first thing JS parser does is assigning 5 to y. Second thing is assigning y to x, and so on. Assigning is not return (it's not a function, and in JS it doesn't have C++ syntax to overload operator's behavior). return is sth more complex then assignment. return construct is not only returning a value, but is closing current context causing it to be destroyed. Also it's closing any parent context (closure pattern) if there is no other child using it. So please, DO NOT tell me (in comments) that assignment operator returns any value. Assignment operator in case of JS is only a language construct.

This language construct is useful in chains (and that's why everyone is talking about returning):

Any undeclared variable is declared automatically by parser in global scope. If you declare variable explicitly, then you can't at the same time use it in chain, like this:

Proper use of above code would be:

Of course you can use brackets, to make your code clearer, but it doesn't mean that code behaves like a function.

Also your example works only in JS console, which is not returning but printing the result of statement, or expression. It means that JS console treats result of declaring of variable as undefined (same when creating function: function a() {} ).

• 1 You have to use parenthesis because the assignment operator is 14th (next to last) in the order of operations. arguments.callee.info/2008/11/03/… However, saying that an expression returns a value is completely incorrect. Expressions evaluate to a value. You are definitely 100% correct. –  orb Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 4:04
• 1 Thanks. Perhaps it would be less confusing to a novice if javascript console didn't treat the result of a statement to be undefined (since nowhere in the language does it say that). Instead, it should have simply printed nothing at all after a statement, and the value of an expression after an expression. –  user10165 Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 4:14
• Carlos, you might like my revamped answer. I think the terminology is spot-on now. –  orb Commented Apr 16, 2013 at 5:58

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