case study of smart card in embedded system

Enhancing the Security for Smart Card-Based Embedded Systems

Conference paper
First Online: 14 September 2021
Cite this conference paper

case study of smart card in embedded system

G. Kalyana Abenanth 6 ,
K. Harish 6 ,
V. Sachin 6 ,
A. Rushyendra 6 &
N. Mohankumar 6

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies ((LNDECT,volume 75))

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Nowadays, security has become an uncertain phenomenon in the modern world. User data can be stolen and other privacy risks are posing a major threat to the society. With the increase in design complexity and cost of setting up a foundry, it has led to globalization of integrated circuit supply chain which poses many security threats like piracy and hardware Trojans, which leads to data leakage to the outside world. In this paper, we are proposing a security method for a smart card-based embedded system. Remote user authentication and key agreement scheme for smart cards are the way to go. It is a very practical solution to validate the eligibility of a remote user and provide secure operation of the system, hence securing the user data from untrusted sources.

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Smart Card Security

Multi-Application Smart Card Platforms and Operating Systems

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India

G. Kalyana Abenanth, K. Harish, V. Sachin, A. Rushyendra & N. Mohankumar

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Department of Information Technology, RVS Technical Campus, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

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Robert Bestak

Gerald Schwartz School of Business, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada

Ram Palanisamy

Faculty of Informatics and Information Technology, Slovak University Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia

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Kalyana Abenanth, G., Harish, K., Sachin, V., Rushyendra, A., Mohankumar, N. (2022). Enhancing the Security for Smart Card-Based Embedded Systems. In: Smys, S., Bestak, R., Palanisamy, R., Kotuliak, I. (eds) Computer Networks and Inventive Communication Technologies . Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, vol 75. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3728-5_50

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Smart card embedded information systems: a methodology for privacy oriented architectural design

2002, Data & Knowledge Engineering

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ACM Transactions on Information Systems

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The concept of smart card dates back to the early seventies.Roland Moreno invented and patented the first smart card system in the year 1974; it was christened T.M.R which stood for take money and run.A smart card is a credit card-sized device that contains one or more integrated circuits (ICs). The card operating system (OS) forms the heart of every microprocessor based smart card. In the earlier times smart card software architecture was monolithic in nature. The present trend for smart card operating systemshows a gradual shift from monolithic application to a multi-application capable platform. The present smart card operating systems are available in both open source and closed source flavours which have very strong multi-applicational capability.

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An efficient and strongly secure smart card mechanism involves the use of a technological background taken from the fields of computers, VLSI design and material science. The result of such a mixture is a miniature, fully operational, computation system. The nature of the data involved in smart card transactions and smart card intended uses, introduce another important factor in the smart card design mechanism which is security. The evolution of VLSI technology allows the efficient implementation of costly cryptographic operations in the smart card design methodology. Apart from the traditional cryptographic algorithms, additional techniques and special design materials have been introduced in order to protect the smart card system from cryptanalytic attacks. New architectures of software design, like object-oriented programming, give the opportunity to implement programmable multi-application cards. Thus, smart cards are transformed into highly secure devices and their establishment in the modern computer market can be considered certain. This establishment is bound to finance upcoming research in smart cards so that this product can become the basic component of electronic commerce worldwide.

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Working and Types of Smart Card

Smart Card is a physical electronic authorization device used to control data accessing and data manipulation. It is basically plastic embedded with an integrated circuit. On the smart card, either a memory chip or a microprocessor is fabricated to store the data and connect with the system.

Smart Card working process:

Step-1: Smart card is inserted into the card reader which reads the information from the smart card.
Step-2: After the card reader reads information from the card it passes the information to the payment system or authentication system.
Step-3: Thereafter the payment system or authentication system authenticated the user that whether the provided data matches with the database.
Step-4: In the last step, the payment system or the authentication system does the required task.

Types of Smart Cards:

Contact Smart Card: This type of smart card is embedded with electrical contacts which are used to connect to the card reader where the card is inserted. The electrical contacts are deployed on a conductive gold-plated coating on the card surface.
Contactless Smart Card: This type of smart card establishes a connection with the card reader without any physical contact. It consists of an antenna by means of which it is used to communicate using a radio frequency band with the antenna on the reader. It receives power from the reader via an electromagnetic signal.
Dual-interface cards: This type of smart card is equipped with both contactless and contact interfaces. This type of card enables secure access to the smart card’s chip with either the contactless or contact smart card interfaces.
Memory-based smart card: This type of smart card is embedded with memory circuits. It stores read and writes data to a particular location. It is a straight memory card that is only used to store data or a protected memory card with restricted access to the memory and which can be used to write data. It can also be rechargeable or a disposable card which contains memory units that can be used only once.
Microprocessor-based smart card: This type of smart card consists of a microprocessor embedded in the chip in addition to the memory blocks. It also consists of specific sections of files related to a particular function. It allows for data processing and manipulations and can be used for multi-functioning.
Hybrid smart card: Hybrid smart card embedded with both memory and microprocessor. Two different chips are used for different applications connected to a single smart card based on the different functionality as the proximity chip is used for physical access to prohibited areas while the contact smart card chip is used for sign-in authentication.

Benefits of Smart Card:

Smart cards improve the convenience and security of any transaction.
They provide tamper-proof storage of user and account identity. Tamper-proof storage here means that if the card is being accessed by some unauthorized user then it is easily detected.
Smart card systems have proven to be more reliable than other machine-readable cards, like magnetic strips and barcodes.
Smart cards also provide vital components of system security for the exchange of data throughout virtually any type of network.
The costs to manage password resets for an organization or enterprise are very high, thus making smart cards a cost-effective solution in these environments.

Applications of Smart Card:

Smart Card is widely used in the following fields:

Telecommunications
E-commerce
Banking applications
Government applications
Information Technology.
Transportation.
Educational Institutes.
Computer and Network Security.

Advantages of Smart Card:

The following are the advantages of smart card. They are

It provides high security and privacy.
Reliability.
Time saving.
It is easy to use.
Most of the application provides 24/7 support. So, it is always available.
Provides more flexibility.
Smart cards are small and light-weighted.
Memory capacity is higher in many smart cards like memory cards.
Prevents user from fraud surroundings.

Disadvantages of Smart Card:

The following are the disadvantages of smart card. They are

If smart card is lost or data is theft, it will lead to serious issues.
Some applications provide lack of support to the user.
Some enterprises provide charges to the user for using the smart cards.
Some smart cards are dependent on electricity. If there is no electricity then we will not be able to use the smart cards.
Some smart cards are bit costlier like credit cards etc.

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Embedded systems are an essential component of most contemporary electronic gadgets. An increasing number of electronic items are incorporating computer technology as it develops.

Electronic equipment can be significantly more capable than it could be if only hardware techniques were utilized because of the advantages offered by embedded systems.

According to Markets and Markets , With a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.1%, the embedded system market is projected to grow from USD 86.5 billion in 2020 to USD 116.2 billion by 2025.

As a result, embedded systems are present in a wide variety of devices and electronic equipment.

Electronic timers are examples of small-scale devices with minimal processing power, while game consoles and other large-scale factory and industrial systems have far more complex embedded systems.

Despite being widely utilized already, embedded systems are predicted to become even more common due to their application in emerging and growing industries.

In technologies such as wearables, drones, 3D printers, IoT devices, and smart technology spanning multiple sectors, multiple embedded systems collaborate.

We will go further into the understanding of embedded systems design, comprehension of embedded systems, evolution, fundamental components, kinds of embedded, real-world applications, and so forth in this comprehensive guide.

What Is Embedded System Design (ESD)?

A microprocessor-based, standalone computer system that is usually implemented as a part of a larger mechanical or electrical system is called an embedded system.

An embedded system’s integrated circuit, which handles computation, is its central component. Included are software and hardware, both of which are intended to carry out a particular, designated task.

Depending on the purpose for which they were created, embedded systems can range from being extremely complicated to being quite basic.

They could consist of a single microcontroller or a group of CPUs connected by networks and peripherals. They could have very complex GUIs or none at all.

Flash memory chips or read-only memory are used to store programming instructions for embedded devices.

Mastering Embedded Systems - A Complete Design and Development Guide

Understanding Embedded Systems

Evolution of embedded system.

The MOS integrated circuit, which was created in the early 1960s and is an integrated circuit chip made of MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors), is where the microprocessor and microcontroller got their start.

MOS devices outperformed bipolar chips in terms of transistor density and manufacturing cost by 1964.

By the late 1960s, MOS circuits had reached large-scale integration (LSI) with hundreds of transistors on a single MOS chip, as their complexity continued to rise at the pace that Moore’s law projected.

The first microprocessors were developed as a result of the use of MOS LSI chips in computing, as engineers realized that many MOS LSI chips could house an entire computer processor system.

Multiple MOS LSI chips were used in the development of the first multi-chip microprocessors, the Garrett AiResearch MP944 in 1970 and the Four-Phase Systems AL1 in 1969.

The Intel 4004, which was introduced in 1971, was the first single-chip microprocessor.

Federico Faggin, together with Intel engineers Marcan Hoff and Stan Mazor, and Busicom engineer Masatoshi Shima, created it utilizing his silicon-gate MOS technology.

The Apollo Guidance Computer, created in 1965 by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, was one of the first recognizable examples of a contemporary embedded system.

The 1961 delivery of the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer for the Minuteman missile marked the beginning of the mass production of embedded systems.

The Minuteman II, which was introduced into production in 1966, superseded the D-17 computer, marking the initial widespread application of integrated circuits.

The cost of embedded systems has decreased and their processing capacity and functionality have dramatically increased since these early applications in the 1960s.

The Intel 4004, a pioneering microprocessor that debuted in 1971, was intended for use in calculators and other tiny systems; nonetheless, it still needed support chips and external memory.

Early in the 1980s, the processor and the memory, input, and output system components were combined into a single chip to create the microcontroller.

What is an Embedded System?

A computer hardware and software combination created for a particular purpose is called an embedded system.

A CPU, memory, and input/output modules make up an embedded system, which is a subset of a larger system with a specialized purpose.

Applications for embedded systems can be found in the following verticals: consumer, home entertainment, commercial, industrial, medical, automotive, telecommunication, aerospace, and military.

Some embedded systems, including those made to carry out a single function inside a device, might not have a user interface.

Some, nevertheless, like those found in mobile devices, feature intricate graphical user interfaces (GUIs) with touchscreens, LEDs, and buttons.

To gain a deeper understanding of embedded systems, check out our detailed explanation here.

Basic Structure of an Embedded System

Sensor: The sensor changes the physical quantity after measurement into electrical signals so that an observer or any electrical instrument may understand it.
A-D Converter: An analog-to-digital converter transforms the analog signal that the sensor sends into a digital signal.
Processor & ASIC: It handles data processing, measurement, and output storage in the memory.
D-A Converter: It converts the digital data to Analog data.
Actuator: When an actuator compares the output of the D-A Converter with the actual (expected) output that is stored in it, the permissible output is stored.
Memory: It refers to parts of the system that store data, either permanently or temporarily, for a variety of uses.

An embedded system consists of an industrial enclosure housing a sturdy motherboard, I/O (Input and Output), and embedded operating system software to perform a specific task in an embedded environment.

The computing component is an embedded motherboard, the compact, feature-rich core of an embedded system.

Specialized I/O, such as digital and analog signals, communication ports, and video capture, must be connected to the computer heart for the system to function.

How an Embedded System Works

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), digital signal processors (DSP), microcontrollers, application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), GPU technology, and gate arrays are the components that drive embedded systems.

The electric and/or mechanical interface is handled by integrated components in these processing systems.

Firmware, which is the programming instructions for embedded systems, is kept in read-only memory or flash memory chips and operates on a small amount of computer hardware.

Using peripherals, embedded systems establish a connection between input and output devices and the external environment.

Core Components of Embedded Systems

Embedded systems have a specific purpose in mind. Despite adopting computer methods, they are not capable of being utilized as general-purpose computers that can be used to perform a wide range of tasks by using multiple programs.

They can be made more affordable and effective by concentrating their function on what has to be done.

Embedded systems contain two main elements:

1) Embedded system hardware:

The physical components that make up the system infrastructure are referred to as embedded hardware.

These components which cooperate to enable the intended functionality of the embedded system include the power supply, microcontrollers and microprocessors, memory, timers and counters, communication interfaces, input/output, and electrical circuits.

2) Embedded system software:

Embedded system software is particularly created for a single type of device, and its goals are much narrower than those of computer software, which may be loaded on numerous devices to achieve the same goal.

Hardware components of embedded systems

Power supply

The electrical unit in charge of supplying power to the embedded system’s electrical load is known as the power supply component.

Although a 5V power source is usually needed, applications may allow for a range of 1.8V to 3.3V.

A reliable power source is essential to the smooth running of the system.

The power supply device can run on batteries or on a live power source, like a wall adaptor.

While some embedded systems draw their power from a separate source, others use the same source as the more powerful technology they support.

Microcontroller and microprocessor

There are two main types of embedded systems: microprocessor- and microcontroller-powered.

These parts, which are a type of integrated circuits, provide the system’s processing power.

To put it simply, the embedded system’s microcontroller or microprocessor is what powers its operation and acts as its brain.

The primary distinction between processors with 8-, 16-, and 32-bit architectures is processing throughput and performance.

A 16-bit processor, on the other hand, processes only 16 bits at a time, meaning that its processing speed is significantly lower than that of a 32-bit processor, which can handle 32 bits at once.

In embedded systems, the memory component is necessary for storing important data. Usually, the microprocessor or microcontroller integrates this part.

Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read-Only Memory (ROM) are the two forms of memory.

RAM, sometimes referred to as “data memory,” is volatile, meaning that when the power source is switched off, all of the information it contains is erased.

However, ROM also referred to as “code memory” is in charge of storing the program code. Because it is non-volatile, system data is kept safe even when the power source is off.

Timer and counter

Timers are employed in scenarios where the embedded system must create a delay before performing a certain operation.

Conversely, counters are employed in applications where it’s necessary to track how often a particular event occurs. While down counters count down to 0x00, up counters count upward from the initial value to 0xFF.

Input/output

The embedded system can communicate with various components of the wider networked infrastructure through input components.

As an example, a sensor assists in supplying inputs that the system can process. After processing (counting, for example) is finished, the output component sends the results to the specified location.

Communication interface

Embedded systems can communicate with each other and other parts of the larger system thanks to communication interfaces.

There are various interfaces, such as SPI, RS-485, USB, I2C, and UART.

The microcontroller has communication ports that are used for basic applications; for more complex applications, additional ports can be attached outside.

Electrical circuit

Custom electrical circuits may be a part of embedded systems, depending on the application. The following are a few fundamental parts found in embedded systems’ electrical circuits:

Printed circuit board (PCB)

One essential part of embedded systems’ electrical circuits is the printed circuit board (PCB).

It is a mechanical circuit board that connects various electrical components with conductive copper traces.

Wire wrap and point-to-point designs are less economical and operationally efficient than PCB-built electronic circuits.

One electrical component that is largely in charge of creating resistance in the current flow is the resistor. It modifies signal levels by carefully reducing current flow.

High-power resistors are used in power distribution systems and motor controllers to dissipate more heat.

The resistance of a resistor determines its electrical function; the higher the resistance, the more resistance the current flow experiences.

Fixed and variable resistors are the two types of resistors. Fixed resistors change resistance in response to temperature, whereas variable resistors are used as force, light, humidity, and heat sensors.

An electrical circuit component having two terminals is called a capacitor. Its primary function is to store and release energy as needed by the circuit.

Although there are many different types of capacitors, the majority have two electrical conductors that are divided by a dielectric material.

Electrical signals can be filtered, bypassed, and smoothed using capacitors, among other uses.

There is just one direction in which current can travel through a diode.

Typically, semiconductor materials like silicon or germanium are used to make this component.

Applications including switches, logic gates, signal mixers, voltage regulators, limiters, clippers, gain control circuits, and clampers can all benefit from it.

Transistors are in charge of switching and amplification in an electrical circuit.

There are two primary varieties of these: bipolar junction transistors, which have terminals labeled base, emitter, and collector, and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), which are voltage-controlled components with terminals labeled source, gate, and drain.

Applications for transistors include motor control, pacemakers, computers, airplanes, and stoves.

This part operates on a straightforward principle: for amplification, a tiny current at one terminal generates a huge current at the other terminals.

Integrated circuit

An integrated circuit is a chip that contains many electrical components.

It benefits users by offering a pre-assembled chip that can be added to the embedded system without the need for additional capacitors and resistors.

Oscillators, microprocessors, amplifiers, memory units, timers, and other devices can all be operated by integrated chips.

Light-emitting diode (LED)

LEDs are frequently used in electrical circuits to show whether the circuit is operating appropriately. LEDs give users the ability to see the circuit’s current status.

At last, an electrical component for storing energy in the presence of an electrical current and in an electric field is an inductor.

An insulated wire wrapped around a coil is the shape of an inductor. Direct current can pass through while alternating current is blocked. “Chokes” are the inductors utilized for this purpose.

Software components of embedded systems

Text editor

The first piece of software required to construct an embedded system is a text editor.

Writing source code in the C and C++ programming languages is done with this editor and then saved as a text file.

Creating an executable program is the main duty of this component.

The machine needs to comprehend the code once it has been prepared in the text editor.

The compiler assists in this by converting the written code into low-level machine language. Machine code, assembly language, and object code are a few examples of low-level languages.

When the programming language used to create the application is assembly language, the assembler is utilized.

To facilitate subsequent processing, the assembly language program is converted into HEX code. After writing the code, the program is written on the chip using a programmer.

Compared to the procedure used in a compiler, this is somewhat different. Code is translated directly into machine language by the compiler.

On the other hand, machine language is translated from object code into source code by the assembler first.

This part operates the embedded system in a simulation environment and makes it act like a real-life system.

In short, it helps guarantee optimal written code performance by simulating software performance. To get a sense of how the code will run in real time, utilize the emulator.

Link editor

Typically, software code is written in short segments and modules. The component that takes one or more object files and integrates them to create a single executable code is called a link editor, or “linker.”

In the end, a software tool for testing and debugging is the debugger.

It is in charge of going over the code, eliminating bugs and other mistakes, and emphasizing the precise places where they happened. Debuggers enable programmers to quickly fix issues.

Types of embedded systems

Depending on the microcontroller’s performance or the system’s overall performance, embedded systems can be categorized according to their functional needs and performance.

Performance and Functionality Requirements-Based Classification

Standalone Embedded Systems

As the name implies, this kind of embedded software is self-sufficient and doesn’t need a host, such as a computer or processor.

It only receives input data, either digital or analog, and outputs something that could be seen on a device that is linked.

Standalone embedded systems include devices like digital watches, MP3 players, and cameras. They operate independently, not depending on a bigger platform.

Real-Time Embedded Systems

This type of embedded software must produce results quickly and within a set amount of time.

As a result, it is frequently employed in industries that require quick turnaround times, such as manufacturing, shipping, and even healthcare, all of which depend on delicate business procedures.

Real-time embedded systems include things like controllers for autonomous vehicles or airplanes, tools for monitoring traffic, and similar devices.

One can further categorize real-time embedded systems into “soft” and “hard” groups. The former describes situations where adhering to the time frame is not necessary.

That is to say, the output would still be accepted even if the task’s deadline had passed and the system was unable to generate the required result in time.

On the other hand, with hard real-time embedded systems, the timeline must be closely adhered to; otherwise, the outcome might not be approved.

Here are some instances of both to help you better understand how the two differ from one another:

Soft real-time embedded systems : Tools for monitoring humidity or temperature. Getting real-time temperature data a little bit later won’t be all that important, and even a small delay will yield useful information.
Hard real-time embedded systems : It’s for the control platforms of the aircraft. In this situation, even a slight delay in gathering data can have catastrophic results since the pilot may decide to act on out-of-date information.

Network Embedded Systems

The output generation of this kind of embedded system is dependent on wired or wireless networks.

These platforms often include a variety of parts, such as sensors, controllers, and the like, and are constructed on general-purpose CPUs.

Point-of-sale devices, ATMs, and home or office security systems are the most common examples of network-embedded systems.

For these solutions to work, networks of additional devices are necessary.

A security system, for example, uses sensors, cameras, alarms, and other devices of a similar nature to keep an eye out for breaches and notify the appropriate personnel.

Mobile Embedded Systems

Finally, portable and easily movable embedded systems are referred to as mobile embedded systems.

They are typically found in many mobile device types, albeit their memory capacity is necessarily limited.

As you may imagine, the fact that mobile embedded systems can operate while on the road has made them very popular, even with their memory and capability constraints.

Microcontroller Performance-Based Classification

Let’s now examine embedded systems from a different angle and discuss the many varieties according to microcontroller performance.

These tools are divided into three rather simple groups by this classification: sophisticated, small-scale, and medium-scale.

Small-Scale Embedded Systems

These devices can run on a battery and are built with an 8- or 16-bit microprocessor.

In this scenario, the processor operates at a restricted speed and uses very little memory resources.

Devices with rudimentary displays, basic input/output activities, and temperature monitoring are common applications for small-scale embedded systems.

Medium-Scale Embedded Systems

Programming languages like Java, C, or C++ are frequently used in conjunction with 16- or 32-bit microcontrollers in this category.

Compared to small-scale systems, these embedded systems are inevitably quicker and slightly more sophisticated.

These systems are frequently found in gadgets that need to do more complicated tasks, such as data storage, UI control, and digital signal processing.

Sophisticated Embedded Systems

At last, complicated hardware and software components are a feature of advanced systems that operate on several algorithms.

They frequently call for a CPU that can be configured and that can program a logic array.

These solutions need a lot of memory to function properly and are built utilizing different 32- or 64-bit microcontrollers.

The specific needs and architecture of a given advanced embedded system will determine how much memory is needed.

However, in general, the amount of memory needed could range from a few megabytes to several gigabytes.

These are essentially the strongest embedded systems available, using sophisticated microcontrollers with fast processing rates, lots of RAM, and extensive peripheral support.

This category is typically found in gadgets that need to perform intricate calculations, such as robotics, self-driving cars, and sophisticated medical equipment.

Embedded Design Process

The process of creating an embedded system involves fusing firmware and hardware design to construct a system and accomplish particular goals.

There are numerous phases involved, such as designing the PCB, constructing the schematic, coding the firmware, and programming the microcontroller.

Analysis of Requirements

Gathering, evaluating, and translating the product requirements into specifications is a critical first step in the design of embedded systems.

You must make a detailed list of all the requirements and discuss them with your management or client.

It’s not just about the logic diagram and I/O count. Finding the ideal embedded system specs involves looking closely at usage and operational conditions.

An embedded system designed for indoor use is not the same as one that must dependably operate in challenging circumstances.

Layout design

Once the needs have been converted into specifications, the hardware designer can start constructing the blueprint.

The design team now has to choose the right microcontrollers while considering cost and taking into account factors like power consumption, peripherals, memory, and other circuit components.

Printed circuit board

A printed circuit board (PCB) is an assembly that uses copper conductors to mechanically and electrically connect different components.

During the brainstorming phase of a printed circuit board design, best practices for features, capabilities, and dependability must be adhered to.

It gets more difficult to work with microprocessors, microcontrollers, and high-speed mixed-signal circuits. Common PCB kinds include flex, ceramic, multi-layer, single- and double-sided, etc.

Prototype development

In the process of developing a new product for a certain market niche, time is of the essence. Making a prototype enables you to spot shortcomings and advantages in the design early on.

It speeds up the design process, helps find design faults early on, permits idea testing, and establishes the viability of products.

Firmware development

Firmware development is the writing of code for embedded hardware, such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, and FPGAs, as opposed to fully functional computers.

Firmware is the software that manages the sensors, peripherals, and other parts. Firmware designers need to utilize coding to bring the hardware to life for everything to work.

The procedure can be accelerated by making use of pre-existing driver libraries and manufacturer-provided example codes.

Testing & validation

An embedded system design cannot be approved for production or deployment unless rigorous testing is completed.

In addition to functionality testing, the circuit needs reliability testing as well, particularly when running at its limits.

Embedded software development is the process of writing software specifically for use on embedded devices. There may be a variety of devices in these systems.

Examples of embedded systems include those found in corporate equipment, medical equipment, home appliances, and mobile application development.

Embedded software controls hardware specifics. Embedded systems are produced when non-computer and engineering components are combined.

On the other hand, components like operating systems, microprocessors, and effective programming tools are required to build an embedded system.

Embedded software system development is the process of creating and coding software systems to operate a variety of machinery and devices that are not like regular computers.

To create an embedded system, you’ll need operating systems, microcontrollers, microprocessors, and capable programming tools.

Programming in several languages is possible while creating embedded software, such as Python, QT, C++, C, etc.

Embedded software development is the process of creating machine-understandable code (in any of the available languages) to carry out a specific task on a device.

Types of Embedded System Software Development

Embedded systems operate on the interaction between hardware and software.

The software programs the physical components to handle data, perform calculations, and connect with other devices.

This is made possible by specialized printed circuit boards, which program the hardware to carry out certain functions.

As a result, embedded systems can complete jobs quickly and provide users with the required outcomes.

Embedded software solutions integrate with the device’s hardware to enable autonomous task performance.

Different types of embedded systems exist that are specifically made to meet different requirements or standards.

By examining their two subcategories, you may determine the adaptability and liveliness of these systems.

The several kinds of software development for embedded systems are as follows:

Firmware is the low-level software that interacts directly with hardware.

It serves as the foundation for the operating system and further software layers and is frequently stored in read-only memory or flash storage in close proximity to the hardware.

Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)

Real-time operating systems, or RTOS, are designed for real-time embedded systems.

Its main function is task management and scheduling, which supports applications that call for quick responses.

RTOS ensures the smooth operation of these applications by permitting the prompt completion of necessary activities.

Middleware is a layer of software in embedded systems that provides additional services that application software needs, going above and beyond what the operating system offers.

This may include embedded device drivers and other related components.

Operating systems and application software can communicate with each other thanks to middleware’s role as a middleman.

It often abstracts away the challenges related to OS and hardware interactions, granting developers access to a higher-level programming interface.

Stand-alone

They do one or more functions while operating separately from other systems. These simple devices, often devoid of operating systems, are found in digital alarm clocks.

The embedded systems with a broader network of operations. To get where they need to go, a variety of embedded systems create linked networks. Some examples are traffic signals, Internet of Things devices, etc.

Embedded Linux

Embedded Linux is the specially modified version of Linux OS meant for embedded systems.

It is extensively utilized in a wide range of gadgets and offers a stable and flexible framework for developing embedded software applications. Its durable and adaptable features make it a popular choice in the industry.

Device Drivers

Device drivers, which provide communication between hardware devices and the operating system (OS), are also crucial to embedded software.

They are necessary for creating connections between hardware, such as printers sensors, and operating systems. The optimal performance and a seamless OS-device connection are ensured by device drivers.

Click here, to learn more about the Implementation of Embedded software development

Types of Embedded Software Development Tools

To facilitate embedded software development, a variety of tools are employed, ranging from engineering to testing and debugging. A selection of tools for embedded software development is as follows:

Integrated Development Environments (IDEs): Provide a single location where code may be written, edited, compiled, and debugged.
Compilers and Assemblers: Convert high-level programming languages into embedded system-compatible machine code.
Debuggers: Setting breakpoints, checking variables, and stepping through code execution can assist developers in finding and fixing issues in the code.
Simulators and Emulators: For testing purposes, the former mimic embedded system behavior without requiring real hardware. The latter more closely resembles the hardware behavior.
Version Control Systems: Handle various code versions to facilitate collaboration and change tracking.
Static Analysis Tools: Without running the code, examine it for possible flaws, vulnerabilities, or deviations from engineering best practices.
Build Automation Tools: Automate the set of instructions required to construct the finished executable.
Profilers: Examine the behavior of the application during runtime to identify any inefficiencies or bottlenecks.
Flash Programming Tools: Insert the compiled code into the embedded device’s flash memory.
Logic Analyzers and Oscilloscopes: Hardware tools for low-level signal analysis and debugging, including digital and analog.

These tools are frequently coupled and can be customized for particular hardware, programming languages, or project requirements.

Security in Embedded Systems

An electronic computer system with a single purpose or function is called an embedded system. It is a component of a sizable electrical or mechanical system.

In a wide range of gadgets and equipment, including automobiles, medical devices, and industrial machinery, embedded systems are utilized for function, control, or production systems.

It requires safeguards since it frequently regulates essential operations and is increasingly linked to networks, making it susceptible to piracy.

The security of embedded systems is a crucial concern in today’s technical and digital contexts, involving investments in making sure hardware and software-built devices can perform the necessary functions.

As different and diverse as those systems are, from basic home appliances to intricate industrial machinery, the presence of security measures against a range of threats and entry points is vital.

4 Common Embedded System Security Challenges

Let’s examine a few embedded system characteristics that make security more difficult.

Lack of Standardization

For embedded system security, there are no industry-wide best practices or standards, in contrast to other cybersecurity domains.

This implies that, depending on its unique needs and limitations, every system must be secured differently.

The possibility of security flaws and increased complexity in embedded security can result from this lack of standardization.

Additionally, there is no shared baseline for security in embedded systems due to the absence of standardization.

This can affect the security visibility of an organization’s embedded ecosystem by making it more challenging to evaluate a system’s security.

Unmanaged and Unpatched Devices

An abundance of embedded systems are built to function alone, requiring no routine upkeep or supervision.

Since they might not get the required security upgrades or patches, this could make them open to attacks.

A human operator who can keep an eye on operations and react to security incidents may not always be present in many embedded systems due to their autonomous nature.

Attack detection, attack response, and security breach recovery may become challenging as a result.

Since many embedded systems have lengthy life cycles, they may keep working even after their hardware and software have become old.

They might then be open to assaults that take advantage of these antiquated parts.

Insecure Network Connectivity

Network connectivity is a common feature of embedded systems, allowing for remote management or system-to-system communication.

Given that attackers may use these network connections to access the embedded device, they could pose a serious risk.

The expansion of the Internet of Things significantly raises the potential of network-based attacks.

The number of embedded systems connected to networks has skyrocketed as a result of this development, substantially expanding the potential attack surface.

Wireless network connections, which might be trickier to protect than conventional connections, are frequently used by embedded devices.

Without requiring physical access to the embedded system, assaults can be launched remotely by taking advantage of these wireless links.

Third-Party Components

In addition to using hardware and software from different suppliers, open-source components have become more common in embedded systems in recent years.

Cost and efficiency advantages may result from this, but there may also be security issues.

Attackers may be able to take advantage of any weaknesses these components may have.

It’s possible that the system integrator won’t be able to patch or otherwise handle these vulnerabilities because they frequently have no control over these components.

The method of protecting the embedded system is further complicated by the usage of third-party components.

Ensuring the security of all components and coordinating security measures among several providers might pose challenges.

The fact that embedded systems can have lengthy life cycles during which time components may become antiquated and lose vendor support complicates matters even more.

Low-Power Design Techniques

Low-power design strategies come in a variety of forms, some of which are very easy to apply and others of which require more thought and complexity.

Clock Gating

By optimizing enable flops into a clock gating structure, this technique is usually applied during logic synthesis, which saves mux area and lowers the clock net’s overall switching activity.

Reducing capacitive load (via area reduction) and activity factors aims to lower the switching power component of dynamic power about the power equation.

This is an easy-to-find method for cutting down on power and area. To carry out this optimization, it does, however, rely on the logic synthesis tool. Luckily, most tools and flows support and are well-known for this strategy.

Multi-Voltage

This strategy divides a chip’s functionalities according to performance attributes; for example, a chip may have a high-performance block and a lower-performance block elsewhere, as illustrated below.

Higher voltages are usually needed to meet the requirements for the high-performance blocks, while lower voltages can be employed to save power on the lower-performance blocks.

This is an alternative to the simpler but more power-intensive method of designing the entire block at a higher voltage.

Every static and dynamic power component in the power equation reduces when the voltage is decreased.

When designing for multiple voltages, it might be challenging to account for voltage crossings across islands, necessitating the use of “Level Shifter” (LS) cells and the implementation and analysis of the blocks at various voltage characteristics.

Power Gating

Using this technique, functions on an IC are divided similarly to multi-voltage, but this time, power switches are connected to the power supplies for the power domains, as illustrated below.

A block can have all power turned off thanks to power gating.

This provides both static and dynamic savings for the period that the block is turned off by zeroing out the voltage and cutting off power in the power equation.

Switching off as many domains as possible, as frequently as feasible, while preserving functionality is the best course of action because power gating usually provides the most aggressive power reductions.

Power switches must be included in the design to achieve this power savings with power gating.

This calls for isolation gates, which, when turned off, clamp the boundaries of the power domain to predetermined values.

The design’s power states as well as the appropriate mix of ON and OFF states for various voltages need to be taken into account.

Finally, it is necessary to install a power management unit (PMU) that regulates the isolation enable signals and power switch.

To ensure that the values during shutdown are clamped to the right values at the right times, these signals must be provided in the proper order during power down and power up.

Retention with Power Gating

One tactic used in conjunction with power gating is retention, also known as register retention.

In each shutdown block, either a portion of the flops or every flop in the block retains its prior value when the block is turned off.

The previously saved values will be restored when the block turns on.

To avoid the block from constantly cycling between an INIT state and the current state, it is crucial to save the block’s state at the moment of power off.

This allows the block to rapidly return to its former state.

This increases the total ramp-up time to return the block to its prior functionality while also saving power by lowering the amount of time and steps required to reach the saved state.

Retention flops that map to the desired registers in the RTL must be present in the library in addition to everything required for power gating.

The PMU will require the inclusion of SAVE/RESTORE signals and the control of their sequence in addition to the ones used for power gating.

Embedded Design service providers

A business that provides embedded software development services is known as an embedded design services provider.

Engineers with competence in embedded software design make up the organization, which offers embedded development services for both small and large embedded products.

What are the services an embedded design company offers?

An embedded design company can provide pre-design, design, and post-design services, depending on the requirements of your project.

Either a small block development or the complete project might be supported by the company.

An embedded software company provides test programs, software coding, and idea definition.

This might involve a variety of programming levels, from high-level tasks like user interface development to low-level ones like board-level support and device drivers.

Here is a general list of services one can obtain from an embedded design services company:

Embedded Software feasibility study
Software Architecture/concept design
Technology selection
Board Support Package development
Driver development
Software/Firmware development
design simulation
Software design verification
Software debugging
Software-Hardware integration
Software support & field upgrades

Processor selection for an embedded system

Performance Considerations
Power considerations

Peripheral Set

Operating Voltage
Specialized Processing Units

Performance considerations

When choosing a CPU, performance should be the primary factor taken into account. A processor’s architecture and silicon design have a major impact on its performance speed.

The advancement of manufacturing techniques made it possible to pack more transistors into a given space, therefore cutting down on propagation latency.

Cache existence also shortens the time it takes to fetch data and instructions. The processor’s performance is further enhanced by super-scalar designs and pipelining.

Other methods used to increase the execution rate include branch prediction and speculative execution. The new approach to enhancing performance is multi-core computing.

Power Considerations

Increasing the clock speed and logic density has a negative effect on the processor’s power consumption. Faster charge and discharge cycles result in higher power consumption when the clock speed increases.

Increased logic results in a larger power density, which complicates heat dissipation. Furthermore, the design must maximize power consumption because greener technologies are being emphasized more and more, and many systems are now battery-operated.

Lower power consumption can be attained using strategies like voltage scaling, which varies the voltage in response to the load, and frequency scaling, which lowers the processor’s clock frequency in response to the load.

In near-idle scenarios, further asymmetric multiprocessors can successfully turn off the more powerful core and load the less powerful core to complete the tasks.

Advanced power gating algorithms built into SoCs are capable of turning off clocks and power to unneeded modules.

For input and output activities, every system design requires numerous peripherals in addition to the processor.

Since SoCs are utilized in practically all embedded systems, it is preferable if the required peripherals are included in the chip itself.

When compared to external IC peripherals, this has several advantages, including a cheaper bill of materials, an optimized power architecture, and efficient DMA data transfer.

For this reason, while choosing a CPU, it is crucial to take the peripheral set into account.

Operating Voltages

Every CPU will have a unique voltage requirement for operation. The user handbook or corresponding data sheet will specify the minimum and maximum ratings for operating voltage.

Although low-end microcontrollers depend on the input voltage, higher-end processors usually run on two to five volts, with 1.8V for cores/analog domains and 3.3V for IO lines, requiring specialist PMIC devices.

For instance, using a 3.3 microcontroller when powered by Li-on batteries and a 5V microcontroller when the input supply is 5V are both less expensive.

Specialized Processing

In addition to the core, the existence of other co-processors and specialized processing units can aid in obtaining the required processing power.

By carrying out the instructions that the primary processor fetches, co-processors lighten the load on the primary. Among the widely used co-processors are

Floating Point Co-processor

The instruction set supported by RISC cores is primarily integer-only.

Therefore, applications needing complicated mathematical operations, such as multimedia, images, codecs, signal processing, etc., can greatly benefit from the existence of an FP co-processor.

Graphic Processing Unit

To display graphics, the GPU (Graphic Processing Unit), also known as the Visual Processing Unit, draws the images on the frame buffer memory.

Drawing for HD displays requires a large amount of data bandwidth since smooth viewing requires at least 16 frames per second for human visual perception.

Additionally, as the demands for graphics such as textures, lighting shaders, etc. increase, GPUs are now required for devices like game consoles and smartphones.

ARM’s MALI, PowerVX, OpenGL, and other GPUs are becoming more and more common in higher-end processors. Selecting the appropriate co-processor can facilitate the embedded application’s design.

Popular Embedded Software Application Cases

Automotive industry.

Within the automotive industry, embedded software is essential.

It acts as the invisible hand coordinating several crucial processes, such as controlling engine operations or guaranteeing that airbags will deploy in an emergency promptly.

It provides the intelligence behind advanced driver-assistance features like lane-keeping assistance’s gentle prods to get drivers back on their intended pathways or automated braking that stops a car in the middle of heavy traffic.

Take Tesla’s Autopilot system , which is a shining example of embedded software’s amazing power in operation.

Thanks to this technology, cars can now drive themselves through defined lanes and perform precise steering, braking, and acceleration.

This combination of software expertise with vehicle technology portends a time when automobiles will no longer be merely means of transportation but rather intelligent traveling companions.

Manufacturing Industry

The unsung heroes of the production industry, embedded systems enable previously unheard-of degrees of automation.

They are the brains behind robots that painstakingly assemble goods with the highest precision and serve as defenders of quality control, ensuring that every component satisfies exacting standards.

These systems provide a constant supply of data while continuously monitoring activities in real time, maximizing efficiency.

Applying robot arms in assembling cars

The use of robotic arms in auto manufacturing facilities, like those at BMW, is one such example. Here, embedded systems work in unison to increase output and guarantee the highest level of quality in each car.

Smart Cities

Embedded software is used in smart cities to provide a responsive and efficiently operating networked urban environment.

Traffic management systems can reduce congestion and improve commute times by utilizing this technology.

Public safety is further enhanced by emergency services and sophisticated surveillance.

By responding to usage patterns, smart grids optimize the distribution of energy, while environmental monitoring systems keep tabs on pollution levels and meteorological conditions to promote a healthy environment.

Together, these embedded software programs enhance urban administration and raise citizens’ standards of living, making cities of the future more intelligent and more habitable.

Smart Homes

Embedded systems-driven smart home technology transforms our living areas into hubs that are safe, comfortable, and convenient.

These systems are the brains behind a variety of gadgets, including voice-activated assistants, security cameras, and smart thermostats.

They adjust to our tastes, changing the temperature, watching over our houses, and easily obeying our instructions.

Collectively, they create a unified ecosystem that not only intelligently improves our houses but also fits in perfectly with our way of life.

In the field of medicine, embedded software is essential to the advancement of medical equipment.

It serves as the brains that control pacemakers, making sure that heartbeats are smoothly regulated.

It also powers robotic surgical equipment, expanding the capabilities of surgeons, and imaging systems, allowing for thorough investigation of the human body.

This new chapter in medical excellence is ushered in by the successful combination of technology and medicine, which not only improves treatment outcomes but also patient care.

Military And Aerospace

The aerospace and military sectors greatly rely on technology to improve their operations, and embedded systems are essential to increasing productivity and guaranteeing security.

These cutting-edge devices are necessary for accurate navigation because they offer real-time data that is vital for navigating across challenging terrain and efficiently coordinating actions.

Embedded technology improves combat effectiveness and minimizes collateral damage in weapons management by enabling precise targeting and armament deployment.

Moreover, embedded systems serve as the foundation for state-of-the-art communication technologies, enabling dependable and secure data transfer essential for strategic command and control.

The military and aerospace industries can improve their situational awareness and response capabilities which are essential in today’s space exploration and defense missions by combining these technologies.

Challenges of Embedded Software Development

Resource Constraints:

Embedded systems frequently have constrained hardware capabilities. These limitations may pertain to memory, storage, or computational power.
It takes careful design and optimization to create effective software that makes the most of such technology while staying within its limitations.
It is critical to strike a balance between overloading the system and offering rich functionality.

Real-time Requirements:

Many embedded systems have stringent real-time demands. Whether it’s a pacemaker that needs to provide timely electrical pulses to a heart or an anti-lock braking system in a car that must respond immediately to changes in wheel speed, latency can’t be tolerated.
Meeting these real-time requirements while ensuring reliability is a very demanding aspect of embedded software development.

Security Concerns:

Security becomes critical since embedded software is closely linked to particular devices, which may be operated by smartphone apps or linked in the context of the Internet of Things.
Embedded system vulnerabilities can result in unwanted data access or, worse, a takeover of authority over the device’s functions.
It is imperative to tackle security not alone at the software level, but also concerning device connectivity and interaction.

Safety Concerns:

Many embedded systems include safety as a critical component, in addition to the usual reliability and functionality issues.
Error is not tolerated in devices that operate in hazardous situations or can directly affect human life, such as automotive controls or medical equipment.
It is crucial to make sure the program is completely reliable and to include failsafe features.

Maintenance and Updates:

Updating embedded software can be more difficult than updating standard software, which can be done often and relatively easily.
Devices may be situated in difficult-to-reach or remote areas, or they may be vital systems where downtime is not an option.
It’s a complex task to design hardware that accepts updates without impairing its essential functions.

Check here to learn about the Application development of embedded systems

Embedded Design for IoT Applications

Applications for Internet of Things embedded systems are numerous, ranging from industrial control to residential automation. Here are a handful of instances:

Smart Homes: Security systems, heating systems, lighting systems, and other household appliances are all managed and observed by means of Internet of Things embedded systems.
Healthcare: IoT-embedded technologies are utilized to track patients and give medical personnel up-to-date information on their health.
Industrial Control: Power generation systems and production lines are two examples of industrial operations that are monitored and controlled by IoT-embedded devices.
Transportation: Cars, trucks, and trains can all be monitored and controlled by IoT-embedded devices.
Agriculture: To maximize farming techniques, IoT-embedded technologies are utilized to monitor crops, livestock, and soil conditions.

Market Growth of Embedded Systems

According to Fortune Business Insights , The embedded systems market size was valued at USD 94.77 billion in 2022 and is projected to grow from USD 100.04 billion in 2023 to USD 161.86 billion by 2030, exhibiting a CAGR of 7.1% during the forecast period (2023-2030). North America accounted for a market value of USD 39.06 billion in 2022.

A microprocessor-powered specialized computer hardware system called an embedded system is made to perform a specific task either independently or as part of a larger system.

Real-time computation is essentially accomplished using integrated circuits, which can range in size from single microcontrollers to multiprocessor systems with a variety of peripherals.

Microcontrollers, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays ( FPGAs ), and gate arrays with firmware instructions stored in read-only or flash memory are some of the devices that manage the nearly 98% of microprocessors used in embedded technology. Connectivity with input and output devices is made possible via the peripherals.

The growing need for industrial automation, automotive electronics, and Internet of Things applications is propelling the embedded systems industry.

Technological developments, particularly in the area of wireless communication, will also encourage the use of these systems.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is an embedded designer.

The task of creating software for embedded systems falls to embedded developers. The specialized uses of embedded systems necessitate specialized skills and experience in software development.

What is the purpose of embedded design?

An embedded system has multiple uses. Data representation, storage, and collection:

Embedded systems are capable of gathering digital or analog data from outside sources, storing it, and then presenting it to users. One device that takes, stores, and displays photos is a digital camera.

What is the major goal of embedded system design?

Effectively translating project requirements into product specifications and, ultimately, into a product that fulfills project objectives within the designated design limitations is the aim of the embedded systems design process.

What is embedded development software?

Embedded software applications are customized programming that is installed in non-PC devices to control particular functions. This programming can be found in microchips or in applications that are installed on top of the chip.

What is embedded software with an example?

Embedded software is computer programming created for embedded systems, which are equipment or gadgets that are not usually thought of as computers. It often has time and memory limits and is tailored specifically for the hardware it operates on.

What is the embedded development life cycle?

An embedded software development lifecycle is quite similar to any basic software development process. The phases include:

Design/Development
Manufacturing
Field Upgrade
Deployment & Launch

What are embedded software examples?

We come across embedded software now and then, sometimes even without realizing it. Examples of embedded software are:

An image processing system in medical equipment
Motion detection systems in security cameras
Automated traffic control systems in traffic signals.

What is the cost of developing embedded software?

The cost of developing embedded software can cost between $25,000 to $150,000.

However, the cost estimation process involves a detailed analysis of various factors, including the complexity of the software, the required hardware, the development time, and the development team’s expertise.

Which technology is used in embedded systems?

Microcontrollers, or microprocessors with integrated memory and peripheral interfaces, are the foundation of many modern embedded systems; however, regular microprocessors, which rely on external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits, are also frequently used, particularly in more complicated systems.

What is embedded used for?

Consumer, industrial, automotive, home appliance, medical, telecommunication, commercial, aerospace, and military applications are all frequent uses for embedded systems.

Numerous embedded systems are used in telecommunications networks, ranging from networked phone switches to end-user cell phones.

The continuous advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), machine learning, deep learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are projected to fuel the industry’s continued rapid growth.

Reduced energy consumption, enhanced security for embedded devices, cloud connection and mesh networking, deep learning applications, and real-time data visualization tools are just a few of the developments that the cognitive embedded system will be at its core.

The design of an embedded system should balance improved safety with performance and security.

The implementation of a prototype and the integration of cutting-edge technologies like MQTT, big data, and cloud computing are essential if you want to ace this.

Furthermore, when creating GUI and HMI (Human-machine interface) applications, the user interface must be considered.

Crucially, the embedded software needs to be tuned for microprocessors and microcontrollers with limited memory and power.

Hardware and software components play a crucial role in embedded systems.

An embedded system is composed of many hardware and software components. In building an embedded system, however, the choice of components is contingent upon the needs of the user and application.

Embedded Software Development: A Comprehensive Guide

Compliance with Safety Standards in Embedded Systems

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+91- 0124 4643950

+91-124 4643950
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806, 8th Floor, BPTP Park Centra, Sector–30, NH–8 Gurugram – 122001, Haryana (India)

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Sy. No 118, 3rd Floor, Gayathri Lakefront, Outer Ring Road, Hebbal, Bengaluru - 560 024
+91 80-69019700/01
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Logic Fruit Technologies INC 691 S Milpitas Blvd, Ste 217, Milpitas CA 95035
+1-408 338 9743

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