world trade organisation essay competition

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION

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ESSAY AWARD FOR YOUNG ECONOMISTS

Last year's winner, Mathilde Muñoz, said: “I would encourage all young economists to take part in this competition. It's incredibly useful to connect one's research with people responsible for implementing trade policy and to delve into the current problems in world trade and what the negotiations are all about.”

The annual WTO Essay Award provides a prize of CHF 5,000 to the author(s) of the winning essay. In the case of a co-authored paper, the prize will be equally divided among the authors. The winning paper will be officially announced at the annual meeting of the European Trade Study Group (ETSG), the largest conference specializing in international trade. The award ceremony will take place on 14-16 September 2023 at the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom. The winning author will receive funding to attend the meeting.

An Academic Selection Panel is responsible for the selection of the winning paper. The panel comprises:

Professor Beata Javorcik (University of Oxford)
Professor Robert Staiger (Dartmouth College)
Professor Alberto Trejos (INCAE Business School).

Professor Ralph Ossa (Director, Economic Research and Statistics Division, WTO Secretariat) is ex officio member of the panel. Dr Roberta Piermartini (Chief, Trade Cost Analysis Section, WTO) coordinates the work of the selection panel.

Eligibility

The paper must address issues related to trade policy and international trade cooperation. The author(s) of the paper must possess or be engaged in the completion of a PhD degree and, if over 30 years of age, be no more than two years past a PhD defense. In the case of co-authored papers, this requirement shall apply to all authors. In addition, to be considered for the award, essays cannot exceed 15,000 words.

More news on the WTO Essay Award is available here .

Past winners

2022 : Mathilde Muñoz (James M. and Cathleen D. Stone Center on Wealth and Income Inequality, University of California, Berkeley) 2021 : Tomas Dominguez-Iino (New York University) and Swapnika Rachapalli (University of Toronto) 2020 : Xian Ding (Harvard University) 2019 : Jan Bakker (Oxford University) and Federico Huneeus (Princeton University) 2018 : Alonso de Gortari (Harvard University) 2017 : Meredith Startz (Princeton University) 2016 : Matthieu Bellon (Columbia University) 2015 : Christoph Boehm (University of Michigan), Aaron Flaaen (Federal Reserve Board of Governors in Washington D.C.) and Nitya Pandalai-Nayar (University of Michigan) 2014 : Jonathan Dingel (Columbia University) and Claudia Steinwender (LSE) 2013 : Felix Tintelnot (Princeton University) 2012 : Treb Allen (Yale University) 2011 : Rafael Dix-Carneiro (University of Maryland) and Kyle Handley (Stanford University) 2010 : Dave Donaldson (MIT) and Olena Ivus (Queen's University) 2009 : Ralph Ossa (University of Chicago). The runner-up was Mostafa Beshkar (University of New Hampshire)

Essays must be submitted by 2 June 2023 . The Economic Research and Statistics Division of the WTO Secretariat will shortlist eligible papers by 16 June 2023 and the selection panel will take a final decision by 7 July 2023 . Only the author(s) of short-listed essays will be notified.

Publication

The winning essay may be published in the WTO Working Paper Series. It is the responsibility of the author(s) to endeavour to secure publication of the contribution in a journal.

Submissions

All submissions should be sent to [email protected] . Submissions should include as separate attachments in PDF format:

the CV of the author(s), specifying (i) current affiliation(s), (ii) the academic institution awarding the PhD, (iii) the year (or the expected year) of the PhD, (iv) the date of birth of the author(s).

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2023 Essay Award for Young Economists (WTO)

2023 WTO Essay Competition for Young Economists

Deadline: 2 June 2023

The WTO has issued a call for young economists to submit papers for the 2023 Essay Award for Young Economists. The aim of the award is to promote high-quality research on trade policy and international trade cooperation and to reinforce the relationship between the WTO and the academic community. Essays must be submitted by 2 June 2023.

The annual WTO Essay Award for Young Economists was established in 2009. The award carries a prize of CHF 5,000. In the case of a co-authored paper, the prize will be equally divided among the authors.

Papers must address issues related to trade policy and international trade cooperation. The author(s) of the paper must possess or be engaged in the completion of a PhD degree and, if over 30 years of age, be no more than two years past a PhD defense. In the case of co-authored papers, this requirement shall apply to all authors. In addition, to be considered for the award, essays cannot exceed 15,000 words.

The winning paper will be officially announced at the annual meeting of the European Trade Study Group (ETSG), the largest conference specializing in international trade. The award ceremony will take place on 14-16 September 2023 at the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom. The winning author will receive funding to attend the meeting.

Additional links:

More news on the WTO Essay Awards for Young Economists
World Trade Organization (WTO)
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World Trade Organization (WTO) Essay Award for Young Economists 2024

Business , Economics
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World Trade Organization (WTO) posted 7 months ago
Posted: February 10, 2024 -Accepting applications

Opportunity Detail

Language Requirement Not required
Gender Male Female
Level Non-Degree /Short program

Open for all

Medium of Instruction English
Field of study Trade policy and international trade
Opportunity ID 69082
Funding Type Partially Funded

Opportunity Description

The World Trade Organization (WTO) invites young economists to submit papers for the 2024 Essay Award, which aims to foster quality research on trade policy and international trade cooperation and strengthen ties between the WTO and academia. The deadline for submissions is June 3, 2024.

The WTO Essay Award offers a CHF 5,000 prize to the winning essay author(s), split equally for co-authored papers. The announcement will be made at the European Trade Study Group’s annual meeting on September 12-14, 2024, at Athens University, Greece. The winning author will receive funding to attend the ceremony.

WTO oversees international trade regulations. Its primary goal is to maintain a smooth, predictable, and unhindered trade flow.

Brief Details

Provided by: The World Trade Organization (WTO)
Submission Deadline: 3 June 2024
Shortlisting Date: 17 June 2024
Announcing Date: 8 July 2024
Award Ceremony: 12-14 September 2024
Location: Athens University, Greece
Program Type: Award
Eligible Nations: International

Benefits and Prize

Prize: CHF 5,000 will be awarded to the winning essay author(s); in the case of co-authored papers, the prize will be split equally among the authors.
The winning paper will be announced at the ETSG annual meeting, and the winning author will be supported to attend the meeting.

Eligibility

Entrants and submissions should meet the following criteria:

The paper must address trade policy and international trade cooperation issues.
Author(s) must have or be completing a PhD degree.
If over 30 years old, author(s) must be within two years of PhD defense.
The requirement applies to all authors in co-authored papers.
Essays cannot exceed 15,000 words to be considered for the award.

Application Procedure

All entries should be forwarded to the following email address as separate PDF attachments:

Current affiliation(s)
Academic institution awarding the PhD
Year (or expected year) of the PhD
Date of birth of the author(s)

Submission Email: [email protected]

Refer to WTO’s website for more details about the WTO Essay Award.

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World Trade Organization (WTO) Essay Award 2024 For Young Economists

Table of contents, about the world trade organization (wto) essay award 2024.

The WTO has announced its call for young economists to submit papers for the esteemed WTO Essay Award 2024. This prestigious award, spearheaded by the World Trade Organization, is an invitation for young economists to showcase their scholarly work in the realm of trade policy and international trade cooperation. By extending this opportunity, the WTO seeks to foster the development of high-quality research that delves into critical issues surrounding global trade dynamics.

With the overarching goal of reinforcing the bond between the WTO and the academic community, the essay award serves as a platform to encourage young scholars to contribute innovative insights and perspectives to the field. Through their submissions, participants are encouraged to explore various facets of trade policy and international trade cooperation, offering fresh perspectives and potential solutions to the challenges facing the global trading landscape.

The WTO Essay Award 2024 underscores the organization’s commitment to nurturing emerging talent and promoting academic excellence in the field of economics. By recognizing and celebrating outstanding research contributions from young economists, the WTO aims to stimulate scholarly discourse and advance understanding in areas vital to global trade governance.

Young economists are invited to seize this opportunity to showcase their expertise, contribute to ongoing dialogues on trade policy, and potentially shape the future trajectory of international trade cooperation. As the WTO continues to champion collaboration and knowledge exchange between academia and policymaking, the 2024 WTO Essay Award stands as a testament to the organization’s dedication to fostering intellectual engagement and advancing the principles of multilateral trade.

Eligibility Criteria

Benefits of world trade organization wto essay award 2024 , how to apply .

All submissions should be sent to [email protected]. The following should be submitted in PDF format as separate attachments:

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WTO ESSAY AWARD GREECE 2024

The Athens University in Greece will host a three-day award ceremony at the end of this global award competition. The University of Surrey is known as one of the best universities in Greece. The university provides life-changing education and research opportunities to students. World Trade Organization is the only international organization that deals with the regulations and standards of trade between different nations. The WTO is trying to create a smoother trade flow by making delivery accessible and easier. World Trade Organization (WTO) is a huge organization facilitating open trade for every nation’s benefit.

More Details About the World Trade Organization Essay Competition 2024:

Host Organization : World Trade Organization (WTO).

WTO Essay Award Duration

The World Trade Organization Essay Award 2024 is for three days. The program starts from 12 September 2024 to 14 September 2024

Eligibility Criteria for the 2024 WTO Essay Award

The paper/essay must address the issues related to trade policy and cooperation.
The paper/essay should be at most 15,000 words.
The author should be engaged in completing his Ph.D. degree if he is under 30 years of age.
If the author is over 30, he should have passed at most two years in completing his last degree.
In the case of co-authored papers, the above two requirements shall apply to all authors.

Benefits of the WTO Essay Award 2024 in Europe

The author of the winning paper/essay will get a cash prize of CHF 5,000. If co-authors exist, the prize will be equally distributed to all the authors.
Winning WTO will announce the paper/essay at the annual meeting of ETSG (European Trade Study Group).
The author will get a fully funded trip to Greece to attend the international award ceremony at the Athens University in Greece.
They will also get international recognition.
Opportunity to experience international experience.
The winning paper/essay may be published in the WTO Working Paper Series.

WTO Essay Competition 2024 Requirements:

PhD degree with a year of completion

Deadine 3 June 2024

Link Apply https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news24_e/essay_01feb24_e.htm

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World Trade Organisation Essay Award 2022

Date/Time Date(s) - 06/06/2022 12:00 am

Competition

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) has issued a call for young economists to submit papers for the 2022 WTO Essay Award. Essays must be submitted by 6 June 2022.

The aim of the award is to promote high-quality research on trade policy and international trade cooperation and to reinforce the relationship between the WTO and the academic community.

The annual WTO Essay Award provides a prize of 5,000 Swiss Francs to the author(s) of the winning essay. In the case of a co-authored paper, the prize will be equally divided among the authors. The winning paper will be officially announced at the annual meeting of the European Trade Study Group (ETSG), the largest conference specializing in international trade. The award ceremony will take place on 8-10 September 2022 at the University of Groningen in The Netherlands. The winning author will receive funding to attend the meeting.

The paper must address issues related to trade policy and international trade cooperation. The author(s) of the paper must possess or be engaged in the completion of a PhD degree and, if over 30 years of age, be no more than two years past a PhD defence. In the case of co-authored papers, this requirement shall apply to all authors. In addition, to be considered for the award, essays cannot exceed 15,000 words.

More information: https://unric.org/en/call-for-papers-for-2022-essay-competition-for-young-economists/

World Trade Organisation Essay Award 2022 — No Comments

World Trade Organization (WTO) Essay Award 2022 for Young Economists (CHF 5,000 Prize & Funded to the annual meeting of the European Trade Study Group at the University of Groningen in The Netherlands. )

Application Deadline: 6 June 2022 .

The WTO established the annual WTO Essay Award for Young Economists in 2009. The award, which carries a prize of CHF 5,000, aims to promote high-quality economic research on the WTO and WTO-related issues and to reinforce the relationship between the WTO and the academic community.

The WTO has issued a call for young economists to submit papers for the 2022 WTO Essay Award. The aim of the award is to promote high-quality research on trade policy and international trade cooperation and to reinforce the relationship between the WTO and the academic community.

Eligibility

The paper must address issues related to trade policy and international trade cooperation.
The author(s) of the paper must possess or be engaged in the completion of a PhD degree and, if over 30 years of age, be no more than two years past a PhD defense.
In the case of co-authored papers, this requirement shall apply to all authors. In addition, to be considered for the award, essays cannot exceed 15,000 words.
The annual WTO Essay Award provides a prize of CHF 5,000 to the author(s) of the winning essay.
In the case of a co-authored paper, the prize will be equally divided among the authors.
The winning paper will be officially announced at the annual meeting of the European Trade Study Group (ETSG), the largest conference specializing in international trade.
The award ceremony will take place on 8-10 September 2022 at the University of Groningen in The Netherlands.
The winning author will receive funding to attend the meeting.

An Academic Selection Panel is responsible for the selection of the winning paper. The panel comprises:

Professor Beata Javorcik (University of Oxford)
Professor Robert Staiger (Dartmouth College)
Professor Alberto Trejos (INCAE Business School).

Submission Deadlines

Essays must be submitted by 6 June 2022 . The Economic Research and Statistics Division of the WTO Secretariat will shortlist eligible papers by 17 June 2022 and the selection panel will take a final decision by 15 July 2022 . Only the author(s) of short-listed essays will be notified.

Publication

The winning essay may be published in the WTO Working Paper Series. It is the responsibility of the author(s) to endeavour to secure publication of the contribution in a journal.

Submissions

All submissions should be sent to [email protected] . Submissions should include as separate attachments in PDF format:

1. the essay 2. the CV of the author(s), specifying (i) current affiliation(s), (ii) the academic institution awarding the PhD, (iii) the year (or the expected year) of the PhD, (iv) the date of birth of the author(s).

For More Information:

Visit the Official Webpage of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Essay Award 2022

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Think Trade, Think Green: Commonwealth Innovative Youth Essay Award

This competition, brought to you by the Trade and Youth teams of the Commonwealth Secretariat, invites young researchers and students aged 18-29 to share their insights on a crucial topic: How can trade and trade policy address an aspect of the climate crisis in your country?

About the competition

To challenge young people in the Commonwealth to explore the relationship between trade and climate change and propose how trade policy can be part of the solution to the climate crisis.

Essay topic

In what ways do you think trade and trade policy can help to address an aspect of the climate crisis in your country? Identify a specific problem, explain how it is linked to the climate crisis, and clearly explain how trade or trade policy can be used to address it.

You must be aged between 18-29 years old and a Commonwealth national to participate in this competition.

Important dates

Start date: 15 July 2024
Submission deadline: 21 August 2024
Winners informed: 2 September 2024

Submission details

Requirements.

Essays must be a maximum of 2,000 words (including in-text references and footnotes, excluding reference list)
Full referencing in any style (in-text and reference list)
Entries should be submitted as a single PDF or Word file, 1.5 spacing, Times New Roman font

Details to include

Nationality
Contact information (email, address, telephone)
CV or short bio

Please email your submission and details to [email protected] by 21 August 2024. If you have any questions about the competition, please contact [email protected] .

Judging criteria

Entries will be evaluated based on the originality of the challenges identified and solutions proposed, quality of writing and coherence with international trade policy frameworks

All essays will be blind peer-reviewed by the Trade and Youth Team. A distinguished panel will assess the papers and award a prize to the author of the best essay.

First prize: £1,000
Second and third prizes: £500 each

The top three essays will be published as part of the Trade Competitiveness Briefing Series and launched at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Samoa in October.

Terms and conditions

The Commonwealth Secretariat reserves the right to publish the material produced by the authors in any form.
The Secretariat will respect data protection laws and best practices.
The Secretariat reserves the right to cancel or amend the competition details .

About the Commonwealth Year of Youth

The Commonwealth’s 56 member countries have a combined population of 2.7 billion people, with over 60% aged between 15 and 29. The Commonwealth Youth Programme (CYP) has focused on youth empowerment for over 50 years, recognising it as a prerequisite for economic growth and inclusive development.

In collaboration with the Secretariat’s Trade Competitiveness Section , the CYP invites young people to participate in this essay competition, amplifying their voices in climate action and policy. This initiative aligns with the Year of Youth objectives, promoting youth-led entrepreneurship, resilience and climate adaptation.

Join us in this exciting opportunity to make your voice heard and contribute to shaping a sustainable future!

Explore our youth work

About our trade work.

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World Trade Organisation (WTO)

11 Jun 2019
48 min read
GS Paper - 2
Important International Institutions

Last Updated: July 2022

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments.

The WTO has 164 members (including European Union) and 23 observer governments (like Iran, Iraq, Bhutan, Libya etc).

What are the Goals of WTO?

The result is reduced costs of production (because imports used in production are cheaper), reduced prices of finished goods and services, more choice and ultimately a lower cost of living.
One is by talking: countries negotiate rules that are acceptable to all.
The other is by settling disputes about whether countries are playing by those agreed rules.
The WTO can stimulate economic growth and employment.
The WTO can cut the cost of doing business internationally.
Rules reduce arbitrariness and opportunities for corruption.
In that sense, commerce and development are good for each other.
In addition, the WTO agreements are full of provisions that take into account the interests of developing countries.
Coalitions give developing countries a stronger voice in negotiations.
The resulting agreements mean that all countries, including the most powerful, have to play by the rules. The rule of law replaces might-makes-right.
The WTO can support the environment and health: The trade is nothing more than a means to an end. The WTO agreements try to make trade support the things we really want, including a clean and safe environment, and to prevent governments using these objectives as an excuse for introducing protectionist measures.
Trade rules stabilize the world economy by discouraging sharp backward steps in policy and by making policy more predictable. They deter protectionism and increase certainty. They are confidence-builders.

How did WTO came into Being?

From the early days of the Silk Road to the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the birth of the WTO, trade has played an important role in supporting economic development and promoting peaceful relations among nations.

The conference delegates also recommended the establishment of a complementary institution to be known as the International Trade Organization (ITO), which they envisioned as the third leg of the system.
The Havana Charter never entered into force, primarily because the U.S. Senate failed to ratify it. As a result, the ITO was stillborn.
to phase out the use of import quotas
and to reduce tariffs on merchandise trade,
The GATT became the only multilateral instrument (not an institution) governing international trade from 1948 until the WTO was established in 1995.
Despite its institutional deficiencies, the GATT managed to function as a de facto international organization, sponsoring eight rounds (A round is a series of multilateral negotiations) of multilateral trade negotiations.


1947	Geneva	45,000 tariff cuts - average 35% cut	23
1949	Annecy	Tariff reductions	13
1951	Torquay	Tariff reductions	38
1956	Geneva	Tariff reductions	26
1960-1961	Geneva Dillon Round	Tariff reductions	26
1964-1967	Geneva Kennedy Round	35% average cut on industrial goods Tariff, Commitments on use of anti-dumping laws	62
1973-1979	Geneva Tokyo Round	34% average cut on industrial goods, commitments on non-tariff measures	102
1986-1994	Geneva Uruguay Round	services trade and inctual property included, "built-in-agenda" on agriculture, WTO institution created.	123

So, the GATT became the only multilateral instrument governing international trade from 1948 until the WTO was established in 1995.
The WTO incorporates the principles of the GATT and provides a more enduring institutional framework for implementing and extending them.
The GATT 1994 is an international treaty binding upon all WTO Members. It is only concerned with trade in goods.

Why WTO Replaced the GATT?

The GATT 1947 was terminated and WTO preserved its provisions in form of GATT 1994 and continues to govern trade in goods.
The trade in services and intellectual property rights were not covered by regular GATT rules.
The GATT did not set out a dispute procedure with great specificity resulting in lack of deadlines, laxity in the establishment of a dispute panel and the adoption of a panel report by the GATT Parties.
It made the GATT as a weak Dispute Settlement mechanism.

What about the Cooperation between the WTO and the UN?

Although the WTO is not a UN specialized agency, it has maintained strong relations with the UN and its agencies since its establishment.
The WTO-UN relations are governed by the “Arrangements for Effective Cooperation with other Intergovernmental Organizations-Relations between the WTO and the United Nations” signed on 15 November 1995.
The WTO Director General participates to the Chief Executive Board which is the organ of coordination within the UN system.

What is the Structure of Governance of WTO?

Ministerial conference.

The topmost decision-making body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which usually meets every two years.
It brings together all members of the WTO, all of which are countries or customs unions.
The Ministerial Conference can take decisions on all matters under any of the multilateral trade agreements.

General Council

The General Council is the WTO’s highest-level decision-making body located in Geneva, meeting regularly to carry out the functions of the WTO.
It has representatives (usually ambassadors or equivalent) from all member governments and has the authority to act on behalf of the ministerial conference which only meets about every two years.
The General Council,
the Trade Policy Review Body,
and the Dispute Settlement Body (DSU)
The Council for Trade in Goods (Goods Council)
The Council for Trade in Services (Services Council)
The Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Council)
As their names indicate, the three are responsible for the workings of the WTO agreements dealing with their respective areas of trade.
Again they consist of all WTO members.

The Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB)

The WTO General Council meets as the TPRB to undertake trade policy reviews of Members under the TPRM and to consider the Director-General's regular reports on trade policy development.

In Feb 2021, Nigeria's Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala was appointed as Director-General of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the leading international trade body.

Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala is the first African official and the first woman to hold the position.

The TPRB is thus open to all WTO Members.

Dispute Settlement Body (DSU)

The General Council convenes as the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) to deal with disputes between WTO members.
Such disputes may arise with respect to any agreement contained in the Final Act of the Uruguay Round that is subject to the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU).
establish dispute settlement panels,
refer matters to arbitration,
adopt panel, Appellate Body and arbitration reports,
maintain surveillance over the implementation of recommendations and rulings contained in such reports,
and authorize suspension of concessions in the event of non-compliance with those recommendations and rulings.

Appellate Body

The Appellate Body was established in 1995 under Article 17 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU).
The DSB shall appoint persons to serve on the Appellate Body for a four-year term.
It is a standing body of seven persons that hears appeals from reports issued by panels in disputes brought by WTO Members.
The Appellate Body can uphold, modify or reverse the legal findings and conclusions of a panel, and Appellate Body Reports, once adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), must be accepted by the parties to the dispute.
The Appellate Body has its seat in Geneva, Switzerland.

What is the Council for Trade in Goods (Goods Council)?

The workings of the GATT agreement are the responsibility of the Council for Trade in Goods (Goods Council) which is made up of representatives from all WTO member countries.
These committees consist of all member countries.

What is the Council for Trade in Services (Services Council)?

It operates under the guidance of the General Council and is responsible for facilitating the operation of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and for furthering its objectives.
It is open to all WTO members, and can create subsidiary bodies as required.
It carries out discussions on matters relating to trade in financial services and formulate proposals or recommendations for consideration by the Council.
the Committee on Specific Commitments,
the Working Party on Domestic Regulation,
and the Working Party on GATS Rules

What is the Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Council)?

It monitors implementation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement) .
It provides a forum in which WTO Members can consult on intellectual property matters, and carries out the specific responsibilities assigned to the Council in the TRIPS Agreement.
sets the minimum standards of protection for copyrights and related rights, trademarks, geographical indications (GIs), industrial designs, patents, integrated circuit layout designs, and undisclosed information.
and at least in regard to copyright piracy and trademark counterfeiting, in criminal actions.

How many WTO Ministerial Conferences (MC) have been held till now?

The first Ministerial Conference (i.e. MC1) was held in Singapore in 1996 and the last one (MC11) was organised in Buenos Aires in 2017. All these MCs have evolved prevailing current global trading system.

Singapore, 9-13 December 1996 (MC1)

Trade, foreign, finance and agriculture Ministers from more than 120 World Trade Organization Member governments and from those in the process of acceding to the WTO participated.
trade and investment
trade facilitation
transparency in government procurement
trade and competition

Geneva, Switzerland 18-20 May 1998 (MC2)

the issues, including those brought forward by Members, relating to implementation of existing agreements and decisions,
the future work already provided for under other existing agreements and decisions taken at Marrakesh,
possible future work on the basis of the work programme initiated at Singapore,
Priority areas for the next round of comprehensive negotiations on agriculture include Market access, Export subsidies etc.

Seattle, USA November 30 – December 3, 1999 (MC3)

first, whether to start a new comprehensive round of negotiations such as the Uruguay Round or confine negotiations to the so-called "built in agenda" of agriculture and services mandated at the last Ministerial.
Secondly, what should the negotiations encompass, more specifically what should be included in the agenda of the meeting.
The meeting was unable to resolve both issues, and ended in stalemate.
The deliberations were suspended without agreement on a new round of negotiations and without agreement on a ministerial declaration.

Doha, Qatar 9-13 November 2001 (MC4)

Agriculture: The special and differential treatment for developing countries shall be an integral part of all elements of the negotiations to enable developing countries to effectively take account of their development needs, including food security and rural development.
It recognizes the work already undertaken in the negotiations, initiated in January 2000 under Article XIX of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the large number of proposals submitted by members on a wide range of sectors and several horizontal issues, as well as on movement of natural persons.
The negotiations shall take fully into account the special needs and interests of developing and least-developed country participants, including through less than full reciprocity in reduction commitments, in accordance with the relevant provisions of Article XXVIII bis of GATT 1994.
Recognizing the case for a multilateral agreement on transparency in government procurement and the need for enhanced technical assistance and capacity building in this area, it agreed that negotiations would take place on the basis of a decision to be taken, by explicit consensus.

Cancún, Mexico 10-14 September 2003 (MC5)

The main task was to take stock of progress in negotiations and other work under the Doha Development Agenda.

Hong Kong, 13-18 December 2005 (MC6)

The WTO member economies aimed to reach a preliminary agreement on liberalization of farm trade by reducing subsidies, and address other issues at meeting, aiming for a successful conclusion of the Doha Round in 2006.
the deadlines for the elimination of agricultural export subsidies (2013) and cotton export subsidies (2006),
and also mandates that duty and quota-free access for at least 97% of products originating from the least developed countries (LDCs) be provided by 2008.
The Swiss Formula (by the Swiss Delegation to the WTO) is a suggested method for reducing tariff on non-agricultural goods (NAMA) by both developed and developing countries.
It makes different coefficients for developed and developing countries.
Here, tariff-cuts are supposed to be undertaken such that it cuts higher tariffs more steeply than it cuts lower tariffs.
This meeting could have been the final step of the Doha trade talks launched in 2001.

Geneva, Switzerland 30 November - 2 December 2009 (MC7)

The theme of the Conference is “The WTO, the Multilateral Trading System and the Current Global Economic Environment”.
Unlike previous Conferences, this meeting was not a Doha Round negotiating session, but rather a chance for Ministers to reflect on all elements of WTO's work, exchange ideas and extend guidance on the best way forward in the years to come.

Geneva, Switzerland 15-17 December 2011 (MC8)

The Conference approved the accessions of the Russian Federation, Samoa and Montenegro.
It adopted a number of decisions on intellectual property, electronic commerce, small economies, least developed countries’ accession, a services waiver for least developed countries, and trade policy reviews.
It reaffirmed the integrality of special and differential treatment provisions to the WTO agreements and their determination to fulfil the Doha mandate to review them with a view to strengthening them and making them more precise, effective and operational.

Bali, Indonesia 3-6 December 2013 (MC9)

streamlining trade,
allowing developing countries more options for providing food security,
boosting least-developed countries’ trade and helping development more generally.
The Bali Package is a selection of issues from the broader Doha Round negotiations.
The Conference also approved accession of Yemen as a new member of the WTO.

Nairobi, Kenya 15-19 December 2015 (MC10)

Special Safeguard Mechanism for Developing Country Members,
Public Stockholding for Food Security Purposes,
Export Competition,
Developed country Members, and developing country Members declaring themselves in a position to do so, shall grant preferential trade arrangements in favour of LDCs, as from 1 January 2016, duty-free and quota-free market access for cotton produced and exported by LDCs.
Preferential Rules of Origin for Least Developed Countries,
Implementation of Preferential Treatment in Favour of Services and Service Suppliers of Least Developed Countries,
and Increasing LDC Participation in Services Trade,
The decision in Nairobi builds on the 2013 Bali Ministerial Decision on preferential rules of origin for LDCs.
The “Nairobi Package” pays fitting tribute to the Conference host, Kenya, by delivering commitments that will benefit in particular the organization’s poorest members.

Buenos Aires, Argentina 10-13 December 2017 (MC11)

The Conference ended with a number of ministerial decisions, including on fisheries subsidies and e-commerce duties, and a commitment to continue negotiations in all areas.

Geneva, Switzerland 12-17 June 2022 (MC12)

Kazakhstan was originally scheduled to host MC12 in June 2020 but the conference was postponed due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

The key areas of discussions were WTO’s response to the pandemic, Fisheries subsidies negotiations, Agriculture issues including Public Stockholding for Food security , WTO Reforms and Moratorium on Custom Duties on Electronic Transmission.

What is the Doha Round of WTO?

The Doha Round is the latest round of trade negotiations among the WTO membership. Its aim is to achieve major reform of the international trading system through the introduction of lower trade barriers and revised trade rules.
The Round is also known semi-officially as the Doha Development Agenda as a fundamental objective is to improve the trading prospects of developing countries.
The Round was officially launched at the WTO’s Fourth Ministerial Conference (MC4) in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001.
Agriculture: More market access, eliminating export subsidies, reducing distorting domestic support, sorting out a range of developing country issues, and dealing with non-trade concerns such as food security and rural development.
Non-agricultural market access (NAMA): To reduce or as appropriate eliminate tariffs, including the reduction or elimination of high tariffs, tariff peaks and tariff escalation (higher tariffs protecting processing, lower tariffs on raw materials) as well as non-tariff barriers, in particular on products of export interest to developing countries.
Each government has the right to decide which sectors it wants to open to foreign companies and to what extent, including any restrictions on foreign ownership.
Unlike in agriculture and NAMA, the services negotiations are not based on a “modalities” text. They are being conducted essentially on two tracks:
(a) bilateral and/or plurilateral (involving only some WTO members ) negotiations
(b) multilateral negotiations among all WTO members to establish any necessary rules and disciplines
This is an important addition to the overall negotiation since it would cut bureaucracy and corruption in customs procedures and would speed up trade and make it cheaper.
“Clarifying and improving disciplines” under the Anti-Dumping and Subsidies agreements,
and to “clarify and improve WTO disciplines on ﬁsheries subsidies, taking into account the importance of this sector to developing countries.
Freer trade in environmental goods – Products that WTO members have proposed include: wind turbines, carbon capture and storage technologies, solar panels.
Environmental agreements – Improving collaboration with the secretariats of multilateral environmental agreements and establishing more coherence between trade and environmental rules.
Geographical indications are place names (in some countries also words associated with a place) used to identify products that come from these places and have specific characteristics (for example, “Champagne”, “Tequila” or “Roquefort”). Under the TRIPS Agreement, all geographical indications have to be protected at least to avoid misleading the public and to prevent unfair competition (Article 22).
This is the only intellectual property issue that is deﬁnitely part of the Doha negotiations.
The objective is to “facilitate” the protection of wines and spirits in participating countries. The talks began in 1997 and were built into the Doha Round in 2001.
GI “extension”- Extending the higher level of protection for geographical indications beyond wines and spirits.
Biopiracy, benefit sharing and traditional knowledge
These negotiations take place in special sessions of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB).
With Doha Round seemingly adrift (directionless), the global Great Recession that began in the second half of 2008 led to fears that the world may face a wave of protectionism that the WTO would be powerless to prevent. Negotiations continued after the 2008 global financial crisis with low expectations.
The TFA was only a small slice of the larger Doha agenda, but the successful deal was a cause for optimism.
The talks also reached an interim agreement (a peace clause) on “public stockholding” continuing exceptions that allow developing countries to stockpile agricultural products to protect against food shortages.
Stopping the use of subsidies and other schemes unfairly supporting agricultural exports
Ensuring that food aid for developing countries is given in a way which does not distort local markets
Seeking to simplify the conditions that exporters from the poorest countries have to meet, so that their products benefit from trade agreements (so-called rules of origin)
Giving more opportunities for businesses from the poorest countries to provide services in the WTO's 164 member countries
President Trump made clear his preference for bilateral trade when he withdrew from the 12-country Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) shortly after taking office.
Meanwhile, India, which has repeatedly threatened to block WTO agreements (including the Trade Facilitation Agreement) unless WTO members conceded to its demands on public stockholding for food security. India also toughened its stand on new issues including e-commerce and investment facilitation.
In the end, it was a relief to many that the United States did not actively seek to dismantle the WTO —as some had feared. But giving up its traditional leadership role could lead to a similar result, only more slowly.

How has WTO Contributed to the World?

the international trade,
global economics,
and the political and legal issues arising in the international business because of globalization.
It has emerged as the world's most powerful institution for reducing trade related barriers between the countries and opening new markets.
It cooperates with the IMF and World Bank in terms of making cohesiveness in making global economic policies.
Through resolving trade related disputes, the WTO has got the potential to maintain world peace and bilateral relations between its member countries thorough following negotiations, consultations and mediations.
Global trade rules: Decisions in the WTO are typically taken by consensus among all members and they are ratified by members’ parliaments. This leads to a more prosperous, peaceful and accountable economic world.
The system was developed through a series of trade negotiations, or rounds, held under the GATT. The 1986-94 round – the Uruguay Round – led to the WTO’s creation.
In 1997, an agreement was reached on telecommunications services, with 69 governments agreeing to wide-ranging liberalization measures that went beyond those agreed in the Uruguay Round.
Also in 1997, 40 governments successfully concluded negotiations for tariff-free trade in information technology products, and 70 members concluded a financial services deal covering more than 95% of trade in banking, insurance, securities and financial information.
In 2000, new talks started on agriculture and services. These were incorporated into a broader work programme, the Doha Development Agenda, launched at the fourth WTO Ministerial Conference (MC4) in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001.
At the 9 th Ministerial Conference (MC9) in Bali in 2013, WTO members struck the Agreement on Trade Facilitation, which aims to reduce border delays by slashing red tape.
The expansion of the Information Technology Agreement – concluded at the 10th Ministerial Conference (MC10) in Nairobi in 2015 – eliminated tariffs on an additional 200 IT products valued at over US$ 1.3 trillion per year.
The same year saw the Trade Facilitation Agreement enter into force.
The current set is largely the outcome of the 1986- 94 Uruguay Round negotiations, which included a major revision of the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) .
Goods: From 1947 to 1994, the GATT was the forum for negotiating lower tariffs and other trade barriers, the text of the GATT spelt out important rules, particularly non- discrimination. After 1994, WTO ratified new, comprehensive, integrated GATT as GATT 1994.

What about the Cooperation between WTO and India?

India's participation in an increasingly rule based system in the governance of international trade is to ensure more stability and predictability, which ultimately would lead to more trade and prosperity.
The sector (domestic and exports) provides employment to around 142 million people, comprising 28% of the work-force of the country.
India's exports are mainly in the IT and IT enabled sectors, Travel and Transport, and Financial sectors.
The main destinations are the US (33%), the EU (15%) and other developed countries.
India has an obvious interest in the liberalisation of services trade and wants commercially meaningful access to be provided by the developed countries.
Since the Uruguay Round, India has autonomously liberalised its Services trade regime across the board.
At 2013 Ministerial Conference (MC9) in Bali, an interim agreement (a peace clause) was made on “public stockholding” continuing exceptions that allow developing countries to stockpile agricultural products to protect against food shortages.
India strongly favours extension of higher levels of protection to geographical indications for products like Basmati rice, Darjeeling tea, and Alphonso mangoes at par with that provided to wines and spirits under the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement.
India is against any inclusion of non-trade issues that are directed in the long run at enforcing protectionist measures (based on non-trade issues, the developed countries like USA and European Union are trying to ban the imports of some goods like textile, processed food etc.), particularly against developing countries.
India and South Africa on several occasions have asked the organization to revisit the issue and have highlighted the adverse impact of the moratorium on developing countries.
India wants the WTO to intensify the work programme on the e-commerce sector.
India has also stated that the Council for Trade in Goods, Council for Trade in Services, Council for TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) and the Committee for Trade and Development should take up discussions on e-commerce as per their respective mandates originally set.

What are the Concerns Associated with WTO?

A central problem in negotiation was the difficulty of getting well over 150 countries to reach a consensus.
That trick could not be repeated once they were already in.
The USA blocked a permanent solution on government stockholding for food security purposes, resulting in India’s toughened stand on new issues including e-commerce and investment facilitation.
Though WTO is driven by consensus and even a plurilateral agreement needs approval of all members, the formation of these groups as an attempt to steer WTO away from its focus on multilateralism.
WTO has protected for pharmaceutical companies’ ‘right to profit’ against governments seeking to protect their people’s health by providing lifesaving medicines in countries in areas like sub-saharan Africa, where thousands die every day from HIV/AIDS.
The priority of the Obama administration was not to revive a dying WTO negotiation, but to concentrate on its newly created alternative, the TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership), to contain its competitors: Europe and China.
The U.S. has systematically blocked the appointment of new Appellate Body members (“judges”) and de facto impeded the work of the WTO appeal mechanism.
Chinese mercantilism (try to influence trade and business, especially by encouraging exports and putting limits on imports ), the USA’s aggressive use of unilateral tariff measures, and the inability of WTO members to reach consensus on expanding its disciplines to important new sectors in the modern economy reinforce the critique of the WTO.
Members can currently self-designate as developing countries to receive ‘special and differential treatment’ – a practice that is the subject of much contention.
For instance, China got the ‘developing country’ status at the WTO which became a contentious issue with a number of countries raising concerns against the decision.

What could be the Way Forward?

Since the WTO is consensus-based, reaching an agreement on reforms among all 164 members is extremely difficult. One possibility moving forward could be a plurilateral agreement with a group of like-minded countries on a new set of rules that serve as an addendum (supplement) to the broader WTO.

Today, the world is going through the protectionism, trade war (like USA & China), and Brexit making global economy squeezed. The role of WTO in future is very crucial to preserve global liberalised economic system evolved since the end of the 2 nd World War.

It is right time when countries like USA giving threat to withdraw from WTO making it dysfunctional, India and other emerging economies like Brazil, South Africa etc can provide a strong base for strong WTO with saving interests of developing countries.

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World Trade Organization Essay Competition 2023 (CHF 5,000 Prize & Funded Trip to UK )

Applications are open for the World Trade Organization Essay Competition 2023. Here’s how to apply:

Application Deadline: 2 June 2023.

The WTO has issued a call for young economists to submit papers for the 2023 WTO Essay Award . The aim of the award is to promote high-quality research on trade policy and international trade cooperation and to reinforce the relationship between the WTO and the academic community.

Eligibility

The paper must address issues related to trade policy and international trade cooperation.
The author(s) of the paper must possess or be engaged in the completion of a PhD degree and, if over 30 years of age, be no more than two years past a PhD defense.
In the case of co-authored papers, this requirement shall apply to all authors. In addition, to be considered for the award, essays cannot exceed 15,000 words.
The annual WTO Essay Award provides a prize of CHF 5,000 to the author(s) of the winning essay.
In the case of a co-authored paper, the prize will be equally divided among the authors.
The winning paper will be officially announced at the annual meeting of the European Trade Study Group (ETSG), the largest conference specializing in international trade.
The award ceremony will take place on 14-16 September 2023 at the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom. The winning author will receive funding to attend the meeting.

An Academic Selection Panel is responsible for the selection of the winning paper. The panel comprises:

Professor Beata Javorcik (University of Oxford)
Professor Robert Staiger (Dartmouth College)
Professor Alberto Trejos (INCAE Business School).

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Essay on World Trade Organization (WTO)

Read this essay to learn about World Trade Organization (WTO). After reading this essay you will learn about: 1. Introduction to World Trade Organization for International Business 2. Reasons to Join WTO for International Business 3. Functions 4. Decision Making 5. Organizational Structure 6. Principles of the Multilateral Trading System 7. The Deadlock 8. Ministerial Conferences and Other Details.

Essay on World Trade Organization Contents:

Essay on GATT/WTO System and Developing Countries

Essay # 1. Introduction to World Trade Organization for International Business:

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization that deals with global rules of trade between nations. It provides a framework for conduct of international trade in goods and services. It lays down the rights and obligations of governments in the set of multilateral agreements.

In addition to goods and services, it also covers a wide range of issues related to international trade, such as protection of intellectual property rights and dispute settlement, and prescribes disciplines for governments in formulation of rules, procedures, and practices in these areas. Moreover, it also imposes discipline at the firm level in certain areas, such as export pricing at unusually low prices.

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The basic objective of the rule-based system of international trade under the WTO is to ensure that international markets remain open and their access is not disrupted by the sudden and arbitrary imposition of import restrictions.

Under the Uruguay Round, the national governments of all the member countries have negotiated improved access to the markets of the member countries so as to enable business enterprises to convert trade concessions into new business opportunities.

The emerging legal systems not only confer benefits on manufacturing industries and business enterprises but also create rights in their favour. The WTO also covers areas of interest to international business firms, such as customs valuation, pre-shipment inspection services, and import licensing procedures, wherein the emphasis has been laid on transparency of the procedures so as to restrain their use as non-tariff barriers.

The agreements also stipulate rights of exporters and domestic procedures to initiate actions against dumping of foreign goods. An international business manager needs to develop a thorough understanding of the new opportunities and challenges of the multilateral trading system under the WTO.

The WTO came into existence on 1 January 1995 as a successor to the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Its genesis goes back to the post-Second- World-War period in the late 1940s when economies of most European countries and the US were greatly disrupted following the war and the great depression of the 1930s.

Consequently a United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment was convened at Havana in November 1947.

It led to an international agreement called Havana Charter to create an International Trade Organization (ITO), a specialized agency of the United Nations to handle the trade side of international economic cooperation.

The draft ITO charter was ambitious and extended beyond world trade discipline to rules on employment, commodity agreements, restrictive business practices, international investment, and services. However, the attempt to create the ITO was aborted as the US did not ratify it and other countries found it difficult to make it operational without US support.

The combined package of trade rules and tariff concessions negotiated and agreed by 23 countries out of 50 participating countries became known as General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): an effort to salvage from the aborted attempt to create the ITO.

India was also a founder member of GATT, a multilateral treaty aimed at trade liberalization. GATT provided a multilateral forum during 1948-94 to discuss the trade problems and reduction of trade barriers.

World Trade Organization membership increased from 23 countries in 1947 to 123 countries by 1994. GATT remained a provisional agreement and organization throughout these 47 years and facilitated considerably, tariff reduction. During its existence from 1948 to 1994, average tariffs on manufactured goods in developed countries declined from about 40 per cent to a mere 4 per cent.

It was only during the Kennedy round of negotiations in 1964-67, that an anti-dumping agreement and a section of development under the GATT were introduced. The first major attempt to tackle non-tariff barriers was made during the Tokyo round. The eighth round of negotiations known as the Uruguay Round of 1986-94 was the most comprehensive of all and led to the creation of the WTO with a new set up of agreements.

Essay # 2. Reasons to Join WTO for International Business:

Despite the disciplinary framework for conduct of international trade under the WTO, countries across the world including the developing countries were in a rush to join the pack. The WTO has nearly 153 members, accounting for over 97 per cent of world trade. Presently, 34 governments hold observer status, out of which 31 are actively seeking accession, including large trading nations, such as Russia and Taiwan.

The major reasons for a country to join the WTO are :

i. Since each country needs to export its goods and services to receive foreign exchange for essential imports, such as capital goods, technology, fuel, and sometimes even food, it requires access to foreign markets. But countries require permission for making their goods and services enter foreign countries.

Thus countries need to have bilateral agreements with each other. By joining a multilateral framework like the WTO, the need to have individual bilateral agreements is obviated as the member countries are allowed to export and import goods and services among themselves.

ii. An individual country is unlikely to get a better deal in bilateral agreements than what it gets in a multilateral framework. It has been observed that developing countries had to commit to a greater degree to developed countries in bilateral agreements than what is required under the WTO.

iii. A country can learn from the experiences of other countries, being part of the community of countries and influence the decision-making process in the WTO.

iv. The WTO provides some protection against subjective actions of other countries by way of its dispute settlement system that works as an in-built mechanism for enforcement of rights and obligations of member countries.

v. It would be odd to remain out of WTO framework for conducting international trade that has been in existence for about six decades and accounts for over 97 per cent of world trade. It may even be viewed as suspicious by others.

Essay # 3. Functions of WTO:

The major function of the WTO is to ensure the flow of international trade as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible. This is a multilateral trade organization aimed at evolving a liberalized trade regime under a rule-based system.

The basic functions of WTO are:

i. To facilitate the implementation, administration, and operation of trade agreements.

ii. To provide a forum for further negotiations among member countries on matters covered by the agreements as well as on new issues falling within its mandate.

iii. Settlement of differences and disputes among its member countries.

iv. To carry out periodic reviews of the trade policies of its member countries.

v. To assist developing countries in trade policy issues, through technical assistance and training programmes.

vi. To cooperate with other international organizations.

Essay # 4. Decision Making of WTO :

WTO is a member-driven consensus-based organization. All major decisions in the WTO are made by its members as a whole, either by ministers who meet at least once every two years or by their ambassadors who meet regularly in Geneva.

A majority vote is also possible but it has never been used in the WTO and was extremely rare in the WTO’s predecessor, GATT. The WTO’s agreements have been ratified in all members’ parliaments. Unlike other international organizations, such as the World Bank and the IMF, in WTO, the power is not delegated to the board of directors or the organization’s head.

In view of the complexities involved in multilateral negotiations among 150 member countries with diverse resource capabilities, areas of special interest, and geo-political powers, decision-making through consensus is highly challenging.

Developed countries with much greater economic and political strengths often employ pressure tactics over developing and least developed countries in building up a consensus. This has led to considerable networking among the member countries and evolving of several country groups as shown in Exhibit 5.2.

IvyPanda . (2020) 'The World Trade Organisation Challenges'. 14 May.

IvyPanda . 2020. "The World Trade Organisation Challenges." May 14, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-world-trade-organisation-challenges/.

1. IvyPanda . "The World Trade Organisation Challenges." May 14, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-world-trade-organisation-challenges/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "The World Trade Organisation Challenges." May 14, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-world-trade-organisation-challenges/.

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Peter Drucker Challenge Essay Contest 2022

2022 International Essay Contest for Young People

This annual essay contest is an effort to harness the energy, creativity, as well as initiative of the world’s youth in promoting a culture of peace and sustainable development. It also aims to inspire society to learn from the young minds and to think about how each of us can make a difference in the world.

Click: World Trade Organization Essay Award 2022 for Young Economists

“My Values”

Our values determine how we think and act, and they shape the society we live in. What are the values that you hold dear? How can you best live your life in line with those values, and in doing so, what kind of society do you hope to create?

Also view: Innovation Challenge for Entrepreneurship 2022

The following awards will be given in the Children’s category and Youth category respectively:

1st Prize: Certificate, the prize of 100,000 Yen (approx. US$840 as of Feb. 2022) and gift … 1 entrant
2nd Prize: Certificate, the prize of 50,000 Yen (approx. US$420 as of Feb. 2022) and gift … 3 entrants
3rd Prize: Certificate and gift … 5 entrants
Honorable Mention: Certificate and gift … 25 entrants

1st to 3rd prize winners will be invited to the Winners Gathering to be held online.

There will also be additional awards (Best School Award, School Incentive Award) if applicable.

All prize winners will be announced on October 31, 2022 (Japan time) on this website. The host will mail the certificates and gifts to the winners in December 2022.

Specifications

Type of Opportunity
Deadline	15 June,2022
Field	Essay Competition
Open to	All
Organizer	goi peace foundation
Contact the organizer

World Trade Organization (WTO): What It Is and What It Does

Investopedia / Ryan Oakley

What Is the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

Created in 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international institution that oversees the rules for global trade among nations. It superseded the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) created in the wake of World War II.

The WTO is based on agreements signed by a majority of the world’s trading nations. The main function of the organization is to help producers of goods and services, as well as exporters and importers, protect and manage their businesses.

On 26 February 2024, at the 13th Ministerial Conference in Abu Dhabi, Comoros and Timor Leste were approved to became the 165th and 166th members.

Key Takeaways

The World Trade Organization (WTO) oversees global trade rules among nations and mediates disputes.
The WTO has been a force for globalization, with both positive and negative effects.
Big businesses tend to support the WTO for its positive impact on international economic growth.
Skeptics see it as increasing the wealth gap and hurting local workers and communities.

Understanding the World Trade Organization (WTO)

The WTO is essentially an alternative dispute or mediation entity that upholds the international rules of trade among nations. The organization provides a platform that allows member governments to negotiate and resolve trade issues with other members. The WTO’s main focus is to provide open lines of communication concerning trade among its members.

The WTO has lowered trade barriers and increased trade among member countries. It also has also maintained trade barriers when it makes sense to do so in the global context. The WTO attempts to mediate between nations in order to benefit the global economy.

Once negotiations are complete and an agreement is in place, the WTO offers to interpret the agreement in case of a future dispute. All WTO agreements include a settlement process that allows it to conduct neutral conflict resolution.

WTO Leadership

On Feb. 15, 2021, the WTO’s General Council selected two-time Nigerian finance minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala as its director-general. She is the first woman and the first African to be selected for the position. She took office on March 1, 2021, for a four-year term.

No negotiation, mediation, or resolution would be possible without the foundational WTO agreements. These agreements set the legal ground-rules for international commerce that the WTO oversees. They bind a country’s government to a set of constraints that must be observed when setting future trade policies.

The agreements protect producers, importers, and exporters while encouraging world governments to meet specific social and environmental standards.

In recent years, the U.S. relationship with the WTO has been cool. The feeling is that the WTO is not doing enough to counteract China's unfair trade practices.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the WTO

The history of international trade has been a battle between protectionism and free trade, and the WTO has fueled globalization, with both positive and adverse effects. The organization’s efforts have increased global trade expansion. There are side effects to globalization, including a negative impact on local communities and human rights.

Proponents of the WTO, particularly multinational corporations, believe that the organization is beneficial to business, seeing the stimulation of free trade and a decline in trade disputes as beneficial to the global economy.

Skeptics believe that the WTO undermines the principles of organic democracy and widens the international wealth gap. They point to the decline in domestic industries and increasing foreign influence as negative impacts on the world economy.

As part of his broader attempts to renegotiate U.S. international trade deals, when he was in office, then-President Donald Trump threatened to withdraw from the WTO, calling it a “disaster.” A U.S. withdrawal from the WTO could have disrupted trillions of dollars in global trade. However, he didn’t withdraw the U.S. from the WTO during his time in office.

Why Is the World Trade Organization Important?

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the body that keeps global trade running smoothly. It oversees the rules and mediates disputes among its member nations. It now has 164 member nations and 25 observer nations (out of a total 195 nations in the world).

What Are the Main Functions of the World Trade Organization?

The World Trade Organization (WTO) administers the trade agreements made among its member nations. It also mediates any trade disputes that arise.

Is the U.S. a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)

The U.S. has been a member of the WTO since 1995 and signed its General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1948.

In 1999, then-President Bill Clinton facilitated the acceptance of China into the WTO. The impact on China and on the world continues to be debated to this day.

World Trade Organization. “ Who We Are .”

World Trade Organization. " WTO In Brief ."

KRQE. “ New WTO chief pushes for vaccine access, fisheries deal .”

NPR. “ Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Makes History As WTO’s First African And Female Leader .”

Politico. "'All talk and no walk': America ain't back at the WTO."

National Geographic. " Effects of Economic Globalization ."

Foreign Policy. “ U.S. Effort to Depart WTO Gathers Momentum .”

Canadian Politics and Public Policy. " The Tragic Legacy of Bill Clinton's China Doctrine ."

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The Role of the WTO in Competition Law

19 Pages Posted: 18 Feb 2021

Ishaan Aditya

University College London

Date Written: June 13, 2020

This essay argues why, although an international competition policy may throw up certain benefits, the WTO is not an appropriate forum for such a globally binding competition policy. Given the complexity in dealing with multiple competition regimes in an increasingly globalised world of international mergers and cross border dealings, a unified competition agreement among nations may throw up certain benefits. The WTO agreements such as GATT 1994, TRIPs and GATS contain a variety of provisions can be applied to anti-competitive practices. But even though there are benefits to an international competition agreement, there are some glaring reasons as to why the WTO as a forum is not suited to effect such agreement. The WTO being a trade-related forum, is more likely to favour a trade-centric solution to disputes, which may be less than favourable from a competition law viewpoint. The WTO’s non-discrimination principles may also come in conflict with regional competition agreements. These reasons raise serious questions on the appropriateness of having the WTO harmonizing international competition policies.

Keywords: Competition Law, Global Competition policy, World Trade Organization, GATT, TRIPS, GATS

JEL Classification: K21, K33, K39, F02, F13, F23, F53, F55

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

Ishaan Aditya (Contact Author)

University college london ( email ).

London United Kingdom

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Essay On World Trade Organization (WTO)

Post category: Essay
Reading time: 5 mins read

World Trade Organization was established in 1995 by 150 member countries. 75% of member countries are developing countries. The organization covers trade in goods, services and property matters.

The proposal to have an international trade organisation was suggested in 1945 after the end of World War II. During the war periods, free flow of international trade was badly disturbed by various European countries. Today, the WTO is the only international organization that deals with the rules of trade between nations. The goal is to help producers of goods and services as well as exporters and importers to conduct their business.

The main aim of WTO is to trade without making any difference. According to its resolution, none of the countries is given special privileges in trading. All the countries are allowed to share the benefits of any moves towards lower trade, leading to trade liberalization programme. However, WTO is not the ‘free trade’ organization. It is an organization, which follows certain rules and aims to encourage fair competition.

WTO pays more attention on the development of backward countries for their special needs and problems. It also helps in establishing increase in export and promoting services by training employees. It encourages countries to increase trade between them. It does this mainly through various talks. It is also responsible for assuring that countries act according to the various trade agreements they have been signed. Any country or group of countries can file a complaint with the WTO against the competitive practices of another country. The WTO attempts to resolve most complaints through talks between the two parties.

WTO has special and different treatment provisions for developing and less developed countries. Firstly, provision is aimed to increase trade opportunities by judging the market. Members of WTO safeguard the interest of developing countries. Provisions are made to allow the developing countries to control the rules and disciplines regarding different trade measures. Moreover, provisions are made to provide technical assistance.

The agreements of WTO are negotiated and signed by the trading nations of the world. The main aim of the organization is to allow regional trading arrangements where a group of countries agree to put an end to or reduce obstructions against imports from one another. Moreover, World Trade Organization has a special agreement for textiles clothing, agricultural products and dairy sector.

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WTO call for papers for 2024 Essay Award for Young Economists
Deadline: 3 June 2024. The WTO has issued a call for young economists to submit papers for the 2024 WTO Essay Award. The aim of the award is to promote high-quality research on trade policy and international trade cooperation and to reinforce the relationship between the WTO and the academic community. Essays must be submitted by 3 June 2024.
2023 Essay Award for Young Economists (WTO)
Essays must be submitted by 2 June 2023. The annual WTO Essay Award for Young Economists was established in 2009. The award carries a prize of CHF 5,000. In the case of a co-authored paper, the prize will be equally divided among the authors. Papers must address issues related to trade policy and international trade cooperation.
World Trade Organization (WTO) Essay Award for Young Economists 2024
The World Trade Organization (WTO) invites young economists to submit papers for the 2024 Essay Award, which aims to foster quality research on trade policy and international trade cooperation and strengthen ties between the WTO and academia. The deadline for submissions is June 3, 2024. The WTO Essay Award offers a CHF 5,000 prize to the winning essay author(s), split equally for co-authored ...
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Benefits of World Trade Organization WTO Essay Award 2024. The annual WTO Essay Award provides a prize of CHF 5,000 to the author (s) of the winning essay. In the case of a co-authored paper, the prize will be equally divided among the authors. The award ceremony will take place on 12-14 September 2024 at Athens University in Greece.
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The World Trade Organisation (WTO) has issued a call for young economists to submit papers for the 2022 WTO Essay Award. Essays must be submitted by 6 June 2022. The aim of the award is to promote high-quality research on trade policy and international trade cooperation and to reinforce the relationship between the WTO and the academic community.
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The WTO has issued a call for young economists to submit papers for the 2022 WTO Essay Award. The award aims to promote high-quality research on trade policy and international trade cooperation as well as to reinforce the relationship between the WTO and the academic community.
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The goal is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible. The WTO established the annual WTO Essay Award for Young Economists in 2009. The award, which carries a prize of CHF 5,000, aims to promote high-quality economic research on the WTO and WTO-related issues and to reinforce the relationship between the WTO ...
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1. the essay 2. the CV of the author(s), specifying (i) current affiliation(s), (ii) the academic institution awarding the PhD, (iii) the year (or the expected year) of the PhD, (iv) the date of birth of the author(s). For More Information: Visit the Official Webpage of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Essay Award 2022
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Applications are open for the World Trade Organization Essay Competition 2023. Here's how to apply: Application Deadline: 2 June 2023. The WTO has issued a call for young economists to submit papers for the 2023 WTO Essay Award.The aim of the award is to promote high-quality research on trade policy and international trade cooperation and to reinforce the relationship between the WTO and the ...
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This essay argues why, although an international competition policy may throw up certain benefits, the WTO is not an appropriate forum for such a globally binding competition policy. Given the complexity in dealing with multiple competition regimes in an increasingly globalised world of international mergers and cross border dealings, a unified ...
Essay On World Trade Organization (WTO)
Essay On World Trade Organization (WTO) World Trade Organization was established in 1995 by 150 member countries. 75% of member countries are developing countries. The organization covers trade in goods, services and property matters. The proposal to have an international trade organisation was suggested in 1945 after the end of World War II.

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World Trade Organization (WTO) Essay Award 2022 for Young Economists (CHF 5,000 Prize & Funded to the annual meeting of the European Trade Study Group at the University of Groningen in The Netherlands. )

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International Relations

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

What are the Goals of WTO?

How did WTO came into Being?

Why WTO Replaced the GATT?

What about the Cooperation between the WTO and the UN?

What is the Structure of Governance of WTO?

General Council

The Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB)

Dispute Settlement Body (DSU)

Appellate Body

What is the Council for Trade in Goods (Goods Council)?

What is the Council for Trade in Services (Services Council)?

What is the Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Council)?

How many WTO Ministerial Conferences (MC) have been held till now?

Singapore, 9-13 December 1996 (MC1)

Geneva, Switzerland 18-20 May 1998 (MC2)