essay advantages and disadvantages of selling cigarettes

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Essay on Advantages and Disadvantages of Selling Cigarettes

Table of Contents

Advantages of Selling Cigarettes:

One of the primary advantages of selling cigarettes is the potential for profit. Cigarettes can be sold at a high markup, meaning that retailers can make a significant profit margin on each pack sold. Additionally, many smokers are addicted to nicotine and will continue to purchase cigarettes on a regular basis, providing a steady stream of customers for retailers.

Another advantage of selling cigarettes is that they are a small and lightweight product, making them easy to store and transport. This means that retailers can stock a large quantity of cigarettes without taking up too much space in their store or warehouse.

In addition, cigarette sales can help to drive foot traffic to a retailer’s store. While some customers may come in specifically to purchase cigarettes, others may be enticed to make additional purchases while they are there.

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Disadvantages of selling cigarettes:.

The health risks associated with cigarette smoking are a major disadvantage of selling cigarettes. Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable death , with more than 480,000 deaths per year in the United States alone. By selling cigarettes, retailers are contributing to this public health issue.

Furthermore, selling cigarettes can be a legal liability for retailers. In many places, it is illegal to sell cigarettes to minors, and retailers can be held liable if they are caught doing so. Retailers can also be held liable for selling cigarettes that are counterfeit or tampered with.

Selling cigarettes can also harm a retailer’s reputation. Many people view cigarette sales as unethical, and may be hesitant to do business with a retailer that sells cigarettes. This can lead to lost business and a negative image in the community.

In addition, retailers who sell cigarettes may face higher insurance costs and may have difficulty obtaining loans or financing. Some financial institutions may be hesitant to do business with retailers who sell cigarettes due to the associated health risks and legal liabilities.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, while there are certainly advantages to selling cigarettes, the disadvantages outweigh the benefits. The health risks associated with cigarette smoking are too great to ignore, and retailers who sell cigarettes may face legal and financial liabilities as well as harm to their reputation. It is important for retailers to consider these factors when making decisions about whether or not to sell cigarettes in their stores. Ultimately, the health and well-being of their customers should be their top priority.

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Advantages and disadvantages of selling cigarettes essay

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Morality and the Business of Selling Tobacco

To the Editor:

Re “ The Tobacco Ties That Bind ,” by Peter B. Bach (Op-Ed, April 11):

I can’t begin to express my disappointment with the American Cancer Society because of its unforgivable relationship with Walgreens, which continues to sell tobacco products. As a former cancer patient, I wonder: Is it too much to ask that the “largest cancer charity” be independent of the single most egregious industry on our planet?

Being in bed with the tobacco industry and the pharmacies that promote smoking is simply unethical and a slap in the face of every cancer survivor.

MITCHELL BRODSKY Princeton, N.J., April 11, 2014

Peter B. Bach implies that by ending the sale of tobacco products, CVS pharmacies are some kind of moral actor while Walgreens remains a greedy business. Walgreens’s funding of the American Cancer Society by extension also compromises the moral standing of the society. In truth, they are all businesses.

CVS looks to improve its image and its bottom line. Both CVS and Walgreens sell all kinds of things, from empty-calorie sugary drinks and heart-attack food to dubious health aids; if their primary mission were really to improve people’s health, they would close down their drive-through windows and stop all those idling car engines.

As for the cancer society, its executives take home high six-figure salaries. Such groups spend vast sums on advertising, advocacy, lobbying and more fund-raising in the cycle that perpetuates their existence.

Compared with all this self-righteous hypocrisy, the tobacco industry seems a lot more honest: It admits to being a business and doesn’t pretend to sell anything other than a product that everyone knows is bad for him or her.

DAVID ROMANO Ozark, Mo., April 11, 2014

Stop Smoking: It's Deadly and Bad for the Economy

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Higher taxes on tobacco products reduce tobacco consumption and improve public health, while also increasing government revenues that can be used to fund priority investments and programs that benefit the entire population.

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10 Lines on  Advantages And Disadvantages Of Selling Cigarettes

Advantages of Selling Cigarettes:

1. Economic Revenue: The tobacco industry generates significant revenue for governments through taxes and sales.

2. Employment Opportunities: The tobacco industry provides jobs to farmers, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers.

3. Export Opportunities: Cigarette exports contribute to a country's international trade and foreign exchange earnings.

4. Consumer Choice: Some argue that selling cigarettes provides adults with the freedom to make their own choices.

5. Tax Revenue: The taxes collected from cigarette sales can be used to fund public services and welfare programs.

Disadvantages of Selling Cigarettes:

6. Health Hazards: Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of preventable diseases, including cancer and heart ailments.

7. Addiction: Cigarettes contain nicotine, leading to addiction and making it difficult for smokers to quit.

8. Secondhand Smoke: Non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke are at risk of health problems, especially children and pregnant women.

9. Environmental Impact: Tobacco cultivation and cigarette production contribute to deforestation and litter due to cigarette butts.

10. Healthcare Costs: Treating smoking-related illnesses puts a significant financial burden on healthcare systems.

Short Essay On Advantages And Disadvantages Of Selling Cigarettes

Title: Advantages and Disadvantages of Selling Cigarettes

Cigarettes have been a controversial product for decades, with advocates citing economic benefits and personal freedoms, while opponents highlight the severe health and social consequences. Let's explore the advantages and disadvantages of selling cigarettes:

1. Economic Revenue: The tobacco industry generates substantial revenue for governments through taxes, contributing to national income and funding public services.

2. Employment Opportunities: The tobacco industry provides jobs to a significant number of people, including farmers, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers.

3. Export Opportunities: Many countries export tobacco products, including cigarettes, enhancing international trade.

1. Health Hazards: Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of preventable diseases, such as lung cancer, heart diseases, and respiratory issues, leading to millions of deaths worldwide.

2. Addiction and Dependency: Cigarettes contain nicotine, leading to addiction and making it challenging for smokers to quit.

3. Secondhand Smoke: Non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke face health risks, especially vulnerable groups like children and pregnant women.

4. Environmental Impact: Tobacco cultivation and cigarette production contribute to deforestation, water pollution, and littering due to cigarette butts.

5. Healthcare Costs: Smoking-related illnesses place a significant burden on healthcare systems, increasing medical expenses.

6. Social Costs: Smoking can lead to reduced productivity, absenteeism, and emotional and financial burdens on families.

Conclusion:

While the tobacco industry provides economic benefits and is associated with personal freedom, the adverse health effects, environmental impact, and economic burden on healthcare systems make the disadvantages of selling cigarettes far more significant. Public health awareness, government regulations, and support for cessation programs are crucial to combating the harmful effects of smoking and improving public health.

Introduction:

Cigarettes are one of the most commonly sold and consumed tobacco products globally. While they have been a significant source of revenue for the tobacco industry and governments, they come with both advantages and disadvantages. In this essay, we will explore the pros and cons of selling cigarettes.

1. Economic Revenue: The sale of cigarettes generates substantial revenue for the tobacco industry and contributes significantly to a country's economy through taxes. This revenue can fund various government programs and public services.

2. Employment Opportunities: The tobacco industry creates job opportunities for a considerable number of people, including farmers, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers. This helps reduce unemployment rates in certain regions.

3. Export Opportunities: Many countries export tobacco products, including cigarettes, to other nations, which can enhance their international trade and balance of payments.

4. Freedom of Choice: Advocates argue that adults should have the right to make their own decisions, including choosing whether to smoke or not. They believe in individual liberty and personal responsibility.

1. Health Hazards: Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of preventable diseases and premature deaths worldwide. It is linked to various health problems, such as lung cancer, heart diseases, respiratory issues, and other chronic ailments.

2. Secondhand Smoke: Passive smoking, also known as secondhand smoke, affects not only smokers but also non-smokers who inhale the toxic fumes. This can lead to serious health complications, especially in children and vulnerable individuals.

3. Addiction and Dependency: Cigarettes contain nicotine, an addictive substance that hooks users and makes it challenging for them to quit smoking, even if they want to. This addiction can lead to a lifelong dependency on cigarettes.

4. Environmental Impact: The production and consumption of cigarettes have detrimental effects on the environment. The cultivation of tobacco requires large amounts of water and chemicals, leading to soil degradation and water pollution. Additionally, cigarette butts are a significant source of litter and harm marine life.

5. Healthcare Costs: The healthcare expenses related to smoking-related diseases place a considerable burden on healthcare systems and public resources. Governments often have to spend substantial amounts on treating smoking-related illnesses.

6. Social Costs: Smoking can lead to reduced productivity due to illness, absenteeism, and decreased work performance. Additionally, family members and friends may suffer emotional and financial burdens when a loved one falls ill due to smoking.

While selling cigarettes has some economic benefits and is seen as an exercise of personal freedom, the disadvantages outweigh these advantages significantly. The detrimental health effects, environmental impact, and economic burden on healthcare systems make it clear that promoting and selling cigarettes is not in the best interest of society. 

Governments, public health organizations, and individuals must continue to work together to raise awareness about the harmful effects of smoking and implement policies to reduce tobacco consumption and its associated consequences.

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The pros and cons of a total smoking ban

Plans to phase out the sale of tobacco completely have won cross-party support

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Pro: saving lives

Con: black markets, pro: avoiding poverty, con: risk to civil liberties, pro: environmental protection, con: losing tax revenue.

Rishi Sunak's plans to phase out the sale of cigarettes appears to have gained cross-party backing, making a total smoking ban in the UK a real possibility.

The prime minister used his Conservative Party conference speech to announce plans to raise the age at which people can buy tobacco in England year by year until it applies to the whole population. This would mean a 14-year-old today will never legally be able to buy a cigarette, putting England on a par with the likes of New Zealand, which introduced a similar law last year, in having "some of the strictest smoking laws in the world", Sky News reported.

While an outright ban – even one introduced over several decades – may prove controversial, its chances of coming into law have received a boost after it won support from Labour, as well as Welsh and Scottish governments, where laws on smoking are devolved.

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"Political instincts on this issue are coalescing around a similar position," said BBC political editor Chris Mason, meaning the plan could be both "profound and long-lasting".

Almost six million people in England smoke, and tobacco remains the single biggest cause of preventable illness and death. Tobacco smoke can cause cancer, stroke and heart disease, with smoking-related illnesses costing the NHS £17 billion a year, according to campaign group  Action on Smoking and Health (ASH).

An independent government-commissioned review , which last year recommended proposals similar to those announced by Sunak, argued that tackling tobacco use and supporting smokers to quit would help prevent 15 types of cancer – including lung cancer, throat cancer and acute myeloid leukaemia. Recent data showed that one in four deaths from all cancers were estimated to be from smoking.

Speaking on BBC Radio 4 's "Today" programme, the prime minister said his proposals represented the "biggest public health intervention in a generation", a claim backed up by England's chief medical officer, Sir Chris Whitty, who stressed how beneficial the health improvements would be.

Simon Clark, of smokers' lobby group Forest, told the BBC that "creeping prohibition won't stop young adults smoking" but it will "simply drive the sale of tobacco underground and consumers will buy cigarettes on the black market where no-one pays tax and products are completely unregulated".

The illicit trade in tobacco products "poses major health, economic and security concerns around the world", according to the World Health Organization , which estimates 1 in every 10 cigarettes and tobacco products consumed globally is illicit.

Writing for The Conversation , Dr Brendan Gogarty, of the University of Tasmania, argued that "laws that rely on prohibition to reduce the prevalence and harm from drugs generally fail to achieve their aims".

Smoking causes a disproportionate burden on the most disadvantaged families and communities, last year's independent review found. The average smoker in the North East of England spends over 10% of their income on tobacco, compared to just over 6% in the South East.

This mirrors research from 2015 conducted by University of Nottingham, which found parents who smoke were "plunging nearly half a million children into poverty", The Independent reported.

As smokers quit, said Sudyumna Dahal for The Conversation , household budgets "become easier, facilitating what a study in the British Medical Journal describes as an income transfer from male smokers to females and other family members".

Therefore, argue anti-smoking campaigners, banning smoking would bring greater benefits to the less well-off.

Smokers and the groups who advocate on their behalf argue that their habit is a civil right, even if it kills the smoker. In a report published in 2019, the smokers’ group Forest argued that "smokers are the canaries for civil liberties".

It added that the call for a ban "directly violates the harm principle that assumes a person has autonomy over their own life and body as long as they do not hurt other people".

As The Spectator editor Fraser Nelson pointed out on Twitter , plans to phase out the sale of cigarettes could lead to the absurd situation where pensioners will have to produce ID to prove which side of the ever-moving line of legality they are on.

"I'd love to live in a smoke-free world," wrote Rachael Bletchly in the Daily Mirror . "I wish people would stop wrecking their health with cigarettes. But I don't think it's the job of politicians to police other grown-ups' filthy habits. And I fear that Rishi Sunak's new smoking ban is just well-meaning, populist puff."

Cigarette smoking has several negative environmental impacts and banning smoking would bring these to an end. Smokers release pollution into the atmosphere, cigarette butts litter the environment, and the toxic chemicals in the residues cause soil and water pollution.

Tobacco is commonly planted in rainforest areas and has contributed to major deforestation, said Conserve Energy Future .

A 2013 report in the journal Tobacco Control found that cigarette manufacturing “consumes scarce resources in growing, curing, rolling, flavouring, packaging, transport, advertising and legal defence” and “also causes harms from massive pesticide use”.

Taxation on smoking raises more than £8.8 billion per year for the Treasury, noted Politics.co.uk . The TaxPayers’ Alliance rejected the argument that smokers also cost the taxman more due to their health burden, arguing that smokers who suffer major health problems are more likely to die prematurely, reducing expenditure on state pensions and other age-related benefits.

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33 Important Pros & Cons Of Smoking

“ Giving up smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I know because I’ve done it thousands of times.”

Mark Twain, Author

Advantages & Disadvantages of Smoking

Many millions of people all over the world smoke cigarettes on a regular basis.

For many people, smoking has become kind of a lifestyle or even a passion.

Although smoking has some advantages, there are also many problems related to smoking.

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In this article, the pros and cons of smoking are examined in detail.

Audio Lesson

Advantages of smoking, smoking can be relaxing, smoking is often considered to be cool among teenagers, easy to socialize, feeling of community, instant gratification of your need, smoking cigarettes is legal in most countries, smoking is a passion for many people, alternative to other substance, smoking can help you to lose weight, some people just love the taste, you will still be able to drive a car.

One benefit of smoking is that it can be quite relaxing.

Especially if you have a stressful day, you can light a cigarette and the nicotine will bring you down a little bit.

Even though the initial feeling of the nicotine rush will become far lower over time, cigarettes can still give you a good feeling and may help you to relax from your stressful daily life .

Many young people also consider smoking to be cool.

This might also be the reason why so many young people smoke and why so many older people try to quit at one point in time.

Hence, if you are a rather unpopular kid at school, you may also be able to increase your coolness factor by smoking.

However, I would not recommend that you do so due to the many problems related to smoking which are examined in the next chapter.

Smoking also gives you the opportunity to socialize with other people.

If you take smoking breaks, you will often meet many new people who also smoke.

Hence, over time, you will be able to make many new connections and friends through smoking since it simply puts you in a spot where you are more likely to communicate with people.

Another advantage of smoking is that many smokers often also feel to be part of a big community.

Smokers often support each other when they run out of cigarettes and often also share similar values and beliefs.

Thus, if you currently feel lost and want to be part of a big community of people, smoking may be quite tempting since you could find many like-minded people.

Smoking is also quite convenient in the sense that it gives you instant gratification.

You just have to light up a cigarette and after just a few seconds, you will feel a certain effect.

Since cigarettes are rather small, it will also be quite easy to carry them around with you and every time you need a cigarette, you can just pull your cigarette case out of your pocket.

Hence, the supply with cigarettes is quite easy and cigarettes will also be easily available in many countries all over the world.

Smoking tobacco is also legal in most countries of our planet.

This makes smoking a rather convenient hobby since you can easily buy cigarettes in many stores in a legal manner.

Especially if you live in big cities, chances are that you will only have to walk a few minutes until you find the next cigarette automat.

Therefore, also access to tobacco will be quite easy and you don’t have to struggle to find stores that sell them.

For many people, smoking is more than a hobby.

It is rather a passion they want to follow for the rest of their lives.

Especially in the age of vaporizers and other means of smoking, smoking has become quite practicable and many people really enjoy smoking and trying many different flavors.

Hence, if you are one of those people who really have a passion for smoking, you will have a quite hard time to ever quit since you will simply enjoy it too much.

The use of substances to alter our minds had been present throughout the history of mankind.

There is plenty of proof that even our remote ancestors smoked plant material and consumed certain other substances.

Consequently, consuming substances is part of human nature and instead of consuming illegal substances that might be potentially even more harmful than smoking cigarettes, smoking can be a way to avoid the temptation of trying even more harmful substances.

You will also have noticed that many smokers are actually quite slim and don’t suffer from overweight or obesity too often.

This is due to the fact that many smokers lose their appetite and therefore eat far less compared to a state in which they would not smoke.

Hence, if you currently suffer from serious overweight, smoking might also help you to lose weight.

However, there are much better options to lose weight .

You can simply exercise and you will lose plenty of weight over time.

Thus, smoking should never be the preferred option to lose weight, even though it might do the job.

There are also many people out there who just love the taste of tobacco.

Especially for those people, smoking can be a quite enjoyable hobby since they will be able to get this special taste by simply lighting up a cigarette.

However, if you are one of those people who really love the taste, be aware of the fact that this may also make it much harder for you if you want to quit at one point in time.

Compared to other substances like alcohol, you will still be able to drive a car by smoking cigarettes.

In fact, you will not feel too much different and in most countries, you will also not get fined if you smoke tobacco and drive right after you finished smoking.

Hence, smoking can also make you more flexible regarding the use of vehicles compared to other substances that might prevent you from doing so.

Disadvantages of Smoking

Smoking can cause cancer, smoking is bad for your teeth, it can hurt your overall fitness level, many people get addicted in the long run, smoking can be expensive, you may gain weight once you quit, may be harder to find a partner, unpleasant smell on your clothes, smoking significantly lowers life expectancy, harmful effects are underestimated by many people, you have to empty your ashtray on a regular basis, smoking is not allowed in some locations, you may burn something with your cigarette, smoking can waste plenty of your precious time, pulmonary issues, smoking may lead to yellow skin, incorrect disposal of cigarettes can lead to wildfires, smoking is quite harmful during pregnancy, passive smoking can also hurt non-smokers, may be bad for your sleep, smoking may lead to the use of other substances, can also harm our healthcare system.

Although smoking can have some upsides, it can also imply serious issues.

One big problem with smoking is that it can cause cancer.

In fact, many people who smoke will suffer from cancer sooner or later.

Cancer is one of the worst diseases known to humanity and chances are that people will suffer a lot due to it.

In many cases, smokers will often also die at a rather young age from cancer.

Hence, if you want to minimize the risk of getting cancer, you may want to refuse from smoking or you if you currently smoke, you may want to quit as soon as possible.

Another downside of smoking is that it can be quite bad for your teeth.

You will often notice that the teeth of smokers are no longer white, they often have a yellow color, which comes from the many harmful substances that are contained in cigarettes.

Moreover, not only the color of your teeth will become rather unpleasant, also the substance of your teeth will become worse in general.

This could mean that you will become more vulnerable to caries or other issues with your teeth if you smoke on a regular basis.

Therefore, if you want to do yourself and also your teeth a big favor, you should refrain from smoking for sure.

In case you smoke on a regular basis, you will also notice that your overall fitness level will significantly suffer over time.

In fact, the fitness level of the average smoker will be far lower compared to the average fitness level of people who don’t smoke.

This is due to the fact that smoking will hurt our lungs, which in turn will no longer be able to work in an optimal manner.

In turn, smokers often feel quite exhausted, even if they only exercise for a few minutes.

Hence, if you want to stay fit and vital, smoking may not be the way to go for you.

Many smokers also get addicted sooner or later.

Even though smoking is still belittled by many people, it is in fact quite hard to quit from smoking and many people will not be able to quit for their whole lives.

Hence keep that in mind when it comes to the decision whether you want to start smoking or not.

You will greatly underestimate how hard it can really be to quit smoking and you may simply not want to take the risk of becoming dependent on tobacco.

Another downside of smoking is that it can become a quite expensive hobby over time.

Especially if you are a chain smoker, chances are that you will smoke more than one package of cigarettes a day.

This also implies that you will spend several thousands of dollars a year on cigarettes.

Imagine all the nice things you could buy if you didn’t spend this money on smoking.

Thus, you should definitely take this fact into account and evaluate for yourself if smoking is really worth spending so much money on it.

Although smoking may help you to lose weight, it can also turn into the opposite in case you want to quit smoking.

Many people who quit smoking will eat much more compared to the state when they still smoked and over the course of just a few weeks or months, many people gain plenty of weight.

Hence, smoking can also result in significant weight gains in the long run, especially in case you decide to quit smoking at one point in time.

Also if you are currently searching for a partner, chances are that smoking will not help you too much in this regard.

In fact, many people in our nowadays society don’t want to marry a partner who smokes since they simply don’t want to be affected by the several downsides associated with it.

Therefore, smoking may also lower your chances of finding a good partner for you.

Smoking also leads to significant levels of unpleasant smell of your clothes.

In fact, one can easily tell if a person smokes or not by just getting close to this person.

If the person smokes, chances are that his or her clothes will emit a strong smell of cigarette flavor.

This level of smell will be quite unpleasant for many people surrounding you and you can do everyone a favor by just quitting smoking so that you will smell much better.

In general, if you smoke, you will also have a significantly lower life expectancy .

This is due to the fact that you will be much more likely to suffer from cancer or from several other serious health conditions.

Thus, if you want to live as long as possible, you may want to quit smoking since your chances to live longer will greatly improve.

Many people also still consider smoking to be rather harmless.

This is due to the fact that smoking is socially accepted in many countries all over the world and it is often even encouraged through advertising.

Hence, many people think that it is ok to smoke and those people also often think that since smoking is legal, it cannot be too bad for our health.

Thus, many people may also greatly underestimate the true risks related to smoking.

Another disadvantage of smoking is that you will also have to empty your ashtray on a regular basis.

Even though this may not sound like too much work, it can add up, especially if you are a chain smoker.

Many people also neglect emptying their ashtrays and as a result, their homes often smell quite bad.

In many countries, there are also restrictions regarding smoking in place.

For instance, in many countries, it is not allowed to smoke in closed rooms anymore in order to protect the health of the other guests.

Hence, if you live in one of those countries or states, chances are that you will have to make many concessions over time.

As we all know, cigarettes can be quite hot and if you are not careful, chances are that you will burn your clothes or other things at one point in time.

This can be especially bad if you are not careful and burn the things of other people. In such a case, you may even have to pay compensation for this damage.

If you smoke cigarettes on a regular basis, chances are that you will also waste plenty of time on this hobby.

In fact, many people will leave their workplace several times a day in order to light up a cigarette.

Therefore, you may also have to stay at work for longer compared to someone who doesn’t smoke in order to get similar amounts of work done each day.

Apart from the increased risk of cancer related to smoking, there are also many other pulmonary issues related to it.

For instance, people who smoke quite often also suffer from COPD or also from asthma.

Hence, if you also want to minimize the risks of getting those conditions, you may want to quit smoking for sure.

Smoking may not only make your teeth more yellow, it might also contribute to more yellow skin and fingernails.

This is due to the fact that the smoke from cigarettes contains plenty of harmful chemicals and if those substances get in contact with your skin, chances are that your skin will get a yellow touch over time.

It is a sad fact that many wildfires each year are started due to the incorrect disposal of used cigarettes.

Many people simply just dispose of their cigarettes in nature since they think that this will not lead to any problems.

However, under certain conditions, the cigarette may still burn in the inside and will heavy winds, it can happen that those cigarettes ignite dry leaves, which may turn into huge wildfires pretty soon.

Smoking is not only quite harmful to the average person, it can also lead to serious complications in case cigarettes are smoked during pregnancy.

In fact, the chances for birth complications and several other long-term health issues for the baby increase significantly if the mother smokes during pregnancy.

Thus, especially if you are currently pregnant, make sure to avoid smoking at all costs.

Passive smoking is another big issue related to smoking.

In fact, the negative effects of passive smoking are greatly underestimated by many people and chances are that passive smoking can lead to serious health effects for people who never even smoked a single cigarette in their entire life.

Hence, also in order to protect other people, it might be a good idea to quit smoking.

If you smoke way too much, chances are that you will develop a strong tobacco addiction and you may even wake up in the middle of the night since your body and your brain tell you that it is time to get the next tobacco dose.

Consequently, smoking may also harm your overall quality of sleep in the long run.

For some people, tobacco may also be the first substance that they consume.

However, if this inhibition threshold is broken, chances are that people who decided to smoke a cigarette may also try out several other substances that are around.

Hence, smoking can also lead to the start of a substance career which might end in a quite bad manner.

Apart from the many bad consequences for smokers, also our healthcare system may greatly suffer.

The treatment of pulmonary diseases and other issues related to smoking is quite costly and over time, our healthcare systems may even collapse if too many people decided to smoke.

Hence, you could also do our healthcare system a big favor if you stop smoking or, even better, don’t even start it.

Top 10 Smoking Pros & Cons – Summary List

Should you smoke.

We can see from the previous discussion that there are numerous advantages and disadvantages of smoking.

However, in my opinion, the cons of smoking outweigh the pros and if you aspire to a long and happy life, smoking on a regular basis may not be the right way to go for you.

https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htm

https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/lifestyle/what-are-the-health-risks-of-smoking/

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324644

About the author

My name is Andreas and my mission is to educate people of all ages about our environmental problems and how everyone can make a contribution to mitigate these issues.

As I went to university and got my Master’s degree in Economics, I did plenty of research in the field of Development Economics.

After finishing university, I traveled around the world. From this time on, I wanted to make a contribution to ensure a livable future for the next generations in every part of our beautiful planet.

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• Volume 22, Issue suppl 1
• Potential advantages and disadvantages of an endgame strategy: a ‘sinking lid’ on tobacco supply
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• Nick Wilson ,
• George W Thomson ,
• Richard Edwards ,
• Tony Blakely
• Department of Public Health , University of Otago, Wellington , New Zealand
• Correspondence to Associate Professor Nick Wilson, Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington 6002, New Zealand; Nick.wilson{at}otago.ac.nz

Background One possible supply-side strategy for the tobacco endgame is a government-mandated ‘sinking lid’ on tobacco supply (tradeable but decreasing quotas on sales or imports).

Methods We considered literature on quota systems and from a tobacco endgame workshop at the University of Michigan.

Findings Likely strengths of the sinking lid strategy include: (1) that it can provide a clear timetable and an unambiguous signal of a tobacco end-date; (2) that supply reduction is likely to increase product price levels, and there is very strong evidence that increasing price is a highly effective tobacco control intervention. Its feasibility is also supported by the growing international experience with, and political acceptability of, using quota and auction systems in other domains (eg, greenhouse gases, other air pollutants and for fisheries). However, the main disadvantages of this strategy are probably the need for strong political will and high public support (to pass a new law), potential legal challenges by industry (eg, under trade agreements), and vulnerability to problems from illegal supplies of tobacco and from corruption.

Conclusions The sinking lid strategy is a plausible option that is worth considering when investigating possible tobacco endgame strategies, though it may be most applicable in well-organised jurisdictions with low (<15%) adult smoking prevalence. This idea could benefit from further research, such as studies in virtual worlds, and real-world testing on small island jurisdictions, or closed systems, such as military bases.

• Public policy

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/legalcode

https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050791

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Introduction

One possible supply-side strategy for the tobacco endgame at a jurisdiction-level is a ‘sinking lid’ on tobacco sales and/or imports. The basics of this idea have been described previously, 1 but to summarise it could involve government-mandated set percentage point reductions in annual tobacco sales/import quotas from either: (1) the market share of each tobacco company at a baseline year; or (2) available tradeable quotas to either tobacco companies or to wholesalers (eg, that could be auctioned off regularly in declining amounts by a government agency). In the second option, the supply could even be controlled by a non-profit agency, as in the proposed regulated market model. 2 Also, tobacco companies or wholesalers could be permitted to trade quotas on a government-regulated spot market. As supply became more constrained, tobacco price levels would be likely to rise, unless demand dropped sufficiently due to other tobacco control enhancements. Such higher price levels would reduce youth uptake of smoking, increase quitting and reduce relapse. As demonstrated through tobacco tax-driven price increases, increasing price is one of the most effective and most evidence-based mechanisms in tobacco control. 3–5

The strategy would almost certainly be more successful if accompanied by intensified demand reduction measures, such as mass media campaigns to promote quitting (ideally funded by tobacco tax revenue and revenue from the auction sales of quota). Additional price regulation mechanisms (such as minimum price levels), may further prevent industry manipulation to blunt the price signal to smokers as supply declined. When the target prevalence level or end-date (eg, a target prevalence of <1%, or an end-date for legal tobacco sales) was approached, then all residual smokers could be switched to: pharmaceutical-grade nicotine products, be permitted to grow their own tobacco, and/or be permitted to use controlled amounts of government-supplied tobacco/nicotine products via a ‘smoker's licence’ 6 ).

Here we elaborate further on the potential advantages and disadvantages of the sinking lid strategy idea, and consider future research options. To inform this commentary, we considered literature on quota systems and one of us (NW) attended a June 2012 workshop on tobacco endgames at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, USA).

Developments relevant to the sinking lid strategy

There appear to be no further developments in advancing sinking lid-type strategies in the USA since Senator Michael Enzi proposed the ‘Help End Addiction to Lethal Tobacco Habits Act’ in 2007. 7 However, in New Zealand, the sinking lid approach was recommended for further consideration by a Select Committee of Parliament, which had performed an inquiry into the tobacco industry in 2010. 8 Nevertheless, progressing this approach has not been substantially picked up in the New Zealand Government's official response, 9 and its subsequent tobacco control activities have been more focused on introducing multiyear series of annual tobacco tax increases. Although this country has announced a goal for a ‘Smokefree Nation by 2025’, there is still a marked lack of detail around definitions, plans and processes. 10 , 11

International experience with running various quota systems, often with large corporate players involved, provides some evidence that governments can run these successfully, and that they can have the desired impact. One example of a successful auction system is for sulphur dioxide emission ‘allowances’, and this system has been functioning in the USA since 1995 (it is currently run by the Environmental Protection Agency). 12 Such an approach has been expanded to nitrogen oxides, and there is a grouping of 27 eastern US states which are part of a cap-and-trade system that is designed to reduce emissions of the target pollutants (sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) by 70%. 13 Reviews of this US experience are favourable, 14 , 15 and there is also evidence for greenhouse gas emission reductions from the ‘Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative’ in the USA. 15 Perhaps because of this experience in the USA, some public health experts have recently advocated for a cap-and-trade system for controlling the excessive nutrients in the US food system (salt, sugar and unhealthy fats). 16

By contrast with the US experience above, the international experience with quota systems and emissions trading systems for carbon appears more mixed. For example, the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme has not performed as well as expected due to suboptimal design of the scheme (eg, excess distribution of free carbon allowances), and the impact of the global financial crisis on European economic activity. 17 Nevertheless, the system has, without doubt, delivered carbon emission reductions, and it has been responsive to energy sector developments (eg, the German nuclear energy phase-down). 17 Australia is now following suit, though its newly introduced pricing mechanism for carbon will not evolve into a cap-and-trade scheme until 2015. 18 , 19 China has announced seven emissions trading pilots, 20 and there are emerging permit schemes in South Korea and Mexico. 19

Even more common, internationally, are quota (or ‘catch share’) systems for fisheries, where total quotas can be reduced if necessary, and can be traded. One review has reported that ‘implementation of catch shares halts, and even reverses, the global trend toward widespread collapse’ of fisheries. 21 More recent evidence from North American fisheries also suggests that these systems may generate some shift towards more ecological stewardship 22 (ie, more sustainable long-term management). Nevertheless, it has been noted that such systems do not remove all incentives for poor stewardship, and that programme design is critical. 22 Furthermore, some modelling work suggests that catch quota control when combined with a ‘large closed area’ to fishing can be the most effective system for maintaining both short and long-term economic performance’. 23 In terms of a specific country example, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has praised Iceland for the quality of its tradeable quota system that has helped ensure a sustainable (and profitable) fishery. 24

Nevertheless, the examples described above still differ in critical aspects from a sinking lid of quotas on tobacco. Thus, while some societies might be described as suffering ‘fossil fuel addiction’, 25 this is not the same as many citizens consuming a physiologically ‘addictive’ product daily (as it is with most smokers). Also these other quota systems do not usually aim for a rapid reduction in supply down to a very low level or with a complete sales end-date (eg, over 10–15 years as might be planned for tobacco).

Advantages of the sinking lid strategy

A likely strength of the sinking lid strategy is that it provides a clear timetable for policymakers and can include an unambiguous signal of the tobacco sales end-date. It is much more difficult to predict a target date for achievement of the endgame (eg, of <1% smoking prevalence) solely using instruments such as ongoing tobacco tax rises. It is highly plausible that a clear timetable to an end-date would increase motivational tension in smokers and associated quitting behaviour (potentially via both planned and unplanned 26 quit attempts). Such an approach could also facilitate more focused activity by the health sector around promoting and supporting smoking cessation.

Another likely advantage is that some of the mechanisms involved in the strategy are well understood. That is, the likely consequence of supply reduction, increased price (driven by tobacco tax increases), is a highly evidence-based tobacco control intervention in most countries. There are also the working analogies for how governments manage tradeable quota systems as discussed above. These aspects will provide some reassurance for policymakers concerned with achieving endgame success, and officials concerned with short-revenue streams. Indeed, by maintaining both tobacco taxation for the bulk of the revenue and also introducing revenue from auctioned quotas, a greater proportion of the tobacco price could potentially be shifted from tobacco industry profits into government revenue (especially if there was also a maximum pretax price that retailers and manufacturers could charge). 27 In some jurisdictions, this could provide additional total revenue in the short term (for other tobacco control interventions or for health sector funding), until smoking prevalence falls appreciably, and then total revenue from this source declines. As with all tobacco endgame strategies, if governments wish to maintain constant revenue streams, then other types of taxes may need to be raised (eg, on pollutants such as carbon) as tobacco tax revenues start to decline.

As per most other endgame strategies in this supplement, this strategy is likely to be highly compatible with a wide suite of adjunct evidence-based tobacco control interventions (eg, expanded smokefree area laws, mass media campaigns, quitlines and other smoking cessation support). Indeed, for equity reasons (given that smokers are more likely to be people on relatively low incomes), it is optimal that strong adjunct interventions are part of a package so that demand is reduced in such a way that price does not become exorbitant in the short to medium term.

The sinking lid strategy would also be compatible with some other endgame strategies, such as a smoker's licence system 6 (though for reasons of practicality, cost and political acceptability, this is perhaps best introduced at very low smoking prevalences). It could also be complemented with the strategy of phasing-down nicotine levels in all cigarettes on the market 28 and of differential phase-outs for different types of tobacco products (depending on existing country-specific tobacco markets and views on harm reduction).

But there are trade-offs in terms of developing a strong and comprehensive endgame package versus a more simple approach that minimises demands on limited political capital and organisational capacity. Therefore, it may be more appropriate for small jurisdictions to run only with the sinking lid strategy, and accompany it with only traditional demand reduction interventions (smoking cessation support, etc).

Disadvantages of the sinking lid strategy

Requires strong political leadership.

Probably the major disadvantage with the sinking lid strategy in democratic countries is that it faces the requirement of there being enough strong political leadership and public support to pass the necessary law. This political will would need to be particularly strong if the new law detailed the novel feature of including an endpoint, such as prohibiting legal tobacco sales and the start of any smoker's licence system. While public support has been described as a likely endgame requirement, 29 the level of political leadership and continuing resolve may have to at least reach that recently shown by the Australian Government around introducing the world's first plain packaging law for tobacco products (which combines the removal of virtually all brand imagery with requiring larger pictorial health warnings). 30 Low corruption levels would also be necessary to protect against pressure from the tobacco industry and its allies (retailers, advertisers and law firms, etc).

Litigation risk

The act of passing a law for a sinking lid strategy is far more likely to trigger tobacco company litigation against the government, compared with the use of incremental tobacco control strategies (eg, continuously raising tobacco tax). This litigation could be for loss of their investments 31 (eg, as per legal action by the industry, using Australia's bilateral investment treaty with Hong Kong on the plain packaging issue 32 ). However, it is uncertain if such litigation would succeed, and the risk of litigation might be reduced if the endpoint of the sinking lid strategy was just a low smoking prevalence (eg, <1%) rather than a defined endpoint for legal tobacco sales. Also, while such litigation could increase costs to governments, such costs would almost certainly be trivial in relation to the health and social costs of continued tobacco sales.

Illegal supply

As supply was reduced, and as tobacco price levels increased, the problems of cross-border smuggling, thefts and illegal sales from duty-free purchases or local tobacco growers could rise (as they could with other price increase strategies). Such problems could definitely reduce the effectiveness of the sinking lid strategy and could undermine public and political support if the social costs associated with the criminality of supply were perceived to be too high. So the illegal supply problem may limit the viability of a sinking lid strategy to jurisdictions: with strong border controls; that are geographically isolated, such as islands; that have a well controlled (or no) tobacco growing sector; that have effective law enforcement; and have low corruption levels. Some of these issues can potentially be addressed through further investing in customs and police institutions, and removing tobacco growing within a country's own borders (eg, by a complete tobacco farming buyout programme). Other supportive measures to reduce these problems could include: eliminating duty-free allowances, prohibiting mail-order and internet sales on tobacco, and tighter controls on who is permitted to sell tobacco (eg, licensing of retailers).

Industry counter-responses

Beforehand, or once a sinking lid strategy was underway, tobacco companies could potentially disrupt it in various ways. For example, company collusion could disrupt any auction system for quota allocation, and companies might bribe officials to damage the auction system indirectly. This risk might suggest that the sinking lid strategy is probably more suited for nations with both low corruption levels and a strong civil service. But some risks could also be countered in advance, for instance, with governments having back-up tobacco supply arrangements with tobacco companies not currently supplying in the jurisdiction. Alternately, where the supply to wholesalers or retailers was only permitted to be from a non-profit agency, 2 the risk of such responses may be reduced.

Possible next steps for further research and policy

For the reasons given above, we acknowledge that the sinking lid strategy might ultimately be only an endgame strategy suited for well-organised jurisdictions with other favourable features, such as: relatively low smoking prevalence in adults (eg, under 15%), and the other features referred to above (eg, minimal corruption). 29 Nevertheless, settings using this strategy could achieve major population health gain, compared with the status quo in most countries of small incremental steps to gradually reduce smoking prevalence. Furthermore, we suspect that the world will probably need a range of different tobacco endgame strategies to cope with diverse country settings. Some of the research options that may advance understanding of a sinking lid strategy are as follows.

Qualitative research

Key informant interviews with the officials who run quota systems (eg, for air pollution and fisheries) could be conducted. Similarly, for key stakeholders such as senior politicians and senior officials, on their attitudes towards adopting a sinking lid strategy in their country. Particular contrasts could be drawn with key informants’ views on the feasibility of alternative endgame strategies—particularly the most similar one of continuous large tobacco tax increases into the future.

Reviewing existing quota systems

There could be further review of the experience of how established quota systems work in practice, especially those where the quotas are reduced over time (eg, for carbon emissions, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions and quotas for endangered fish species). Australia's new carbon pricing mechanism provides a number of state-of-the-art design features 19 that could be worthy of further examination.

Experiments in virtual worlds

‘Virtual worlds’ are used to study economic behaviour, such as the nature of exchange 33 and purchasing behaviour in virtual supermarkets. 34 Such an approach could be used for endgame experiments whereby the full tobacco endgame in a jurisdiction is simulated (eg, at a scale of 1 day equals 1 year). A range of hired business people could function as simulated ‘tobacco company executives’ trying to maximise profits and outmanoeuvre the ‘regulators’ (from treasury and health ministries) who are running the auctions and other components of the sinking lid strategy.

Real-world testing

The sinking lid strategy could be applied in a relatively closed system, such as on a military base (especially if on an island), or for the occupants of a large naval vessel such as an aircraft carrier. A small island jurisdiction is a more real-world option, particularly an island which is, or is part of, an OECD country with a social science research base (eg, Iceland). To kick-start the process, a philanthropic organisation could perhaps offer a multimillion dollar ‘tobacco endgame prize’ for any island jurisdiction that wishes to operationalise the sinking lid strategy and permit appropriate validation by researchers, and with appropriate ethical oversight (eg, such prizes for other topic areas have been put forward by the X Prize Foundation, (X Prize Foundation, Playa Visa, California, USA, http://www.xprize.org/ )). Technical assistance ‘when needed’ from other countries could be permitted, as has previously been suggested for advancing tobacco control on the small Pacific island nation of Niue. 35 Nevertheless, remote island jurisdictions without airports (eg, Tokelau) may be even more suitable, as then the smuggling risk is reduced accordingly.

Conclusions

The sinking lid strategy needs to be considered as an endgame strategy even though it might only be applicable in certain types of jurisdictions. This idea could benefit from further research to access its feasibility (eg, via key informant interviews). Evaluation in simulated online worlds may be worthwhile, along with real-world testing that starts with small island jurisdictions, or closed systems such as military bases.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the organisers of the workshop at the University of Michigan School of Public Health (Ann Arbor, USA) and the workshop funders (see below).

• Thomson G ,
• Blakely T ,
• Chaloupka FJ ,
• Yurekli A ,
• ↵ International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . Effectiveness of tax and price policies for tobacco control. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention in Tobacco Control . Volume 14 . Lyon : IARC , 2011 .
• ↵ NZ Parliament . Government Response to the Report of the Māori Affairs Committee on its Inquiry into the tobacco industry in Aotearoa and the consequences of tobacco use for Māori (Final Response) . Wellington : New Zealand (NZ) Parliament , 2011 . http://www.parliament.nz/NR/rdonlyres/3AAA09C2-AD68–4253–85AE-BCE90128C1A0/187795/DBHOH_PAP_21175_GovernmentFinalResponsetoReportoft.pdf (accessed 21 Nov 2012 ).
• ↵ US Environmental Protection Agency . Acid Rain Program SO2 Allowances Fact Sheet . http://www.epa.gov/airmarkt/trading/factsheet.html (accessed 21 Jul 2012 ).
• ↵ US Environmental Protection Agency . Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) . http://www.epa.gov/airmarkt/progsregs/cair/index.html (accessed 21 Jul 2012 ).
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• Tietenberg T
• Rosenthal MB
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• Caripis L ,
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• Gilmore AB ,
• Branston JR ,
• Edwards R ,
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• Steenhuis IH

Contributors All authors contributed to the overall design of the article. NW attended the University of Michigan workshop and relevant new literature was identified by NW, GT and RE. The manuscript was drafted by NW and was critically revised by all other authors, who also approved the final version. NW is the guarantor.

Funding The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and American Legacy Foundation funded the workshop. Nick Wilson and Tony Blakely are also supported by the BODE 3 programme which is modelling tobacco endgame strategies and receives funding support from the Health Research Council of New Zealand (Project number 10/248).

Competing interests None.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Open Access This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 3.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/

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The Health Risks of Vaping

As of Dec. 20, 2019, the new legal age limit is 21 years old for purchasing cigarettes, cigars, or any other tobacco products in the U.S.

If you have a respiratory condition such as  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , it is important that you consider all the facts before using electronic cigarettes—popularly known as  e-cigarettes .

First introduced into the market in 2003, the devices were promoted as a way to cut back on cigarettes. When you have pulmonary disease, smoking cessation is undoubtedly the most important aspect of taking care of your health. However, evidence supporting the use of e-cigarettes as an effective strategy for smoking cessation is lacking.

As e-cigarette use has increased, it has become clear that the devices pose serious health risks of their own.

Amid increasing reports of deaths and serious illnesses, in 2019, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) formally announced a plan to restrict flavored e-cigarette products and to increase the regulation of all electronic nicotine delivery systems.

These include the components of e-cigarettes as well as e-liquids, cartridges, flavorings, and atomizers. By the end of January 2020, e-cigarette companies were required to cease manufacturing and selling flavored vaping products (excluding menthol and tobacco).

E-Cigarette or Vaping Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)

In 2019, serious acute lung injury illnesses were associated with the use of e-cigarettes (vaping). Since the specific causes of these lung injury cases were not yet known, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended refraining from all vaping products. These lung injuries have since been described as e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI). The primary cause is believed to be vitamin E acetate found in some THC-containing e-cigarettes, but this is not thought to be the only substance responsible.

How E-Cigarettes Work

E-cigarettes are battery-powered devices filled with a solution of liquid nicotine, water, and propylene glycol.   They are cylindrical in shape and may resemble a cigarette, flash drive, or mobile phone.

When you take a puff on an e-cigarette, a battery heats up the solution to create a vapor (steam) that you can inhale. The action of inhaling the vapor (which is similar to the sensation of smoking) is described as "vaping.”

Juul, a brand of e-cigarettes that is popular among middle schoolers and high schoolers, is used with a liquid-containing pod. The liquid, which was often flavored, can provide the user with a taste such as bubblegum or grapefruit. There are other brands of e-cigarettes that also can be used with flavored liquid.

The Contents of E-Cigarettes

Cigarettes have been around for many years, and their risks are well understood. Heart disease, lung disease, and an increase in cancer risk are all among the established effects of cigarette smoke and secondhand smoke exposure.

E-cigarettes contain a variety of chemicals, including propylene glycol, glycerin, diacetyl, and benzaldehyde. Each flavor may also contain additional chemical additives. The long term effects of inhaling the vaporized form of these products are not yet known, and they may be associated with effects such as cancer .

Effects of E-Cigarettes on COPD

Researchers have suggested that e-cigarettes may help smokers reduce their use of traditional cigarettes. In the short term, it is not uncommon to experience a sore throat , coughing, eye irritation, and dry mouth shortly after vaping.

Additionally, the impact of substituting traditional cigarettes with e-cigarettes is unclear. The use of these devices has been shown to cause inflammation, especially in the lungs.

It turns out that e-cigarettes may affect those with COPD differently than people who do not have COPD.

The inflammatory response induced by vaping is seen in people who do not have pulmonary disease, but it is higher among people who have COPD. The reason that e-cigarette-mediated inflammation is more pronounced for people who have COPD is not completely clear.  

We do know that recurrent and chronic inflammation in the lungs leads to pulmonary disease . Inflammation narrows the bronchi (airways) and can interfere with oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer in the alveoli (air sacs).

Repeated episodes of inflammation ultimately lead to thickening and scarring in the lungs. This produces symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing, exercise intolerance, and fatigue. If you already have COPD, further inflammation will worsen your disease and may cause heart disease or other types of pulmonary disease to develop.

If you have another lung disease besides COPD—such as asthma or allergies—keep in mind that e-cigarettes may make your symptoms act up.

If you have a pulmonary condition like COPD, smoking cessation is an important part of your disease management. The use of e-cigarettes has been promoted as a possible strategy for smoking cessation. Yet the evidence is not firm, and the harmful effects of e-cigarettes are coming to light.

Keep in mind that as regulation tightens, illegally obtained pods and new formulations can lead to the availability and use of new and different chemicals with e-cigarettes. The health outcomes of "underground" products and products that comply with tightened regulations are yet to be seen.

Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. Electronic Cigarettes . Reviewed March 11, 2019.

US Food & Drug Administration. How FDA is Regulating E-Cigarettes . September 10, 2019.

Yale Medicine. E-cigarette, or vaping product, use associated lung injury (EVALI) .

Bhatnagar A, Whitsel LP, Ribisl KM, et al. Electronic cigarettes: a policy statement from the American Heart Association . Circulation. 2014;130(16):1418-36. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000107

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking & Tobacco Use. Health Effects . Reviewed February 8, 2018.

Chaumont M, Van de borne P, Bernard A, et al. Fourth generation e-cigarette vaping induces transient lung inflammation and gas exchange disturbances: results from two randomized clinical trials . Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2019;316(5):L705-L719. doi:+10.1152/ajplung.00492.2018

Morjaria JB, Mondati E, Polosa R. E-cigarettes in patients with COPD: current perspectives . Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:3203-3210. doi:10.2147/COPD.S135323

American Lung Associaton, Smoking Facts, JUUL. Vapes. Vape Pens. E-cigarettes. What's the Difference?

Bozier J, Rutting S, Xenaki D, Peters M, Adcock I, Oliver BG. Heightened response to e-cigarettes in COPD . ERJ Open Re s. 2019 Feb 26;5(1). pii: 00192-2018. doi:10.1183/23120541.00192-2018 eCollection 2019 Feb.

Morjaria JB, Mondati E, Polosa R. E-cigarettes in patients with COPD: current perspectives . Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis . 2017 Nov 1;12:3203-3210. doi:10.2147/COPD.S135323 eCollection 2017.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. How the FDA is regulating e-cigarettes .

By Deborah Leader, RN  Deborah Leader RN, PHN, is a registered nurse and medical writer who focuses on COPD.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Cigarettes

Despite nearly nine thousand publications on e-cigarettes (EC) in the PubMed database, there is still no consensus in the scientific community and among decision makers regarding the risks and benefits of using these products. As we emphasized in the call for papers, further research is needed to provide new evidence-based knowledge to better inform the public about the possible risks as well as the benefits for smokers related to the use of e-cigarettes. We proposed a wide range of topics, which included laboratory studies related to the presence of harmful substances in the liquid and aerosol, in vivo and in vitro health effects studies, the role of nicotine in addiction, and observational population studies on the use of EC.

The papers submitted for the Special Issue (SI) fit into the proposed topics. Two papers concern reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during the use of an e-cigarette containing synthetic nicotine [ 1 ] and the influence of flavoring substances on the appearance of ROS in the aerosol [ 2 ]. Flavoring substances are also the subject of research by Bebenek et al. [ 3 ]. The authors analyze their influence on the content of free and protonated nicotine and the consequences associated with nicotine addiction. In turn, animal studies [ 4 ] have hypothesized that exposure to flavored e-cigarettes would cause lung inflammation in C57BL/6 J mice. This study revealed that flavor-based e-cigarette exposure elicited sex-specific alterations in lung inflammation, with cherry flavors/benzaldehyde eliciting female-specific and tobacco flavor resulting in male-specific increases in lung inflammation. Such studies indicate the potential toxicity of some flavorings added to e-liquid which should be taken into account when formulating regulations.

In in vivo studies, Cichońska et al. [ 5 ] conclude that e-cigarette usage adversely affects the antioxidant capacity of saliva, in comparison to non-smokers, to the same extent as smoking traditional cigarettes. This might present an important clinical risk of oral cavity disorders. Additionally, in their review paper, Szumilas et al. [ 6 ] review the literature in terms of the impact of e-cigarette aerosol on the cells and tissues of the oral cavity.

In turn, in vitro studies have shown that e-cigarette vapor condensate (ECVC) has a negative effect on both osteoblast viability and function, with these effects being mediated, in part, by nicotine-dependent mechanisms and also reactive carbonyl species derived from e-liquid humectants. Reduced osteoblast viability, coupled with a reduction in OPG secretion as observed following ECVC treatment, may lead to increased bone resorption following chronic exposure, in turn potentially impacting bone development in younger users, while increasing bone-associated disease progression and negatively impacting orthopedic and dental surgery outcomes [ 7 ].

Another article in this SI is devoted to the study of the storage conditions and type of clearomizers on the increase in heavy metal levels in e-cigarette liquids retailed in Romania [ 8 ]. It has been found that the long period and high storage temperature of e-liquids in the clearomizer have an effect on increasing the level of heavy metals in the generated aerosol. This is important information for users of these products, aiming to reduce the harmfulness of their use.

In many reports published by prestigious scientific institutions, special attention is paid to the threat that e-cigarettes may pose to young people. Therefore, we welcomed the paper describing the results of a cross-sectional study conducted in Poland [ 9 ]. The main aim of this study was the assessment of the factors associated with the use of electronic cigarettes among high school students. Two parameters used to assess public health were used for this purpose: health literacy (HL) and the health locus of control (HLC). Personal health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the ability to find, understand, and use information and services to inform health-related decisions and actions for themselves and others. The health locus of control refers to the belief that health is in one’s control (internal control) or is not in one’s control (external control). Among adults, the external locus of control is associated with negative health outcomes, whereas the internal locus of control is associated with favorable outcomes. The obtained results showed that students smoking conventional cigarettes were more prone to using e-cigarettes. To sum up, it was an unexpected result that HL is not associated with the use of e-cigarettes. A greater likelihood of using e-cigarettes was positively associated with higher HLC scores, as in the case of traditional smoking.

There are currently ongoing debates about the relationship between e-cigarette use, NRT use, and the uptake and provision of other quit methods including behavioral support. It has been suggested, for instance, that widespread e-cigarette use may be reducing the need for stop smoking services (SSSs). Meanwhile, research by Harweell et al. [ 10 ] does not support this argument; some smokers participating in the study were still willing to receive additional support in quitting from SSSs, even if they were already using e-cigarettes.

Another paper [ 11 ] uses data from Wave 3 of The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study which is a nationally representative longitudinal study of tobacco use and health in the United States. The authors assess associations between e-cigarette use and self-reported hypertension, a highly prevalent health condition and major contributor to cardiovascular disease burden. According to the authors, after adjusting for potential confounders, current vaping (OR = 1.31) and current smoking (OR = 1.27) were both associated with higher odds of hypertension; those odds were lower for respondents who were concurrently smoking and vaping (OR = 1.77). The results obtained make an important contribution to the evaluation of the association of e-cigarette use with major adverse cardiovascular endpoints (e.g., stroke and myocardial infarction).

Controversies around the risks posed by e-cigarettes are often due to the wide variety of products and user behavior, the underestimation or overestimation of risk, as well as the wrong methodological approach. In this context, we pay particular attention to two further works. Talhout et al. [ 12 ] used several approaches to quantify the health risk of tobacco products, either the absolute risk or that relative to a tobacco cigarette. The hazard index (HI) and relative potency factor (RPF) approaches may be used for the quantification of health risk, provided that sufficient and relevant hazard and exposure data are available. None of the methods are ready to be used in regulation yet due to a lack of relevant data on hazard and exposure, but also due to a variety of regulatory needs and wishes. However, the application of these methods may be possible in due time.

One of the reasons for the controversy surrounding e-cigarettes is the different, often contradictory results of studies covering the same research topic. The reasons may vary. However, the most important is the research methodology. This topic was discussed in two papers by Soulet and Sussman. In the first paper [ 13 ], the authors critically reviewed laboratory studies published after 2017 on the metal content of EC aerosol, focusing on the consistency between their experimental design, the actual use of the device, and the corresponding exposure risk assessment. The authors showed the most important reasons for the variation in results in the reviewed papers. They included inadequate BA test protocols unsuited to the power of the heater; miscalculation of exposure levels based on experimental results; devices manufactured many months before the experiment, which could be the cause of corrosion of the e-cigarette’s metal components; and lack of sufficient information to allow repetition of the study.

Similar topics are addressed in the second paper [ 14 ]. They review the literature on laboratory studies quantifying the production of potentially toxic organic by-products (carbonyls, carbon monoxide, and free radicals) in e-cigarette aerosol emissions, focusing on the consistency between their experimental design and a realistic usage of the devices. The authors conclude that laboratory testing requires a much more flexible standard, not only providing appropriate technical guidelines, but facilitating the incorporation of end users to complement laboratory logistics.

We agree with the authors of these papers that an objective assessment of the risk of using e-cigarettes requires the elimination of incorrect research methodology and signals the necessity to upgrade current laboratory-testing standards.

The papers posted in the SI cover various research areas related to e-cigarettes. In our opinion, they show two important directions for further research. The first is the role of flavor additives in the overall assessment of the harmfulness of e-cigarettes, and the second is the need to take steps toward standardizing methods at least for areas of research in which we observe considerable variation in the results obtained, which at present makes it difficult to take rational regulatory action and recommendations.

Funding Statement

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

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Selling Cigarettes in Your Convenience Stores: Risks and Info

Cigarettes and other tobacco products are top earners for convenience stores, but there are risks associated with selling these products.

Given the fact that 20% of high school students admit to vaping, store owners can expect increased attempts to purchase tobacco products illegally and increased scrutiny from law enforcement and local regulators.

Other than the risks of selling tobacco products, these products are known to have negative health effects and store owners should consider this fact before deciding to sell them to their customers.

However, thousands of stores sell tobacco products around the United States and, as long as you follow federal, state and local requirements for tobacco retailers, you can reap the benefits of selling tobacco products in your convenience store.

The Risks of Selling Cigarettes for Retailers

Before you decide to carry cigarettes or other tobacco products, you should know the risks involved so you can avoid penalties of violating rules for retailers.

Here are some common questions retailers have about the risks of selling cigarettes:

What is the penalty for selling cigarettes to minors?

There is no federal penalty for selling tobacco products to minors, but each state has its own penalties for retailers who sell tobacco products to minors.

State specific regulations will determine the penalties you will receive for selling tobacco products for minors, and will effect punishment factor like:

• Whether you will be fined on your first offense.
• How many offenses will cause your tobacco license to be suspended or permanently revoked.
• Whether the individual who sold the tobacco product to the minor is specifically liable or if the store/company is liable.

To learn what is the fine for selling cigarettes to minors in your state, search “penalties for selling cigarettes to minors in (your state),” as each state has its own specific penalties.

What is the penalty for selling cigarettes without a license?

Selling tobacco products without a license is a serious offense and results in large fines, up to a year in prison or both.

What taxes am I liable for when selling cigarettes?

On top of the $1.0066 federal tax due for each pack of cigarettes, each state has its own cigarette excise tax, ranging from $4.35 in Connecticut and New York State, to $0.30 in Virginia and $0.37 in Georgia.

Additionally, counties and cities can add additional taxes on cigarettes, Philadelphia adding a $2 tax and New York City adding $1.50, for example.

These taxes on packs of cigarettes are separate from other tobacco products like cigars and e-cigarettes, which are also regulated and taxed on the state and local level.

Failure to pay local, state or federal taxes on packs of cigarettes and other tobacco products sold is an offense that can result in the suspension of tobacco retailer license and fines in addition to payment of back taxes.

Information for Retailers of Tobacco Products

Now that you know the risks associated with selling cigarettes and other tobacco products, we can cover information to help you get your tobacco retailer license.

Here are common questions that store owners have about the process of obtaining a Cigarette and Tobacco Products Retailer's License and the requirements for these store owners once they have obtained this license.

How do I get a License to sell cigarettes and other tobacco products?

To sell tobacco products in your store, you will need to obtain a Cigarette and Tobacco Products Retailer's License and be registered as a “Cigarette/Tobacco Retailer” in your state.

You will need a separate license for each retail location selling tobacco products and a separate license for each cigarette vending machine you maintain.

To start the application process, search “Apply for tobacco retail license in (your state),” and you will be able to begin the application process online.

Generally, the application process will involve:

• Creating an online account through the agency that regulates tobacco sales in your state.
• Submitting personal and business information through your online account.
• Paying a one time application fee and paying an annual license renewal fee.

Every state has different information submission requirements, but here’s an example of the initial information you will be required to submit, based on California’s submission requirements:

• Driver License Number
• Social Security Number (SSN)
• Email Address
• Supplier Name/Address
• Personal References
• Bookkeeper/Accountant Address and Phone Number (if applicable)
• FEIN (Partnership, Association, Organization, Trust, Estate, Joint Venture, Receivership/Fiduciary, Unincorporated Business Organization, Limited Liability Partnership, Limited Partnership, Limited Liability Corporation)
• California Secretary of State Entity Number (Limited Liability Partnership, Limited Partnership, Limited Liability Corporation)
• Agency Name (Federal, State, and Local Government)
• Name, address and phone number of the person(s) who maintains the books and records

Once you have obtained your state Cigarette and Tobacco Products Retailer's License, you should see what additional regulations have been put in place by the city and/or county you operate in.

Who can I sell cigarettes to once I have my tobacco retailer license?

Cigarettes are only for sale to people who can prove that they are 18 years or older with a valid government issued photo ID.

Some states, counties and cities have voted to raise the minimum age for the purchase of tobacco products past 18, and have imposed other regulations limiting sales of cigarettes. Before making sales of cigarettes and other tobacco products, you need to be sure that you aren’t in violation of local tobacco sales ordinances.

Here is a resource displaying many of the states, counties and cities that have increased the minimum age for tobacco sales, but to be safe, you should always conduct your own research on the requirements for tobacco retailers in the state, county and city you do business in.

What is considered a tobacco product?

A tobacco product is any product that contains tobacco or nicotine, and this definition has expanded in recent years with the rise in popularity of vaping.

Here’s the FDA’s definition of a tobacco product:

Any product made or derived from tobacco that is intended for human consumption, including any component, part, or accessory of a tobacco product (except for raw materials other than tobacco used in manufacturing a component, part, or accessory of a tobacco product).

Here are some quick rules related to the official definition of tobacco products:

• Any tobacco product you purchase for resale should clearly be labeled as a tobacco product.
• You should NEVER purchase a tobacco product that is not clearly marked as such or unlicensed by the FDA.

What taxes do I need to pay on the cigarettes I sell?

In addition to federal taxes on the tobacco products you sell ($1.0066 per-pack), you are also responsible for paying state and local taxes.

This information can easily be found online by searching “retail tobacco tax (your state),” “retail tobacco tax (your county)” and “retail tobacco tax (your city)”

In New York City, for example, you would combine the federal tobacco tax ($1.0066/pack), the state tobacco excise tax ($4.35/pack) and the city’s local tax ($1.50/pack) to get a combined tax rate of $6.8566/pack of cigarettes sold.

Here’s the formula for calculating the taxes you will owe for each pack of cigarettes sold:

Federal Tobacco Tax (Per-Pack of 20) + State Tobacco Tax (Per-Pack of 20) + City Tobacco Tax (Per-Pack of 20) = Taxes You Owe Per-Pack of 20 Cigarettes Sold

What are federal requirements for sale of tobacco products?

Federal rules for selling tobacco products:

• Check photo ID of everyone under age 27 who attempts to purchase any tobacco product.
• Only sell tobacco products to customers age 18 or older.
• Do NOT sell tobacco products in a vending machine unless in an adult-only facility.
• Do NOT give away free samples of tobacco products to consumers, including any of their components or parts.

Federal requirements for tobacco retailer license:

• Prominently display the license at each retail location in a manner visible to the public.
• Keep complete and legible purchase invoices for cigarettes and tobacco products for four (4) years.
• Keep these invoices at the location indicated on your license for the first year after purchase.
• Allow Board staff or law enforcement agencies to review your invoices upon request.

Resources for Retailers of Tobacco Products

These resources can help you better understand the requirements for retailers of tobacco products and how to better follow these requirements:

• This is our watch is a federal resource for retailers of tobacco products.
• Summary of Federal Requirements for Retailers of Tobacco
• Video Guides for Compliance with Retailers of Tobacco Requirements

Because record keeping is so vital to the lawful sale of tobacco products, it is essential that your inventory management of these products is top of the line.

CStorePro allows you to easily track daily and overall sales of cigarettes and other tobacco products, retain invoices for purchases of tobacco products according to federal requirements and manage inventory in real time to ensure cigarettes are never out of stock.

To see CStorePro convenience store software in action, you can schedule a demo or try our our solution for yourself with a free 30 day trial .

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Advantages and disadvantages of selling cigarettes essay?

Question: Advantages and disadvantages of selling cigarettes essay?

Selling cigarettes is a controversial issue, and it has both advantages and disadvantages. In this essay, we will examine the pros and cons of selling cigarettes.

Advantages of selling cigarettes:-

1. Revenue: Selling cigarettes generates significant revenue for both the government and the tobacco companies. Governments can earn substantial tax revenue from the sale of cigarettes, which can be used to fund various public services.

2. Employment: The tobacco industry creates jobs in various fields, from farming to manufacturing and sales. This can provide employment opportunities for many people.

3. Personal choice: Some argue that selling cigarettes is a matter of personal choice. Individuals should have the freedom to decide whether or not they want to smoke.

Disadvantages of selling cigarettes:-

1. Health risks: Smoking cigarettes is a significant health risk and is responsible for many deaths worldwide. Selling cigarettes makes them more accessible, increasing the likelihood of people taking up smoking and developing smoking-related health problems.

2. Addiction: Nicotine is a highly addictive substance, and selling cigarettes perpetuates addiction, making it difficult for people to quit smoking.

3. Environmental impact: The production and disposal of cigarettes have significant environmental impacts. Tobacco farming and cigarette manufacturing can lead to deforestation and water pollution. The disposal of cigarette butts also contributes to litter and pollution.

4. Social costs: The social costs of smoking, such as healthcare expenses, lost productivity, and premature death, are substantial. These costs are often borne by society as a whole, rather than just the individuals who smoke.

In conclusion, while selling cigarettes can generate revenue and provide employment, it also has significant health, environmental, and social costs. It is up to governments and individuals to weigh the pros and cons and decide whether selling cigarettes is a desirable practice.

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