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Population and Associated Issues

Last updated on April 13, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

On November 15, 2022, the total number of humans living on the planet crossed 8 billion as per the data of the United Nations Population Fund 2022. What is India’s share of the world population? How does this population rise impact society? How can be effectively managed? Read on to know more.

According to World Population Prospects 2022 , India will overtake China as the world’s most populated nation in 2023.

In 1804, the number of people on earth reached one billion.

In 1930, it took an additional 126 years to reach the second billion, and a further 30 years to reach the third.

The fifth billion was completed in  13 years, whereas the fourth billion only required 14 years.

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The rapid expansion of humans gives birth to numerous issues in the least developed regions.

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It is suggested that immediate action needs to be taken to prevent population growth because failure to do so could result in major issues like environmental harm and a lack of food resources.

In a developing nation like India, the size and growth of the populace are two critical aspects of the demographic phenomenon. India is the second most populated nation in the world after China, with 1,412,495,893 people living there based on the latest United Nations data. India’s populace is equivalent to 7% of the world’s.

India ranks number  2 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population.

India  has overtaken  China  as the world’s most populous country, according to UN  population estimates in April 2023.

Also read: China’s Population Decline

Findings related to India in UN World Population Prospects Report 2022

• India’s growth rate was 2.3% in 1972, while it is currently less than 1%.
• Over this time, the average number of children an Indian woman has in her lifetime has decreased from around 5.4 to under 2.1.
• The Replacement Fertility Rate, at which a population precisely replaces itself from one generation to the next, has reached India.
• With improved access to healthcare and medical developments, both fertility rates and mortality rates have been dropping.
• In the following decades, the population of 0-14 years, 15-24 years, and 65+ will continue to decrease while rising.
• Population expansion in India has been fueled by this decline in early mortality for succeeding generations, which is reflected in higher levels of life expectancy at birth.

What opportunities are brought about by a growing populace?

• First, a growing working-age population presents a chance for increased per-capita economic growth. The “ demographic dividend ,” a time-limited potential for rapid economic growth, is made possible by this change in the age distribution.
• Second, it contributes to the development of a consumption-driven economy that is less reliant on exports to survive. As observed in the example of India, such economies have the propensity to absorb global shocks in a substantially better manner.
• For international investors, the large domestic market is appealing. As a result, it contributes to drawing foreign investment into the domestic economy.
• Third, a growing population increases opportunities for immigration to other nations , which contributes to the creation of more foreign exchange reserves and strengthens a country’s soft power abroad.
• For instance, the Indian Diaspora in the U.S. sends a sizable share of remittances to their families who live in India.

Issues Related to Population Growth

Overpopulation is a severe threat to our existence. It results in issues with politics, society, and the economy, including unequal resource distribution, subpar living circumstances, a broken health system, and others.

Overpopulation causes working institutions to become dysfunctional, undermines all efforts to upgrade the nation’s infrastructure, and makes social welfare programs ineffective.

Social Aspects

• Crime: Populace growth and poverty are directly related, and lack of resources and job prospects result in unemployment. The educated youth who are affected by unemployment are thus driven to commit social crimes like robbery, burglary, prostitution, murder, etc.
• The discontent among educated unemployed youth is reflected in the terrorist actions that we currently witness in several regions of the nation, for instance, Jammu and Kashmir.
• Minority-majority gap: Fears of supremacy over minorities and identity loss might arise in some cultures as a result of overpopulation.
• Thus, it has the potential to fuel communalism and cause rifts in the social fabric based on religion.

Economical Aspects

• Ageing population: Due to an increase in life expectancy, India’s population is ageing. This has increased the percentage of the elderly populace.
• for example, in 2011, Kerala’s share of the populace over 60 years old was 12.6% and Tamil Nadu’s was 10.4%. By 2031, these are anticipated to rise to 20.9% and 18.2%, respectively.
• An increase in the senior populace results in higher healthcare and social security costs. This will significantly increase the state exchequer’s financial burden and cut back on funding for investing in capital assets.
• Unemployment: Although there is a large army of labourers as a result of overpopulation, it is difficult to give each working person a job that pays a living wage due to a lack of capital resources.
• There is a clear distinction between disguised unemployment in rural areas and open unemployment in urban areas.
• Resource Depletion: Overpopulation is a direct cause of excessive resource exploitation, environmental degradation, and deterioration. While resources in India have either remained constant or have expanded arithmetically, generating resource constraints, population growth in India has been geometric.
• Uneven Income Distribution: The government’s need for investment and capital formation is impacted by overpopulation, which has an impact on the government’s overall development efforts.
• Unemployment, unequal food distribution, and rising poverty, which are the main causes of the increase in poverty, make the situation worse.
• Poverty: People become poor as a result of unemployment, unfair income distribution, and a lack of resources.

Political Aspects

• A nation’s politics is impacted by its economic and social conditions. Rising unemployment, poverty, and unequal wealth distribution all have an impact on the nation’s law and order condition.
• Caste politics: Political parties engage in caste-based politics to satisfy their vote bank, which is another factor contributing to the nation’s division.
• The interstate disparity in population distribution: There are significant differences between states in terms of growth and population. Increased migration into states with smaller populations and more established economies will be caused by rising populations in some states.
• Social conflict including the insider-versus-outsider debate may result from this. States already reserve jobs for their residents. Additionally, ageing States will depend on foreign immigrants to sustain economic growth.

Also read: Fertility Rate in India: Reasons for Decline

Environmental Aspects

• Environmental deterioration : Overpopulation is putting pressure on the land, and there is less land available per person.
• Environmental deterioration brought on by population growth includes pollution, biodiversity loss, and global warming, among other things. Cities like Delhi, which are suffering from air pollution, are already seeing the effects of overcrowding.

Health Aspects

• Spread of infectious diseases: One of the main elements affecting people’s health is population growth. Numerous infectious diseases have emerged as a result of concerns like urban overcrowding and environmental changes brought on by population growth.
• Governments are increasingly unable to expand their healthcare facilities and systems due to population increase.

Demographic Disaster

However, if the economic benefits are not inclusive, unable to create jobs, and unable to enhance the living conditions of the youth, the social cohesiveness may suffer significantly.

This optimistic view of the demographic dividend presented in the preceding discussion may be clouded by issues with education, employment prospects, and health care.

A youthful population that lacks skills is underutilized, and is frustrated might stymie economic development and cause a demographic disaster that could destabilize peace and incite conflict.

• The Pratham research states that just about 50% of fifth graders can read books from class two and struggle with basic addition and subtraction.
• Similarly to this, the health system is underdeveloped, and 48% of children are underweight now, contributing to the demographic dividend of the future.
• In eight industries over the last few years, India added the fewest new organized jobs than any other country. In 2017, the contribution from jobs in the unorganized sector increased to 93%, and 60% of those having jobs did not find work for the entire year, indicating persistent underemployment.

Therefore, the only way to prevent this demographic dividend from becoming a demographic disaster is to ensure that there is more employment in the manufacturing and service sectors, and we also need to work on revamping the educational system.

The negative consequences of low employment growth are already evident in the rise in violent protests, terrorism, and other law-and-order issues.

How Can the Population Rise be Effectively Managed?

• Raising the Marriage Age: Fertility is influenced by marriage age. Therefore, raising the marriage age to 21 is a good idea.
• Education dissemination: It influences people’s perspectives. It increases understanding of the significance of family planning and birth control options. Women who have received education are more health-conscious and steer clear of repeated pregnancies, which lowers the birth rate.
• Adoption: Adoption is another powerful tool for reducing the population. Despite costly medical care, some parents are unable to conceive. It is advised that they adopt children from orphanages.
• Economic Measures: Numerous economic actions must be implemented as preventative measures against population expansion. More employment opportunities must be created by the government through policies. It is essential to increase employment opportunities in both urban and rural locations.

India’s Population Policy

• India has had a formal population policy in place for more than 50 years.
• India may have been the first nation to formally declare such a policy in 1952.
• The National Family Planning Programme served as the implementation of the population policy. The fundamental goals of this programme have not changed much throughout the years; they are to attempt and change the rate and pattern of population growth in a socially desirable way.
• Early on, the main goals were to enhance public health standards, raise public knowledge of population and health issues, and cut down the rate of population growth by promoting various birth control methods.
• After the Emergency, the National Family Welfare Program was established instead of the National Family Planning Program, and coercive techniques were abandoned. A wide range of sociodemographic goals is now present for the programme.
• The National Population Policy of 2000 included the development of a fresh set of rules.

National Population Policy (NPP), 2000

The strategy sought to combine community initiative, women’s empowerment, education, and Panchayati Raj institutions into the field of population control. Family welfare is used in place of family planning.

Objectives:

• To provide integrated service delivery for essential reproductive and child health care , as well as to meet the unmet needs for contraceptives, health care infrastructure, and health professionals.
• By 2010, the total fertility rate should reach replacement levels as a medium-term goal.
• long-term goal: to stabilize the population by 2045.

Broad Targets:

• Reduce infant mortality to 30 per cent and improve child and reproductive health by addressing the infrastructure, service, and supply needs for basic reproductive and child health.
• Reduce the percentage of boys and girls who drop out of primary and secondary school to under 20% by making education up to the age of 14 free and mandatory.
• reduce maternal mortality to 100.
• Achieving universal immunization of children against all vaccine-preventable illnesses.
• Achieving 80% of deliveries should take place in medical facilities, 100% should be handled by skilled experts, and 100% of pregnancies, births, and deaths should be registered.
• It envisioned a stable population by 2045, which was later postponed to 2065.
• Enhancing the health and family welfare services and expanding access to contraceptives.

It has drawn criticism on several fronts since it offers monetary incentives for small family norms, even though financial incentives do not alter habits and behaviours based on social norms.

Additionally, NPP-2000 placed a strong emphasis on the function of Panchayati Raj Institutions, although it did not specify exactly what that function would be.

Disincentives are the most common kind of coercion. State-imposed disincentives frequently discriminate against the poor and women.

Government Schemes

To stabilize the population, the government has mostly relied on family planning initiatives. Family welfare programs are a crucial part of the family planning process, and several different ones have been introduced over time:

• The Janani Suraksha Yojana encourages institutional delivery while lowering maternal and newborn fatalities through financial aid.
• The Integrated Child Development Scheme emphasizes the overall health, nutrition, and vaccination of children under the age of six as well as the correct dietary and physical education of expectant and nursing mothers.
• program for universal immunization .
• Pradhan Swasthya Mantri The Suraksha Yojana aims to balance out the disparities between the cost and accessibility of tertiary-level healthcare.
• Program for ASHAs to provide contraceptives to beneficiaries’ homes and doorsteps.
• Plan for ASHAs to ensure birth spacing. An essential component of the ASHA kit now includes the pregnancy testing kit.

Population growth is a serious global concern that has negative socioeconomic, environmental, and health effects. The birth rate, mortality rate, and migration rates are all factors that affect the population growth rate of the country, which is rapidly rising. The demand for greater resources in overpopulated areas leads to deforestation for food production, urban overcrowding, and the spread of terrible diseases.

Since Independence, the government has launched several initiatives to reduce population increase, some of which have been somewhat successful in doing so. There is a need for a more targeted strategy in certain areas that continue to experience rapid population expansion.

Article Written By: Aryadevi E S

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Home » SSC & Railways » SSC » Evolution Of Population Control Policies In India- Relevance, Population Policy

Evolution Of Population Control Policies In India- Relevance, Population Policy

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Relevance Of Population Control Policy

According to United Nations projections, India is about to surpass China as the most populous country by 2027, adding approximately 230 million by 2050, the majority of whom will be amongst the world’s poorest. Ironically, India was one of the first countries to adopt a population control policy as early as 1952. Even so, the country’s population has risen significantly in the past 6 decades. To understand the path the policy has taken over the decades, its effects, and progressions, let us break down the policies into segments for easier understanding and retention.

Why Should We Understand Population Control?

India with only 2.4 percent of the world’s surface area had 16.7 percent of the world’s population as in 2001. The inclusion of policies has resulted in a decline in the death rate below 8 per thousand; on the other hand, the birth rate continues to be around 18 per thousand. The frightening rise in population aggravates problems like poverty, unemployment, inequalities, basic health, social security, etc. Population outweighs the existing resources which strain the pool available for the society to rely on, adding pressure on the environment and other natural resources to an extent of depletion and exploitation. 

With an understanding of such potential problems due to high demand (larger population with limited resources), India had adopted a population policy. Let us understand its course over the decades step by step and what have been the impacts of the same. 

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Indian Population Policy Over The Decades

The primary objective of population control is to facilitate sustainable economic growth, social development, and environmental protection. Indian population control policies have seen several changes over different Five – Year plans by the Government of India. 

First Five-Year Plan (1951-56)

In a report by India’s lead urban demographer, R.A Gopalswami, it was estimated that India’s population would grow by 5,00,000 every year, which caught the attention of the Indian Government, and the National family planning program was launched (the first country to undertake such a policy). Some of the key strategies were:

• Encouraging households to have only two children and spacing the birth of these children over two years.
• Rural areas were the primary target and a door-to-door campaign was initiated.
• Motivating families to adopt these families by monetary incentives.
• Spreading awareness of family planning via radio, television and newspaper.

Second Five-Year Plan (1956-61)

The idea was strengthened that high population growth would affect economic advancements and living standards per capita. The imbalance of availability of land and capital to population further deepened the idea that population growth has to be curbed to alleviate incomes and levels of living.

Along with the natural (Gandhian) approach, the clinical approach gained momentum in 1956. The report by Gopalswami suggested that mass sterilization was the best approach as it required a minor surgery without prolonged hospital visits. Some key strategies were:

• Voluntary sterilization facilities were created
• Contraceptive distribution was facilitated through primary health centres.
• They were either provided free or prices were reduced for low-income families.

The 1961 census indicated that both approaches turned out to be ineffective since people did not find it necessary, men had misconceptions about losing sexual drive, losing weight, and death. 

Third Five-Year Plan (1961-66)

After 1962, the Indian Population control policy became an aggressive and imperative approach, as a high birth rate was perceived as the greatest obstacle to economic development. Some key strategies were:

• A separate department of Family planning was set up to set a goal of reducing the birth rate to 2.5% by 1972.
• State and district wise family planning goals were set.
• Increased the number of clinics five fold. 
• As opposed to earlier approaches, a more extensive approach was adopted, to educate and impart knowledge by appointing a large number of educators. 

Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-74)

The purview of population control extended from economic development to that of social change. The importance of population control was recognized as unavoidable as equality and dignity of a man lies on both factors- economic growth and low rate of population growth.

• A new target was set to reduce the birth rate to 3.9% by 1974.
• A cafeteria approach was devised – all methods of contraception were made available.
• It included condoms, diaphragms, jelly, creams, foam tablets; the use of the intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) for couples with one or two children; sterilization for couples who do not want more children.

Sterilization became one of the main strategies for family planning.

• Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act was adopted to allow abortion performed by a medical practitioner with some exceptions.
• IUCD acceptance declined as bleeding and rumours spread.
• Mass vasectomy camps were organized and incentives were introduced to boost sterilization. The total number of acceptors reached 5.9 million by 1972-1973.

Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-79)

Policymakers strongly believed that family size largely impacted general development strategy, as a result, a new target was set to reduce the birth rate from 3 % to 2.5 % by 1984.

Key strategies involved were:

• The minimum age of marriage was raised from 15-18 years for females and 18-21 years for males.
• Enacted compulsory sterilization and specific incentives and disincentives to family planning. 
• Education about population problems became a part of the school curriculum.
• Female health workers were given financial incentives to meet yearly quotas.

Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-85)

The government changed the name of the program from family planning into family welfare after the stringent and coercive policies aided to vote Gandhi out of power post Emergency.

• Maternal and child health services and nutrition became a part of the population control strategy.
• After the political fallout, more emphasis was put on providing incentives to attract people to understand and accept family planning.
• Long-term policies were set, as a result, targets were reduced.

Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-90)

• The policy was divided into long and short term goals. Former being to fix the net reproduction rate and latter focused on female age at marriage and the practice of contraception.
• The focus was set on increasing the literacy rate, especially of women and increasing their employment opportunities. 
• Implemented All-India Hospitals postpartum Program at district and sub-district level hospitals.
• Reorganized primary health care facilities in urban slum areas.
• Reservation of a specified number of hospital beds for tubal ligation operations.
• Remodelling of IUCD rooms in rural family welfare centres.

Despite such remarkable initiatives, the 1991 census showed that India still had one of the most rapid population growths globally.

Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992-97)

In 1996, the Government of India introduced a new population policy that focused on areas like employment, education, public health, human development as indirect measures to curb population growth.

• Shifted emphasis from couple protection rate to birth lowering rate.
• Involved non-government organizations and voluntary agencies in programs.
• Improving the status of women through training and infrastructure.
• Reducing the default preference of a male child of a family with one or two daughters by providing social security measures.
• Central government employees were given incentives for accepting the two children norm.

Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002)

The National Commission on Population introduced a new plan called National Population Policy 2000 (NPP 2000). This new policy focused on areas like contraception, reproductive health care and health care infrastructure.

• Increased emphasis on spacing methods like IUCD.
• Fixed day static services at all facilities available.
• Established quality assurance committees to provide quality care in family planning services.
• Providing insurance for deaths, complications and failures caused by sterilization.

Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-07)

There were several shifts from the ninth to the tenth plan:

• Demographic goals to focus on enabling couples to achieve their reproductive goals.
• Method specific targets to fulfil all unmet needs for contraception to reduce unplanned pregnancies.
• Women centred program to the health care needs of the family with involvement of men in Planned Parenthood.
• Supply driven service delivery to the need and demand-driven service and providing service provisions as per the convenience of the couple.
• Implementation of a program for health care for women and children, to reduce infant mortality and reduce high desired fertility.

Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007-11)

The government extended more services, including delivery of contraceptives at the doorsteps, providing counseling for newly married couples, and compensation for sterilization. Since the shift in the approaches from quota-oriented to voluntary measures, India witnessed the effective implementation of strategies.

• Advocated fertility regulation through voluntary and informed consent.
• Addressed special health care needs of the elderly, especially those who are socially and economically vulnerable.
• Reduce infant mortality rate to 28 and maternal mortality rate 0 to 1 per 1000 births.
• Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009.
• Reduce anaemia among women and girls by 50% by the end of the plan.
• Ensure that at least 33% of the direct and indirect beneficiaries of all government schemes are women and girl children.

An overview of the Indian population control policy.

The reduction of the population could also be attributed to the accelerated socio-economic development since 1991. However, the Indian population control policies are not effective in comparison to the other countries in the world. India’s percentage of the world’s total population increased from about 15.7% in 1980 to about 17.8% in 2010, which means that the population growth rate in India was greater than the average growth rate in the world. India’s population may overtake China and become the most populous country in the world. 

The lack of effectiveness of the policies can be attributed to the below:

• Policies are not well defined and change constantly.
• Implementation measures of strategies lack focus and shift periodically.
• Targets are not achieved and have to be revised frequently.
• A variety of reasons contribute to such inadequacies. Diversity is one of them.
• Other factors – 66% of the population lives in rural areas, 40% of women are illiterate, gender bias, the caste system still prevails, communal tension exists.
• Due to the interplay of such multifaceted factors, population control can be promoted not forced or implemented effectively.
• Poverty is another reason, as population spike has occurred mostly among the poorest population or poorer states. Comprehensive socio-economic development is required to tackle this aspect.
• When socio-economic conditions improve, the birth rate will be lower and overpopulation would significantly decrease.

The answer to all these aspects is development. It may encompass the achievement of equal status for women as well as lower caste people, improvement of education, development of the economy, modernization of society, and urbanization.

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Essay on Population for Students and Children

500+ words essay on population.

Population refers to the total number of beings living in a particular area. Population helps us get an estimate of the number of beings and how to act accordingly. For instance, if we know the particular population of a city, we can estimate the number of resources it needs. Similarly, we can do the same for animals. If we look at the human population, we see how it is becoming a cause of concern. In particular, the third world countries suffer the most from population explosion. As it is the resources there are limited and the ever-increasing population just makes it worse. On the other hand, there is a problem of low population in many regions.

India population crisis

India faces a major population crisis due to the growing population. If we were to estimate, we can say that almost 17% of the population of the world lives in India alone. India ranks second in the list of most populated countries.

Furthermore, India is also one of the countries with low literacy rates. This factor contributes largely to the population explosion in India. It is usually seen that the illiterate and poor classes have a greater number of children. This happens mainly because they do not have sufficient knowledge about birth control methods . In addition, more people in a family are equals to more helping hands. This means they have better chances of earning.

Moreover, we also see how these classes practice early marriage. This makes it one of the major reasons for a greater population. People marry off their young daughters to men way older than them for money or to get free from their responsibility. The young girl bears children from an early age and continues to do so for a long time.

As India is facing a shortage of resources, the population crisis just adds on to the problem. It makes it quite hard for every citizen to get an equal share of resources. This makes the poor poorer and the rich richer.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Impact of Population Explosion

Subsequently, pollution levels are on the rise because of the population explosion. As more and more humans are purchasing automobiles, our air is getting polluted. Moreover, the increased need calls for faster rates of industrialization. These industries pollute our water and lands, harming and degrading our quality of life.

In addition, our climate is also facing drastic changes because of human activities. Climate change is real and it is happening. It is impacting our lives very harmfully and must be monitored now. Global warming which occurs mostly due to activities by humans is one of the factors for climate change.

Humans are still able to withstand the climate and adapt accordingly, but animals cannot. This is why wildlife is getting extinct as well.

In other words, man always thinks about his well-being and becomes selfish. He overlooks the impact he is creating on the surroundings. If the population rates continue to rise at this rate, then we won’t be able to survive for long. As with this population growth comes harmful consequences. Therefore, we must take measures to control the population.

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