apa 7th edition dissertation title page

APA Style 7th Edition: Citing Your Sources

• Basics of APA Formatting
• In Text Quick View
• Block Quotes
• Books & eBooks
• Thesis/Dissertation

Standard Format

Formatting rules, various examples.

• Audiovisual
• Conference Presentations
• Social Media
• Legal References
• Reports and Gray Literature
• Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
• Additional Resources
• Reference Page

Adapted from American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed).  https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Formatting:

• Italicize the title
• Identify whether source is doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis in parentheses after the title

See Ch. 10 pp. 313-352 of APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules

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APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

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In-Text Citations

Resources on using in-text citations in APA style

Reference List

Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats

Other APA Resources

APA Style, 7th edition - Citing Sources

• Getting Started
• Formatting the Paper

Dissertation & SPP Format Pieces

Creating a toc in apa, dnp spp toc examples, edd toc examples, important: signature page, the abstract & keywords.

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• APA Paper Review (Regis Students Only)

If you are on this tab, you have probably been asked to format a dissertation or Scholarly Practice Project paper using APA format. Use the below information to help you format the different pieces of your paper.  Please check with your academic department to see if they have an official dissertation/SPP format template for your program.

A note on Table of Contents: Most APA papers do not require a Table of Contents (TOC). If you are writing a Dissertation or Scholarly Practice Project, you may be asked to include one. Please note: the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association does not have an official stance on formatting a Table of Contents page .

Below, you will find some general information and examples of Table of Contents (TOC), Abstracts and Keywords, and the Signature page that you may find helpful.

• Scribbr Creating an APA-style Table of Contents This tutorial from Scribbr is extremely helpful in formatting your APA Table of Contents.

Use the below examples as a reference point for forming your Table of Contents. These should be used as a baseline for formatting-- yours will be more specific to your headings and subject-matter.

• DNP SPP TOC Example 1
• DNP SPP TOC Example 2
• EdD Dissertation TOC Example 1
• EdD Dissertation TOC Example 2

Your signature page is one of the most important pieces of your final product. It proves that you completed the dissertation!  Below is an example of what your signature page should look like (names blanked out for privacy).

If you have any questions about the signature page or how to get it signed, please contact your program director.

ABSTRACT : An abstract is required for your Dissertation or Scholarly Practice Project and must be included before submitting your final copy to Proquest.  An abstract is a brief, comprehensive overview of your paper. Generally, it should not exceed 250 words.

KEYWORDS : You should also include keywords. Keywords are descriptive terms that encompass the themes of your paper. Think about what terms you used when searching for your topic in the databases. This is what researchers will use to find your paper!

• APA Style Abstract and Keywords Handout For more information on creating an Abstract and Keywords, please use this handout from the APA Style site.
• Professional Paper sample with Abstract Example See page one of this document for an example of an Abstract and Keywords, with annotations on where to find more information in APA Manual. From the APA Style site.
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Dissertation & Doctoral Project Formatting & Clearance: APA Style 7th Ed.

• Submitting to the Library
• Formatting Manual & Forms
• APA Style 7th Ed.
• Submitting to ProQuest ETD

SPRING 2024 CHANGES TO THE DISSERTATION CLEARANCE PROCESS

In order to streamline the dissertation clearance process, the following changes have been made, effective 3-1-2024 .

1. The Dissertation Cataloging Form is no longer necessary.

2. The Dissertation Clearance Form is now initiated directly by the student, and only through Adobe Sign - Signed PDFs and scanned forms have been replaced by Adobe Sign.

3. Students completing dissertation clearance are no longer required to schedule a meeting with their DCR (Dissertation Clearance Representative). If they have questions about what to do, they are welcome to schedule a DCR appointment, but it is not required.

If you have questions about these changes or other aspects of the process, contact [email protected] and we will be happy to assist.

Finding It @ Your Library

General APA Style Guidelines

WRITING STYLE

Verb tense. APA style papers should be written in past or present perfect tense:

Avoid: Mojit and Novian's (2013) experiment shows that...

Allowed: Mojit and Novian's (2013) experiment showed  that...

Allowed: Mojit and Novian's (2013) experiment has shown that...

Be concise and clear

• Avoid vague statements
• Present information clearly
• Eliminate unnecessary words

Style matters

• Write objectively
• Avoid poetic or flowery language

AVOIDING BIAS

Be sensitive to labels

• Avoid identifying groups by a disorder Avoid: schizophrenics Allowed: people diagnosed with schizophrenia
• Avoid outdated or inappropriate labels
• When you must label a group, try to use a term that group prefers

Gender pronouns

• Gender refers to a social role
• Sex refers to biological characteristics

What is the APA 7th Edition Publication Manual?

The 7th edition of Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was created by the American Psychological Assocation (APA), and contains the complete guidelines on how to format material for publication and cite your research .  It is a set of style rules that codifies the components of scientific writing in order to deliver concise and bias free information to the reader. 

This guide provides some of the basics to keep in mind, but it doesn't replace owning or borrowing the actual Publication Manual itself. It should be on your desk by your side throughout your writing process.

APA style, 7th edition requires specific heading formatting.

For Levels 1-3, the paragraph text begins on a new line. For Levels 4-5, the paragraph text begins on the same line and continues as a paragraph.

In Section 4.2 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.), APA (2020) states that you should use verb tenses consistently throughout your work. See a chart of when and how to use past tense (Rodriguez found) and present perfect tense (Researchers have shown) at the APA Style website .

In-Text Citation Basics

Author/Date Citation Method

APA publications use the author/date in text citation system to briefly identify sources to readers.  Each in-text citation is listed alphabetically in the reference list.  All in-text citations referenced in the body of work musr appear in the reference list and vice versa.

• The author-date method includes the author's surname and the the publication year.  Do not include suffixes such as Jr., Esq., etc. Example : (Jones, 2009)
• The author/date method is also used with direct quotes.  Another component is added in this format: (Jones, 2009, p.19)
• When multiple pages are referenced, use pp. (Jones, 2009, pp.19-21)

Variations of author/date within a sentence Here are some examples of how the author/date citation method are formatted within different parts of a sentence. Please note the author, publication date, and study are entirely fictional.

• Beginning of a sentence: Jones (2009) completed a study on the effects of dark chocolate on heart disease.
• Middle of a sentence: In 2009, Jones's study on the effects of dark chocolate and heart disease revealed...
• End of a sentence: The study revealed that participants who ate dark chocolate bars every day did not develop heart disease (Jones, 2009).

Citing works with more than one author

• One author: Jones (2009) // (Jones, 2009)
• Two authors: Ahmed and Jones (2010) // (Ahmed & Jones, 2010)
• Three or more authors: Tsai et al. (2011) // (Tsai et al., 2011)
• Group/organization author that can be abbreviated: 1st mention: National Institutes of Health (NIH, 2012) // subsequent mentions: NIH (2012)

Sample References

Journal articles

Sharifian, N., & Grühn, D. (2019). The differential impact of social participation and social support on psychological well-being: Evidence from  the Wisconsin longitudinal study. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 88 (2), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415018757213

Shiraev, E. (2017). Personality theories: A global view. SAGE.

Chapter from a book

Ochs, E., & Schieffelin , B. B. (1984). Language acquisition and socialization: Three developmental stories and their implications. In R. A. Shweder & R. A. LeVine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion (pp. 276 320). Cambridge University Press.

Webpage from a website

World Health Organization. (2020, June 15) . Elder abuse . https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/elder-abuse

View many more examples in the APA Style Manual or on the APA Style website .

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APA Guide: 7th Edition

• Page Numbers
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• Summary of Changes

Student Paper Example

• Student Paper Example This is a student paper example from the 7th Edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.

Professional Paper Example

• Professional Paper Example This is a professional paper example from the 7th Edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.

Student Title Page Elements

The title page includes the following elements: Page number, Paper title, Author, Author Affiliation, Course, Instructor, and Due Date .  Remember, your instructor can include other requirements for your assignment.  Refer to their instructions carefully.

Your title page and paper is double-spaced. Use 1-inch margins. 

Acceptable Fonts:

• 11-point Calibri 
• 11-point Arial
• 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode 
• 12-point Times New Roman
• 11-point Georgia
• 10-point Computer Modern 1 
• Should summarize the main idea in a succinct way .
• Include strong keywords so that readers can find your work in a database or by using a search engine.
• Avoid using abbreviations in a title.
• The title should be provided in title case .  This means that all major words are capitalized. 
• Be bolded, centered, and begin 3-4 lines down from the top margin of the paper.
• Put a double-spaced blank line between the title and the byline.
• The paper title also appears at the top of the first page of your paper.

Author Name(s) (Byline)

• Beneath the title, type the  author's or authors' full name(s) .
• Do not use titles or degrees.
• ​Order the names of authors based on their contributions.
• Write all of the names on the same line.
• Center the names in a standard font.
• Smith and Doe
• Smith, Doe, and Jones

Author Affiliation

• Identify where you worked or studied when the body of work was completed.
• Include no more than two affiliations for each author.
• Example:  College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington
• Include the department or division.
• Include the name of the institution.
• Include the location of the institution.
• Example:  Hematology/Oncology, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
• Include the location.

Locations should include the city, state, province, and country.

Course Name

• Put the course number and name below the Author Affiliation.
• Check with your instructor on the preferred name.
• Place the month, date, and year after the Instructor(s) name(s).

See the example title page below:

All content on this guide comes from the 7th edition of the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association and from the APA Style Blog.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association ( 7th ed.).  https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000  

American Psychological Association. (2020, October). Blog .  https://apastyle.apa.org/blog

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EDK 850 Research Design & Proposal Development

• Formatting your Dissertation in APA Style
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APA Style Resources

Here are some general APA Style resources. Scroll down further to see more details about citations and paper formatting. 

• APA Style Website The APA Style Website is the official website for APA 7th edition, and includes formatting guidelines for formatting your overall paper including title page setup, tables and figures, as well as guidelines for formatting reference citations. Sample papers are included.
• Excelsior Online Writing Lab: APA Style The Excelsior OWL is an excellent resource for how to write and cite your academic work in APA Style. This is a recommended starting point if you're not sure how to use APA style in your work, and includes helpful multimedia elements.

Several print copies of the APA 7th edition Publication Manual are available for checkout at the Mardigian Library.

(Sorry, APA does not provide an eBook version of this for libraries at the present time.)

APA Style 7th edition Citations (References and In-Text Citations)

If you're new to citation, this brief video will cover an introduction to in-text citations and reference lists in APA 7th edition. Scroll down for more recommended resources about citations. 

More information including examples and sample papers can be found at the recommended websites below: 

• APA Style Website: Reference Examples Guidelines about references from the official APA Style website.
• APA Style Website: In-text Citations Guidelines for in-text citations from the official APA Style website.
• APA 7th edition quick reference handout This quick reference guide to APA 7th edition citations is handy and includes many commonly cited source types and corresponding in-text citations.
• APA In-text Citation Checklist APA's official In-text citation checklist for the 7th edition.

APA Style 7th edition Formatting for Professional Papers (including Dissertations)

• APA Style Website: Sample Annotated Professional Paper This is the official sample professional paper from the APA Style website, and includes annotations illustrating the usage of each element.
• APA Style Website: Paper Format The APA Style website's paper format page includes all of the elements of paper format that you need to follow, including information about the title page, margins and spacing, fonts and headings. Sample papers are included.

CEHHS Formatting Requirements for Ed.D. Dissertations

CEHHS uses the current version of the APA Publication Manual (7th edition) for all matters of format with the exception of some particular requirements for the Title page, pagination (especially of front matter) and top margins. Unless otherwise stated in the CEHHS Ed.D. Dissertation Guide below, defer to APA 7th edition. 

Some formatting aspects to be sure you are following correctly include: 

• Tables and Figures, including labeling thereof
• CEHHS Ed.D. Dissertation Guide
• UM-Ann Arbor Scholarspace Microsoft for Dissertations Guide
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• How to cite a dissertation in APA Style

How to Cite a Dissertation in APA Style | Format & Examples

Published on December 16, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 27, 2023.

The format for citing someone else’s dissertation or thesis in APA Style depends on whether the thesis is available from a database, published somewhere else (e.g. on a university archive or personal website), or unpublished (only available in print form directly from the author or university).

To cite a dissertation or thesis from a database, use the following format. In the square brackets, specify the type of dissertation or thesis and the university. As with other database sources, no URL or DOI is included.

Table of contents

Citing a dissertation published elsewhere, citing an unpublished dissertation in apa style.

To cite a dissertation or thesis published in a university archive (often in PDF form ) or on a personal website, the format differs in that no publication number is included, and you do list a URL.

Are your APA in-text citations flawless?

The AI-powered APA Citation Checker points out every error, tells you exactly what’s wrong, and explains how to fix it. Say goodbye to losing marks on your assignment!

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To cite an unpublished dissertation (one you got directly from the author or university in print form), add “Unpublished” to the bracketed description, and list the university at the end of the reference, outside the square brackets.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, December 27). How to Cite a Dissertation in APA Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/dissertation/

Is this article helpful?

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APA Formatting and Style (7th ed.)

• What's New in the 7th ed.?
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APA 7th ed. Fillable Word Template and Sample Paper

• APA 7th ed. Template Download this Word document, fill out the title page and get writing!
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APA Style Guide 7th Edition

• Thesis and Dissertations
• About This Guide
• Direct Quote
• Block Quote
• Indirect Quote
• Summary/Paraphrase
• Tables/Graphs/Images
• Personal Communications
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• Additional Help

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR Thesis and Dissertations 

Published Thesis - Available online / from a database 

Author Last name, First Initials. (Year). Title of Thesis or Dissertation     [Type of thesis, Name of institution awarding degree]. Database name. Web address

Unpublished Thesis - Available in print from a college or university 

Author Last name, First Initials. (Year).  Title of Thesis or Dissertation     [Unpublished type of thesis]. Name of institution awarding degree.

EXAMPLES 

Published Thesis - From a database 

Kral, T. R. (2020). Impact of mindfulness meditation on brain function, connectivity, and structure (Publication          No.  27833897)    [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Wisconsin-Madison].  ProQuest Dissertations           Publishing.

Published Thesis - Available online  

Hunsaker, C. (2020).  Beyond theory: Simulation and role-play in interpreter education  [Master's thesis,           Western Oregon University]. Western Oregon University Digital Commons. https://digitalcommons           wou.edu/theses/61 

​ Unpublished Thesis - Available in print form at a college or university 

Carlin, A. (2017).  Effective pairing methods for students in a second grade dual language            classroom.  [Unpublished Master's thesis]. Western Oregon University.

NOTES ABOUT AUTHOR, DATE, TITLE, AND SOURCE

Author 

• List the author alphabetically by the authors last name and first name initial(s)
• Enclose the date of publication in parentheses followed by a period. For example: (2020).

Thesis or Dissertation Title 

• Italicize the title 
• The first word of the title and subtitle is capitalized as are proper nouns but all other words are lowercase. 
• If a title ends with a question mark or exclamation point, use those punctuation marks instead of a period at the end. 

Identify Type of Dissertation or Thesis 

• For an unpublished dissertation or thesis (available only in print from a college or university) label as [Unpublished doctoral dissertation] or [Unpublished master's thesis]. 
• For a published dissertation or thesis label as [Doctoral dissertation, Name of University] or [Master's thesis, Name of University].   

Name of Institution 

• The name of the instruction will appear with the type of dissertation or thesis (if published) or as the place where the dissertation or thesis is housed (if unpublished). 

Database Publication 

• If published, include the name of the database publishing the dissertation or thesis 

Online Publication Not in a Database 

• If published online but not in a database, include the web address /URL 
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APA Citation Style, 7th Edition: Dissertations & Thesis

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Citing Dissertations & Theses in APA Format

Dissertations & Theses

Dissertations and theses are formatted the same way in APA 7th edition. Theses are generally the culminating work for a master's or undergraduate degree and dissertations are often original research completed by doctoral students. Here are examples of a dissertation & a thesis, and how they would be formatted: 

Examples: 

Dissertation found in Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global: 

Reference:  

Banks, B. (2020). Addressing institutional racism in healthcare: A case study (Publication No. 28154307) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota]. Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global. 

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):  

(Banks, 2020).

In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):

(Banks, 2020, p. 157).

Master's thesis from a University scholarship database: 

Sears, L. B. (2017). The public voice and sustainable food systems: Community engagement in food action plans [Unpublished master's thesis]. University of Kansas.  https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/26899  

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Sears, 2017). 

(Sears, 2017, p. 24). 

Carrie Forbes, MLS

Pages Referenced

Citation information has been adapted from the APA Manual (7th Edition). Please refer to page 333 of the APA Manual (7th Edition) for more information.

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Citation Style: APA 7th Edition: Title Page & Abstract

• Avoiding Plagiarism
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• Title Page & Abstract
• The Main Body
• The References Page
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The Title Page

Your title page should follow all of the rules outlined in the Basic Formatting tab. In addition, it should be centered in the upper-half of the page. It must include the following information (and your instructor might prefer you to add more):

• The full title of your paper in title case
• Your name (First Last)
• Your institution (Keuka College)
• Your Instructor's Name with their preferred title (example: “Dr. Jill Smith,” or “J. Smith, PhD” or “Professor J. Smith”)
• Date assignment is due, with the month written out in full (example: November 10, 2019)

See the example below (click it to view a larger version):

The Abstract

An abstract is a brief summary of what your paper is all about. Your instructor may or may not require you to include an abstract, so ask them. If they do require an abstract, find out how long they would like it to be. Generally, an abstract is 150 to 250 words long. It is recommended that you write the abstract after you have written your paper. It's a good idea when you're first setting up your document, to include a placeholder page for the abstract on the 2nd page (after the title page).

Your abstract page should follow all of the rules outlined in the  Basic Formatting  tab. Left-align, but do not hit the tab key or indent in any way at the beginning of the abstract. The word "Abstract" should be bolded and centered at the top of the page.

See the example below (click it to view larger):

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APA 7th Edition Citation Guide Dissertations and Theses

Thesis or dissertation from a library database.

Reference Page Format:

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication).  Title of dissertation/thesis  [Master's thesis/Doctoral dissertation, Name of institution awarding degree]. Database name.

Reference Page Example:

Thao-Yang, T. (2021).  All it takes is one person: First-generation Hmong women's educational experiences  [Doctoral dissertation, Concordia University]. Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global.

In-text Citation Examples:

Thao-Yang (2021) shared that ... ...( Thao-Yang ,  2021 ). ...( Thao-Yang ,  2021, p. 65 ).

Thesis or Dissertation from an Institutional Repository

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication).  Title of dissertation/thesis  [Master's thesis/Doctoral dissertation, Name of institution awarding degree]. Institutional Repository Name. URL

Janssen, K. (2021).  Ways technology impact cognitive development in early childhood environment  [Master's Thesis, Concordia University]. DigitalCommons@CSP.  https://digitalcommons.csp.edu/teacher-education_masters/52

Janssen (2021) shared that ... ...( Janssen,  2021 ). ...( Janssen,  2021, p. 22 ).

Print Thesis or Dissertation

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication).  Title of dissertation  [Unpublished master's thesis/doctoral dissertation]. Name of the institution awarding the degree.

Munson, D. J. (2019). How undergraduate faculty navigate the use of free internet sources for scholarly purposes  [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Nova Southeastern University.

Munson (2019) shared that ... ...(Munson, 2019). ...( Munson, 2019, p. 36 ).

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APA 7th Edition Citation Examples

• Volume and Issue Numbers
• Page Numbers
• Undated Sources
• Citing a Source Within a Source
• In-Text Citations
• Academic Journals
• Encyclopedia Articles
• Book, Film, and Product Reviews
• Online Classroom Materials
• Conference Papers
• Technical + Research Reports
• Court Decisions
• Treaties and Other International Agreements
• Federal Regulations: I. The Code of Federal Regulations
• Federal Regulations: II. The Federal Register
• Executive Orders
• Charter of the United Nations
• Federal Statutes

Format for dissertations and theses

Dissertations and theses database.

• Interviews, E-mail Messages + Other Personal Communications
• Social Media
• Business Sources
• PowerPoints
• AI: ChatGPT, etc.

Author last name, first initial. (Year).  Title of dissertation/thesis  (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis, University]. Database. URL

• Author:  List the last name, followed by the first initial (and second initial). See  Authors  for more information.
• Year:  List the year between parentheses, followed by a period.
• Title of dissertation/thesis:  In italics. Capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and proper nouns.
• Publication number: Can be found in Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the item record as “Dissertation/thesis number.”
• Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis:  List whether it is a dissertation or a thesis.
• University:  List the university associated with the dissertation/thesis.
• Database:  List database the dissertation/thesis was found in, if found in a database.
• URL:  List URL if found on the free Web rather than in a database.

See specific examples below.

Dissertations:

Pecore, J. T. (2004). Sounding the spirit of Cambodia: The living tradition of Khmer music and dance-drama in a Washington, DC community  (Publication No. 3114720) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. 

Master's Theses:

Hollander, M. M. (2017). Resitance to authority: Methodological innovations and new lessons from the Milgram experiment   (Publication No. 10289373) [Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin - Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

APA calls for the citation to include a unique identifying number for the dissertation, labeling it “Publication No.” That number can be found in Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the item record as “Dissertation/thesis number.”

Karamanos, X. (2020). The influence of professional development models on student mathematics performance in New Jersey public elementary schools [Doctoral dissertation, Seton Hall University]. Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs). https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/2732

Bordo, V. C. (2011). Making a case for the use of foreign language in the educational activities of nonprofit arts organizations [Master's thesis, University of Akron]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1311135640

Caprette, C. L. (2005). Conquering the cold shudder: The origin and evolution of snake eyes  [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University].

Angelova, A. N. (2004). Data pruning  [Master's thesis, California Institute of Technology].

See  Publication Manual , 10.6.

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APA Style Citation Guide 7th Edition

View the GGC Kaufman Library  APA Style Citation Guide 7th Edition .

APA 7th Resources via APAStyle.org

• The APA Style 7th Blog
• Intro to APA 7th ed.
• APA Style 7th Edition: The Changes You Need To Know
• Quick Reference Examples 7th Edition by APA Source: https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-examples.pdf
• Creating an APA Style Reference List Guide Hanging indent - all subsequent lines after the 1st line are indented 0.5 in.

APA Style via Purdue OWL

The links in Purdue OWL reflect APA Style 7th Edition 

• Citation Style Chart via Purdue OWL
• APA Style via Purdue Owl
• APA Reference List: Basic Rules
• APA Reference List: Author/Authors
• APA Reference List: Articles in Periodicals (journals, magazines, & newspapers)
• APA Reference List: Electronic Sources (eArticles, eBooks...)
• APA Reference List: Audiovisual Media
• APA Reference List: Books
• APA Reference List: Other Non-Print Sources (interviews, presentations, personal communications...)
• APA Sample Paper
• APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation

Annotated Bibliography

According to the  publication manual of the american psychological association  (2019, p. 307)  9.51 annotated bibliographies :, format and order references in an annotated bibliography in alphabetical order, the same as you would order entries in a reference list (see sections 9.43-9.44), each annotation should be a new paragraph below its reference entry. indent the entire annotation 0.5 in. from the left margin, the same as you would a block quotation (see section 8.27). do not indent the first line of the annotation., if the annotation spans multiple paragraphs, indent the first line of the second an any subsequent paragraphs an additional 0.5 in., the same as you would a block quotation with multiple paragraphs. .

• Reference Lists Versus Bibliographies VIA APA Style.org

APA Annotated Bibliography via Purdue Owl

• Annotated Bibliography via Purdue Owl Annotated bibliogrpahy defined and directions.
• Annotated Bibliography Samples via Purdue Owl

Writing & Tutoring Center @ AEC Online Help

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Yuma APRN Guide to Library Resources: Writing, Citing, and APA 7th edition

• Starting your research
• Identifying Scholarly Resources

Evidence Based Practice

• Point of Care
• How to critically read scholarly literature
• Writing, Citing, and APA 7th edition

Writing Resources

• Writing as a Professional Nurse , OWL (Online Writing Lab), Purdue University.
• Writing in the Field, OWL (Online Writing Lab), Purdue University.
• List of Nursing Resources on the Purdue OWL, OWL (Online Writing Lab), Purdue University.
• Grammar Girl, short, quick tips to improve your writing plus podcasts.
• Grammarly.com, a free browser plug-in that checks spelling and grammar
• Literature Reviews: Getting Started, University of Pittsburgh Library
• Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review, Pautasso M. PLoS Comput Biol . 2013;9(7):e1003149.
• Writing Tips for Nursing School Students, NurseJournal

Other library guides to know about

NAU Librarians have created some other guides which may be useful to you in your research including:

NUR 330: Intro to Nursing as a Discipline and Profession

PSY 302w - Library Guide

APA 7th edition, Guidelines for Nursing Resources

Examples of APA in Nursing Literature

Apa examples.

Article from a Library Database that Does Not use DOI

Journal Article:

Nielsen, G. L., Møller, M., & Sørensen, H. T. (2006). HbA1c in early diabetic pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes : A Danish population-based cohort study of 573 pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes.  Diabetes Care ,  29 (12), 2612–2616.

Magazine Article:

Forbes, S. (2022). Big deal decision for liberty.  Forbes , 2 05 (4), 17.

Article from a Library Catalog

Johnstone, Lindsay, R. S., & Steel, J. (2006). Type 1 diabetes and pregnancy - Trends in birth weight over 40 years at a single clinic. Obstetrics and Gynecology 107 (6), 1297–1302. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000218706.38886.10

Article from CINAHL

Howland, W. A. (2021). How to publish a case study without violating confidentiality.  Nursing ,  51 (12),16. https://doi:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000800144.49848.dd

Article from Journals@Ovid Complete

Zhong, Y., & Yu, P. B. (2022). Decoding the link between inflammation and pulmonary arterial hypertension.  Circulation , 146 , 1023-1025. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.05994

Books (Entire Book, Single Author)

Salkind. N. J. (2006).  Encyclopedia of human development . Sage Publications.

Books (Entire Book, Multiple Authors) – if you have more than 4 authors, use et al.

Thompson, J., Manore, M., & Sheeshka, J. (2014). Nutrition: A functional approach (3rd Canadian ed.). Pearson Canada.

Book Chapters

Landis, C.A., & Heitkemper, M.M. (2014). Sleep and sleep disorders. In S.L. Lewis, S.R. Dirksen, M.M. Heitkemper, & L. Bucher (Eds.), Medical-surgical nursing (9th ed., pp. 99-113). Elsevier.

Jabbour, E.,  Stephens, E. A., & Hirsch, I. B.  (2008). Type 1 diabetes in adults : Principles and practice . New York: Informa Healthcare. https://doi.org/10.3109/9780849326233

E-Book Chapter

Murphy, H.R. (2012). Pregestational (type 1 and type 2) diabetes: Care and complications during pregnancy. In Diabetes in Pregnancy . Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199593033.003.0017

YouTube Videos

Johns Hopkins Medicine.  (2022, May 6). Celebrating nurses week 2022 | Caring for tomorrow [Video]. YouTube.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvhX1OFUv7I  

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NOTICE: ProQuest e-book platforms will be down for planned maintenance on Saturday, August 12, from 12:00 pm to 3:00 pm CST.

DMK 730: Legal and Ethical Considerations in Digital Marketing, Graham, fall 2024: APA Citations

• Company Research
• Products or Product Lines
• U.K. Market
• Mass Media Law
• APA Citations

This guide is based on the 7th edition (2020) of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association .

APA uses the author/date method of in-text citation . Include in parentheses the author's last name and the year of publication after all direct quotes and paraphrased segments of your paper. Page numbers are included for direct quotes and some paraphrased content: Example: (Pollan, 2005, p. 146) . For more information, including other methods of incorporating quotes and paraphrases into your paper, see the "Avoiding Plagiarism" tab and the Recommended Guides section of the "Basics" tab..

APA requires the use of hanging indents and double  spacing ; however, check with your instructor, as some instructors request single spacing!

Watch these in the references list:

Author: Use initial of author's first name (not entire first name)

Author: If multiple, separate with commas, but precede the last one with an & instead.

Author: In the seventh edition, up to 20 authors should now be included in a reference list entry. For sources with more than 20 authors, after the 19 th   listed author, any additional authors' names are replaced with an ellipsis (…) followed by the final listed author's name. Do not place an ampersand before the final author's name.

Author: Use (Ed.) or (Eds.) if  "author(s)" are editor(s).

Publication year: Enter after author with ( ), not at end

Capitalize only the first word (and any proper nouns) of the title or subtitle of a book, article, or chapter

Capitalize all significant words of the title of a periodical.

Journal title and volume: Use italics (not underlines)

Digital object identifiers (DOIs) and URLs are now both presented as hyperlinks for electronic sources.

The label “DOI:” is no longer used for entries that include a DOI.

The words “Retrieved from” (preceding the URL or DOI) are now only used when a retrieval date is also provided in the citation.

Do not include a retrieval date unless the source may change over time (eg., a wiki).

Article from a periodical: It is not necessary to include the name of the database unless the information is difficult to locate.

Samples of American Psychological Association 7th ed. Basic Format for References List

General format.

Author, A. A. (Date).  Title . Source.

• No author?  Substitute title for author
• No date? Use n.d. (indicates no date)
• No date, but year can be reasonably approximated? Use ca. and your estimated year, and use square brackets: [ca. 2008]
• No title?  Describe the document inside square brackets  [Unpublished raw data ]
• APA official guidance: How to Write an APA Style Reference When Information Is Missing

   - Capitalize just the first word of the title and any subtitle.    - Mention edition (if not first ed.) and/or volume number (if a multi-volume work) in parentheses after the title.

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: S ubtitle of

      work (xx ed., Vol. xx). Publisher. 

Book Chapter

   - Capitalize just the first word of the title and any subtitle.    - Mention edition (if not first ed.) and/or volume number (if a multi-volume work) along with page range in parentheses after the title.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of publication). Title

     of chapter. In D. D. Editor & E. E. Editor (Eds.), Title of work:

     S ubtitle  of work (xx ed., Vol. xx, pp. xxx-xxx). Publisher. 

Article in a Periodical, Print or Microform

   - Include the Digitial Object Identifier (DOI) if provided.    - For journals, include just the year of publication within the parentheses: (1984).    - For magazines and newspapers, include the year, month and date within the parentheses: (1984, July 5)

Magazine example:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month Date). Title of

    article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number if available),

    page#-page#.    https://doi:xx.xxxx/xxxxxxxxxx

Journal article example:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of

    article.  Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number if available),

Article in a Periodical, Retrieved from a Library Database

   - Include the Digitial Object Identifier (DOI) if provided.     - Do not include the name of the database, the retrieval date, or a database item or accession number.    - For journals, include just the year of publication within the parentheses: (1984)    - For magazines and newspapers, include the year, month and date within the parentheses: (1984, July 5)

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title

     of  Periodical, volume number (issue number if available), page#-page#.

     https:// doi: xx.xxxx/xxxxxxxxxx  

Article in an Online Periodical (not from a library database)

   - Provide a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) when it is available, otherwise provide the URL.    - For journals, include just the year of publication within the parentheses: (1984)    - For magazines and newspapers, include the year, month and date within the parentheses: (1984, July 5)                                                              

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, Month Date).

     Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number if

     available) , page#-page#.  https://doi:xx.xxxx/xxxxxxxxxx

     available) , page#-page#.  http s ://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Web Document, Page, or Report

   - Identify the publisher or organization name as part of the retrieval statement, unless the publisher      or organization is the group author.    - If available, include the report number in parentheses following the title of the work.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).  Title of

     document (Report No. xxx) .  https://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Group Author Name. (Year, Month Date).  Title of document (Report

     No. xxx) .  https://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Personal Communication

   - These are non-recoverable forms of communication, including:          private letters, memos, non-archived electronic communications such as private emails,           personal interviews, telephone conversations    - These sources are not included in the reference list!  Personal communications are cited in text only.   

Joe Gow told me (personal communication, April 2, 2010) that he would make it happen.  

The Chancellor proceeded to recount the origins of the name, Fur Low Riders (J. Gow, personal    communication, April 3, 2009).

YouTube Video

   - Provide the screen name if the actual name of the author is not given.    - Describe the audiovisual work in brackets: [Film].

Fogarty, M. [Grammar Girl]. (2016, September 30). How to diagram a sentence

     (absolute basics)  [Video]. YouTube.

     https://youtube.com/watch?v=qm1xGfOZJc8 

   - Use [Photograph], [Painting], etc. after the title to indicate the type of image.    - More examples (Landmark College)      - More examples (Univ. of Maryland)

Hicker, R. (n.d.). Soaring Eagle [Photograph]. 

     https://www.hickerphoto.com/data/media/161/soaring-eagle_6822.jpg 

Sample APA Citations for Business Resources 7th ed.

APA is the recommended citation style for the social sciences, including business disciplines.

IBISWorld: (cite the report used)

Lerman, S. (2016, September). IBISWorld industry

     report 61111a: Public schools in the US.  

Mediamark Research & Intelligence. (2015). Fall 2015

     product: Apparel/accessories. Retrieved from

     Mediamark Reporter database.

MarketLine. (2015, April 30). General Motors

     Corporation: Company profile. Retrieved from

     MarketLine Advantage database.

MRI-Simmons Catalyst: (cite the study/dataset used)

MRI-Simmons. (2021).  2021 Spring MRI-Simmons USA study.

      [Data file]. Retrieved February 5, 2024, from

      Catalyst  database.

MRI-Simmons. (2021). 2021 Spring (La Crosse-Eau Claire)

      local flex MRI-Simmons.   [Data file]. Retrieved 

      February 5, 2024, from  Catalyst database.  

Data Axle Reference Solutions: (cite the database record used)

Data Axle. (n.d.). Charmant Hotel LLC, La Crosse, WI.

      [Database record]. Retrieved May 8, 2023, from

      U.S. Businesses database.

Business Insights: Global:  (cite a company profile)

Gale Cengage Learning. (n.d.). Amazon.com, Inc.  

      [Company profile]. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from

      Business Insights: Global.

Passport (Euromonitor): (cite a report)

Euromonitor International. (2022, June).  Beer in the

      United Kingdom . [Country report]. 

Euromonitor International. (2022, May).  Molson Coors

      Brewing Co (UK) Ltd in Alcoholic Drinks (United

      Kingdom).  [Local company profile].

Many more APA citation examples are available. 

APA 7th Edition Style Format

• Quick Reference Guide, APA Style 7th Edition (pdf)
• APA Style 7th Ed: In-Text Citations
• APA Style 7th Ed: References
• Creating References Using Seventh Edition APA Style long video: 1:10:22

Recommended Guides

These are comprehensive citation guides recommended by librarians.

• APA  (7th, 2020)
• MLA   (8th, 2016)
• Chicago  (17th, 2017)  
• APA Formatting and Style Guide  (7th, 2020)
• MLA Formatting and Style Guide (9th, 2021)
• Chicago Formatting and Style Guide (17th, 2017)  
• APA Format and Style Guide  (7th, 2020)
• MLA Formatting and Style Guide  (9th, 2021)
• Chicago Formatting and Style Guide  (17th, 2017)

For Student Affairs Administration Students

• SAA Editing Guide

The SAA Research/Writing Checklist is based on APA.

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