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Satellite Communications

Published by Laureen Jefferson Modified over 6 years ago

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satellite communication - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

satellite communication

Describes what is satellite communication – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Whats mean by satellite ?
• History of Satellites
• Layer Of Atmosphere
• Generalized communication system
• What are the components of a satellite?
• How Satellites Work ?
• How do satellite stay in orbit ?
• Why satellite are launched 36,000 Km from centre of earth ?
• Types of bands
• Types of orbits
• Global position system
• Advantages And Disadvantages Of satellite
• Uses of satellite
• A Satellite is a solid object which revolves around some body due to the effect of gravitational forces OR
• a satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavour.
• Active satellites
• Passive Satellites
• Active satellites are complicated structures having a processing equipment called Transponder .
• An active satellite acts as a REPEATER
• Natural satellites
• artificial satellites.
• A passive satellite only reflects received signals back to earth.
• Ex.moon is a natural satellite of earth
• The world's first artificial satellite is the Sputnik 1
• was launched in 1957
• First satellite that was used for communication purpose in INDIA was -ARYABHATTA (19 April 1975)
• The first geostationary communication satellite -SYNCOM 3(19 Aug 1963).
• Father of geostationary communication satellite is
• -HAROLD ROSEN
• (Aircraft engineer)
• TROPOSPHERE
• STRATOSPHERE
• THERMOSPHERE
• 1 Message signal.
• 2 tranmitted signal.
• 3 received signal.
• 4 message signal.
• Many satellites are powered by rechargeable batteries.
• Small thrusters provide attitude i.e. stabilize the satellite's position in space.
• A Earth Station sends message in GHz range (Uplink).
• Satellite Receive and retransmit signals back. (Downlink)
• Difference between Downlink and Uplink frequency is
• 1.Gravitational force attraction between any two objects, given by
• 2.Centrifugal forcean outward-directed force that normally balances the inward-directed centripital force
• There are two relevant forces involved in this problem
•   Satellites never fall into the Earth this because Earth is round and curves.
• Satellites stay in orbit due to the balance of two factors
• Velocity and
• Gravitational pull between the Earth and the satellite.
• Different kinds of satellites use different frequency bands.
• LBand 1 to 2 GHz,
• S-Band 2 to 4 GHz
• C-Band 4 to 8 GHz
• X-Band 8 to 13 GHz
• Ku-Band 13 to 18 GHz
• K-Band 18 to 28 GHz
• Ka-Band 28 to 40 GHz
• There is a inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength.
• As wavelength increases (and frequency decreases), larger antennas (satellite dishes) are necessary to gather the signal.
• C-band is the most common frequency spectrums used by todays satellite.
• C-band satellite transmissions occupy the 4 to 8 GHz frequency range.
• C-band antenna is approximately 2-3 meters in diameter
• Ku-band satellite transmissions occupy the 13 to 18 GHz frequency range.
• Ku-band antennas can be as small as 18 inches in diameter
•  These very high frequency transmissions mean very small wavelengths and very small diameter receiving antennas.
• Low-Earth-Orbit (LEOs)
• Medium-Earth-Orbit (MEOs)
• Geostationary (GEOs)
• Altitude (600-1000 KM)
• satellite gives it a better signal strength
• Reduces transmission delay
• Disadvantages
• Smaller coverage area.
• Shorter life span (5-8 yrs.)
• 0.8 GHz range
• Small, low-cost
• Used for short communications.
• MEOs orbits between the altitudes of 8,000 - 20,000 km above the earth.
• MEO satellites have a larger coverage.
• These orbits are primarily reserved for communications satellites that cover the North and South Pole.
• MEOs are placed in an elliptical (oval-shaped) orbit.
• From the ground level the satellite appears fixed.
• GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular area.
• Coverage to 40 of area Of planet by this satellite
• EQUATORIAL ORBIT
• POLAR CIRCULAR ORBIT
• INCLINED ORBIT
• EACH SATELLITE COVER 40 AREA
• SATELLITE MAKES AN ANGLE OF 120 WITH EACH OTHER.
• DISADVANTAGES
• Make repeated observations over a given area .
• At a time satellites observe a larger coverage
• Minimum Satellite lifetime is about 10-15 years.  
• Poor spatial resolution in the polar regions.
• Launching satellites into orbit is costly.
• IT IS USED FOR LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION.
• IT IS SPEEDY AND RELIABLE.
• IT IS USED FOR WEATHER FORECASTING.
• (study of atmosphere ,rain ,sunshine at any place at perticular time)
• IT IS USED FOR TRANSMIT T.V. SIGNAL OVER LARGE DISTANCE COMMUNICATION.
• POLAR SATELLITE IS USED FOR REMOTE SENSING.
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_satell ie
• Geostationary Satellite(Author- Louis E.Frenzel)
• (Edition- Third)
• (Publication- Tata McGraw-Hill)
• http//web.mit.edu/invent/iow/rosen.html

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Satellite Communication

Sep 09, 2014

600 likes | 1.08k Views

Satellite Communication. Introductory Lecture. http:// web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/AUT2011/teSCms. Overview. Satellite technology has progressed tremendously over the last 50 years since Arthur C. Clarke first proposed its idea in 1945 in his article in Wireless World.

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Presentation Transcript

Satellite Communication Introductory Lecture http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/AUT2011/teSCms

Overview • Satellite technology has progressed tremendously over the last 50 years since Arthur C. Clarke first proposed its idea in 1945 in his article in Wireless World. • Today, satellite systems can provide a variety of services including broadband communications, audio/video distribution networks, maritime navigation, worldwide customer service and support as well as military command and control. • Satellite systems are also expected to play an important role in the emerging 4G global infrastructure providing the wide area coverage necessary for the realization of the “Optimally Connected Anywhere, Anytime” vision that drives the growth of modern telecom industry.

Course Objectives This course aims to: • Provide a broad overview of the status of digital satellite communications. • Discuss main physical, architectural and networking issues of satellite systems. • Provide in-depth understanding of modern modulation, coding and multiple access schemes. • Review the state of the art in open research areas such as satellite networking, internet over satellite and satellite personal communications. • Highlight trends and future directions of satellite communication.

Section 1: The SATCOM Industry – System Design Issues • An Overview of Satellite Communications • Examples of current military and commercial systems. • Satellite orbits and transponder characteristics (LEO, MEO, GEO) • Traffic Connectivity: Mesh, Hub-Spoke, Point-to-Point, Broadcast • Basic satellite transmission theory • Impairments of the Satellite Channel: Weather and Doppler effects, Channel models. • Communications Link Calculations: Definition of EIRP, Noise temperature etc. Transponder gain and SFD. Link Budget Calculations. Down-link requirements. Design of satellite links to achieve a specified performance. • Earth Station Antenna types: Pointing/Tracking. Small antennas at Ku band. FCC-Intelsat-ITU antenna requirements and EIRP density limitations. • Brief introduction to implementation issues: LNA, Up/down convertersetc.

Section 2: Elements of Transponder Design – The Baseband • Physical Layer of the Transponder – The Baseband System • Introduction to the theory of Digital Communications: Modulation, Equalization and FEC • Digital Modulation Techniques: BPSK, QPSK, Nyquist signal shaping. • Overview of Bandwidth Efficient Modulation (BEM) Techniques: M-ary PSK, Trellis Coded 8PSK, QAM. • PSK Receiver Implementation issues: Carrier recovery, phase slips, differential coding. • Overview of Forward Error Correction (FEC): Standard FEC types (Block and Convolution Coding schemes, Viterbi Decoding), Coding Gain, Concatenated coding, Turbo coding.

Section 3: Multiple Access Issues • Spread Spectrum Techniques: Military and commercial use of spread-spectrum. Direct-Sequence, Frequency-Hop and CDMA systems. • Principles of Multiple Access Communications • Multiplexing & Multiple Access FDD/TDD, FDMA, TDMA • Concepts of Random Access: ALOHA, CSMA • Multiple Access Techniques: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA. Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) and Bandwidth-on-Demand (BoD). • TDMA Networks: Time Slots, Preambles, Suitability for DAMA and BoD.

Section 4: SATCOM Networks and Services • Satellite Communication Systems & Networks • Characteristics of IP and TCP/UDP over satellite: Unicast and Multicast. Need for Performance • Performance Enhancing Proxy (PEP) techniques. • VSAT Networks and their system characteristics. • DVB standards and MultiFreq-TDMA • The Future of SATCOM • SATCOM’s role in the emerging 4G Information and Communications (ICT) infrastructure.

Section 5: Space Remote Sensing A survey of historical and current remote sensing systems will be presented, covering all major governmental and private systems. The business of remote sensing, including system development, launch, and operational costs will be presented, along with remote sensing market trends and user communities.

Text Book • Title: The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook • Author: Bruce R. Elbert • ISBN: 1580534902 • EAN: 9781580534901 • Publisher: Artech House Publishers

Reference Books • Title: Satellite Communications • Author: Dennis Roddy • ISBN: 0071371761 • EAN: 9780071371766 • Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional

Reference Books • Title: Satellite Communication Engineering • Author: Michael O. Kolawole • ISBN: 082470777X • EAN: 9780071371766 • Publisher: Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Pioneers in Satellite Communication • Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857 - 1935)Russian visionary of space flight First described the multi-stage rocket as means of achieving orbit. • Link: The life of Konstantin EduardovitchTsiolkovsky • Hermann Noordung (1892 - 1929)Postulated the geostationary orbit. • Link: The Problem of Space Travel: The Rocket Motor • Arthur C. Clarke (1917 – 19 March 2008)Postulated the entire concept of international satellite telecommunications from geostationary satellite orbit including   coverage, power, services, solar eclipse. • Link: "Wireless World" (1945)

Satellite History Calendar • 1957 • October 4, 1957: - First satellite - the Russian Sputnik 01 • First living creature in space: Sputnik 02 • 1958 • First American satellite: Explorer 01 • First telecommunication satellite: This satellite broadcast a taped message: Score • 1959 • First meteorology satellite: Explorer 07 • 1960 • First successful passive satellite: Echo 1 • First successful active satellite: Courier 1B • First NASA satellite: Explorer 08 • April 12, 1961: - First man in space • 1962 • First telephone communication & TV broadcast via satellite: Echo 1 • First telecommunication satellite, first real-time active, AT&T: Telstar 1 • First Canadian satellite: Alouette 1 • On 7th June 1962 at 7:53p the two-stage rocket; Rehbar-I was successfully launched from Sonmiani Rocket Range. It carried a payload of 80 pounds of sodium and soared to about 130 km into the atmosphere. With the launching of Rehbar-I, Pakistan had the honour of becoming the third country in Asia and the tenth in the world to conduct such a launching after USA, USSR, UK, France, Sweden, Italy, Canada, Japan and Israel. • Rehbar-II followed a successful launch on 9th June 1962 • 1963 • Real-time active: Telstar 2 • 1964 • Creation of Intelsat • First geostationary satellite, second satellite in stationary orbit: Syncom 3 • First Italian satellite: San Marco 1

Satellite History Calendar • 1965 • Intelsat 1 becomes first commercial comsat: Early Bird • First real-time active for USSR: Molniya 1A • 1967 • First geostationary meteorology payload: ATS 3 • 1968 • First European satellite: ESRO 2B • July 21, 1969: - First man on the moon • 1970 • First Japanese satellite: Ohsumi • First Chinese satellite: Dong Fang Hong 01 • 1971 • First UK launched satellite: Prospero • ITU-WARC for Space Telecommunications • INTELSAT IV Launched • INTERSPUTNIK - Soviet Union equivalent of INTELSAT formed • 1974 • First direct broadcasting satellite: ATS 6 • 1976  • MARISAT - First civil maritime communications satellite service started • 1977  • EUTELSAT - European regional satellite • ITU-WARC for Space Telecommunications in the Satellite Service • 1979 • Creation of Inmarsat (International Marine Satellite)

Satellite History Calendar • 1980  • INTELSAT V launched - 3 axis stabilized satellite built by Ford Aerospace • 1983  • ECS (EUTELSAT 1) launched - built by European consortium supervised by ESA • 1984  • UK's UNISAT TV DBS satellite project abandoned • First satellite repaired in orbit by the shuttle: SMM • 1985 • First Brazilian satellite: Brazilsat A1 • First Mexican satellite: Morelos 1 • 1988 • First Luxemburg satellite: Astra 1A • 1989  • INTELSAT VI - one of the last big "spinners" built by Hughes • Creation of Panamsat - Begins Service • 1990 • IRIDIUM, TRITIUM, ODYSSEY and GLOBALSTAR S-PCN projects proposed - CDMA designs more popular • EUTELSAT II • On 16 July 1990, Pakistan launched its first experimental satellite, BADR-I from China • 1992  • OLYMPUS finally launched - large European development satellite with Ka-band, DBTV and Ku-band SS/TDMA payloads - fails within 3 years • 1993  • INMARSAT II - 39 dBW EIRP global beam mobile satellite - built by Hughes/British Aerospace • 1994  • INTELSAT VIII launched - first INTELSAT satellite built to a contractor's design • Hughes describe SPACEWAY design • DirecTV begins Direct Broadcast to Home • 1995 • Panamsat - First private company to provide global satellite services.

Satellite History Calendar • 1996  • INMARSAT III launched - first of the multibeam mobile satellites (built by GE/Marconi) • Echostar begins Diresct Broadcast Service • 1997  • IRIDIUM launches first test satellites • ITU-WRC'97 • 1999  • AceS launch first of the L-band MSS Super-GSOs - built by Lockheed Martin • Iridium Bankruptcy - the first major failure? • 2000  • Globalstar begins service • Thuraya launch L-band MSS Super-GSO • 2001 • XM Satellite Radio begins service • Pakistan’s 2nd Satellite, BADR-B was launched on 10 Dec 2001 at 9:15a from Baikonour Cosmodrome, Kazakistan • 2002 • Sirius Satellite Radio begins service • Paksat-1, was deployed at 38 degrees E orbital slot in December 2002 • 2004  • Teledesic network planned to start operation • 2005  • Intelsat and Panamsat Merge • VUSat OSCAR-52 (HAMSAT) Launched • 2006 • CubeSat-OSCAR 56 (Cute-1.7) Launched • K7RR-Sat launched by California Politechnic University • 2007 • Prism was launched by University of Tokyo • 2008 • COMPASS-1; a project of Aachen University was launched from Satish Dawan Space Center, India. It failed to achieve orbit.

Intelsat • INTELSAT is the original "International Telecommunications Satellite Organization". It once owned and operated most of the World's satellites used for international communications, and still maintains a substantial fleet of satellites. • INTELSAT is moving towards "privatization", with increasing competition from commercial operators (e.g. Panamsat, Loral Skynet, etc.). • INTELSAT Timeline: • Interim organization formed in 1964 by 11 countries • Permanent structure formed in 1973 • Commercial "spin-off", New Skies Satellites in 1998 • Full "privatization" by April 2001 • INTELSAT has 143 members and signatories listed here.

Intelsat Structure

Eutelsat • Permanent General Secretariat opened September 1978 • Intergovernmental Conference adopted definitive statutes with 26 members on 14 May 1982 • Definitive organization entered into force on 1 September 1985 • General Secretariat -> Executive Organ • Executive Council -> EUTELSAT Board of Signatories • Secretary General -> Director General • Current DG is Michel de Rosen • Currently almost 50 members • Moving towards "privatization" • Limited company owning and controlling of all assets and activities • Also a "residual" intergovernmental organization which will ensure that basic principles of pan-European coverage, universal service, non-discrimination and fair competition are observed by the company

Eutelsat Structure

Communication Satellites • A Communication Satellite can be looked upon as a large microwave repeater • It contains several transponders which listens to some portion of spectrum, amplifies the incoming signal and broadcasts it in another frequency to avoid interference with incoming signals.

Motivation to use Satellites

Satellite Missions Source: Union of Concerned Scientists [www.ucsusa.org]

Satellite Microwave Transmission • Satellites can relay signals over a long distance • Geostationary Satellites • Remain above the equator at a height of about 22300 miles (geosynchronous orbits) • Travel around the earth in exactly the same time, the earth takes to rotate

Satellite System Elements

Space Segment • Satellite Launching Phase • Transfer Orbit Phase • Deployment • Operation • TT&C - Tracking Telemetry and Command Station • SSC - Satellite Control Center, a.k.a.: • OCC - Operations Control Center • SCF - Satellite Control Facility • Retirement Phase

Ground Segment • Collection of facilities, Users and Applications • Earth Station = Satellite Communication Station (Fixed or Mobile)

Satellite Uplink and Downlink • Downlink • The link from a satellite down to one or more ground stations or receivers • Uplink • The link from a ground station up to a satellite. • Some companies sell uplink and downlink services to • television stations, corporations, and to other telecommunication carriers. • A company can specialize in providing uplinks, downlinks, or both.

Satellite Uplink and Downlink

Satellite Communication Source: Cryptome [Cryptome.org] • When using a satellite for long distance communications, the satellite acts as a repeater. • An earth station transmits the signal up to the satellite (uplink), which in turn retransmits it to the receiving earth station (downlink). • Different frequencies are used for uplink/downlink.

Satellite Transmission Links • Earth stations Communicate by sending signals to the satellite on an uplink • The satellite then repeats those signals on a downlink • The broadcast nature of downlink makes it attractive for services such as the distribution of TV programs

Direct to User Services One way Service (Broadcasting) Two way Service (Communication)

Satellite Signals • Used to transmit signals and data over long distances • Weather forecasting • Television broadcasting • Internet communication • Global Positioning Systems

Satellite Transmission Bands The C band is the most frequently used. The Ka and Ku bands are reserved exclusively for satellite communication but are subject to rain attenuation

Types of Satellite Orbits • Based on the inclination, i, over the equatorial plane: • Equatorial Orbits above Earth’s equator (i=0°) • Polar Orbits pass over both poles (i=90°) • Other orbits called inclined orbits (0°<i<90°) • Based on Eccentricity • Circular with centre at the earth’s centre • Elliptical with one foci at earth’s centre

Types of Satellite based Networks • Based on the Satellite Altitude • GEO – Geostationary Orbits • 36000 Km = 22300 Miles, equatorial, High latency • MEO – Medium Earth Orbits • High bandwidth, High power, High latency • LEO – Low Earth Orbits • Low power, Low latency, More Satellites, Small Footprint • VSAT • Very Small Aperture Satellites • Private WANs

Satellite Orbits Source: Federation of American Scientists [www.fas.org] • Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO): 36,000 km above Earth, includes commercial and military communications satellites, satellites providing early warning of ballistic missile launch. • Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): from 5000 to 15000 km, they include navigation satellites (GPS, Galileo, Glonass). • Low Earth Orbit (LEO): from 500 to 1000 km above Earth, includes military intelligence satellites, weather satellites.

Satellite Orbits

GEO - Geostationary Orbit • In the equatorial plane • Orbital Period = 23 h 56 m 4.091 s = 1 sidereal day* • Satellite appears to be stationary over any point on equator: • Earth Rotates at same speed as Satellite • Radius of Orbit r = Orbital Height + Radius of Earth • Avg. Radius of Earth = 6378.14 Km • 3 Satellites can cover the earth (120° apart)

NGSO - Non Geostationary Orbits • Orbit should avoid Van Allen radiation belts: • Region of charged particles that can cause damage to satellite • Occur at • ~2000-4000 km and • ~13000-25000 km

LEO - Low Earth Orbits • Circular or inclined orbit with < 1400 km altitude • Satellite travels across sky from horizon to horizon in 5 - 15 minutes => needs handoff • Earth stations must track satellite or have Omni directional antennas • Large constellation of satellites is needed for continuous communication (66 satellitesneeded to cover earth) • Requires complex architecture • Requires tracking at ground

HEO - Highly Elliptical Orbits • HEOs (i = 63.4°) are suitable to provide coverage at high latitudes (including North Pole in the northern hemisphere) • Depending on selected orbit (e.g. Molniya, Tundra, etc.) two or three satellites are sufficient for continuous time coverage of the service area. • All traffic must be periodically transferred from the “setting” satellite to the “rising” satellite (Satellite Handover)

Satellite Orbits Source: Union of Concerned Scientists [www.ucsusa.org]

Why Satellites remain in Orbits?

Advantages of Satellite Communication • Can reach over large geographical area • Flexible (if transparent transponders) • Easy to install new circuits • Circuit costs independent of distance • Broadcast possibilities • Temporary applications (restoration) • Niche applications • Mobile applications (especially "fill-in") • Terrestrial network "by-pass" • Provision of service to remote or underdeveloped areas • User has control over own network • 1-for-N multipoint standby possibilities

Disadvantages of Satellite Communication • Large up front capital costs (space segment and launch) • Terrestrial break even distance expanding (now approx. size of Europe) • Interference and propagation delay • Congestion of frequencies and orbits

When to use Satellites • When the unique features of satellite communications make it attractive • When the costs are lower than terrestrial routing • When it is the only solution • Examples: • Communications to ships and aircraft (especially safety communications) • TV services - contribution links, direct to cable head, direct to home • Data services - private networks • Overload traffic • Delaying terrestrial investments • 1 for N diversity • Special events

When to use Terrestrial • PSTN - satellite is becoming increasingly uneconomic for most trunk telephony routes • but, there are still good reasons to use satellites for telephony such as: thin routes, diversity, very long distance traffic and remote locations. • Land mobile/personal communications - in urban areas of developed countries new terrestrial infrastructure is likely to dominate (e.g. GSM, etc.) • but, satellite can provide fill-in as terrestrial networks are implemented, also provide similar services in rural areas and underdeveloped countries

Frequency Bands Allocated to the FSS • Frequency bands are allocated to different services at World Radio-communication Conferences (WRCs). • Allocations are set out in Article S5 of the ITU Radio Regulations. • It is important to note that (with a few exceptions) bands are generally allocated to more than one radio services. • CONSTRAINTS • Bands have traditionally been divided into “commercial" and "government/military" bands, although this is not reflected in the Radio Regulations and is becoming less clear-cut as "commercial" operators move to utilize "government" bands.

Earth’s atmosphere Source: All about GPS [www.kowoma.de]

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