aureus, MRSA, enterococci, VRE, virulence Supervisor: |
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molecular breeding, domain shuffling, enzymes Supervisor: |
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Innate, adaptive, immunity, inflammation, macrophage, Toll-like receptors |
Transcriptomics, inflammation, human disease, next generation sequencing, bioinformatics |
Inflammation, toll-like receptors, inflammasome, autophagy, next generation sequencing |
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Home > Dentistry > dissertations
The School of Dentistry Dissertations and Theses Series is comprised of dissertations and theses authored by Marquette University's School of Dentistry doctoral and master's students.
IN VITRO COMPARISON OF CELLULAR CYTOXICITY OF CONVENTIONAL VS. CAD/CAM DENTURE BASE MATERIALS , Zainab Hill Albasry
A COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS ANALYSIS COMPARING IRRIGATION WITHIN COMPLEX ROOT CANAL ANATOMY , Madeleinne Fern
Impact of Learning-Style-Based Education on Student Performance and Perception in Preclinical Endodontics: Part II , Rebecca Flaugher
PREEMPTIVE ANALGESIA AND PAIN AFTER PERIODONTAL AND IMPLANT- RELATED PROCEDURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS , Christos Gousias
Sleeveless guides are more accurate than sleeved guides: An in vitro study , Jenna Hang
RELIABILITY OF THE CVMS METHOD TO ASSESS THE CRANIOFACIAL GROWTH SPURT , Holly Ingersoll
Morphology of the Cranial Base of Untreated Class I and Class II Subjects , Ethan Just
Performance and Preference of Rotary Files by Pre-Doctoral Dental Students at Marquette School of Dentistry , Morgan Elizabeth McCall
Contribution of Dentoalveolar Heights on Facial Heights in Class I and Class II Untreated Subjects , Mira Bharat Suvagia
ORTHODONTIC LOAD QUANTIFICATION LEVELING A DEEP CURVE OF SPEE WITH DIFFERENT ARCHWIRE DESIGNS , Ahmed Youssef
Effects of Thermocycling and Hydrolytic Aging on The Flexural Strength of Additively Manufactured Restorative Materials , Steven Mustafa Abu Al Tamn
LONG-TERM ASSESSMENT OF SKELETAL AND DENTAL ASYMMETRY AFTER CONVENTIONAL AND MINI-SCREW ASSISTED RAPID PALATAL EXPANSION , Brett Barton
Maxillary and Mandibular Incisor and Molar Dentoalveolar Heights in Untreated Subjects Presenting Class I and Class II Malocclusion , Samantha Zavada Cardinal
Factors Associated with Extraction Versus Non-Extraction Treatment Among Orthodontic Patients at Marquette University , Kelley Dentino
Short and Long-Term Effects of Conventional and Miniscrew-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion on Hard Tissues Using Voxel-Based Superimposition of Serial CBCTs , Isaac R. Empson
The Effect of Endodontic Access Cavity Designs on Crack Propagation of Mandibular Molars , Colin Kodama
Alveolar Bone Remodeling In Response to Orthodontic Tooth Movement , Matthew Raymond McGrady
A Digital Assessment of Centric Relation Precision , Christine Roenitz
The Influence of the Digitization Method on the Assessment of Accuracy and Reliability of Implant Placements , Ajitesh Singh
Immediate Postoperative Dimensional Changes Following Implant Placement , Juan Felipe Valencia Rincon
The Influence of Peri-Cervical Dentin Conservation on the Propagation of Cracks in Mandibular Molars , Hassanain Zaheer
Edge-Chipping and Translucency Comparison Among Lithium Silicate-Based Ceramics , Essa Abdullah Alghamdi
Associations Between the Movement of Hard and Soft Tissues After Orthodontic Proclination of Incisors , Scott Beard
Evaluation of Damon PSL and Conventional MBT Brackets in Leveling and Alignment Efficiency , Jacob Beckstrand
Activated Charcoal Versus a Chemical Whitening Agent: Effect on Human Enamel , Hien Thai Doan
Color Characterization of Color Changing Orthodontic Adhesives , Megan Fried
Influence of Free-End Distal Extension on the Accuracy of Guided Implant Placement: An In Vitro Study , Geoffrey Ganzman
Influence of Multiple Root-End Surgery or Root Amputation on Root Surface Stress Distribution , John Curtis Jurkas
Autoignition and Sooting Characteristics of Iso-Octane and Ethanol in an Optical Rapid Compression Machine , Richard John Kempf
The Effect of Tray Design and Impression Material Consistencies on Accuracy of Complete Arch Implant Supported Fixed Dental Prostheses Master Casts , lujain Kurdi
Immediate Postoperative Dimensional Changes Following Guided Bone Regeneration , Morvarid Monfaredzadeh
The Accuracy and Sensitivity of ABO Electronic Cast Radiographic Program ORTHOSHARE 360 Compared to Manual Measurements , Lisa Nguyen
Identifying Optimal Composite Resin Depth to Maximize Fracture Resistance when Restoring Immature Endodontically Treated Teeth , David Poe
Mechanism of Mechanical Vibration in Enhancing Orthodontic Retention- Analysis of Global Gene Expression , Shuwei Wang
In Vitro Study to Analyze Reverse Torque Values of Prosthetic Screws with Multiple Loosening/Tightening Preload Cycles , Amira Alhameed
Effects of Cleaning Agents on the Properties of Two Different Thermoplastic Retainer Materials , Jennifer Brehove
Correction of Excessive Gingival Display: Lip Repositioning with/without Myotomy , Austin Michael Dodge
The Influence of the Operator Experience on the Accuracy of Implant Placement: An In Vitro Study , Jeffrey Garcia
Root-End Surgery or Nonsurgical Retreatment: Are There Differences in Long Term Outcome? , Enida Haxhia
Mechanism of Mechanical Vibration in Enhancing Orthodontic Retention , Brent A. Ito
The Incidence of Root Canal Therapy or Extraction after Orthodontic Treatment: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study , Thomas Korte
Outcomes of Nonsurgical Root Canal Therapy Completed in Children Aged 6-13 Years , Lauren M. Loney
Comparing Orthodontic Debonding Aerosol Production with Various High-Volume Evacuation Systems , Eric Moe
Bending and Phase Transformation Properties of a Force Gradient Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Wire , Brinda Shah
Effects of Fluoride on Corrosion Properties of Orthodontic Retention Wires , John J. Simindinger
Shear Bond Strength Characteristics on Surface Treatment Modalities of CAD-CAM Resin Based Core Materials , Nikita Sinha
Oral Health and Quality of Life: A Clinic-Based Sample , Kinan M. Al-Bitar
Peri-Implantitis Risk Prediction Using a Computer Based Periodontal Risk Calculator Tool: A Retrospective Study , Walaa AL Zaibak
Assessment of 3D Facial Scan Integration in 3D Digital Workflow Using Radiographic Markers and Iterative Closest Point Algorithm , Mohamed Elshewy
Outcomes of Primary Endodontic Therapy in Medicaid Enrollees , Timothy Gainey
Corrosion Properties of Various Orthodontic Fixed Retention Wires , Tara Lynn Groen
Anatomical Considerations for Miniplate-Anchored Maxillary Protraction in Children with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate , Jared Holloway
Efficacy of Invisalign: A Retrospective Case Series of Intrusion, Extrusion, and Rotation with Trend Analysis , Kirsten Karkow
The Effect of Mechanical Vibration on Alveolar Bone Following Experimental Periodontitis: A Time Course Study , Joshua Murphy
Accuracy of Merging Scans of Definitive Fixed Prosthodontic Impressions to Obtain Single, Accurate Digitized Master Casts , Ossama Raffa
Tensile Strength of Elastomeric Ligature Ties Stretched Over Large and Small Orthodontic Brackets , Golden Shiloh
Influence of Progressive vs. Minimal Canal Preparations on the Fracture Resistance of Mandibular Molars: A Finite Element Analysis , Michael Smoljan
Impact of Delayed Completion of Previously Initiated Therapy and Provider Type on Outcomes of Root Canal Treatment , Igor Sulim
The Cytotoxicity Effect of Silver Solder Materials on Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast Cells , Joseph Jeffrey Curry
An in Vitro Study of Surface Alterations to PEEK and Titanium and Its Effect Upon Human Gingival Fibroblasts , Maryam Gheisarifar
Effect of Heat-Treatment Time on Bending Properties of Cobolt-Chromium Orthodontic Wires , Melanie Hammerbeck
The Design and Physical Properties of An Optimized Chitosan Hydrogel for Potential Use in Endodontics , Hunter Housley
Comparison of Power Versus Manual Toothbrush in Reducing Gingivitis , Keerthi Kamreddy
Efficacy of Invisalign Attachments: A Retrospective Study , Theresa Karras
Evaluation of Corrosion Mechanisms in Stainless Steel Orthodontic Retainer Wires , Jamie Martin
Injectable Gels with Potential Use in Endodontics , Maksim Montatskiy
Effect of Different Implant Abutment Materials on Optical Properties of Translucent Monolithic Zirconia Crowns , Nisha Patel
Evaluation of Accuracy of Static Computer-Guided Implant Placement Compared with Partially-Guided or Free-Hand Placement , Laxmi Sukhtankar
The Effect of Mechanical Vibration on Alveolar Bone Following Experimental Periodontitis - A Micro-CT Study , Andrei Dan Taut
The Influence of Full Coverage Restorations On Pulp Vitality: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study , Abby Yavorek
Effect of Different Finish Line Designs on the Marginal and Internal Fit of Metal Copings Made by Selective Laser Melting Technology , Adel Al Maaz
Effect of Emergence Profile of a Single Implant Restoration on the Health of Peri-Implant Soft Tissue , Waleed Nasir Asiri
Application of Mechanical Vibration to Enhance the Stability After Orthodontic Treatment - A Micro - CT Study , Nicolas Branshaw
A Retrospective Analysis of Patient Medical and Dental Treatment Histories, and MRONJ-Related Events , Jon Irelan
Orthodontic Bond Strength Comparison Between Two Filled Resin Sealants , James Kolstad
Comparison of Immediate vs. Delayed Recall of Orthodontic Information Following an Electronic Reminder , Michael Lenz
Orthodontic Open-Coil Spring Deactivation Forces Differ with Varying Activation Levels , Ryan Lubinsky
Factors Effecting Survival of Teeth with Nonsurgical Root Canal Therapy Including a Multi-State Outcome Analysis , Alex Moore
Orthodontic Treatment Planning Using Direct Visual Approximation of Arch Length Discrepancy and Cephalometric Analyses , Kathleen Rouse Vaught
Comparison of Different Temperatures on Bending Properties of Six Niti Endodontic File Systems , Sukbum Yoo
QMIX 2in1 and NaOCI Precipitate: Documentation, Identification, and Exothermic Reaction , Gordon L. Barkley III
Viability of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts After Time in Tooth Storage Media , Scott MacDonald
Effects of Palatal Expansion on Speech Production , Jason Milton Meinhardt
Reliability of Digital Dental Cast Measures as Compared to Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Analyzing the Transverse Dimension , Brian Michel
Analysis of Flexural Strength and Monotonic Load to Failure Following Simulated Chairside Adjustments and Repair in a Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramic , Ali Ramadhan
The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Bending Properties of a Cobalt-Chromium Orthodontic Wire , Alex Schwab
Comparison of Anterior Denture Teeth Arrangements Made with the Tooth Mold Template and Definitive Computer-Aided Design & Computer-Aided Manufacturing Complete Removable Dental Prostheses , Jose Antonio Sierra
Thermal Properties of Commonly Used Clear Aligner Systems As-Received and After Clinical Use , Louis Wenger
Direct Visual Approximation of Arch Length Discrepancy and Cephalometric Measurements , Bradley J. Wurm
Survival Rates of Primary Endodontic Therapy Following Core/Post and Crown Placement , Kandace Yee
Evaluation of Die Trim Morphology Made by CAD/CAM Technology , Pratiksha Agrawal
Outcomes of Primary Endodontic Therapy Provided by Endodontic Specialists Compared to Other Providers , Jacob Burry
The Effect of Mechanical Vibration on Human PDL Cell Differentiation and Response to Inflammation , Megan DesRoches
Color Change of Commercial Resin Composited with Different Photoinitiators , Feng Gao
The Effects of Mechanical Vibration on Human Chondrocytes In Vitro , Bradley J. Gauthier
Thermal Properties of Copper Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Archwires , Joshua Gilbert
Torsion and Bending Properties of EdgeEndo Files , Chad Hansen
Mitigating Distortion of Light-Polymerized Composite Trial Bases , Jon Patrick Irelan
Viability of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts After Storage in Save-A-Tooth, EMT Toothsaver and Hank's Balanced Salt Solution , Wonhee Lee
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Research within the School of Dental Medicine encompasses a wide variety of fields within oral health care, helping to translate basic science discoveries into clinical therapies. Use the links below to learn more about current and past projects of faculty, staff, and students.
Search individual research projects and faculty areas of research interest by School of Dental Medicine Departments
Biological Sciences
Biological Sciences research focuses on how the body, particularly the mouth, fights diseases through innate immune responses.
**We are currently updating these pages to refresh information. While we work, please visit the Biological Sciences Research and Sponsored Projects page to review our active projects.
Ge Jin, PhD
Pushpa Pandiyan, PhD
Aaron Weinberg, DMD, PhD
Fengchun Ye, PhD
Chad Zender, MD, FACS
Community Dentistry
Community Dentistry research focuses on the protection and improvement of oral health in patients and community at-large.
**We are currently updating these pages to refresh information. While we work, please visit the Community Dentistry Research and Sponsored Projects page to review our active projects.
Catherine Demko
James Lalumandier, DDS, MPH
Sena Narendran, PhD
Suchitra Nelson, PhD
Mary Beth Slusar, PhD
Kristin Victoroff
Kristin Williams
Comprehensive Care
Endodontics
Anita Aminoshariae, DDS, MS
Thomas Montagnese, DDS
Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine + Diagnostic Sciences
Oral Medicine research focuses on orofacial pain, oral premalignant disorders, interprofessional education outcomes, and markers for response to treatment of mucosal disorders.
Andres Pinto, DMD, MPH
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Dale Baur, DDS
Orthodontics
**We are currently updating these pages to refresh information. While we work, please visit the Orthodontics Research and Sponsored Projects page to review our active projects.
Mark Hans, DDS, MSD
J. Martin Palomo, DDS, MSD
Manish Valiathan, DDS, MSD
Pediatric Dentistry
Pediatric Dentistry research focuses on improving the care and treatment of pediatric oral health, including pediatric oral health disparities, craniofacial anomalies, and oral health behavior.
*We are currently updating these pages to refresh information. While we work, please visit the Pediatric Dentistry Research and Sponsored Projects page to review our active projects.Orthodontics
Gerald Ferretti, DDS, MS, MPH
Research Interests:
Masahiro Heima, DDS, PhD
Lance Vernon, DMD, MPH
Periodontics
Nabil Bissada
Andre Paes, DDS, PhD, MS
Leena Palomo, DMD, MSD
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Special issue information, benefits of publishing in a special issue.
A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section " Applied Dentistry and Oral Sciences ".
Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2024) | Viewed by 5056
Dear Colleagues,
In recent years, research has focused on new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the management of oral diseases. Oral medicine is increasingly oriented towards prevention and early diagnosis, mainly due to the continuous development of minimally invasive and personalised diagnostic techniques.
This Special Issue aims to provide an update on the latest research and advances in oral medicine that can help improve clinical decision-making and impact the quality of life of our patients.
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Introduction
Oral Biology and Pathology is part of the School of Dental Medicine within the Health Sciences Center. The mission of the Graduate Program in Oral Biology and Pathology is to foster academic and creative research excellence in the field of biomedical science. Our programs provide advanced training in the understanding of human oral and systemic health and disease which will provide the basis for graduate students to become academic and research leaders in educational, industrial and research and development arenas. Major areas of study include microbiology, biochemistry, immunology, developmental biology and genetics, functional morphology and biomechanics, neurobiology, bioengineering, biomaterials, stem cell biology and dental public health.
The Graduate Program in Oral Biology and Pathology includes training by faculty from most departments within the school. We are committed to the education of non-dentists as well as dentists and dental hygienists, who seek advanced research training and careers in oral health sciences — a field closely aligned with the dental and craniofacial sciences.
The Department of Oral Biology and Pathology offers two graduate degrees, which are granted through the Graduate School at Stony Brook University. The department offers a PhD in Oral Biology and Pathology and a Master of Science (MS) in Biomedical Sciences (Track in Oral Biology and Pathology). These degrees can also be obtained as part of a combined DDS/PhD program or a combined DDS/MS program. The MS in Biomedical Sciences (Track in Oral Biology and Pathology) may also be obtained as part of a combined degree program leading to an Advanced Certificate in Endodontics/MS, Advanced Certificate in Orthodontics/MS, or an Advanced Certificate in Periodontics/MS.
The main function of these advanced degree programs is to train educators and researchers to staff dental and medical schools, dental and medical research institutes, dental and medical industrial laboratories, and to provide relevant basic science training for dentists and physicians taking postdoctoral specialty training. In addition, the graduate programs offered in the Department of Oral Biology and Pathology are of particular interest to industry-based scientists seeking additional training and advanced degrees.
The course work consists of an in-depth exposure to knowledge, directly and indirectly related to oral biology and its related sciences, and is coupled with appropriate individual research, tutorial and thesis/dissertation programs.
While the department is interested in all aspects of oral biology, active programs of research presently being conducted include the following:
Besides a commitment to basic oral and medically related science, the department is committed to technology transfer and its relation to clinical care. It is a leader in translational research and continues to develop products for the oral and medically related health market. The department has brought more than 12 million dollars in royalty income to the university. Clinical trials are carried out to assess the safety and efficacy of various products developed by the Department in conjunction with many US and foreign industrial companies. Research grants are primarily from New York State, the National Institute of Dental and Cranial Research (NIDCR), National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) and industrial companies.
Further details may be obtained from Dr. Stephen Walker, director, Graduate Program, at [email protected] .
Students with a baccalaureate degree in the biological sciences are eligible to apply for the MS in Biomedical Sciences with a track in Oral Biology, which is focused on basic and translational oral and related sciences. The MS degree offers the non-dental student the foundation for a more advanced degree or additional training to individuals such as laboratory technicians and research scientists who may benefit from increased scientific knowledge. The MS curriculum is also uniquely suited to provide Pre-med and Pre-dental students interested in acquiring advanced didactic and research training to strengthen their application to dental or medical school. The core class requirements of this program are held in conjunction with the first and second year basic science courses offered to the dental students. The MS curriculum is credit driven and can be completed in as little as one year but traditionally is completed after two years.
This program is designed to ensure that graduates will develop the skills to initiate independent research in oral biology. The dissertation research comprises a significant part of the student’s course of study, which is at the leading edge of basic and translational biomedical sciences related to craniofacial development, oral health, disease processes and clinical therapies. The main function of this program is to train oral biology educators and researchers to staff dental and medical schools, dental research institutes, dental and medical industrial laboratories, and to provide relevant basic science training for dentists and physicians taking postdoctoral specialty training. In addition, this program has been of particular interest to industrial based scientists seeking additional training and advanced degrees as demonstrated by our alumni.
Combined DDS/PhD Degree:
Revolutionary discoveries and developments in fields such as molecular biology, biotechnology, biomaterials, tissue engineering, and regeneration therapy will radically alter how oral health care providers will diagnose and treat patients. In addition, there is a critical shortage of dental school faculty across the country, a scenario that is getting worse each year. To address these and many other projected changes in the profession, there is a need to develop a significant number of clinically trained scientists and scientifically trained clinicians. The DDS/PhD program seeks to do this by integrating the DDS program with the PhD in Oral Biology and Pathology.
All applicants must fulfill all prerequisite dental school requirements for admittance to the DDS Program and apply through AADSAS . The AADSAS application deadline is December 1st.
Applicants are also required to complete the Graduate School Application .
The combined PhD/DDS Program is approximately seven years in length.
The DAT may be substituted for the GRE Examination.
For more specific information, please contact the program director:
Dr. Stephen Walker [email protected]
Combined DDS/MS Degree
The DDS/MS program is designed to prepare outstanding clinical scientists thoroughly versed in clinical research capable of addressing significant issues in oral health. The master's degree may add an additional year so that students graduate with both degrees in five years. The DDS/MS degree provides considerable depth to the clinical degree, including a broad understanding of modern biomedical research. Having the MS degree strengthens any subsequent application to clinical specialty programs or academic positions.
Applicants interested in the combined DDS/MS Program must first be admitted to the DDS program at Stony Brook University. Outstanding applicants will be invited to submit a second application after matriculation in the graduate school, submitted at any time during the first two years of study. For the combined DDS/MS, applicants must apply separately to both the DDS program and the MS program.
Combined MS Degree with Advanced Certificate (AC) Programs
The combined MS with an Advanced Certificate in (Endodontics, Orthodontic, or Periodontics) is available to residents in these Advanced Specialty Education Programs. Entry into the combined MS in Biomedical Sciences (Oral Biology and Pathology Track) requires a separate application to the MS program and the AC program. We encourage students to apply to the MS program prior to or during their first year in the AC programs.
Students should confer with the directors of their Advanced Certificate Program:
Hechang Huang, DDS, MS, MSD, PhD Director, Advanced Certificate Program in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Director, Predoctoral Orthodontics
Thomas W. Manders, DDS Director, Division of Endodontics, Department of Periodontics and Endodontics Director, Advanced Certificate Program in Endodontics
Sri Myneni, BDS, MS, PhD Director, Advanced Certificate Program in Periodontics
For admissions to all of the graduate programs offered in the Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, in addition to the minimum Graduate School requirements, the following are required:
To obtain applications and for more information, please access the Graduate School website
Degree Requirements:
The Graduate Program in Oral Biology and Pathology follows the guidelines, requirements and milestones set by the Graduate School . The program also has requirements that are specific to the Oral Biology and Pathology program. The program recognizes that students from different backgrounds enter our program. Therefore, while following specific guidelines, the program also has incorporated a degree of flexibility.
PhD PROGRAM: DEGREE REQUIREMENTS AND MILESTONES
The PhD degree is on average completed between 5 – 6 years. The requirements for the PhD include both didactic and research courses. A passing grade is considered a “B” or better. There are five elements
1. Core Courses : Each student must complete and pass the Oral Biology and Pathology systems courses (HDO 560, HDO 561, and HDO 562).
2. Seminar : Every semester each student must participate in and pass the Oral Biology and Pathology Seminar (HDO 690).
3. Elective Courses : Each student must pass at least four graduate level basic science course in related disciplines within and/or outside the department. The elective courses are chosen by the student in consultation with their dissertation advisor and Graduate Program Director. These courses should expand the student’s knowledge in fields related to their dissertation research. Visit our website for the complete list of courses.
4. Research Design and Laboratory Techniques in Biomedical Research: This course aims to introduce theoretical principles and experimental techniques used for laboratory investigation in biomedical research. Students will familiarize themselves with the instrumentation and techniques used to investigate different molecular and cell biological problems through a combination of lectures and demonstrations. Various topics will be covered such as tissue culture and isolation and characterization of DNA, RNA and proteins using various techniques. Students will be introduced to recombinant DNA technology including cloning in various non-viral and viral vectors that allow modulation of gene expression. Transgenic mice technology and Cre-lox system and gene editing technologies will be introduced. In addition, the use of mass spectrometry, microarray and DNA deep sequencing to understand biological processes will be discussed.
5. Advancement to Candidacy Exam: Students should have already formed their Dissertation Advisory Committee (DAC) prior to scheduling their Advancement to Candidacy Exam. A student may be advanced to candidacy in a doctoral program once he/she has completed all Graduate School and departmental requirements other than the dissertation or its equivalent. Students will prepare a written dissertation proposal in consultation with their Research Advisor/Co-advisor. The proposal will be in the format of a research grant application in accordance with current NIH guidelines with page limitations to not exceed 10 pages. The written proposal MUST be shared with the Dissertation Advisory Committee (DAC) at least ONE week in advance of the examination, otherwise the exam will be rescheduled. Four basic criteria will be used to assess the student performance in the exam. [1] Scientific Premise: Is the student able to put their proposal within the context of previous work in the discipline? [2] Innovation: Is the proposal new and original? [3] Significance: Does the proposed research represent a significant advancement in the discipline? [4] Study Design: Has the student chosen methods appropriate to the question? and [5] Feasibility: Can the proposed study be completed within a reasonable time limit to complete degree requirement? Upon passing the exam and completion of all required coursework with the exception of HDO 690: Seminar, which is required of all students each semester, the Graduate Program Director (GPD) will submit a request to the Graduate School for the student’s Advancement to Candidacy.
6. Dissertation : A major part of the PhD is research and the development of a dissertation on the findings. Each student must carry out original research that culminates in a written dissertation that is presented publicly and successfully defended. Areas of research are listed above but others may also be possible.
MS PROGRAMS: DEGREE REQUIREMENTS AND MILESTONES
The MS curriculum is approximately two years in duration and provides basic and translational oral and related biological science training. The requirements for the MS degree include both didactic and research courses. There are four elements:
1. Core Courses : Each student must complete and pass the Oral Biology and Pathology systems courses (HDO 560, HDO 561 and HDO 562).
2. Seminar : Every semester, each student must participate in and pass the Oral Biology and Pathology seminar (HDO 690).
3. Elective Courses : Each student must pass at least two graduate level basic science courses in related disciplines within and/or outside the department. The elective courses are chosen by the student in consultation with their thesis advisor, Program Advisory Committee, Thesis Committee and/or GPD. These courses should expand the student’s knowledge in fields related to their thesis research. Course listings in various programs can be found at: https://www.stonybrook.edu/sb/graduatebulletin/current/index.pdf
4. Research Design and Laboratory Techniques in Biomedical Research: This course aims to introduce theoretical principles and experimental techniques used for laboratory investigation in biomedical research. Students will familiarize themselves with the instrumentation and techniques used to investigate different molecular and cell biological problems through a combination of lectures and demonstrations. Various topics will be covered such as tissue culture and isolation and characterization of DNA, RNA and proteins using various techniques. Students will be introduced to recombinant DNA technology including cloning in various non-viral and viral vectors that allow modulation of gene expression. Transgenic mice technology and Cre-lox system and gene editing technologies will be introduced. In addition, the use of mass spectrometry, microarray and DNA deep sequencing to understand biological processes will be discussed.
5. Thesis Research : An original research thesis is required for completion of the MS degree. Each student must carry out research (HDO599) culminating in a written thesis, which is defended before the student’s Thesis Committee. For the M.S. degree, the student defends the thesis only to the student’s dissertation committee. If the thesis is recommended for approval, the determination is submitted to the Graduate School for final decisions to award the degree
The Combined Degree Programs: DDS/PhD PROGRAM; DDS/MS; Advanced Certificate/MS: DEGREE REQUIREMENTS AND MILESTONES
The requirements for the PhD/DDS program and the DDS/MS program are similar as those for students in the stand alone PhD program or MS program with the following exceptions: Students who obtain a passing grade in HDO 501 will not be required to take HDO 560 and students who obtain a passing grade in HDO 601 will not be required to take HDO 561 and HDO 562. These students are also exempt from the required seminar course (HDO 690). Students may also opt to use Med500b (Molecular Foundations of Medicine) as an elective in lieu of MCB 656-Cell Biology.
The requirements for the Advanced Certificate/MS are similar as those in the stand alone MS program. Because students in these programs have a DDS from a US or Canadian institution, they participate in a more advanced oral biology and pathology course consisting of: HDO 531-Normal and reparative tissue development in the oral cavity; HDO 532-Host-parasite interactions; and HDO 533-Regional anatomy, orofacial neuroscience and pain conditions. In addition, students in these programs are required to participate in multiple seminar courses in which they present the current basic science literature in their field.These students are not required to take the oral biology journal club (HDO 690).
Courses: HDO 500 Biology of the Oral Mineralized Tissues This course deals with the basic chemistry, crystallography, ultrastructure, and metabolism of the calcium phosphates involved in the formation and physiological and pathological resorption of the various mineralized tissues found in or associated with the oral cavity (enamel, dentin, cementum, bone). Ectopic calculus formation will be examined. Prerequisites: HDO 560, 561, 562 and 563 or their equivalent. Fall and Spring Prerequisite: Admission to Graduate Health Sciences Program 3 credits, Letter graded (A, A-, B+, etc.)
HDO 510 Salivary Metabolism and Secretion
Consideration is given to the normal and abnormal structure and function of the glandular systems found in the oral cavity. The composition, regulation, and functions of the secretions from the major and minor salivary glands will receive particular attention. Prerequisites: HDO 560, 561, 562 and 563 or their equivalent. Fall and Spring Prerequisite: Admission to Graduate Health Sciences Program 3 credits, Letter graded (A, A-, B+, etc.)
HDO 520 Oral Microbial Systems This course explores the oral microbiome as determined using both live culture and molecular “next generation sequencing” methodologies with a focus on changes in the oral microbiome during oral disease. Prerequisite: HDO 560, 561 and 562 or their equivalent Prerequisite: Admission to Graduate Health Sciences Program 3 credits, Letter graded (A, A-, B+, etc.)
HDO 530 Molecular Biology and Pathology of the Periodontium This course deals with the ultrastructure and biochemical composition of the periodontal tissues, remodeling of the extracellular matrix with an emphasis on the role of metalloproteinases; the microbial interrelations with the organic and inorganic components of the periodontal tissues, the biochemical dynamics of gingival inflammation and wound healing, and the metabolic processes responsible for the composition and flow of gingival crevicular fluid. Prerequisites: HDO 560, 561 and 563 or their equivalent. Fall and Spring. Please note that this may be taken twice for a total of four credits. Prerequisite: Admission to Graduate Health Sciences Program 2 credits, Letter graded (A, A-, B+, etc.)
HDO 534 Research Design and Biostatistics This course aims to improve the understanding of basic research methods and statistical concepts and principles and introduce some fundamental statistical tools, in the context of oral health research. The first part of this course covers basic assumptions and concepts of clinical and biomedical research, research methodologies, critical thinking, and evidence-based dentistry. Residents will develop the skills needed to recognize the quality of the scientific evidence and the quality of various publications, the ability to conduct an evidence-based analysis of the literature, and the ability to present an evidence-based presentation on a controversial topic related to dentistry. The components of a research proposal and the basic elements of compliance will be discussed. The second part of the course covers concepts from statistics such as: summarizing, organizing, and presenting different types of sample data; simple probability; discrete and continuous probability distributions such as the Binomial and Normal distributions; the mean and variance of a probability distribution; sampling distributions; hypothesis testing; statistical significance; confidence intervals; non-parametric techniques; ANOVA; correlation and regression; categorical data analysis, tests for proportions, and Chi-Squared tests. Students will apply the techniques learned in class on a given data set, where they will analyze the data and perform statistical testing. The third part of the course students will discuss and evaluate the statistical methods used in relevant papers as well as in proposed student’s projects. Prerequisite: Enrollment in a graduate program in the School of Dental Medicine. Fall, 1 credit, Letter grades (S/U)
HDO 535 Epithelial Keratinization and Differentiation Epithelial Keratinization and Differentiation The course examines the growth and differentiation of startified sqamous epithelia. Particular emphasis is placed on molecular events involved in the differentiation program. Consideration is also given to mechanisms involved in oral and cutaneous disorders. Prerequisites : Permission of instructor required; HBP 531 suggested; students must have had a background in cellular biochemistry molecular biology. Fall and Spring, 2 credits, Letter graded (A, A-, B+, etc.)
HDO 540 Research Design and Laboratory Technique in Biomedical Research The first part of this course covers basic assumptions and concepts of clinical and biomedical research, research methodologies, and critical thinking. Students will develop the skills needed to recognize the quality of the scientific evidence and the quality of various publications, the ability to conduct an evidence-based analysis of the literature, and the ability to present an evidence-based presentation. The components of a research proposal and the basic elements of compliance will be discussed. The second part of the course aims to introduce theoretical principles and experimental techniques used for laboratory investigation in biomedical research. Students will familiarize themselves with the instrumentation and techniques used to investigate different molecular and cell biological problems through a combination of lectures and demonstrations. Various topics will be covered such as tissue culture and isolation and characterization of DNA, RNA and proteins using various techniques. Students will be introduced to recombinant DNA technology including cloning in various non-viral and viral vectors that allow modulation of gene expression. Transgenic mice technology and Cre-lox system and gene editing technologies will be introduced. In addition, the use of mass spectrometry, microarray and DNA deep sequencing to understand biological processes will be discussed. Prerequisite: Enrollment in the MS (HBBMS) or PhD (HDOPH) program in Oral Biology and Pathology. Fall, 3 credits, Letter graded (A, B, C, F)
HDO 541 Principles of Mucosal Immunology The mucosal immune system is essentially the primary site of interaction between invading pathogens and the immune system. The overall aim of this graduate course is to facilitate a deeper understanding of the fundamentals of the immune system at mucosal surfaces. It will provide a broad overview of several core mucosal immunology topics and has been designed for graduate students and post-docs who have recently entered the field. This class will provide in-depth analysis of the structural features that distinguish the mucosal immune system from the peripheral immune system. Features of innate and adaptive immunity as they relate to mucosal immune responses will also be covered. As well as delivering in depth lectures on relevant and emerging topics the course will engage participants in interactive discussions on topics in an informal setting. The course content is based on the "Principles of Mucosal Immunology" textbook. Prerequisite: Enrollment in the MS (HBBMS) or PhD (HDOPH) program in Oral Biology and Pathology. Fall, 3 credits, Letter graded (A, B, C, F) HDO 550 Oral Diagnostics and Therapeutic Technology, Lectures and Laboratory Techniques Recent advances in the use and development of research technology for the early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of oral and systemic disease. Special attention is paid to the principles of technology transfer including patents and patenting; searching of on-line databases is a key component. The course includes relationships of dry mouth to salivary physiology, diabetes, and drug medications; salivary film measurements, wetting of oral surfaces, viscoelasticity and lubricity; the use of the Periotron and enzyme assays for the diagnosis of gingivitis and periodontal disease; instrumentation used in sensitive teeth measurement and evaluation of treatment effectiveness using oral compositions and iontophoresis; oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis and early detection and causes of dental caries; oral malodor measurements including use of the Halimeter and its use in the formulation of oral compositions. Application to clinical practice and clinical studies is covered. Prerequisites: HDO 560, 561, 562, and 563 or their equivalent. Fall and Spring Prerequisite: Admission to Graduate Health Sciences Program 3 credits, Letter graded (A, A-, B+, etc.) HDO 560 Oral Biology and Pathology I The first of four comprehensive courses on molecular structure, biochemical and physiological function, developmental anatomy and pathology of the various systems that constitute the oral apparatus. Covers the embryological development of the face and oral cavity and the biology and pathology of the oral mineralized tissues. Prerequisites: Undergraduate degree in basic science. Fall and Spring Prerequisite: Admission to Graduate Health Sciences Program 3 credits, Letter graded (A, A-, B+, etc.) HDO 561 Oral Biology and Pathology II The second of four comprehensive courses on molecular structure, biochemical and physiological function, developmental anatomy and pathology of the various systems that constitute the oral apparatus. Covers the biology and pathology of the periodontal structures and the microbiology of the oral cavity. Prerequisites: Undergraduate degree in basic science. Fall and Spring Prerequisite: Admission to Graduate Health Sciences Program 3 credits, Letter graded (A, A-, B+, etc.) HDO 562 Oral Biology and Pathology III This course is the third of four comprehensive courses on molecular structure, biochemical and physiological function, developmental anatomy, and pathology of the various systems that constitute the oral apparatus. The course consists of' the following two units of instruction; (1) the biology and pathology of the salivary glands and their products and (2) the biology and pathology of the periodontal structures, Prerequisites: Undergraduate degree in basic science. Fall and Spring Prerequisite: Admission to Graduate Health Sciences Program 3 credits, Letter graded (A, A-, B+, etc.)
HDO 563 Oral Biology and Pathology IV This course is the last of four comprehensive courses on molecular structure, biochemical and physiological function, developmental anatomy and pathology of the various systems that constitute the oral apparatus. Covers the biology and pathology of the oral sensory systems and the biology and pathology of oral motor systems. Prerequisites: Undergraduate degree in basic. Fall and Spring Prerequisite: Admission to Graduate Health Sciences Program 3 credits, Letter graded (A, A-, B+, etc.) HDO 590 Research Projects in Oral Biology and Pathology Individual laboratory projects closely supervised by faculty members to be carried out in their research laboratories. Prerequisite: Enrollment in a MS or PhD program in Oral Biology and Pathology. Fall and Spring Prerequisite: Admission to Graduate Health Sciences Program 3 credits, Letter graded (A, A-, B+, etc.)
HDO 599 Graduate Research Original investigations undertaken with supervision of a faculty member. Prerequisite: Enrollment in a MS or PhD program in Oral Biology and Pathology. Fall and Spring Prerequisite: Admission to Graduate Health Sciences Program 1-12 credits, Letter graded (A, A-, B+, etc.) HDO 690 Oral Biology and Pathology Seminars Research seminars by students, staff, and visiting scientists which may include review of current literature and presentation of student research. Prerequisite: Enrollment in the MS or PhD program in Oral Biology and Pathology. Fall and Spring, 1 credit, Letter graded (S/U). May be repeated for credit.
HDO 695 Oral Biology and Pathology Teaching Practicum Practice instruction in the teaching of oral biology and pathology at the undergraduate level carried out under faculty orientation and supervision. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor required. Fall and Spring Prerequisite: Admission to Graduate Health Sciences Program 1 credits, Letter graded (A, A-, B+, etc.)
HDO 699 Dissertation Research in Oral Biology and Pathology Dissertation Research, Prerequisite: Advancement to Candidacy Passing, Fall, Spring, and Summer. Prerequisite: Admission to Graduate Health Sciences Program 1-9 credits, Letter graded (A, A-, B+, etc.)
HDO 805 Summer Research In Oral Biology and Pathology Summer Research, Prerequisite: Enrollment in a MS or PhD program in Oral Biology and Pathology. Prerequisite: Admission to Graduate Health Sciences Program 0 credits, S/U grading
Facilities:
The Department currently occupies 18,000 square feet of space in Dutchess and Westchester Halls comprised of offices, research laboratories, special facilities and rooms with special equipment. These include:
In addition, Stony Brook University Supports a number of Research Core Facilities, which are coordinated under the Office of Scientific Affairs . The goal of these facilities is to provide commonly used technologies to the campus, and thus facilitate the research processes.
The university libraries maintain 1.7 million bound volumes and 3 million publications in microformat, and subscribe to approximately 13,300 periodicals and serial titles. Excellent collections are available in the biology and chemistry libraries. The Health Sciences Library contains more than 250,000 volumes and subscribes to 4,300 periodical and serial titles. Almost all of the dental research journals are included in this collection.
Graduate Program Faculty Members Dr. Soosan Ghazizadeh , Oral Biology and Pathology Dr. Lorne Golub , Oral Biology and Pathology Dr. Raveena Jagwani , Oral Biology and Pathology Dr. Steven London , Oral Biology and Pathology Dr. Marcia Simon, Oral Biology and Pathology Dr. Stephen Walker, Oral Biology and Pathology Dr. Richard Faber, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Dr. Zach Faber, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Dr. Hechang Huang, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Dr. Robert Lopatkin, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Dr. Robert Schindel, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Dr. Vincent Iacono , Periodontology Dr. Srinivas Myneni , Periodontology Dr. Georgios Romanos , Periodontology Dr. Marcus Abboud, Prosthodontics and Digital Technology Dr. Dan Colosi, Prosthodontics and Digital Technology Dr. Rafael Delgado-Ruiz , Prosthodontics and Digital Technology Dr. Mina Mahdian , Prosthodontics and Digital Technology Dr. Jerome Cymerman , Endodontics Dr. Clarissa Amarillas , General Dentistry Dr. Ana C. Botta , General Dentistry Dr. Ying Gu , General Dentistry Dr. Miriam Rafailovich , Materials Science and Engineering Dr. Chad Korach, Mechanical Engineering
American Dental Education Association American Dental Association International/American Association of Dental Research National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
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Ishita singhal.
1 Oral Pathology and Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary (SGT) University, Gurugram, IND
2 Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Paradise Diagnostics, New Delhi, IND
3 Dentistry, Dierick Dental Care, Antwerp, BEL
4 Oral Pathology, Paradise Diagnostics, New Delhi, IND
In the realm of dentistry, a myriad of technological advancements, including teledentistry, virtual reality (VR), artificial intelligence (AI), and three-dimensional printing, have been extensively embraced and rigorously evaluated, consistently demonstrating their remarkable effectiveness. These innovations have ushered in a transformative era in dentistry, impacting every facet of the field. They encompass activities ranging from the diagnosis and exploration of oral health conditions to the formulation of treatment plans, execution of surgical procedures, fabrication of prosthetics, and even assistance in patient distraction, prognosis, and disease prevention. Despite the significant strides already taken, the relentless pursuit of new horizons fueled by human curiosity remains unabated. The future landscape of dentistry holds the promise of sweeping changes, notably characterized by enhanced accessibility to dental care and reduced treatment durations. In this comprehensive review article, we delve into the pivotal roles played by AI, VR, augmented reality, mixed reality, and extended reality within the realm of dentistry, with a particular emphasis on their applications in oral medicine, oral radiology, oral surgery, and oral pathology. These technologies represent just a fraction of the technological arsenal currently harnessed in the field of dentistry. A thorough comprehension of their advantages and limitations is imperative for informed decision-making in their utilization.
The world has witnessed remarkable evolution across numerous domains, with technology standing as a pivotal driver of this transformation. In the realm of healthcare, technology has ushered in a wave of innovations that encompass artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), extended reality (XR), and robotic applications, all aimed at enhancing patient care. While concerns about technology encroaching on human roles in healthcare persist, there is a prevailing belief that these advancements can empower healthcare professionals to deliver superior patient care. This empowerment comes in the form of augmented decision-making capabilities, improved long-term patient tracking, expedited image analysis, and exceptional predictive capabilities. Notably, AI and machine learning (ML) are seen as complementary tools that enhance human expertise rather than replace it. As with any innovation, these technologies come with their own set of advantages and challenges. In this comprehensive review article, we delve into the multifaceted roles of AI, VR, AR, MR, and XR within the field of dentistry. Our focus will be on their applications in oral medicine, oral radiology, oral surgery, and oral pathology, providing insights into how these technologies are reshaping and optimizing dental practice for both professionals and patients.
AI encompasses the theory and development of computer systems capable of performing tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation [ 1 ]. In the realm of healthcare, AI finds practical applications in advanced online search engines, recommendation systems, and creative tools [ 2 ]. One subset of AI, known as ML, focuses on the development of computer algorithms and models that enable systems to learn from and make predictions or decisions based on data, without being explicitly programmed to perform specific tasks. In essence, ML allows computers to recognize patterns, make sense of data, and improve their performance or behavior over time through experience [ 3 ]. In the context of dentistry, AI has been harnessed to automatically analyze dental X-rays, yielding crucial insights such as X-ray type, potential tooth impact, precise degree of bone loss through color overlays, cavity location, and more [ 4 ]. Deep learning (DL), a specialized branch of ML characterized by multi-layered computational networks, has emerged as a game-changer, particularly in medical and dental image processing [ 5 , 6 ]. The promise of ML and DL in dentistry extends to enhanced diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning. For instance, a noteworthy development at the University of California involved the creation of an AI algorithm with a remarkable 94% accuracy rate in detecting periodontitis. This algorithm exhibited diagnostic accuracies of 73% for distinguishing normal from diseased cases and 59% for classifying the severity levels of bone loss. Further optimization of the periodontal dataset holds the potential to transform this computer-aided detection system into an efficient tool for periodontal disease detection and staging [ 7 ]. In addition to periodontitis, DL algorithms have also proven adept at accurately identifying dental caries in X-rays. These technologies, characterized by their objectivity and reduced bias, hold the promise of revolutionizing dentistry by standardizing and improving the diagnostic process [ 6 ].
VR is a computer-generated simulation of a hypothetical, immersive, three-dimensional (3D) world or picture that may be interacted with using certain technologies [ 8 ]. VR has been utilized in medicine to great effect as a distraction tool during operations as well as an acclimatization technique to prepare for an experience or procedure, as stated in systematic reviews and randomized control experiments [ 9 ]. Although it has not yet gained widespread acceptance in dentistry, it may potentially play a part in exposure-based acclimation to dental events. In comparison to no intervention, three trials employing VR in a dental context found reduced pain and anxiety. The perioperative phase served as the setting for all three of these studies [ 9 ]. VR may be employed to eradicate dental phobia in pediatric and geriatric patients and further enhance patient education. Before performing procedures on actual patients, dentists, and dental students can practice and test them on mannequins using VR technology by utilizing 3D models of teeth or a human head. Additionally, VR may be used to teach new dentists and make sure seasoned dentists maintain their skill sets [ 10 ].
AR is a technique that superimposes digital data over the physical environment. Incorporating computer-generated sensory input like audio, video, graphics, or GPS data improves the user's impression of reality [ 11 ]. By immediately displaying healthcare data on the patient and merging the physical and digital worlds, AR primarily seeks to improve clinical practice. By adopting interactive approaches, AR and VR technology can help dentists explain various dental operations to their patients, establish a diagnosis, create a treatment plan, and clearly illustrate predicted results by using 3D models of their patient's teeth, gums, and oral cavities [ 12 ].
VR and AR are both combined in MR. It makes it feasible to embed features in a real setting by enabling digital things to interact with the physical world. MR equipment can be utilized in dentistry for surgical planning and training. It could offer a fresh idea for people getting dental treatment when it comes to giving consent. The Microsoft HoloLens is an MR device that can display information and potentially create a virtual environment utilizing a real-time, 3D platform employing several sensors and holographic processing. The HoloLens technology may be utilized as an essential tool for dentistry education and surgery planning, given how quickly technology is developing and how popular virtual learning is becoming [ 13 , 14 ].
XR is an umbrella term that encompasses all types of technologies that enhance our senses, including VR, AR, and MR [ 15 ]. Additionally, these technologies have been applied in several industries, including entertainment, education, and health care. It is a notion that covers both tangible and fictitious hybrid worlds, as well as human-machine interactions produced through wearables and computer technologies. Implantology and orthognathic procedures are the two dental uses of XR that occur most frequently. The development of reality gadgets makes it possible for users to mix and include both medical data and graphical information. Dental implant virtual planning, which transposes 3D virtual planning into the surgical field, has increased the precision of dental implants being inserted using either static guiding or dynamic navigation. Dental static-guided devices may not offer as many benefits in dental implantology as computer-assisted surgery with dynamic navigation. These kinds of technologies overlay computed cone-beam tomography (CBCT) depth, angle, and drill position on the pictures, assisting dentists in performing minimally invasive procedures and avoiding damage to important structures. Because computer-aided navigation increases treatment precision while lowering operational hazards, the adoption of such technology is also beneficial in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Users may occasionally wear a head-mounted display or a glove that stimulates their visual, auditory, and tactile senses, as well as their sense of touch, to create an immersive virtual experience.
Currently, mock-ups, video analysis, and 3D face conceptions have all been employed to help with the technique of reconstructing smiles during dental rehabilitation. The development of new technology improves this program and cuts down on the amount of time and chance of mistakes involved in knowledge exchange between patients, physicians, and laboratories. Increased realism grin programs locate the smile in the photograph and replace it with a different smile for the greatest fit [ 15 ].
Technology has indeed revolutionized the field of dentistry, making it more comfortable, efficient, and effective for patients. Other technical developments that have influenced modern dentistry include laser dentistry, CAD/CAM, 3D printing, and regenerative dentistry. In addition to these developments in dentistry, these technologies are also having a big impact on how dental care is provided.
In the current decade, we are gradually entering the realm of the fourth dimension, where experiences previously unattainable in the physical world become accessible. The history of AI can be traced back to 1956, while the origins of VR reach back to 1960 [ 16 ]. Notably, in 1962, Morton Heiling pioneered the Sensorama technology, a multisensory stimulator that incorporated color and stereo-prerecorded films, augmented by binaural scents, sound, wind, and vibration backgrounds. However, Sensorama's interactivity was limited [ 17 ]. In 1965, Ivan Sutherland demonstrated "The Ultimate Display" technology, based on the concept of constructing an artificial world that integrated interactive graphics, force feedback, olfactory, gustatory, and auditory elements [ 18 ]. Furthermore, in 1968, Sutherland introduced the first head-mounted display (HMD) system with a three-dimensional head-tracking method, aptly named "The Sword of Damocles" [ 19 ]. The year 1971 marked the development of GROPE, the first prototype of a force-feedback system at the University of North Carolina (UNC). GROPE combined haptic display and visual models [ 16 ]. In 1975, Myron Krueger established an artificial reality laboratory known as the Videoplace, creating a "conceptual environment that did not exist." This system displayed user silhouettes captured by cameras on a large screen, enabling user interaction [ 20 ]. In 1982, Thomas Furness pioneered the Visually Coupled Airborne System Simulator (VCASS), an advanced flight simulator demonstrated at the US Air Force’s Armstrong Medical Research Laboratories. Fighter pilots utilized an HMD that integrated the outside view with graphics displaying precise flight path information [ 16 ]. In 1984, NASA Ames developed the Virtual Visual Environment Display (VIVED), featuring a stereoscopic monochrome HMD [ 21 ]. The VPL company made significant strides in commercial VR technology, introducing the iconic Data Glove technology in 1985 and the marketable Eyephone HMD in 1988 [ 16 ]. In 1989, Fake Space Labs introduced the BOOM technology, a compact device composed of two CRT monitors viewable through eye holes [ 16 ]. The latter part of the 1980s witnessed the creation of numerous VR devices, including optical trackers, HMDs, and the Pixel-Plane graphics engine at UNC. The architectural walkthrough was a notable application of these technologies. In 1992, the CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment emerged, amalgamating VR and scientific visualization systems. Users wore LCD shutter glasses, and stereoscopic images were projected onto the room's walls, offering high-resolution images and a wider field of view compared to HMDs [ 21 ]. In 1994, Milgram and Kishino introduced the concept of the VR continuum, encompassing five systems: AI, AR, VR, MR, and XR (Figure (Figure1) 1 ) [ 16 ]. AR technology, within this continuum, enhances rather than replaces the real world. AR employs see-through HMDs to overlay virtual three-dimensional objects onto the real environment. AR holds substantial potential for enhancing human perception and facilitating complex tasks, making it a focal point of various research endeavors [ 22 ].
Image Credits: Geetpriya Kaur
Oral medicine
Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Oral Medicine
Conventionally, oral cavity examinations and clinical diagnostic investigations of oral lesions were either explained orally or with visual presentations. The oral medicine residents are expected to take a proper clinical history of the patient with a thorough oral cavity examination. A case history can be described as a planned professional conversation that enables the patient to communicate his or her symptoms and past personal, dental, and medical histories [ 23 ]. A 3D-augmented clinical history format can be created to record the chief complaint, medical and dental histories, as well as previous investigations. Hence, utilizing this platform will greatly help in making a provisional diagnosis of the patient and explaining the patient with the help of images.
The most common types of oral lesions encountered by an oral medicine resident are red and white lesions, vesiculobullous lesions, and ulcerative lesions. The conventional chairside diagnostic techniques include vital staining, exfoliative cytology, and optical imaging. A demonstration of these methods can be explained through a 3D-augmented platform. Haptic-based VR training stimulators can be used by oral medicine residents for the practice of these traditional techniques. Additionally, VR can also assist the dentist in ruling out false-positive and false-negative results of several vital staining procedures, including toluidine blue, methylene blue, and Lugol’s iodine.
Some oral lesions are treated with medication, while other oral lesions are recommended for biopsy. An oral premalignant condition such as oral submucous fibrosis is generally treated with hyaluronidase injections. The placement of injections and dosage can be demonstrated with the help of VR training stimulators. In the case of white lesions, the application of medications or oral intake of medicines can be explained with stimulators [ 23 ].
Incisional and punch biopsy techniques are generally preferred to evaluate potentially malignant oral disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Excisional biopsy procedures are performed in cases of exophytic growth, pyogenic granuloma, and mucocele. The AR stimulators can be used for explaining and practicing biopsy procedures to oral medicine residents. Moreover, the tactile feedback mechanisms can be deeply studied to enhance biopsy procedures (Figure (Figure2 2 ).
Image Credits: Geetpriya Kaur and Ishita Singhal
Artificial Intelligence in Oral Medicine
AI is nowadays a popular diagnostic modality that is being used for precise image analysis by making use of various body systems. The various AI techniques that are currently being utilized are artificial neural networks (ANNs) and genetic algorithms. In the recent decade, ANNs have been used to elucidate the findings of various investigative modalities like USG, dental radiographs, CBCT, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Moreover, by using ANNs, we can manage precise generalization of settings by optimizing the goodness of fit between the input data (text or image fed into the algorithm) and output data (working classification). Additionally, ML algorithms can also provide accurate clinical findings by analyzing hospital medical records that have been hand-labeled [ 24 ].
Additionally, AI can be used as an adjunct for diagnosing oral lesions as well as planning efficacious treatment based on clinical findings. For example, AI algorithms can help in the classification of various suspicious lesions that might be undergoing malignant changes. Thus, in future research, AI can also be judiciously used for screening larger populations for genetic predisposition to oral cancer. Moreover, AI can also provide supportive diagnostic acumen along with other chief diagnostic techniques like CT, MRI, and CBCT to determine certain deviations from the normal anatomical arrangement that might have been missed by the human eye [ 24 ].
Oral radiology
Oral radiology is a specialized field of dentistry that employs various imaging methods to diagnose and treat oral diseases. Its primary role is to identify pathologies such as cysts, tumors, and infections in the oral cavity. In oral radiology, a range of imaging techniques are utilized, including radiographs, CBCT, CT scans, MRI, positron emission tomography (PET) scans, and ultrasound (USG). Radiographs are commonly employed for the detection of dental caries, periodontal disease, cysts, benign and malignant tumors, and other dental abnormalities. CT scans are particularly useful in assessing bone loss, fractures, and tumors, while MRI is effective in detecting soft tissue abnormalities such as cysts and tumors. Ultrasound is primarily utilized to evaluate salivary gland irregularities. This branch of dentistry plays a critical role in effectively diagnosing and treating oral ailments [ 25 ].
Artificial Intelligence in Oral Radiology
In the field of oral and maxillofacial radiology, AI applications hold considerable promise. CNNs, which can perform image categorization, detection, segmentation, registration, creation, and refinement, have been primarily employed in recent research on AI in oral and maxillofacial radiology. In this area, AI algorithms have been created for image analysis, forensic dentistry, radiographic diagnostics, and picture quality enhancement. Dental radiology is steadily integrating AI, with a focus on diagnostic records in CBCT and digital 3D images. To develop AI for quick diagnosis and improved treatment planning, a lot of data may be gathered and calculated. To get good results, a ton of data is required, and oral radiologists must be involved in this labor-intensive process of creating accurate and consistent data sets. There are several issues that need to be resolved before AI is extensively used in current clinical practice, including the need to build up enormous amounts of finely labeled open data sets, comprehend AI's judgment standards, and identify potential AI-based threats to DICOM. AI will advance further in the future and is anticipated to play a significant role in the creation of automatic diagnosis systems, the establishment of treatment plans, and the manufacture of treatment instruments if answers to these issues are offered with the growth of AI. As specialists who are well-versed in the properties of radiographic pictures, oral radiologists will be especially crucial in the development of AI applications in this area (Figure (Figure3) 3 ) [ 25 ].
Image Credits: Dirk Neefs, DD-Care, Belgium
Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Oral Radiology
The use of virtual and augmented reality technology is a cutting-edge method of communication that has the potential to enhance radiology education, improve communication with coworkers, refer physicians and patients, and support interventional radiology operations. Currently, AR and VR technologies only allow the user to view content; they do not allow them to interact with the environment or receive tactile input from it. New technologies enable interaction and manipulation of the environment by people. Anatomical holograms may be "tagged" to manipulable actual items using low-cost, commercially accessible equipment like the MERGE Cube (Merge VR, San Antonio, Texas). Although VR and AR have a lot of potential for radiography, they currently have certain drawbacks, such as ergonomic issues from extended usage, relatively high adoption and use costs, and a lack of content. For instance, it has been noted that continuous usage of HMDs might result in neck discomfort, nausea, and disorientation from prolonged delay (Figure (Figure4) 4 ) [ 26 ].
Oral surgery
Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Mixed Reality in Oral Surgery
An oral and maxillofacial surgeon should have precise knowledge of anatomical structures and their normal physiological movements [ 27 ]. For better surgical results, AR-VR technology can provide visual access and detailed knowledge of important anatomical structures, muscles, and joint movements of the oral cavity to oral surgery residents. Based on clinical and radiological investigations, VR devices can be used to plan customized patient treatment. The Holomedicine® Association is a global network of individual experts from medicine, science, technology, and policy. They work to build new methods for delivering mixed reality technologies in medicine and surgery, ensuring they have maximum clinical impact.
Oral surgeons can be taught the administration of dental anesthesia with the help of the AR-VR platform. The main reasons for anesthesia failures are anatomical, pathological, physiological, or inappropriate techniques [ 28 ]. Additionally, anatomical and inappropriate insertion techniques can be further improved by imparting a deep knowledge of intraoral and extraoral anatomies [ 27 ]. This technology, if integrated with a feedback mechanism, can be greatly beneficial in handling larger groups of patients in a short period. A study determined the dentist feedback of haptic-based VR anesthesia injection training stimulators on two different virtual models. Although the results were satisfactory, the enhancement of tactile feedback was the main concern [ 28 ]. Another study compared inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) teaching methods in an AR stimulator-based experimental group and a conventional technique-based control group. However, the researchers did not discuss the limitations of the feedback system [ 29 ].
In the recent decade, AR techniques have been used to assist in several oral and maxillofacial surgeries, such as orthognathic surgery, osteotomies, prosthetic surgeries, cancer surgery, temporomandibular joint analysis, excisional biopsy procedures, and dental implants [ 30 ]. An image-guided surgery system was developed using AR technology. A computer-assisted system consisted of a gadget that could monitor the instrument, whose position and direction were depicted in virtual space using a picture registration process [ 31 ]. Computer design methods were used to connect the instrument to the surgical field. Generally, oral surgeons use a pointer to connect preoperative patient images and the surgical treatment plan. Moreover, AR-based technology was developed to project pictures directly onto the surgical site. This technique uses mononuclear projection in the working microscope and head-up displays. The projections were further built on the semi-clear screens and placed between the working screen and the oral surgeon, or they were constructed on the binocular optics of a following surgical microscope [ 32 ].
In the latest study, oral surgeons used HMD to understand the superimposition of bone segments or soft tissues. This technique helped to accomplish a smoother surgical performance [ 33 ]. In another study, Oculus Rift and Leap Motion equipment were used by residents to interact with the equipment and understand its operations [ 34 ]. The Leap Motion system integrates a multi-sensory learning experience by using a particular application and zooming in on some treatment techniques within possible oral surgical procedures. This VR technology incorporated a 360-degree operating room, spherical videos, and computer-generated three-dimensional operating room models [ 27 ]. Still, further studies are required to understand the haptic force feedback and its association with the three-dimensional instrument models.
Some researchers utilized the VR platform to perform virtually simulated orthognathic surgeries and later carried out these surgical interventions on patients. The major benefit of this technology was that oral surgeons could predict patients’ aesthetic and surgical progress [ 35 ]. The AR framework was used for tracing points, lines, and planes that could be moved from the stereolithographic skull model on the facial skeleton during osteotomy and splint procedures [ 31 ]. The VR devices were also used to study the placement of dental implants. Proper surgical navigation can be used by dental surgeons to place the implants at specific locations with sufficient bone thickness, thereby preventing implant failure [ 18 ]. Thus, VR technology has been judiciously incorporated to provide proper treatment planning and determine a precise location [ 36 ].
Siepel et al. examined the application of a low-cost stereoscopic display system and six degrees of freedom in implant placement and compared it with the three degrees of freedom in the virtual world. During the follow-up research, the treatment planning was enhanced so that the dentist was provided with six degrees of freedom using CT images at the voxel level in real time [ 37 ]. The latest studies demonstrated VR systems that integrated CT images of the jawbone along with haptic force feedback technology to train beginners by simulating the sounds and vibrations of bone drilling and contra-angled handpieces [ 38 , 39 ]. In oncology cases, the oral and maxillofacial consultant can use VR technology to physically draw the tumor borders with the help of programming apparatuses onto the processed tomographic informational index (Figure (Figure5) 5 ) [ 40 ].
Image Credits: Yujia Gao (NUHS, Singapore) provided their original images for publication.
Artificial Intelligence in Oral Surgery
In many recent studies, machine learning algorithms have been utilized for faster and more reproducible interpretation of several bone and skin landmarks that are necessary for a complete 3D analysis of facial structures. Thus, this technique has more potential than other computational techniques [ 41 ].
For managing orofacial deformities, the choice of surgery is important, along with the expertise of the orthodontist and the surgeon. Hence, training algorithms on cephalometric values as well as interpreted images can help in providing treatment support tools that can easily predict the requirement for surgical interventions during orthodontic treatment. Moreover, these AI-based tools can lend a helping hand to the assisting practitioner to either verify or revise his treatment plans accordingly to minimize orthodontic camouflage with adverse aesthetic and functional results [ 41 ].
The extraction of impacted third molars is a routine procedure performed by oral surgeons and general dentists. The use of AI-based tools can help optimize the various stages of diagnosis and treatment planning. Moreover, taking the support of a predictive AI-based model based on the eruption potential of the third molars by means of mechanized calculations of their angulation on panoramic radiographs can judiciously help in making crucial decisions pertaining to tooth extraction, which might turn out to be debatable in a few cases [ 40 , 41 ].
Oral pathology
Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Reality, and Augmented Reality in Oral Pathology
An oral pathologist evaluates the relevant stained tissue slides under a microscope and provides the patient with a histopathology report. The final diagnosis of oral lesions greatly depends on accurate clinical and radiological patient details. Furthermore, oral surgeons can further provide the required treatment to patients based on their histopathology reports.
In recent decades, light microscopy has been replaced by digital scanning techniques. However, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is still used as the standard method. It is predicted that an oral pathologist will soon be able to directly examine the oral tissues without any tissue processing steps. Thus, 3D AR or MR technology could be precisely applied in this research area for better patient outcomes. In the future, the oral tissues could be directly viewed in the patient’s mouth by utilizing in vivo microscopy to ultimately connect relevant cellular features to matching radiological images [ 42 ].
To date, microscopic morphology is regarded as the gold standard for diagnosis [ 43 ]. Worldwide, researchers are working on AI-based image analysis for the diagnosis of several oral lesions. Hence, this technology can assist an oral pathologist in making fast decisions regarding patient's histopathology reports and further investigative examinations. AI was introduced in the oral pathology domain to overcome the variability of morphologic diagnosis and to provide consistent and reliable diagnostic reports [ 44 ].
Recent research has demonstrated the role of ML in identifying, classifying, diagnosing, and differentiating different oral lesions [ 45 ]. A recent study employed CNN for the detection of keratin pearls. The researchers suggested a two-stage method for computing oral histology images. The first stage involved a 12-layered deep CNN for the segmentation of constituent layers. The keratin pearls were diagnosed in the second stage with the help of texture-based feature-trained random forests. The keratin pearls were diagnosed with 96.88% accuracy [ 46 ]. Farahani et al. examined the utilization of the Oculus Rift device for the evaluation of digital pathology slides. In their study, all three reviewers established that digital pathology slides were viewed on a VR platform with the Oculus Rift DK2 [ 47 ].
Datasets used in AI and oral cancer research are clinical photographic images, patient’s geographic data and habit history, H&E-stained histopathological images, immunostained images, saliva metabolite data, and gene expression data [ 48 ]. The limitation of the AI approach is its two-dimensional format. However, the main advantage of the AI approach in image diagnosis is that it overcomes the inconsistency of inter- and intra-observer variability [ 49 ].
The oral pathologist can be taught laboratory techniques such as tissue processing, H&E staining, and special staining techniques with the VR training stimulators. Additionally, the common diagnostic techniques at the microscopic level, such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), fine needle aspiration cytology, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), can also be duly explained with VR stimulators. The mixed reality systems can also be incorporated into dental schools to explain detailed and labeled histopathological features as well as images of various oral diseases. Moreover, the AR technology can also be used for teaching cytology slides of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer cases to undergraduate and postgraduate students (Figure (Figure6 6 ).
Image Credits: Ishita Singhal and Geetpriya Kaur
Advantages and drawbacks of AI, VR, AR, and MR in oral diagnostics
In the context of a growing global population and the resulting surge in healthcare demands, digital technologies have emerged as indispensable resources for managing the impending influx of patients. Notably, VR and AR platforms offer several advantages across various diagnostic fields. Their applications carry significant potential, particularly in the education of undergraduate and postgraduate students, through the implementation of interactive learning methodologies with clear, objective evaluation criteria. Furthermore, the integration of AI and automation can assume a critical role in safeguarding our healthcare workforce, especially in light of the sacrifices made by many during the COVID-19 crisis.
VR, in particular, holds promise in delivering training to healthcare professionals, covering a spectrum of procedures, from laparoscopic surgery to the evaluation of medical databases. It also plays a pivotal role in formulating treatment strategies and facilitating the rehabilitation of patients dealing with conditions such as autism, cancer, and psychiatric disorders. Moreover, these technologies facilitate advanced learning opportunities for remote students who may lack the means to travel to different cities for specialized studies. They enable the creation of interactive and engaging clinical modules, particularly beneficial in the context of ruling out differential diagnoses in complex medical cases.
However, it is essential to acknowledge that these novel technologies do come with certain limitations when applied in clinical settings. Independent research teams focusing on VR and AR may face challenges when relying on customized augmented systems in intricate experimental models, limiting their widespread applicability. While these technologies can find utility in simpler experimental models, their comprehensive integration into complex scenarios remains a subject of ongoing exploration.
Furthermore, it is worth noting that the current body of research predominantly emphasizes technical skills, particularly in the realm of dentistry, where virtual oral surgery stimulators offer some degree of skill development. Nevertheless, a critical gap exists when it comes to addressing non-technical skills, such as cognitive development, teamwork, interpersonal communication, and emergency management, which are equally vital in clinical practice. To fully harness the potential of VR and AR in health care and dentistry, there is a pressing need for additional research efforts to validate their efficacy and enhance the overall quality of treatment and healthcare delivery through augmented techniques.
Technological advancements in AI, VR, AR, MR, and XR have revolutionized dentistry, ushering in an era of precision, enhanced patient care, and improved education. These innovations are not here to replace human jobs but rather serve as vital tools in delivering more efficient and cost-effective patient care. These technologies have already transformed various aspects of oral health care, from diagnostics and treatment planning to surgeries and patient experiences, with the potential to eliminate traditional tools like drills and injections. In oral medicine, VR and AR enable 3D-augmented clinical histories, aid in provisional diagnoses, and enhance treatment plan explanations, while haptic-based VR training enhances diagnostic skills. AI, particularly through convolutional neural networks, has improved image interpretation and diagnostic accuracy in oral radiology, leading to precise treatment planning. Oral surgery benefits from AR, VR, and MR in resident training, surgical procedures, and patient education, allowing for greater precision in surgery planning and ensuring patients comprehend expected outcomes. In oral pathology, AI-based image analysis provides consistent diagnostic reports, while VR and AR stimulators assist in teaching laboratory techniques and explaining histopathological features. However, these technologies have limitations, including the need for further validation and addressing ergonomic challenges and high costs. In conclusion, the integration of AI, VR, AR, MR, and XR into dentistry represents a transformative moment, empowering healthcare professionals to deliver superior care and cost savings. Ongoing research should focus on harnessing these tools in oral medicine, radiology, surgery, and pathology to fully unlock their potential in oral health care, promising a brighter, technologically enhanced future for dentistry.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Home > SD > DENTISTRY > ETD-PERIODONTICS
Theses/dissertations from 2022 2022.
A Study in Fresh Human Cadaver Heads Examining the Incidence of Maxillary Sinus Membrane Perforation During Crestal Sinus Elevation Comparing Osteotomes to Osseodensification Drills. , Thaer Alqadoumi
Titanium Particles within Mucosa during Non-Surgical Implant Debridement , Holvin Louie
Accuracy of Implant Placement Comparing a Tissue Level Static Guide vs. Dynamic Navigation Using the X-Mark Protocol on Edentulous Mandibles: A Laboratory Study , Nicholas Poovey
A Comparison of Heat Generated Between Carbide and Diamond Bur during Implantoplasty , Bryce Chun
Comparison of Heat Generated During Twist Drilling Protocol by Guided and Non-Guided Implant Surgery , Joshua Lee
Comparison of antimicrobial agents Ozonated Olive Oil and Chlorhexidine Gluconate - an in vitro study , Amelia David
Accuracy of Intraoral Scanners with Different Total Occlusal Convergence Angles: An In-Vitro Study , Brittany M. Pang
A Digitized Comparison using Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Intraoral Scanning , Yvette Carrillo
Comparison of Antibacterial Activity of Ozonated Olive Oil and Chlorhexidine Gluconate , Changmin Lee
Accuracy of a Newly Developed Guided Dental Implant Delivery System , Fallon D. Livingston
Accuracy of Implants Placed with Surgical Guides: Thermoplastic vs. 3-D Printed , Caitlyn K. Bell
Accuracy of Volumetric Analysis Software Packages in Assessment of Tooth Volume Using CBCT , Saylee Nimbalkar
Influence of Low Temperature Degradation on Microstructural Integrity of Zirconia Dental Implants , Mona Monzavi Rahimi
Novel Approach to Assess Periodontal Disease Severity Using Volumetric Analysis , Meera George Maveli
Factors Affecting Gingival Recession in the Esthetic Zone: A Human Cadaver Study , Christen Sather
Identification of the Mandibular Nerve with CBCT Using a Nerve Marking Tool or Not , Myung Soo Choi
Factors Influencing Contrast Resolution of Cone Beam CT Using the CB MercuRay , Roger M. Anderson
Reproducibility of Two Non-Consecutive Scans Using a NewTom 3G; in Vitro Model , Hyoung Jin Park
Training Program to Improve Estimation of Patients' Periodontal Pain Experience , Yoon Jeong Kim
Influence of Keratinized Mucosa, Bone Dimensions on Mucosal Recession and Bone Loss , Jeanette Keng Ling Chua
Comparison of Different Methods of Assessing Ridge Width prior to Implant Placement , Lung-Cheng Chen
Resonance Frequency Analysis as a Determinant of Implant Initial Stability , Negar Tabandeh
Pain Experienced by Patients during Periodontal Examination , Mohammed A. Al-Ajmi
Pain Experienced by Patients Using Thinner vs. Thicker Probes During Probing , Mohamed A. Hassan
Effect of Anti-TGFß1 and Pycnogenol® on Scar Formation in Rats , Pilseong Kim
Healing Following Placement of a Subperiosteal Orthodontic Anchoring Device , Oliver Hoffmann
Assessment of Alveolar Bone Density Using Implant Insertion Resistance Torque , Scott Sangmoo Lee
IL-10 and Alveolar Bone Loss , Abdulaziz Saud Al-Rasheed
Assessment of Human Alveolar Bone Density by Using Volumetric CT Machine , Prasit Aranyarachkul
Pain Experienced by Patients during Periodontal Recall Treatment , Thu-Diem Chung
Probing Bone Level Measurements for Determination of the Depths of Class II Furcation Defects , Youngil Suh
Regeneration In Periodontal Defects with rhBMP-2 : A Dosage Study , Paola Guglielmoni
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Periodontal Repair , Michael B. Lee
Periodontal Repair in Dogs : Effect of Recombinant Human Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 on Guided Tissue Regeneration , Saghi Shayan Razi
Periodontal Repair in Dogs : Evaluation of rhBMP-2 Carriers , Lauralee Nygaard
Alveolar Bone and Cementum Regeneration Following Periodontal Reconstructive Therapy : A Review of Histologic Observations In Man and Experimental Animals , Karen E. Rodden
Healing Following Periodontal Reconstructive Surgery : Surgical Implantation of a Collagen Matrix or Demineralized Freeze-dried Bone Allograft , Seong Yong Choi
Periodontal Repair in Dogs : Part I : Evaluation of the Natural Disease Model ; Part II : ePTFE Barrier Membranes Support Wound Stabilization and Enhance Bone Regeneration , James Marc Haney
Reproducibility of Periodontal Probing , Su-Fang Wang
Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 Expression in Developing Ovine Teeth as Visualized by In Situ Hybridization , Søren Jepsen
The Periodontal Intraosseous Defect Following Root Conditioning with Citric Acid and Wound Closure Including a PTFE Membrane : An Experimental Study , Betty Glaser Kersten
The Effect of an Anti-Osteoclastic Agent and a Collagen Sponge on Root Resorption Following Regenerative Periodontal Surgery in the Dog , Rudolf Hahn
Treatment of Periodontal Furcation Defects , Michael Martin and Bernard Gantes
Treatment of Periodontal Furcation Defects , Bernard Gantes
Effects of Oral Hygiene Measures on Clinical and Microbiological Parameters of Periodontal Disease , Bruno Loos
Predictions of the Effects of Nonsurgical Periodontial Therapy : Prospective and Retrospective Identification of Deteriorating Sites , Rik Achille Vanooteghem
Healing Following Two Different Surgical Approaches to Treating Deep Periodontal Intraosseous Defects , A. Durwin H. Chamberlain
The Effect of Mechanical Plaque Control on the Clinical Parameters of Human Periodontal Disease , John F. Cercek Jr.
Histologic Probe Position in Treated and Untreated Human Periodontal Tissues , Clifford Fowler
Changes of the Marginal Periodontium as a Result of Labial Tooth Movement in Monkeys , Gregory G. Steiner, J. K. Pearson, and J. Ainamo
Evaluation of New Attachment Following Full Thickness Flap Procedure in Humans , Shaunda S. Steiner
New Attachment of Connective Tissues to Human Teeth Involved in Chronic Periodontal Disease : A Histologic Study , Rick Cole
Ultrastructural Study of Wound Healing on a Root Planed and Citric Acid Treated Root Surface , Craig Martin Ririe
A Comparison of a Step-by-Step versus an All-in-one Approach in Teaching Plaque Control , Charles R. Woofter
The Effects of Topically Applied Citric Acid on Periodontally Diseased Root Surfaces , John S. Garrett
Gingival Condition in Areas of Minimal and Appreciable Widths of Keratinized Gingiva , Myles C. Miyasato
Developing a Periodontal Screening Examination , Jeffrey R. Morgulis
The Effect of Chlorhexidine or Oxytetracycline Irrigation on the Subgingival Microbiota , George M. Whitehead
The Effect of Post-Operative Use of Chlorhexidine on Periodontal Regeneration in Monkeys with Chronic Bifurcation Defects , J. Pat Bishop
Effect of Tooth Cleaning Procedures on Gingival Sulcus , Klaus D. Wolfram
The Effect of Oral Allografts of Cancellous Bone and Marrow in Mice , George E. Deeb
Microscopic Evaluation of Topically Applied Chlorhexidine Gluconate on Gingival Wound Healing in Dogs , Robert C. Hirst
Marrow Isografts in the Oral Cavity of Mice , Robert L. Merin
Root Exposure and its Effect on the Fluid Movement within the Tooth , William J. Busch
The Response of Gingival Tissues to Alterations in pH , Robert C. Jann
A Clinical and Microscopic Evaluation of Plaque Removal and by the Hydrodent Brush , Soertini E. Lambri
The Effect of Elevated Glucose on Neutrophilic Phagocytosis in Genetically Diabetic Mice , Larry B. Thompson
An In Vivo Perfusion Apparatus for Studies on Gingival Disease in the Albino Rat : Assessment by a Perfusion of the Enzymes Collagenase and Hyaluronidase , James A. Smith
An In Vivo Perfusion Apparatus for Studies on Gingival Disease : Assessment by a Perfusion of Nonspecific Proteolytic Enzymes , Don Dornan
The Effect of a Patient-Counseling Film and Hygienist on the Oral Hygiene of Junior High School Students , Leonard L. Espinda
A Study of Alveolar Bone Loss and Two-Hour Postprandial Blood Sugar Levels , R. Leslie Arnett
The Effect of Glucose on Neutrophilic Phagocytosis , Donald F. Adams
The Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease and Treatment Implications , Richard C. Oliver
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Title: | A Study of Survival in Oral Cavity Cancer Patients |
Researcher: | Saurabh Bobdey |
Guide(s): | |
Keywords: | Clinical Pre Clinical and Health |
University: | Homi Bhabha National Institute |
Completed Date: | 2017 |
Abstract: | newline |
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A thesis or dissertation, as some people would like to call it, is an integral part of the Radiology curriculum, be it MD, DNB, or DMRD. We have tried to aggregate radiology thesis topics from various sources for reference.
Not everyone is interested in research, and writing a Radiology thesis can be daunting. But there is no escape from preparing, so it is better that you accept this bitter truth and start working on it instead of cribbing about it (like other things in life. #PhilosophyGyan!)
Start working on your thesis as early as possible and finish your thesis well before your exams, so you do not have that stress at the back of your mind. Also, your thesis may need multiple revisions, so be prepared and allocate time accordingly.
Keep it simple silly (kiss).
Retrospective > Prospective
Retrospective studies are better than prospective ones, as you already have the data you need when choosing to do a retrospective study. Prospective studies are better quality, but as a resident, you may not have time (, energy and enthusiasm) to complete these.
Choose a simple topic that answers a single/few questions
Original research is challenging, especially if you do not have prior experience. I would suggest you choose a topic that answers a single or few questions. Most topics that I have listed are along those lines. Alternatively, you can choose a broad topic such as “Role of MRI in evaluation of perianal fistulas.”
You can choose a novel topic if you are genuinely interested in research AND have a good mentor who will guide you. Once you have done that, make sure that you publish your study once you are done with it.
Get it done ASAP.
In most cases, it makes sense to stick to a thesis topic that will not take much time. That does not mean you should ignore your thesis and ‘Ctrl C + Ctrl V’ from a friend from another university. Thesis writing is your first step toward research methodology so do it as sincerely as possible. Do not procrastinate in preparing the thesis. As soon as you have been allotted a guide, start researching topics and writing a review of the literature.
At the same time, do not invest a lot of time in writing/collecting data for your thesis. You should not be busy finishing your thesis a few months before the exam. Some people could not appear for the exam because they could not submit their thesis in time. So DO NOT TAKE thesis lightly.
Do NOT Copy-Paste
Reiterating once again, do not simply choose someone else’s thesis topic. Find out what are kind of cases that your Hospital caters to. It is better to do a good thesis on a common topic than a crappy one on a rare one.
Event country/university has a different format for thesis; hence these book recommendations may not work for everyone.
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You can also search research-related resources and direct download PDFs for radiology articles on our custom radiology search engine .
Make sure you use Grammarly to correct your spelling , grammar , and plagiarism for your thesis. Grammarly has affordable paid subscriptions, windows/macOS apps, and FREE browser extensions. It is an excellent tool to avoid inadvertent spelling mistakes in your research projects. It has an extensive built-in vocabulary, but you should make an account and add your own medical glossary to it.
These are general guidelines and not about radiology specifically. You can share these with colleagues from other departments as well. Special thanks to Dr. Sanjay Yadav sir for these. This section is best seen on a desktop. Here are a couple of handy presentations to start writing a thesis:
Read the general guidelines for writing a thesis (the page will take some time to load- more than 70 pages!
A format for thesis protocol with a sample patient information sheet, sample patient consent form, sample application letter for thesis, and sample certificate.
Hopefully, this post will make the tedious task of writing a Radiology thesis a little bit easier for you. Best of luck with writing your thesis and your residency too!
More radiology resources here: Radiology resources This page will be updated regularly. Kindly leave your feedback in the comments or send us a message here . Also, you can comment below regarding your department’s thesis topics.
Note: All topics have been compiled from available online resources. If anyone has an issue with any radiology thesis topics displayed here, you can message us here , and we can delete them. These are only sample guidelines. Thesis guidelines differ from institution to institution.
Image source: Thesis complete! (2018). Flickr. Retrieved 12 August 2018, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/cowlet/354911838 by Victoria Catterson
Dr. amar udare, md, related posts ↓.
Amazing & The most helpful site for Radiology residents…
Thank you for your kind comments 🙂
Dr. I saw your Tips is very amazing and referable. But Dr. Can you help me with the thesis of Evaluation of Diagnostic accuracy of X-ray radiograph in knee joint lesion.
Wow! These are excellent stuff. You are indeed a teacher. God bless
Glad you liked these!
happy to see this
Glad I could help :).
Greetings Dr, thanks for your constant guides. pls Dr, I need a thesis research material on “Retrieving information from scattered photons in medical imaging”
Hey! Unfortunately I do not have anything relevant to that thesis topic.
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Home > FACULTIES > Pathology > PATHOL-ETD
This collection contains theses and dissertations from the Department of Pathology, collected from the Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
The role of gut microbiome on the immunogenicity of immune hot neuroblastoma tumours , Hasti Gholami
Investigation of Novel Pan-RAF Inhibitors in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer , Sarah EB Ryan
Evaluating the utility of S100A7 in identifying oral dysplastic lesions that will progress to oral squamous cell carcinoma , Jeff Soparlo
Investigating The Impact Of The COVID-19 Pandemic On Maternal Perceived Stress, Postpartum Depressive Symptoms, And Pregnancy Outcomes In London, Ontario: A One Health Approach , Mei Yuan
Evidence of an Antigen Presenting Cell Phenotype in Granular Cell Tumours , Benjamin J W A Rogala
Junctophilin-2 Protects Cardiomyocytes against Palmitate-induced Injury , Xiaoyun Ji
Evaluating the Utility of Protein Biomarker, S100A7, and Diagnostic Test, Straticyte, in Predicting the Progression of Oral Dysplasia , Lachlan McLean
Alpha-Synuclein Toxicity is Caused by Mitochondrial Dysfunction , Michael G. Tauro
Non-Cancerous Abnormalities That Could Mimic Prostate Cancer Like Signal in Multi-Parametric MRI Images , Mena Gaed
Mitochondrial permeability regulates cardiac endothelial cell necroptosis and cardiac allograft rejection , Ingrid Gan
Kallikrein-Related Peptidases are Dysregulated in Pleomorphic Adenoma , Matthew D. Morrison
Increased Mitochondrial Calpain-1 Is an Important Mechanism Contributing to Mitochondrial ROS Generation in Cardiac Diseases , Rui Ni
Elucidating mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance to PI3Ka inhibition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma , Kara M. Ruicci
The Effects of Child Restraint System Use and Motor Vehicle Collision Severity on Injury Patterns and Severity in Children 8 Years Old and Younger. , Peyton A. Schroeder
Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Diabetic Complications , Anu Alice Thomas
Effect of Estrogen and Glucocorticoid Signaling on Th2 cells – Implications for Severe Asthma , Meerah Vijeyakumaran
CRISPR Screen for Identification of Kinases that Mediate Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion , Hamad Aldhafeeri
Immunological Impact of CLI-095 on Dendritic Cell Maturation and Hypoxia-re-oxygenation induced inflammatory injury , Hajed Obaid Alharbi
ERK5 Expression in Brain Tumours , Reem Ansari
Expression of Human Tissue Kallikreins (KLKs) in Polymorphous Low Grade Adenocarcinoma (PLGA) , Jacqueline M. Cox
A Clinico-Pathological Study of the Structural and Functional Changes in the Retina and Optic Nerve Following Diabetic Retinopathy Treatments , Richard Filek
Mechanisms underlying chemotherapy-induced vascular proliferation in ovarian cancer , Zeynep Gülsüm Kahramanoğlu
The Effect of Glucocorticosteroids on Th2 cells , Tharsan Kanagalingam
Hsp90 and its Co-chaperones Modify TDP-43 Localization, Aggregation, and Toxicity , Lilian T. Lin
Characterization of Hemangioma-initiating Stem Cells , Natalie Montwill
Postnatal β1 Integrin Deficiency in Pancreatic Beta-Cells Impairs Function and Survival , Jason E. Peart
Up-regulation of junctophilin-2 prevents ER stress and apoptosis in hypoxia/reoxygenation-stimulated H9c2 cells , Zijun Su
Body and Organ Measurements in Infants and Neonates: An Autopsy Study , Audrey-Ann M. Evetts
The Long Non-coding RNA Malat1 Regulates Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Chronic Diabetic Complications , Andrew D. Gordon
Expression of Kallikrein-Related Peptidases (KLKs) in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma , Zachary R. Kerr
Mechanisms regulating stem cell phenotype in infantile hemangioma , Niamh Richmond
Etiology of Motor Vehicle Collision Fatalities in Urban and Rural Canada , James R. Roos
Identification of a Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) within the Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain of Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (RGNEF) , Michael V. Tavolieri
Development and Performance Evaluation of an Antibody-Based Technology for Detection of E. coli O157 in Meat Samples and Its Potential Evolution Using Antibody Engineering , Yadira Tejeda Saldaña
Regulation of Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Expression and Activity by Transforming Growth-Factor Beta in the Trabecular Meshwork Cells: Implications for Primary Open Angle Glaucoma , Nikoleta Tellios
Phase II Clinical Trial of Concurrent Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer , Muriel Brackstone
Expression Of Human Kallikrein Protein And mRNA In Maxillofacial Cysts And Tumours , Karl Kevin Cuddy
Chromatin Structure and Differential Accessibility of Homologous Human Mitotic Metaphase Chromosomes , Wahab A. Khan
β-adrenergic receptor-dependent and -independent effects of propranolol in infantile hemangioma , Jina J.Y. Kum
CD4+ T-cell Mediated Microvascular Endothelial Cell Death and Chronic Cardiac Allograft Rejection Involves Necroptosis , Cecilia YT Kwok
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the metastatic progression of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours , Stephanie Mok
Protective Effect of Modified Human Fibroblast Growth Factor on Diabetic Nephropathy , Ana M. Pena Diaz
Diabetic Bone Marrow & Stem Cell Dysfunction , Meghan A. Piccinin
Investigation of Pancreatic β-Cell Insulin Receptor Regulation of β-Cell Growth, Function, and Survival Via a Temporal Conditional Knockout , Liangyi Zhou
The Role Of The RNA-Binding Protein Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor In The Cellular Stress Response , Kevin WH Cheung
Exposure to Environmental Contaminants and Stress as Determinants of Health in Three Communities: Walpole Island and Attawapiskat First Nations and Naivasha, Kenya , Deirdre Phaedra Henley
miRNA Regulation of Programmed Cell Death-1 in T Cells: Potential Prognostic and Therapeutic Markers in Melanoma , Nathan J. Johnston
Cell Death Regulates Injury and Inflammation During Renal Allograft Transplantation , Arthur Lau
Role of SIRT1 in Vascular Complications of Diabetes , Rokhsana Mortuza
RIPK3 Regulates Microvascular Endothelial Cell Necroptosis and Cardiac Allograft Rejection , Alexander William Pavlosky
The Role of Integrins in Support of Pancreatic Function, Survival and Maturation , Matthew Riopel
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Regulates miR-200b in Retinal Endothelial Cells: Possible Implications in Diabetic Retinopathy , Michael A. Ruiz
Association of Head and Cervical Injuries in Pediatric Occupants Involved in Motor Vehicle Collisions , Shayan Shekari
Development of Non-Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for siRNA Delivery , King Sun Siu
The Expression and Potential Significance of Human Kallikreins 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, and 14 in the Epithelium of Selected Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors of Variably Aggressive Biological Behaviour , Rebecca Woodford
Targeted siRNA Delivery Methods for RNAi-Based Therapies , Di Chen
Elucidating the Role of Menin During Islet Cell Development in the Human Fetal Pancreas , Jessica L. Dubrick
Vascular Stem Cells in Diabetic Complications , Emily C. Keats
Immunohistochemical Studies of Expression and Correlation of Osteopontin, CD44, and Integrin αVβ3 in Selected Benign and Malignant Salivary Gland Tumours , Tommy Fok
The role of non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity signalling in breast cancer progression , Connor D. MacMillan
Elucidating the Function of Transplanted Islets of Langerhans and Predicting Their Ability to Reverse Diabetes , Andrew R. Pepper
Role of ERK5 in Diabetic Vascular Complications , Yuexiu Wu
Regulation of NK cell-mediated tubular epithelial cell death and kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury by the NKR-P1B receptor and Clr-b , James Yip
A Model System for Rapid Identification and Functional Testing of Genes Involved in Early Breast Cancer Progression , Lesley H. Souter
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Dissertation Topics. Bo Hou, "Craniofacial Bone Remodeling". Brandeis McBratney-Owen, "Development of the Cranial Base in Mice". Damian Medici, "Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Hemangioma Endothelial Cells". Yanqui Liu, "The Role of VEGF and VEGF Receptors in Bone Development and Homeostasis". Praveen Arany, "Low Power Laser ...
Oral leukoplakia - an investigation of its microbiome and of the association of clinical and microbial features with the degree of dysplasia . Galvin, Sheila. Background: With growing evidence of a shift in the oral microbiome associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma, it was hypothesised that the microbiome of oral leukoplakia (OLK), the ...
Current PhD projects. There is a variety of research activity taking place at the Institute. Below is a list of research areas, each with details of project titles within that area suitable for study at MPhil/PhD level. To discuss any potential MPhil/PhD further, please do not contact potential supervisors directly.
Theses/Dissertations from 2018. PDF. Effect of Different Finish Line Designs on the Marginal and Internal Fit of Metal Copings Made by Selective Laser Melting Technology, Adel Al Maaz. PDF. Effect of Emergence Profile of a Single Implant Restoration on the Health of Peri-Implant Soft Tissue, Waleed Nasir Asiri.
Research Projects. Research within the School of Dental Medicine encompasses a wide variety of fields within oral health care, helping to translate basic science discoveries into clinical therapies. Use the links below to learn more about current and past projects of faculty, staff, and students.
This Special Issue aims to provide an update on the latest research and advances in oral medicine that can help improve clinical decision-making and impact the quality of life of our patients. Topics of interest include: Oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders: diagnosis and management; Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws ...
The department offers a PhD in Oral Biology and Pathology and a Master of Science (MS) in Biomedical Sciences (Track in Oral Biology and Pathology). ... Various topics will be covered such as tissue culture and isolation and characterization of DNA, RNA and proteins using various techniques. ... HDO 699 Dissertation Research in Oral Biology and ...
detection of oral cancer. PhD thesis. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/9080/ ... School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences University of Glasgow February 2018. 2 ... This thesis examines the feasibility of early detection of oral
The oral medicine residents are expected to take a proper clinical history of the patient with a thorough oral cavity examination. A case history can be described as a planned professional conversation that enables the patient to communicate his or her symptoms and past personal, dental, and medical histories [ 23 ].
Effects of Oral Hygiene Measures on Clinical and Microbiological Parameters of Periodontal Disease, Bruno Loos. Theses/Dissertations from 1984 PDF. Predictions of the Effects of Nonsurgical Periodontial Therapy : Prospective and Retrospective Identification of Deteriorating Sites, Rik Achille Vanooteghem. Theses/Dissertations from 1982 PDF
DEPARTMENT OF ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY Dissertation topics and names of Guides and students S.N o NAME OF P.G. NAME OF GUIDE YEAR THESIS TOPIC 1. Dr. Upendra Malik Dr. M Srinivasa Raju 2006 Management Of Oral Lichen Planus With ... Dr. GN Suma 2008 The Prevalence Of Oral Mucosal Lesions In Patients Visiting A Dental College In Moradabad ...
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology A) Thesis/ short studies/ Dissertation of PG, UG, INTERN ... PhD Topics Year Wise S.No Name of Department Name of the Research scholar Title of Project Guide/Co-guide Ongoing Projects/ Completed/Submitted projects . Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology 1 ...
Enhancing patient care in the field of oral diseases. The aim of the "Oral Medicine & Pathology" research group is to promote research in the field of oral diseases covering their clinical and pathological research aspects. The ultimate goal is to enhance patient's standard of care in the field of oral diseases.
The document discusses selecting a thesis topic for an Oral Medicine program at RGUHS. It notes that choosing a topic can be challenging as it requires extensive research and identifying gaps in existing literature. The document introduces HelpWriting.net, a service that can assist with selecting a compelling and tailored thesis topic in Oral Medicine by offering guidance and suggestions ...
The Oral Medicine Residency, sponsored by Harvard School of Dental Medicine (HSDM), is an intensive training program for dentists committed to pursuing a full-time academic and/or institutional career. Clinical training is based at Harvard-affiliated teaching hospitals including Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ...
The document discusses the challenges of crafting a thesis on RGUHS (Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences) thesis topics in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. It notes that the field is intricate, standards are stringent, and original research is demanded. Every step of the thesis process, from formulating a research question to presenting findings, presents hurdles that require expert ...
The Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Centre provides a platform for research students to deposit their Ph.D. theses and make it available to the entire scholarly community in open access. Shodhganga@INFLIBNET. Homi Bhabha National Institute. Department of Health Sciences.
Most theses in will have five chapters; (1) Introduction: statement of the problem, (2) review of literature, (3) design of study or methodology, (4) analysis of results and (5) summary, conclusions, and recommendations. Please note that the titles of each chapter are as they should be in the actual thesis.
The oral and maxillofacial pathology program begins with an intensive didactic curriculum lasting 1 to 1.5 years that provides a broad understanding of the pathophysiology and behavior of disease and a strong theoretical background in the area of students' research interests. All students are expected to complete oral biology core courses at ...
Title of dissertation. 1. 2012-15. Dr.harshada inamdar. Evalyation of efficacy of indigeneously prepared formulation of aloe vera ,licorice andsesame oil in treatment of oral lichen planus. 2. 2012-15. Dr. abhigninig. Evaluation of hiora sg in treatment of apthous stomatitis.
Explore the latest full-text research PDFs, articles, conference papers, preprints and more on ORAL RADIOLOGY. Find methods information, sources, references or conduct a literature review on ORAL ...
Evaluating the Utility of Protein Biomarker, S100A7, and Diagnostic Test, Straticyte, in Predicting the Progression of Oral Dysplasia, Lachlan McLean. PDF. Alpha-Synuclein Toxicity is Caused by Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Michael G. Tauro. Theses/Dissertations from 2018 PDF
LIST OF POSTGRADUATE THESIS - 2021 MDS Batch. Sl. No. Name. Department. Topic. 1. ... Oral Medicine & Radiology "Assessment of prevalence & length of he anterior loop of inferior alveolar nerve & mandibular incisive canal using cone beam computed tomography images among Indian population: A retrospective cross-sectional radiographic study." ...