the null hypothesis en espanol

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¿Qué es una hipótesis nula? – Definición y ejemplos

¿qué es una hipótesis nula.

Una hipótesis es una especulación o teoría basada en evidencia insuficiente que se presta a más pruebas y experimentación. Con más pruebas, generalmente se puede probar que una hipótesis es verdadera o falsa. Veamos un ejemplo. La pequeña Susie especula, o hipotetiza, que las flores que riega con agua carbonatada crecerán más rápido que las flores que riega con agua corriente. Ella riega cada planta diariamente durante un mes (experimento) y demuestra que su hipótesis es cierta.

Una hipótesis nula es una hipótesis que dice que no hay significación estadística entre las dos variables en la hipótesis. Es la hipótesis que el investigador está tratando de refutar. En el ejemplo, la hipótesis nula de Susie sería algo como esto: no existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el tipo de agua que alimento a las flores y el crecimiento de las flores. Un investigador es desafiado por la hipótesis nula y usualmente quiere refutarla, para demostrar que existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre las dos variables en la hipótesis.

¿Qué es una hipótesis alternativa?

Una hipótesis alternativa es simplemente la inversa, o la opuesta, de la hipótesis nula. Entonces, si continuamos con el ejemplo anterior, la hipótesis alternativa sería que, de hecho, existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el tipo de agua que se alimenta a la planta de flores y el crecimiento. Más específicamente, aquí estarían las hipótesis nulas y alternativas para el estudio de Susie:

Nulo : si una planta se alimenta con agua mineral con gas durante un mes y otra planta se alimenta con agua corriente, no habrá diferencia en el crecimiento entre las dos plantas.

Alternativa : Si una planta se alimenta con agua carbonatada durante un mes y otra planta se alimenta con agua corriente, la planta que se alimenta con agua carbonatada crecerá mejor que la planta que se alimenta con agua corriente.

Hipótesis nula: La Tierra es plana.

Incluso antes de la época de Cristóbal Colón, los filósofos griegos Pitágoras y Aristóteles plantearon la hipótesis de que el mundo era en realidad una esfera o círculo. Entonces, según estos filósofos, su hipótesis nula era que el mundo era plano. Su hipótesis alternativa era que la tierra era redonda. No fue hasta el viaje de Cristóbal Colón a las Américas que se demostró que las hipótesis alternativas de Pitágoras y Aristóteles eran correctas.

Hipótesis nula: Beber café por la mañana no tendrá ningún efecto sobre el nivel de alerta.

Aunque está científicamente probado que la cafeína en el grano de café aumenta el nivel de alerta, un investigador que trabaja para una gran empresa cafetera puede querer refutar la hipótesis nula de que el café no tiene efecto sobre el nivel de alerta. En este caso, su hipótesis alternativa sería que el café aumenta el nivel de alerta.

Resumen de la lección

Revisemos. Una hipótesis es una especulación o teoría, basada en evidencia insuficiente que se presta a más pruebas y experimentación. Con más pruebas, generalmente se puede probar que una hipótesis es verdadera o falsa. Una hipótesis nula es una hipótesis que dice que no hay significación estadística entre las dos variables. Por lo general, es la hipótesis que un investigador o experimentador intentará refutar o desacreditar. Una hipótesis alternativa es aquella que establece que existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre dos variables. Por lo general, es la hipótesis que un investigador o experimentador está tratando de probar o ya ha probado.

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Expressing hypothesis in Spanish

👉 how to make hypothesis in spanish, – useful phrases and expressions –, i. the structures expressing the hypothesis in the present.

We can express the hypothesis by using verbal structures such as:

* PUEDE QUE + Subjunctive * ES POSIBLE QUE + Subjunctive * PUEDE SER QUE + Subjunctive * A LO MEJOR + INDICATIVE

These phrases can be translated into Englishas “Maybe…” or “It’s possible that…”

• – Es posible que este enfermo ==> It is possible that he is sick.
• – Puede que no me haya escuchado ==> It is possible that he did not listen to me.
• – Puede ser que tu padre haya salido un rato ==> It is possible that your father went out for a while.
• – A lo mejor está cansado ==> Maybe he is tired.

II. Locutions and adverbs

The hypothesis can also be expressed with an adverb or a phrase such as: Acaso, quizá(s), or tal vez. CAUTION : If the adverb is placed before the verb, the latter is conjugated in the subjunctive. If it is placed after the verb, the indicative is used.

– Quizás tenga vergüenza ==> Perhaps he is ashamed. ==> Quizás is placed before the verb, the subjunctive is used

– Tiene quizás vergüenza ==> Perhaps he is ashamed. ==> Quizás is placed after the verb, the indicative is used

III. The hypothesis with “si”

In Spanish, we can also express the hypothesis (and the condition) using a subordinate introduced by “si”.

BE CAREFUL to respect the concordance of the tenses:

==> If the structure SI + present tense is used in the subordinate, the verb in the main sentence will be in the present or future tense.

• Si viene , le recibiremos ==> If he comes, we will receive him.

==> If the structure SI + imperfect indicative is used in the subordinate, the verb of the main sentence will be in the present conditional.

• Si pensaba en mi futuro, me sentía optimista ==> If I thought about the future, I felt optimistic.

==> If we use SI + past perfect , the verb of the main text will be in the past conditional.

• Si hubiera venido, le habríamos recibido ==> If he had come, we would have received him.

IV. Use of the future tense to express the hypothesis

It is possible to express the hypothesis using the future tense.

• Maria ha sido recibida en la mejor escuela de arte, estará contenta ==> Maria has been accepted in the best art school, she must be happy. (Hypothesis in the present tense) Nos llegaron todavía, ¿ Que habrá sucedido? ==> They haven’t arrived yet, what could have happened? (Hypothesis in the present tense) Está cansado hoy, habrá tenido un fin de semana agitado ==> He is tired today, he must have had a hectic weekend. (Hypothesis in the past) No vino a la cita, estará ocupado con otra cosa ==> He did not come to the appointment, he must have been busy with something else. (Hypothesis in the past tense).

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▾ dictionary english-spanish, hypothesis noun ( plural: hypotheses ) —, hipótesis f (almost always used) ( plural: hipótesis f ), null hypothesis n —, hypothesis testing n —, working hypothesis n —, alternative hypothesis n —, alternate hypothesis n —, basic hypothesis n —, initial hypothesis n —, work hypothesis n —, stated hypothesis n —, starting hypothesis n —, scientific hypothesis n —, fundamental hypothesis n —, hypothesis contrasting n —, hypothesis test n —, hypothesis raised n —, central hypothesis n —, hypotheses pl —, ▸ wikipedia, ▾ external sources (not reviewed).

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7.3: The Null Hypothesis

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• Foster et al.
• University of Missouri-St. Louis, Rice University, & University of Houston, Downtown Campus via University of Missouri’s Affordable and Open Access Educational Resources Initiative

The hypothesis that an apparent effect is due to chance is called the null hypothesis, written \(H_0\) (“H-naught”). In the Physicians' Reactions example, the null hypothesis is that in the population of physicians, the mean time expected to be spent with obese patients is equal to the mean time expected to be spent with average-weight patients. This null hypothesis can be written as:

\[\mathrm{H}_{0}: \mu_{\mathrm{obese}}-\mu_{\mathrm{average}}=0 \]

The null hypothesis in a correlational study of the relationship between high school grades and college grades would typically be that the population correlation is 0. This can be written as

\[\mathrm{H}_{0}: \rho=0 \]

where \(ρ\) is the population correlation, which we will cover in chapter 12.

Although the null hypothesis is usually that the value of a parameter is 0, there are occasions in which the null hypothesis is a value other than 0. For example, if we are working with mothers in the U.S. whose children are at risk of low birth weight, we can use 7.47 pounds, the average birthweight in the US, as our null value and test for differences against that.

For now, we will focus on testing a value of a single mean against what we expect from the population. Using birthweight as an example, our null hypothesis takes the form:

\[\mathrm{H}_{0}: \mu=7.47 \nonumber \]

The number on the right hand side is our null hypothesis value that is informed by our research question. Notice that we are testing the value for \(μ\), the population parameter, NOT the sample statistic \(\overline{\mathrm{X}}\). This is for two reasons: 1) once we collect data, we know what the value of \(\overline{\mathrm{X}}\) is – it’s not a mystery or a question, it is observed and used for the second reason, which is 2) we are interested in understanding the population, not just our sample.

Keep in mind that the null hypothesis is typically the opposite of the researcher's hypothesis. In the Physicians' Reactions study, the researchers hypothesized that physicians would expect to spend less time with obese patients. The null hypothesis that the two types of patients are treated identically is put forward with the hope that it can be discredited and therefore rejected. If the null hypothesis were true, a difference as large or larger than the sample difference of 6.7 minutes would be very unlikely to occur. Therefore, the researchers rejected the null hypothesis of no difference and concluded that in the population, physicians intend to spend less time with obese patients.

In general, the null hypothesis is the idea that nothing is going on: there is no effect of our treatment, no relation between our variables, and no difference in our sample mean from what we expected about the population mean. This is always our baseline starting assumption, and it is what we seek to reject. If we are trying to treat depression, we want to find a difference in average symptoms between our treatment and control groups. If we are trying to predict job performance, we want to find a relation between conscientiousness and evaluation scores. However, until we have evidence against it, we must use the null hypothesis as our starting point.

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9.1 Null and Alternative Hypotheses

The actual test begins by considering two hypotheses . They are called the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis . These hypotheses contain opposing viewpoints.

H 0 , the — null hypothesis: a statement of no difference between sample means or proportions or no difference between a sample mean or proportion and a population mean or proportion. In other words, the difference equals 0.

H a —, the alternative hypothesis: a claim about the population that is contradictory to H 0 and what we conclude when we reject H 0 .

Since the null and alternative hypotheses are contradictory, you must examine evidence to decide if you have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis or not. The evidence is in the form of sample data.

After you have determined which hypothesis the sample supports, you make a decision. There are two options for a decision. They are reject H 0 if the sample information favors the alternative hypothesis or do not reject H 0 or decline to reject H 0 if the sample information is insufficient to reject the null hypothesis.

Mathematical Symbols Used in H 0 and H a :

H 0 always has a symbol with an equal in it. H a never has a symbol with an equal in it. The choice of symbol depends on the wording of the hypothesis test. However, be aware that many researchers use = in the null hypothesis, even with > or < as the symbol in the alternative hypothesis. This practice is acceptable because we only make the decision to reject or not reject the null hypothesis.

Example 9.1

H 0 : No more than 30 percent of the registered voters in Santa Clara County voted in the primary election. p ≤ 30 H a : More than 30 percent of the registered voters in Santa Clara County voted in the primary election. p > 30

A medical trial is conducted to test whether or not a new medicine reduces cholesterol by 25 percent. State the null and alternative hypotheses.

Example 9.2

We want to test whether the mean GPA of students in American colleges is different from 2.0 (out of 4.0). The null and alternative hypotheses are the following: H 0 : μ = 2.0 H a : μ ≠ 2.0

We want to test whether the mean height of eighth graders is 66 inches. State the null and alternative hypotheses. Fill in the correct symbol (=, ≠, ≥, <, ≤, >) for the null and alternative hypotheses.

• H 0 : μ __ 66
• H a : μ __ 66

Example 9.3

We want to test if college students take fewer than five years to graduate from college, on the average. The null and alternative hypotheses are the following: H 0 : μ ≥ 5 H a : μ < 5

We want to test if it takes fewer than 45 minutes to teach a lesson plan. State the null and alternative hypotheses. Fill in the correct symbol ( =, ≠, ≥, <, ≤, >) for the null and alternative hypotheses.

• H 0 : μ __ 45
• H a : μ __ 45

Example 9.4

An article on school standards stated that about half of all students in France, Germany, and Israel take advanced placement exams and a third of the students pass. The same article stated that 6.6 percent of U.S. students take advanced placement exams and 4.4 percent pass. Test if the percentage of U.S. students who take advanced placement exams is more than 6.6 percent. State the null and alternative hypotheses. H 0 : p ≤ 0.066 H a : p > 0.066

On a state driver’s test, about 40 percent pass the test on the first try. We want to test if more than 40 percent pass on the first try. Fill in the correct symbol (=, ≠, ≥, <, ≤, >) for the null and alternative hypotheses.

• H 0 : p __ 0.40
• H a : p __ 0.40

Collaborative Exercise

Bring to class a newspaper, some news magazines, and some internet articles. In groups, find articles from which your group can write null and alternative hypotheses. Discuss your hypotheses with the rest of the class.

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• Authors: Barbara Illowsky, Susan Dean
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Significado de hypothesis en inglés

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• abstraction
• afterthought
• anthropocentrism
• anti-Darwinian
• exceptionalism
• foundation stone
• great minds think alike idiom
• non-dogmatic
• non-empirical
• non-material
• non-practical
• social Darwinism
• supersensible
• the domino theory

hypothesis | Diccionario de Inglés Americano

Hypothesis | inglés de negocios, ver también, ejemplos de hypothesis, traducciones de hypothesis.

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