research paper about gender discrimination in philippines

Overcoming barriers to women’s work in the Philippines

Helle buchhave, nadia belhaj hassine belghith.

The current status of women in the Philippines is both a cause for optimism and a reason to accelerate efforts for promoting better access to jobs for all women. On several fronts, the Philippines is a best performer when it comes to gender equality in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region and even globally. In the latest Global Gender Gap report, the Philippines occupies the 17th place, with 78.4% of its overall gender gap closed to date. This performance is the second best in the EAP region, after New Zealand. A key driver behind the progress has been the Philippine Magna Carta for Women, a landmark law signed nearly 13 years ago seeking to eliminate discrimination against women. 

With the impressive performance in closing key gender gaps, it is therefore striking that women’s labor force participation remains persistently low. At just 49%, the Philippines’ female labor force participation in 2019 was one of the lowest in the EAP region (regional average rate is 59%). In contrast, 76% of Filipino men were in the labor force, creating a massive gender gap. Progress towards closing the gap has been minimal and female labor force participation has remained roughly the same since 1990, with the gap shrinking by a mere 0.3 percentage points since 2015. 

Women’s low labor force participation represents a missed opportunity for economic growth and increased prosperity in the Philippines. An increase of women’s labor supply by a mere 0.5 percentage points per year would increase gross domestic product (GDP) per capita by about 6% by 2040 and almost 10% by 2050.  

In our recent report, Overcoming the Barriers to Women’s Economic Empowerment in the Philippines , we set out to better understand what is holding women back from the labor market and what is hindering the Philippines’ gain from the growth potential associated with women’s economic empowerment. We document that childcare and social norms about gender roles in the household play a critical role in holding back women’s participation in the labor market in the Philippines. The report adds to our research across the EAP region offering evidence on the linkages between constraints to women’s labor force participation and access to childcare services in Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, Solomon Islands, and Vietnam . 

What are the barriers to women’s labor force participation in the Philippines? We find four main answers:

Skills. Women who work are mostly concentrated in low skill positions (due to economic necessity) or high skill occupations (because of high rates of education). Women in low skill positions work to avoid falling further into poverty, whereas women in high skill occupations tend to select into the labor force with high earnings potential. Although many women work in private establishments or are self-employed, an important share (around 10%) of women are employed without pay in family-owned businesses and as domestic workers, occupations which tend to offer narrower avenues for skills development and career growth. Men on the other hand represent only 4% in these occupations. An important lesson from the COVID-19 lockdown was that more than a third of women (35%) who remained employed were able to work from home as compared to 19% of men. The pandemic has also opened some new working-from-home opportunities with industries such as business process outsourcing and e-commerce . 

Wage gap. Women earn more on average than men, but women in low skill positions earn much less than men. In families with both men and women being low skilled workers, the household income will suffer significantly less if the female engages in unpaid work than if the man does. In low skill positions, the daily wage is over 50% higher for men than for women, whereas in high skill occupations, the daily wage is about 20% higher for women than for men.  

Care responsibilities. The number of children reduces the likelihood of women’s employment. A large proportion of women are held back from productive employment opportunities by their family responsibilities and the concentration of women in high-skill positions declines considerably when they have young children. Having been married and having a young child aged 0 to 2 years old decreases the probability of women’s participation in the labor market by 7-14 percentage points. The presence of domestic help reduces this negative effect, reflecting how economic inequalities reinforce gender disparities.

Norms. Attitudes and beliefs about women’s roles and responsibilities decrease the probability of women’s engagement in the labor market by 14 to 22 percentage points (ISSP Family and Changing Gender Roles Survey and World Values Survey).  According to our 2021 nationally representative survey on women’s work and childcare, 75% of male and 80% of female respondents agree that a man’s job is to earn money and a woman’s job is to take care of the family and home. More than 70% of men and 76% of women believe that the emotional and psychosocial development skills of a preschool child suffers with a mother working outside the home (a belief that stands in contract to global research see for example Devercelli and Beaton-Day 2020). Moreover, willingness to use childcare services is limited, with over 95% of both men and women believing that childcare should be provided by family members.

What can the government do? We discussed policy recommendations at a recent roundtable between the World Bank, the Philippines Commission on Women, National Economic and Development Authority, the Department of Education, and Oxfam Philippines. Key outcomes were that findings highlight the need for policies and programs that increase female labor force participation in the Philippines by i) providing alternatives to childcare in the home; ii) promoting policies supporting flexible work arrangements, including work from home and e-commerce , such as amendment of the Telecommuting Act (Republic Act 11165); and iii) addressing gendered social norms that affect women’s participation in the labor market through media campaigns, behavioral and attitude change interventions that influence opinions about masculinity, gender roles, earlier childhood development, legislation and company policies that equally promotes parents to engage in care responsibilities. 

“We keep gender equality front and center in our work,” according to Ndiame Diop , the World Bank’s Country Director for the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand. The World Bank is committed to supporting the Philippines, and one of the priorities of the World Bank’s Philippines FY20-24 Country Gender Action Plan is to increase women’s access to paid labor.   

• Philippines
• East Asia and Pacific

Get updates from East Asia & Pacific on the Rise

Thank you for choosing to be part of the East Asia & Pacific on the Rise community!

Your subscription is now active. The latest blog posts and blog-related announcements will be delivered directly to your email inbox. You may unsubscribe at any time.

Senior Social Development Specialist and Global Gender Lead

Senior Economist

Join the Conversation

• Share on mail
• comments added

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Lancet Reg Health West Pac
• v.23; 2022 Jun

Violence against women in the Philippines: barriers to seeking support

Isabel kristine m. valdez.

a College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines

Ma.Veronica Pia N. Arevalo

Janine patricia g. robredo.

b Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health, Pasig City, Philippines

Sabrina Laya S. Gacad

c Center for Women's and Gender Studies, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

Marie Aubrey J. Villaceran

Gertrudes r. libang.

d General Assembly Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity, Equality, Leadership, and Action (GABRIELA), Quezon City, Philippines

Edelina P. Dela Paz

e Social Medicine Unit, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines

Krissi Shaffina Twyla A. Rubin

f Center for Gender Equality & Women's Human Rights, Commission on Human Rights, Quezon City, Philippines

Michelle Ann B. Eala

g College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines, 547 Pedro Gil Street, Manila, 1000, Philippines

The Philippines is among one of the most gender-equal countries in the Western Pacific region.​​ 1 Nevertheless, it is evident that the sociocultural landscape lags behind: one in four Filipino women has experienced gender-based violence, and 41% of victims do not seek help. 2 Despite existing laws and a widespread local anti-violence against women (VAW) movement, multiple barriers to help-seeking exist, and it is ultimately the economic, sociopolitical and cultural structures in the Philippines hindering VAW victims from seeking support.

Like in other Asian countries, Filipino women are stifled by a patriarchal society emphasizing male dominance in family structures and larger social institutions. 3 Traditionally, Filipino men are household heads and breadwinners; women are deemed subservient, hence economic abuse is common in VAW cases, 4 and a high acceptance of justified wife beating exists. 2 Women's pleasures are considered objects to pursue or control, hence they are regarded as a vulnerability. Few women seek help because of expectations to be self-sacrificing, thus giving up safety and security in favor of family reputation. Defying gender norms invites objectification, shame, guilt, and even justification of violence, hence the culture of victim-blaming. 3

Through public debasing of women, condoning rape jokes and sexual remarks, openly harassing female supporters, associating femininity with weakness, and encouraging the military to “shoot women ‘communist rebels’ in the vagina,” the current administration under President Duterte personifies sexism, shaping society's perception of women. This misogyny is tolerated by many citizens, including some women of power. Coined “feminists of convenience,” these individuals advocate women's rights yet remain silent about the President's behavior for personal and family gains and to avoid political backlash. 3 In their silence, the culture of impunity prevails.

It is apparent that women's rights is not the administration's priority, and this manifests systemically through complex referral pathways, fragmented documentation systems, and a slow judicial process. With stringent policies (curfews, checkpoints, and rationed quarantine passes) restricting mobility, this unsettling reality has intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. VAW victims are trapped in their homes, unable to seek help and alternative shelter. 5 Escalation of VAW-related and help-seeking internet search activity is not coincidental. 6 Moreover, health, social, and legal services are largely inaccessible, a situation exacerbated by the diversion of national resources to the pandemic response. Reproductive health services are disrupted by 77-85%, 7 and the adolescent birth rate is 31 per 1000 women. While 10.1% of all live births occur in the 15-19 age group, only 3.2% of these are sired by men of the same age, 8 suggesting duress and power imbalance. 9

Also vulnerable are women facing multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination, such as transgender women, indigenous women, women with disabilities, poverty-stricken women, and internally displaced women. The additional barriers of stigma, discrimination, State neglect, and harassment from law enforcers contribute to their distrust in the system, making them less likely to report to the police. 5 , 7 Poverty and job insecurity aggravate the situation: women resort to prostitution, and online classes compound the risk of children's sexual exploitation with increased internet exposure. 5 , 11

With the pandemic further threatening women's safety, the priority is ensuring functional, responsive, and accessible VAW responses that are survivor-centered and trauma-informed. Community-based first responders should still be reachable during quarantine. Healthcare providers must be trained for selective enquiry and first-line support of survivors.Referral pathways should be simplified to expedite care and assistance: upon identification of victims, a blanket referral to sexual and reproductive health providers, psychiatric aid, legal assistance, protective shelters, and livelihood assistance can be made. Establishing an active, centralized VAW surveillance system must take into consideration mobility under community restrictions. More accessible communication channels, like social media, must be made available and maximized. Marginalized women should be included in surveillance and protected in legislation, and VAW survivors should be consulted to improve service delivery.

Organizing women, educating them of their rights, promoting rights to pleasure and safety, and encouraging help-seeking behaviors while changing policies that increase vulnerability to VAW will foster women empowerment. Ensuring full implementation of the Magna Carta of Women 10 is imperative in eliminating discrimination. This includes changing gender bias norms, non-discriminatory employment, leave benefits, equal opportunity for education and training, increased information access, and more women in leadership roles to advocate policy reform. Women prefer getting help from their community, 11 hence community-based reporting and response systems should be strengthened in conjunction with bystander education to change sociocultural norms that condone VAW. Ultimately, institutional cultures perpetuating VAW must be tackled with interdisciplinary and intersectoral social and public health interventions, and the community must work hand-in-hand with an accountable government to end VAW in the Philippines.

Contributors

IKMV and MVPNA were in charge of literature search, data analysis, interpretation, and writing. IKMV, MVPNA, JPGR, MABE, SLSG, MAJV, GRL, EDP, and KSTAR all worked to revise and review the manuscript.

Declaration of interests

We declare no conflicts of interest.

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings
• My Bibliography
• Collections
• Citation manager

Save citation to file

Email citation, add to collections.

• Create a new collection
• Add to an existing collection

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search, create a file for external citation management software, your rss feed.

• Search in PubMed
• Search in NLM Catalog
• Add to Search

From the bathroom to a national discussion of LGBTQ+ rights: a case of discrimination in the Philippines

Affiliation.

• 1 Department of Sociology and Behavioral Sciences, De La Salle University, Manila City, Philippines.
• PMID: 37639530
• DOI: 10.1080/10894160.2023.2251775

Despite the Philippines' progress in gender equality, contemporary evidence suggests that Filipinos continue to possess negative attitudes toward lesbian and gay individuals. Likewise, discrimination and violence toward bisexual, transgender, and queer Filipinos have been documented. Despite cases of sexual orientation and gender identity and expression (SOGIE) based discrimination, national-level anti-discrimination legislation remains unpassed in the Senate. This study explores the national discussions on the SOGIE Equality Bill triggered by a bathroom discrimination experienced by a Filipino transgender woman in 2019. Taking cues from Richardson's sexual citizenship framework, we investigate the diverse rights discourses among sectoral groups, such as local lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other individuals of marginalized sexualities and genders (LGBTQ+) organizations and their allies, high-ranking Filipino politicians, and religious organizations. Analysis of local discourses showed that those supporting the SOGIE Equality Bill leverage identity-based rights discourses, while those opposed primarily navigate these debates using conduct-based rights discourses. Future policy and advocacy work must leverage the insights from these public proceedings to foster LGBTQ + solidarity in their campaigns for LGBTQ + rights in the country. Particularly, future work must (1) locate the middle ground between the LGBTQ + community and opposed legislators; (2) highlight essential values and common issues shared by all Filipinos; (3) surface how privilege can preclude and advance solidarity within the LGBTQ + community; (4) campaign for the passage of local anti-discrimination ordinances; (5) improve the SOGIE-related competencies of policy implementers; and (6) engage in research that explores public discourses and meanings assigned to sexual rights among Filipinos.

Keywords: LGBT persons; Philippines; SOGIE; bathroom debate; law; solidarity.

PubMed Disclaimer

Similar articles

• Down but not defeated: Clinicians can harness the power of policy for LGBTQ+ rights. Jackson J, Stewart AM, Fleegler EW. Jackson J, et al. Prev Med. 2023 Feb;167:107423. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107423. Epub 2023 Jan 11. Prev Med. 2023. PMID: 36641128
• Sexual and Gender Diversities: Implications for LGBTQ Studies. Monro S. Monro S. J Homosex. 2020;67(3):315-324. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2018.1528079. Epub 2018 Oct 18. J Homosex. 2020. PMID: 30335590
• Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Americans. Casey LS, Reisner SL, Findling MG, Blendon RJ, Benson JM, Sayde JM, Miller C. Casey LS, et al. Health Serv Res. 2019 Dec;54 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):1454-1466. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.13229. Epub 2019 Oct 28. Health Serv Res. 2019. PMID: 31659745 Free PMC article.
• A National Analysis of State Policies on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning/Queer Inclusive Sex Education. Garg N, Volerman A. Garg N, et al. J Sch Health. 2021 Feb;91(2):164-175. doi: 10.1111/josh.12987. Epub 2020 Dec 13. J Sch Health. 2021. PMID: 33314223 Review.
• The Impact of Generative Conversational Artificial Intelligence on the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Community: Scoping Review. Bragazzi NL, Crapanzano A, Converti M, Zerbetto R, Khamisy-Farah R. Bragazzi NL, et al. J Med Internet Res. 2023 Dec 6;25:e52091. doi: 10.2196/52091. J Med Internet Res. 2023. PMID: 37864350 Free PMC article. Review.
• Enhancing Nursing Education to Address LGBTQ+ Healthcare Needs: Perspectives from the Philippines. Alibudbud R. Alibudbud R. SAGE Open Nurs. 2024 Apr 26;10:23779608241251632. doi: 10.1177/23779608241251632. eCollection 2024 Jan-Dec. SAGE Open Nurs. 2024. PMID: 38681864 Free PMC article.

Publication types

• Search in MeSH

Related information

Linkout - more resources, full text sources.

• Taylor & Francis
• MedlinePlus Health Information

• Citation Manager

NCBI Literature Resources

MeSH PMC Bookshelf Disclaimer

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

A Study on Discrimination among Lgbtq Youth of Senior High School Students at Ettmnhs S.Y 2018-2019

• Krista-Lyn Reyes
• Rica Malasmas
• Lucita Ecot

INTRODUCTION

Schools should be a safe place for everyone but in the Philippines, students who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and Queer (LGBTQ) have experienced discrimination (Human Rights Watch, 2017) and these abuses can cause deep and lasting harm (Human Rights Watch, 2017). Schools nationwide are hostile environments for a distressing number of LGBTQ students. The overwhelming majority of whom routinely hear anti-LGBTQ language and experience victimization and discrimination at school. Discrimination against LGBTQ individuals remains widespread in our country and in different countries, this leads the researchers to conduct research on this issue. In this study, the researchers explored the discrimination among LGBTQ youth senior high school students at Emiliano Tria Tirona Memorial National High School. As of now, there is no study about the discrimination of LGBTQ in the Emiliano Tria Tirona Memorial National High School community.

In order to study the discrimination of LGBTQ, this descriptive research made use of the adopted instrument from Dau, D., and Strauss, P. (2016) entitled, “The Experience of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Trans Students at the University of Western Australia”. The respondents are 15 senior high school students, they were identified via stratified sampling.

Result of the discrimination among LGBTQ youth survey shows that discrimination can affect LGBTQ youth. On the other hand, the remarks of the discrimination on the LGBTQ youth revealed that most of the LGBTQ students who are discriminated felt nervous, alone, unwanted and restless. The overall results of survey data show that most of the students who have been discriminated felt its effect on their personhood and their emotional welfare.

DISCUSSIONS

The researchers know that majority of the respondents were negatively affected because of discrimination. This negative effect on the LGBTQ youth also expands on being excluded in school clubs at Emiliano Tria Tirona Memorial National High School. The respondents were also unfairly treated by the faculty staff, felt unwelcome in an academic subject, and most of the respondents felt that they are nervous, alone, unwanted and restless every time they experience discrimination. Majority of the respondents also experienced other forms of discrimination such as being treated unfairly by their classmate, verbally threatened, physically attacked, excluded in family, and this affected their ability to socialize because of the discrimination on their sexual orientation and gender identity expression. 

Information

• For Readers
• For Authors
• For Librarians

©2017 by Ascendens Asia Pte. Ltd. | NLB Singapore-Registered Publisher.

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

How Discrimination Happens Being LGBT and the experience of discrimination in access to employment, and the labour market in the Philippines

Related Papers

Vivien Clarisse Leynes

This paper aims to provide an overview of the presence of discriminatory practices towards homosexual workers in the Philippines, this paper explores the theoretical correlation of Michel Foucault's postruralist concepts on queer theory. Given that though we are proclaimed to the be ranked the 10th most "gay-friendly" country among the secular countries, there are still LGBTQ activist groups such as LADLAD, Babaylan, etc, annual pride parades, the proposal of Anti-Discrimination bill (now SOGIE Equality Bill) in the congress and cases of hate crimes being committed towards the LGBTQ members. With the postructuralist perspective, the paper aims to define homosexuality as being oppressed by the dominant ideology of heterosexuality through the means of a set of standards and regulations. Using research articles, that includes the treatment of homosexual workers through the means setting acceptable behaviors, homosexuals being the target for authoritative and legal action and environments that encourage sexual prejudice and discrimination. But theoretically, this paper concludes that Foucault and Derrida's concepts of homosexuality's' misrecognition in society, may prove the need to equip such laws that caters to their needs.

Bat of Gotham

Marl Jeric A Robillos

The struggle to end discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons is a global challenge, and one that is central to the United States’ commitment to promoting human rights.” -United Stated President Barrack Obama (2011)

María del Pilar Sánchez Muñoz

The labor markets has been partnered with discrimination and segregation mechanisms to specific groups of the society due to their sexual orientation, regardless the potential and characteristics of the human been. This article shows the business and occupational profiles characteristics for the LGBT community in Chapinero in Bogota-Colombia. The methodology used in this research is based on the implementation of semi-structured interviews starting from a descriptive analysis. It was found that in a first place, the discrimination and occupational segregation varies for homosexual men, lesbians, bisexual and transgender people. This means that, the segregation and discrimination are in function of the identity construction and body demonstration of the sexuality. In a second place, the working conditions of the surveyed people has a negative impact in their life quality.

Philippine Law Journal

Michael Ocampo

This paper argues that the anti-sex discrimination provision of the Philippine Labor Code also protects lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTs) individuals against workplace discrimination. It won the 2011 Perfecto V. Fernandez Prize in Labor Law, annually awarded by the University of the Philippines College of Law.

Lourenz Bontia

Asian Review of Social Sciences

Raymond Mangumpit

Journal of Government & Civil Society

Jazztin Jairum Manalo

The study is drawn from the challenges and experiences of the LGBT individuals in the country experiencing discrimination and harassment due to marginalization which remained to create barriers to equality for LGBT people. The passing of Anti-Discrimination Ordinances in selected cities in Metro Manila is a triumph for many LGBT groups. The study shed light on comparison of Anti-Discrimination Ordinances and the existing LGBT ordinances between the selected local governments of Metro Manila in terms of its implementation and effects. It identified which among the local government units (LGUS) initiatives suits to be the best that may serve as model for other local governments in their future legislation of their own Anti-Discrimination Ordinance. The study utilized the Principal-Agent Theory to contextualize a situation in which local governments are involved. A qualitative comparative analysis that used key informant interviews and surveys is utilized in the study. Results presented that despite having the same composition and provisions when it comes to its enactment, Marikina, Manila, and Mandaluyong differ in ways and use of systems in terms of enforcement. Thus, the three LGUs may further establish mechanisms to monitor complaints of gender-based violence and provide guidelines in handling LGBT victims and may incorporate awareness-raising campaigns.

Elif Tugba Dogan

This work focuses on discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity out of many other forms of discrimination in labor market. What emerged is a collection of experiences and potential problems faced by LGBTI people as “workers” based on the studies and researches done in this field in Turkey. It points at involved parties for a solution and debates the status of this problem in a social politics discipline. According to this, it became clear that the issue has been ignored to a great extend in the social politics discipline. In the field of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity, the LGBT comunity does not pose as a homogeneous group. While, in particular, LGB individuals can “hide” their identities and become invisible to discrimination, trans individuals are more subject to discrimination and hate due to their visibility and are in a more disadvantaged position in employment compared to the rest of the community. This disadvantage sidelines trans people, pushes them out of labor market and forced them into sex work. What is worse than discrimination in employment is the violation of the right to life. This is why, while touching LGB workers in labour force, the continuing debate will be on trans individuals given the negative impacts of widespread discrimination in society on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. (http://www.kaosgl.com/page.php?id=19927)

Queer Politics and Human Rights: A Case Study of Homosexual and Transgender “Parlorista” in Iloilo City, Philippines

Justin Francis Bionat

This is a case study of the selected five (5) parlorista bakla who typically identify as either homosexual men or transgenders women in Iloilo City. Parloristas are typically seen as low-income “bakla” – a colloquial Filipino term that means effeminate homosexual men an transgender women. This study identifies and describes the socio-cultural and economic background of the selected participants, analyzes the forms of oppression and acts of discrimination that they experienced and identify the types of government support and legislation that can serve as basis for further human right programming in local settings in the Philippines. The research utilized queer politics as basis of analysis into the lived experiences of respondents with varying socio-cultural and economic backgrounds. Interviews were conducted and facilitated with the use of one questionnaire. Results have shown that the respondent's multi-faceted intersectional socio-cultural and economic backgrounds play a significant role in the acceptance of the participants in various settings. The participants’ socio-economic background, as well as, the discovery of self-identified sexual orientation, gender identity and expression (SOGIE). Parloristas have developed a tolerance of discrimination and have regarded it as common-day experience that does not need to be corrected or addressed to the proper authority or institution. The findings also suggest that government support and legislation are essential in protecting the rights of these populations because legal mechanisms are most effective in curtailing discrimination. This study takes on intersectional analysis as precursor to legal redress for the discrimination of sexual and gender minorities in the Philippines.

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

RELATED PAPERS

Erythrina Nicole , Magdalena Robinson

Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’

Mathías E. Valdez Duffau

Od Busakorn Suriyasarn

Kyle Taclindo

North American Journal of Psychology

Marc Eric S . Reyes

Andrew Park

Sexualities

Francisca Y K Lai

Exploring challenges and problems faced by LGBT students in Philippines: A qualitative study.

Robben Wainer

neil pacamalan

Unpublished Research Report

Nanang Zubaidi

Reinaldo Bulgarelli

Ernesto Vasquez del Aguila

Gender & Society April 2015 vol. 29 no. 2 169-194

Emmanuel David

Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal

Rebecca Stotzer

USAID Report

Yana van der Meulen Rodgers

International Journal of Social Science Research

Mohd Firdaus Ninam Shah

Alex de Jong

Jan Gabriel Castañeda

Psychosocial Intervention 29(2) 93-101

Psychosocial Intervention

Thannapat (Kan) Jarernpanit

World Development

Yana van der Meulen Rodgers , Lee Badgett

Religion & Human Rights

Jayeel Cornelio , ROBBIN CHARLES DAGLE

Journal of Homosexuality

Henrique Nardi

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024