essay on india's g20 presidency

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EDITORIAL ANALYSIS : India’s G20 Presidency

Source: Indian Express, The Hindu

• Prelims: Current events of international importance, G20, Global south, Inflation etc.
• Mains GS Paper II & III: Significance of G20 countries, Bilateral, regional and global grouping and agreements involving India or affecting India’s interests.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

• The Prime Minister said that India looks forward to a Presidency of healing, harmony and hope.
• Charles Dickens novel-A Tale of Two Cities : “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times… it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair.”

INSIGHTS ON THE ISSUE

• The G20 is an informal group : 19 countries and the European Union, with representatives of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
• The G20 Presidency rotates annually: according to a system that ensures a regional balance over time.
• The presidency rotates between each group.
• India is in Group 2 which also has Russia, South Africa, and Turkey.
• The G20 does not have a permanent secretariat or Headquarters.

What are the current issues?

• Covid-19 pandemics: It has impacted most of the national economies
• Developing countries: are facing an extended, multi-faceted shock of great magnitude.
• Stalled negative economic growth
• Financial and liquidity crunch
• External debt crisis
• Increased poverty
• Worsening of social indicators and inequality.
• The UN says : the world is off track on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• Digital divides between the developed and developing nations and within countries, regions and genders have widened.
• Climate-change disasters and conflicts
• The Taliban takeover of Afghanistan
• Ukraine-Russia war
• Food, fuel and fertilizer crisis
• Inflation-recession.
• Terrorism persists : the zero-tolerance stance and counterterrorism focus of the international community seems diluted.
• China : Continued Chinese muscle-flexing
• Rise of Covid crisis in China again.
• North-south divisions within the G20

Thematic priorities of India’s G20 presidency:

• Technological transformation and digital public infrastructure
• Accelerating progress on SDGs
• Lifestyle for environment (LiFE), green development and climate finance
• Accelerated , inclusive and resilient growth
• Women-led development and multilateral institutions for the 21st century
• Finding solutions for the “3 Fs: food, fuel and fertilizer-related crisis.

What steps India can take?

• Previous summits: India can build on the decisions and mechanisms of previous summits.
• Mobilizing global solidarity for solutions to pressing problems of humanity.
• India’s multi-alignment can be leveraged to bridge systemic and ideological differences and spark a “mindset change”.
• India can drive consensus on key reforms of the UN, World Bank, IMF etc.

How can G20 help to furnish these objectives?

• G20 could adopt actionable norms and policies
• Grow data and knowledge hubs and best practices
• Launch mechanisms for financing and implementation
• Advocacy campaigns
• Impactful programmes on the ground — individually, collectively and for the benefit of the Global South.

Way Forward

• The ability to come together and agree on key reforms and means of implementation in the economic, financial and political order could make the difference between the world hurtling into calamity or making exponential progress towards peace, prosperity and environmental sustainability.
• India is seen as a bright spot in the global economic horizon. It can play a “lighthouse role” by regionalisation and globalising its achievements.
• India can offer proven solutions and be a transformer of the Global South: From social justice projects, digital transformation, climate and environmental activism to pandemic and disaster relief etc
• PM’s LiFE initiative: global high-level principles and the creation of an ecosystem of government and businesses covering demand, supply, policy signals and economic framework could be envisaged.
• Assessing and securing low-cost funding(public and private) for the future trajectory of climate-friendly/green development and clean energy technologies could be game changing.
• India’s robust, inclusive and interoperable digital public infrastructure model, which has driven inclusion across finance, health and education, would be of immense value if it were replicated in the Global South.
• PM seeks to drive a veritable “Jan Andolan: A people’s movement based on being “One India” as much as “One Earth, One Family, One Future”.
• Voice of the Global South Summit’ under the theme – ‘Unity of Voice, Unity of Purpose: It essentially envisages bringing together countries of the global south and share their perspectives and priorities on a common platform across a whole range of issues,”

QUESTION FOR PRACTICE

Q. The long sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalized nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order.’ Elaborate(UPSC 2019) (200 WORDS, 10 MARKS)

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No. 1 UPSC IAS Platform for preparation

G20 : Economic Cooperation ahead

India’s g20 presidency: embracing inclusivity, ambition, and action.

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: India's G20 Presidency and new initiatives

Mains level: India's G20 Presidency, commitment for global good and inclusive approach

Central Idea

• India’s G20 presidency, characterized by the keywords “inclusive, ambitious, and action-oriented,” has made substantial progress in delivering on its promise of inclusivity. By prioritizing the basic necessities of life for every citizen, India has exhibited a strong commitment to social security support and people-centric development.

Inclusive Development Initiatives during India’s G20 presidency

• Digital Public Infrastructure: India’s robust digital infrastructure has played a crucial role in delivering the benefits of development directly to citizens across the country. This transparent and corruption-free system has ensured that developmental programs reach every corner of the nation, bridging the digital divide and empowering citizens.
• Access to Basic Necessities: The government has prioritized providing every citizen with access to basic necessities. For example, around 110 million rural households have been provided with access to clean drinking water at their homes. Additionally, more than 110 million sanitation facilities have been constructed across the country, improving public health and hygiene.
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana: This flagship financial inclusion program has been instrumental in providing banking services to previously unbanked sections of society. With a focus on women-led development, the scheme has witnessed significant participation, with 56% of Jan Dhan account holders being women, especially in rural and semi-urban areas.
• Women-Led Development : Recognizing the pivotal role of women in driving development, India’s G20 presidency has prioritized women’s empowerment. Policies and initiatives have been designed to foster gender equality, enhance women’s participation in various sectors, and promote their overall well-being.

How India’s Foreign Policy consistently prioritized working for the global public good?

• Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: India has a long-standing tradition of providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to countries in need. In times of crises India has extended its support by offering medical aid and supplies. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, India provided essential medical supplies to over 190 countries and shared vaccines through the Vaccine Maitri program with more than 150 countries.
• Development Cooperation: Through programs such as the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) and the Indian Development and Economic Assistance Scheme (IDEAS), India has offered capacity building, technical assistance, and development projects in various sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
• Multilateral Engagements: India actively collaborates with other nations to find collective solutions to issues like climate change, sustainable development, peacekeeping, and poverty eradication. India’s engagement in forums such as the United Nations, G20, BRICS, and regional organizations like SAARC and ASEAN reflects its commitment to multilateralism and working towards common goals.
• Peacekeeping Operations: India has consistently been one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping missions. Indian peacekeepers have played a crucial role in maintaining peace and stability in conflict-affected regions around the world.
• South-South Cooperation: India actively engages in South-South cooperation, which involves sharing knowledge, experiences, and resources among developing countries. India has partnered with other developing nations to address common challenges, share best practices, and promote mutual growth and development.

What is Pro-Planet People’s Movement?

• Prime Minister Modi’s call for a “pro-planet people’s movement” to combat climate change epitomizes inclusivity in its true essence.
• Aligned with this year’s G20 theme of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam or One Earth, One Family, One Future, India demonstrates its holistic worldview, emphasizing collective efforts for global good.
• Derived from the ancient Sanskrit text, the Maha Upanishad, this theme underscores the interconnectedness and value of all life forms, emphasizing the planet Earth’s broader universe

Inclusivity at the Core of India’s G20 Presidency

• Geographic Representation: India has taken steps to ensure geographic inclusivity by holding G20 meetings in different locations across the country, covering all states and Union Territories.
• African Representation: India has actively invited African nations to participate in its G20 Presidency, demonstrating a commitment to inclusivity and engagement with the African continent. Countries such as South Africa, Comoros (African Union Chair), Nigeria, Egypt, and Mauritius have been invited, giving a strong voice to Africa within the G20 discussions.
• Engagement of Non-G20 Members: India has extended invitations to non-G20 member countries, regional organizations, and international organizations for specific G20 meetings. This initiative enriches the discussions by incorporating perspectives and expertise from a wider range of stakeholders. For example, Norway, known for its expertise in the blue economy, has been invited to contribute to the G20 meeting on ocean health.
• Regional and International Organizations: In line with the inclusive approach, India has invited regional and international organizations to participate in specific G20 meetings. This facilitates dialogue and collaboration with organizations such as the United Nations, World Bank, IMF, and other relevant institutions.
• People-Oriented Approach: India’s G20 Presidency adopts a people-oriented approach, encouraging the active participation and engagement of citizens. Various events, including seminars, conferences, and festivals, have been designed to involve the public and make them stakeholders in India’s G20 Presidency.

Facts for prelims

• India’s G20 presidency embodies the values of inclusivity, ambition, and action. By prioritizing the most vulnerable citizens of the world, India aims to foster human-centric development. In an era of global crises, the significance of upholding the sentiment of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam has never been more crucial. India remains committed to inclusivity, ensuring the participation of all in the path to growth and prosperity.

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India’s G20 Presidency: An Opportunity to Steer the World Toward Inclusive and Sustainable Growth

As a leading development partner of India, ADB is supporting India’s G20 Presidency on these key priorities: supporting cities as engines of economic growth, clean energy transition, and shaping a global health agenda.

Article | 19 June 2023 Read time: 6 mins

Share this page, key takeaways.

•   India’s theme for its G20 Presidency, “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (One Earth - One Family - One Future) is aiming to build unanimity to address global challenges collectively and effectively.
•   As a leading development partner of India, ADB is supporting India’s G20 Presidency on its key priorities: supporting cities as engines of economic growth, clean energy transition, and shaping a global health agenda.
•   India has an important opportunity during its G20 Presidency to establish a legacy of success across these critical challenges and it has friends that it can rely on for support.

India’s G20 Presidency this year presents an exceptional opportunity for the country to spearhead a collective approach to tackle multiple, complex, and interconnected challenges, while placing, front and center, the aspirations and needs of the developing world.

The COVID-19 pandemic, supply chain disruptions, climate change, food and energy security risks, geopolitical tensions, inflation, and a looming debt crisis all contribute to economic slowdown and uncertainty in global economic growth.

  India has set “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” or “One Earth - One Family - One Future” as the theme for its G20 Presidency, rightly aiming to instill a sense of unanimity essential for addressing these global challenges collectively and effectively. Prime Minister Narendra Modi further envisions India’s G20 agenda to be “inclusive, ambitious, action-oriented, and decisive.” India’s successes and experiences are critical to tailoring global solutions.

The adverse impact of climate change requires an urgent just transition to clean energy.

Cities need enhanced capacities of urban planning, municipal finance, technologies, and governance and private sector engagement to provide integrated solutions.

India's g20 priorities.

India has identified a wide array of cutting-edge priorities that are being deliberated by various G20 working groups, to help address the key challenges we face and to plan for a better future. Let me highlight three of them.

The first agenda relates to financing tomorrow’s cities and establishing them as the foremost engines of economic growth. While cities generate over 80% of global gross domestic product, unplanned and rapid urbanization constrain their economic potential. It is estimated that by 2050, nearly twice as many people will live in cities. To sustain their economic potential, cities need to become more livable through upgraded infrastructure and services, such as reliable water, transport, power, waste management, and affordable housing.

Cities must also be nurtured as hubs for entrepreneurship, jobs, and skill development. This requires massive investments in smart, sustainable, and resilient urban infrastructure. Globally, roughly $5.5 trillion needs to be invested in urban infrastructure annually over the next 15 years. The private sector is an important partner in these needed investments. The G20 platform could be used to mobilize international support to bridge this financing need.

The second agenda where India can lead the way is in energy transition. Enabling an orderly and just transition from carbon-intensive energy to renewable energy would not only help combat climate change, but also help bolster energy security, raise economic productivity and create jobs, improve environmental outcomes, and prune health costs. In other words, decarbonization is development.

Today, India is the world’s third-largest producer of renewable energy, with further expansion underway. India’s success in scaling up solar energy, along with recently announced programs such as the National Hydrogen Mission , Production-Linked Incentives for electric vehicles and the manufacture of solar technologies and battery energy storage, and incentive mechanisms for supporting offshore wind, all allow the country to lead by example and drive global collaboration to reduce the cost of achieving net-zero emission.

  India has made efforts for the G20 to focus on the need to expand and diversify critical minerals and renewable energy supply chains for economies to secure uninterrupted and affordable access to renewable energy and energy storage, both prerequisites for the overall transition to net-zero emission.

The third agenda relates to health care. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the compelling need for a united global approach to fortify health systems to effectively address emerging health crises. India’s G20 Presidency is a medium of change towards more resilient, responsive, and sustainable health systems and to advance previously established G20 pandemic preparedness efforts.

G20 can help shape a global health agenda focused on ensuring universal, affordable, and quality health services. Giving priority to enhancing health emergency prevention and preparedness (with focus on One Health and linkages between climate change and health), strengthening cooperation in the pharmaceutical sector, and leveraging digital health innovations and solutions to aid universal health coverage, is critical.   India can lend its experience in framing a successful national digital health architecture through supportive regulatory environment, private-public partnerships, and digital health interventions such as CoWIN and National Digital Health Mission.

ADB's support for India's G20 presidency

  As a leading development partner of India, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) is supporting India’s G20 Presidency on these key priorities. To transform Indian cities into “Cities of Tomorrow”, ADB will assist in “Creating Investable Cities” that can mainstream climate resilience; leverage mobilization of resources such as municipal bonds, innovative climate finance, and new sources of revenue through appropriate urban planning and transit-oriented development ; and mobilize much-needed private sector investments.

ADB is mainstreaming just energy transition within all of its operations. It will work with the government and large financial intermediaries in establishing pools of low-cost finance to fund residential solar rooftop, electric vehicles, and energy storage investments. In partnership with the International Solar Alliance , ADB is supporting the government in developing a virtual Center of Excellence on Green Hydrogen.

ADB is discussing the development of a Climate and Health Hub (CHH) to galvanize local, regional, and global climate and health actions under India’s G20 Presidency. ADB supports the G20 Presidency’s Global Initiative on Digital Health and in transforming the National Centre for Disease Control into a Regional Center for Disease Control with global reach.

India has an important opportunity during its G20 Presidency to establish a legacy of success across these critical challenges and it has friends that it can rely on for support.

This article was written by Takeo Konishi, Country Director, India Resident Mission, ADB

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Explainer: India G20 presidency 2023: what does it mean and what can we expect

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Explained | All about the G20: History of the forum and India’s presidency Premium

G20 members currently account for more than 80% of the world’s gdp, 75% of global trade and 60% of the planet population.

Updated - January 26, 2023 01:31 pm IST

Published - December 07, 2022 12:18 pm IST

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Indonesia’s President Joko Widodo take part in the handover ceremony during the G20 Summit in Nusa Dua, Indonesia, on November 16, 2022. | Photo Credit: AFP/Willy Kurniawan

The story so far: On December 1, India assumed the presidency of the G20 forum, taking over from Indonesia. Prime Minister Narendra Modi called it a “huge opportunity for India” .

“India must utilise the opportunity of G20 leadership by focusing on global good and welfare. Be it peace or unity, sensitivity towards the environment or sustainable development, India has solutions to challenges related to all such things,” he said during his radio show Mann ki Baat .

The G20 comprises Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the U.K., the U.S. and the European Union.

History of G20

The G20 forum was established in 1999 by the finance ministers and central bank governors of seven countries – Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the U.K., and the U.S. after a meeting in Washington DC. The uniting factor was the 1997-98 financial crisis and its aftermath.

The representatives met in Berlin, Germany, for the first annual meeting of the group. The first meeting of G20 leaders took place in 1999, and it was elevated to the level of heads of government/State in 2008. In 2009, G20 was designated the “premier forum for international economic cooperation”.

The forum initially dealt with matters related to macroeconomics, but over the years, its agenda has expanded to cover issues relating to trade, climate change, sustainable development, health, agriculture, energy, environment, climate change, and anti-corruption.

Today, G20 members account for more than 80% of the world’s GDP, 75% of global trade and 60% of the population of the planet.

India as the G20 President-nation

G20 Summit is held annually under a rotating presidency, which currently rests with India for 2023. The group does not have a permanent secretariat, and the presidency is supported by the previous, current, and future holders of the post, together called the troika. Along with India, 2023’s troika includes Indonesia and Brazil.

As the President-nation, India will host the 18th G20 Heads of State and Government Summit in December 2023 in New Delhi. The summit will bring an end to a series of meetings over the course of the year. Tentative host cities for meetings between December 2022 and February 2023 include Bengaluru, Chandigarh, Chennai, Guwahati, Indore, Jodhpur, Khajuraho, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai, Pune, Rann of Kutch, Surat, Thiruvananthapuram, and Udaipur.

India G20 logo and theme

Apart from hosting the summit and setting the theme, the G20 presidency does not come with any formal powers. However, India plans on showcasing its philosophies of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (one earth, one family, one future), and LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) through the theme and the logo of the event. India’s G20 presidency is “striving for just and equitable growth for all in the world, as we navigate through these turbulent times, in a sustainable, holistic, responsible, and inclusive manner,” an official statement said.

India’s presidency also comes as many countries witness inflation and recession trends, compounded by the Russia-Ukraine war and the standoff between the European Union and Russia. The war will complete one year in February 2023.

India’s own problems with China, also a part of the G20 group, pose a potential issue for the effective functioning of the forum. However, Prime Minister Modi’s brief interaction with Chinese President Xi Jinping during the G20 Summit in Indonesia in November 2022 has left experts feeling optimistic about the situation.

How G20 works

Processes under G20 are divided into two parallel tracks – the finance track and the sherpa track. The finance track is led by finance ministers and central bank governors of member nations, who meet throughout the year. Sherpas, who are personal emissaries of leaders, lead the sherpa track. They oversee negotiations all through the year, discussing agenda items for the summit and coordinating the substantive work of the G20.

Working groups designed around specific themes operate within both tracks. These include representatives from relevant ministries of member nations and invited/guest countries too. Various international organisations, like the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development also participate in working groups.

This year’s working groups will cover topics like financial inclusion, digital economy, and environment and climate sustainability.

• G20 Summit is held annually under a rotating presidency, which currently rests with India for 2023.
• Today, G20 members account for more than 80% of the world’s GDP, 75% of global trade and 60% of the population of the planet. 
• The G20 forum was established in 1999 by the finance ministers and central bank governors of seven countries – Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the U.K., and the U.S. after a meeting in Washington DC.

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India’s Presidency of G20: A Unique Opportunity for Building Global Partnerships for Sustainable Development

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• Volume 2 , pages 152–154, ( 2023 )

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Singh, H.B. India’s Presidency of G20: A Unique Opportunity for Building Global Partnerships for Sustainable Development. Anthr. Sci. 2 , 152–154 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44177-023-00057-1

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G20 - India' Presidency

India assumed the presidency of the G20 grouping from Indonesia, on December 1, 2022, and held the post for a year. This gave India a unique opportunity to contribute to the global agenda on pressing issues of international importance. India’s presidency of the G20 ended in Dec 2023. Brazil took over the presidency from India and will hold the 2024 G20 summit at Rio de Janeiro in December.

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Recently G20 summits started focusing not only on macro economy and trade; but also on a wide range of global issues which have an immense impact on the global economy since globalization started progressing and various issues became more intricately intertwined. Those issues included overall development, climate change and energy, health, counter-terrorism, as well as migration and refugees.

The G20 has sought to realize an inclusive and sustainable world through its contributions towards resolving these global issues.

This is an important topic for the UPSC 2024 exam .

G20 India Presidency

India’s G20 logo juxtaposes planet Earth with the lotus, India’s national flower and the theme is ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ or ‘One Earth-One Family-One Future’

• The G20 Logo draws inspiration from the vibrant colours of India’s national flag – saffron, white and green, and blue.
• The Earth reflects India’s pro-planet approach to life, one in perfect harmony with nature.
• The theme also spotlights LiFE ( Lifestyle for Environment ), with its associated, environmentally sustainable and responsible choices, both at the level of individual lifestyles as well as national development, leading to globally transformative actions resulting in a cleaner, greener and bluer future.
• For India, the G20 Presidency also marks the beginning of “Amrit Kaal”, the 25-year period beginning from the 75th anniversary of its independence on 15 August 2022, leading up to the centenary of its independence, towards a futuristic, prosperous, inclusive and developed society, distinguished by a human-centric approach at its core.

Image Source: pmindia.gov

Significance of India’s G20 Presidency : 

• G20 is the premier forum for international economic cooperation representing around 85% of the global GDP, over 75% of the global trade, and about two-thirds of the world population.
• The G20 Leaders’ Summit at the level of Heads of State/Government is scheduled to be held on September 9 and 10, 2023 in New Delhi.
• According to Prime Minister Modi, this term can be an opportunity for India to share its expertise with the world in areas of women empowerment, democracy and digital technologies.
• As a country with core democratic values, India can show the world that the scope of conflict can come to an end when democracy becomes a culture. This gains significance amidst the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict .
• India’s foreign policy is focusing on the ‘global common good’. Through its G20 leadership, India hopes to extend this principle towards finding sustainable solutions to some of the key global challenges emerging out of the interconnectedness of the world, such as climate change, new and emerging technologies, food and energy security, etc.
• This would be the first time when the Troika would consist of three developing countries and emerging economies.
• It is hoped that as a result there would be a shift in the balance of power within the G20 favouring emerging economies to have a greater share in decision-making at this grouping.
• The G-20 Presidency presents a great opportunity for India to correct the long-standing anomalies that go against developing countries, especially in the domain of agriculture and food subsidies.

Read more on India’s G20 Presidency in the Sansad TV Perspective discussion .

G20 Summit 2022 – Indonesian Presidency

The G20 summit, the group’s first post-pandemic summit, recently took place in Bali, Indonesia , in the backdrop of the Russia-Ukraine crisis and a missile attack on Poland. The article gives a brief overview of the G20, highlights of the Bali summit and the significance of India’s G20 presidency.

Key Takeaways From G20 Summit 2022

• Leaders also reaffirmed their ongoing commitment to fostering a robust and long-lasting recovery that advances and maintains universal health care.
• They hailed the World Bank’s creation of the “Pandemic Fund,” a new financial intermediary fund for pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response.
• The World Health Organization (WHO), with assistance from other international organisations, has reaffirmed the commitment of world leaders to strengthen global health governance.
• Digital Transformation & Digital Literacy
• Leaders have acknowledged the significance of digital transformation in achieving sustainable development goals.
• They pushed for further global cooperation to boost digital literacy and skills in order to maximise the benefits of the digital transformation, particularly for women, girls and those who are vulnerable.
• Climate Change: G20 leaders decided to continue their efforts to keep the rise in global temperature to 1.5 degrees Celsius, reaffirming their commitment to the temperature goal in Paris 2015 agreement on climate change.
• Food Security: The leaders praised the Black Sea grains project and pledged to take coordinated action to solve problems concerning food security.
• Focus on the Global Economy: In a departure from last year’s focus on healing the wounds left by the Covid-19 outbreak, the G20 economies agreed in their declaration to pace interest rate rises cautiously to avoid spillovers and warned of “increasing volatility” in currency fluctuations.
• Member nations issued a statement condemning Russia’s aggression in Ukraine “in the strongest terms” and calling for an immediate and complete withdrawal. 
• They also acknowledged that although the majority of members had expressed their opposition to the war in Ukraine, “there were different opinions and differing assessments of the situation and sanctions.”
• A summit of this size will be held for the first time in the nation in New Delhi on September 9 and 10, 2023.
• According to the Indian Prime Minister, India’s G20 chairmanship theme of “One Earth, One Family, One Future” will be reflected in its inclusive, ambitious, definite, and action-oriented presidency.

Challenges For G20 Countries

• Rising Geopolitical Rifts: The global economy is having trouble coping with rising geopolitical rifts like the conflict between the world’s two largest economies, the US and China, or the drop in trade between the UK and the euro area following the Brexit vote.
• Slow Down Of Major Economies: China, one of the main drivers of global economy, is currently experiencing a severe slowdown as a result of its ongoing real estate crisis.
• Expected Recession: While some of the world’s largest economies, including the US and the UK, are expected to experience a recession, others, like countries in the euro area, are more likely to experience a slowdown or even a standstill.
• Persistent High Inflation: Consistently rising inflation, which is reaching historic highs in a number of countries, has reduced purchasing power globally, slowing down economic growth.
• Impact of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: In addition to greatly increasing geopolitical ambiguity, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has also significantly increased worldwide inflation. The associated Western sanctions have made the situation worse. Read in detail about the Russia-Ukraine Conflict in the linked article.
• Impact of Rising Inflation: Central banks around the world have hiked interest rates in response to the high inflation, which has further slowed down economic activity .

Indian Presidency in 2023

The G20 Presidency for 2023 will pass to India. India will take over the G20 Presidency on December 1st, 2022. 

• India will host nearly 200 meetings in 32 different sectors at various places all over the nation while it holds the G20 presidency. 
• G20 Theme : “Vasudhaiva Kutumba-Kam,” or “One Earth, One Family, One Future,” is the focus of India’s G20 Presidency.
• India will work to ensure that there is “just one world,” not a “first world or third world.”
• The G20 Theme embodies India’s efforts to realise its vision of uniting the entire world in pursuit of a common goal and a better future.

The importance of India holding the 2023 Summit is given below:

• India’s G20 Presidency is a special opportunity for India to contribute to the global agenda on urgent issues of global significance.
• The first step toward a new world order for the post-Covid age was to build an international agreement on reforming multilateral organisations like the UN.
• It is an opportunity to take on the role of Global South leader.
• The increasing importance of G20 in a world where issues like global warming, the COVID-19 pandemic and the conflict in Ukraine are pressing issues.

The purpose of establishing G20 is to create an atmosphere that supports equitable global growth and development. They bring together the most powerful economies in the world, both developed and emerging, to talk about global financial and economic stability. However, the way forward to tackle the present situation is:

• Governments must find measures to assist the vulnerable without necessarily increasing debt levels. The need to closely monitor external risks would be a major issue in this regard.
• The G20 leaders must advocate for “more open, stable, and transparent rules-based commerce” in order to alleviate the world’s supply shortages.
• Increasing the global value chains’ resilience would assist safeguard against upcoming shocks.
• Keeping the blazing inflation under control is the G-20’s top priority.
• A strong, sustained, balanced, and inclusive recovery necessitates G-20 cooperation, and this cooperation necessitates not only maintaining peace in Ukraine but also “helping prevent future division”.

The topic has a very high chance of being asked as a UPSC Prelims International Relations Question or as a Current Affairs Question as it has been in the news recently.

G20 Summit 2021 – Italian Presidency

The Italian Presidency – Italy held the Presidency of the G20 Summit 2021 since December 1st 2020. The Summit was held in Rome on October 30th and 31st 2021. 

The last G20 Summit was held on 21 and 22 November 2020 virtually (due to COVID -19 pandemic) under the presidency of Saudi Arabia. India in the g20 summit called for a ‘New Global Index’ that will be based on the following our pillars; Technology, Talent, Transparency, and Trusteeship towards the planet.

The agenda of the Italian Presidency (G20 Summit 2021) rests upon three main pillars: People, Planet, Prosperity. 

• Eradicating poverty, as mandated by the first Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of the United Nations . Read more on Sustainable Development Goals on the linked page.
• Tackling inequality, which has been rising over the past decades and even more during COVID times.
• Building a more inclusive global society that means protecting the most vulnerable such as young people, precarious workers, small and medium enterprises; promoting women’s empowerment; ensuring universal access to education; redistributing opportunities within countries, and decreasing disparities between regions.

Aspirants can go through the following links for detailed information –

• A firm commitment to address key issues such as climate change, land degradation, biodiversity loss and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals enshrined in Agenda 2030.
• A transition towards renewable energies and a green recovery, with a focus on modern, “smart” cities, is essential and is among the main priorities promoted by the Italian Presidency.
• The G20 will also pave the way towards the 26th Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC (COP26), a key milestone in the global fight against climate change, which will be co-hosted by Italy and the United Kingdom. Read in detail on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – UNFCCC on the linked page.

Check out the following links for further details –

• reducing the digital divide, promoting infrastructural developments able to guarantee universal internet access, and achieving adequate and widespread digital literacy. Read about the Digital Divide in India on the linked page.
• exploiting the full potential of the technological revolution to concretely improve the living conditions of citizens all over the world
• making health services more effective; facilitate data sharing to strengthen global pandemic preparedness and response, enhance the reach of educational activities, agile and flexible working models, a better work-life balance for both men and women; improve the efficiency of energy distribution networks, etc.

Read the information provided on the following links to prepare even better –

History of G20

When the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-1998 ended, it was acknowledged that the participation of major emerging market countries was necessary for a discussion on the international financial system. Hence, the G7 Finance ministers agree to establish the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors meeting in 1999.

The meeting of G20 Finance ministers and the Central Bank Governors was centred on major economic and monetary policy issues amongst major countries in the global financial system. Their aim was to promote cooperation towards achieving stable and sustainable global economic growth for the benefit of all countries.

They upgraded to the head of the state level, as a forum for leaders from major developed and emerging market countries. In September 2009, the third summit was held in Pittsburgh where the leaders designated the G20 as the “premier forum for international economic cooperation.” The summit meetings were, henceforth held semiannually until 2010 and annually from 2011 onwards.

What is G20+?

The G20 developing nations, also called G21/G23/G20+ is a bloc of developing nations which was established on August 20, 2003. It is distinct from the G20 major economies.

• The G20+ originated in September 2003 at the 5th ministerial conference of the WTO held at Cancun, Mexico.
• Its origins can be traced to the Brasilia Declaration signed by the foreign ministers of India, Brazil and South Africa on 6th June 2003.
• The declaration stated that the major economies were still practising protectionist policies especially in sectors they were less competitive in and that it was important to see to it that the trade negotiations that took place provided for the reversal of those policies.
• The G20+ is responsible for 60% of the world population, 26% of the world’s agricultural exports and 70% of its farmers.

What did India do in the G20 2019 Summit?

Upcoming G20 summits

Also, Read| India’s relations with France and its significance for UPSC Exam

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G20 presidency: an opportunity for india to showcase leadership.

Colonel Balwan Singh Nagial

Colonel B S Nagial(Retd) is a third-generation Indian Army officer who retired in 2019 after rendering three decades of service. He spent 15 years in fighting terrorism. He is working as Director, Academy of Proficiency & Training, Chandigarh. Various articles and research papers have been published in his name in Times of India, Times of Israel, Daily Excelsior, CLAWS, Security Link India, etc. His major areas of interest are National Security, Counter Terrorism and International Relations. LESS ... MORE

India took a year-long presidency of G20 on 1 Dec 2022. In Bali, PM Modi assured the world leaders that during the G20 presidency, India would work toward inclusive, ambitious, decisive, and action-oriented policies. Delineating significant themes and priorities, PM Modi stated that the G20 has to send a strong message of ‘peace and harmony’, without which generations next will not be able to take benefit of economic growth or technological innovation.

Hope, harmony, peace and stability are significant ideas that will outline India’s presidency of the G20 grouping of the world’s most advanced and emerging economies. G20 affords India, the world’s fifth largest economy, an excellent opportunity to form world opinion when there is widespread polarisation and escalation of geopolitical rigidities. India will work tirelessly to advance peace, stability and shared prosperity in a fragmented world.

The Group of Twenty (G20) was formed in 1999 and was initially a meeting of the minister of finance and the governor of the central bank to expand the discussion of policies that are beneficial for resolving the global economic and financial crisis.

As an economic congregation, the G20 is a membership of 19 countries, i.e. US, Argentina, Brazil, Australia, Canada, Mexico, Turkey, Indonesia, South Korea, Japan, China, Germany, Britain, India, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Italy, France, Russia. In addition European Union(EU), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Development Committee, the ministers of finance and the governor of the central bank would also form part of G20.

The establishment of the G20 is an outcome of the dissatisfaction of the international community over the failure of the G7 countries to find solutions to the global economy’s problems. The view that appeared at the time was the importance of middle-income countries and those with systemic economic influence to be included in the discussions to find solutions to global economic problems. This group has a strategic position as it jointly accounts for about 65% of the world’s population, 79% of global trade, and about 85% of the world economy. Various G20 meetings will discuss and find solutions to resolve challenges which impact global economic growth, such as finance, trade, infrastructure and investment, energy, employment, corruption eradication, development, agriculture, technology, innovation, and the digital economy.

The spirit of India’s G20 chairmanship is manifested in the theme of ‘One Earth, One Family, One Future’ enshrined in the ancient Sanskrit ethos as ‘Vasudahaiva Kutumbakam.’ The logo encompasses a budding lotus and its seven petals, clasping the globe’s affirmation of the fundamental values of all life, such as human, animal, plant, and microorganisms and their interrelation on the planet Earth and the broader universe. The lotus emblem in the G20 logo illustrates hope in these troubling times. Seven petals on the lotus represent seven continents of the globe and seven music notes. G20 will carry the world together in harmony. The lotus flower depicts India’s mythological heritage, faith, and intelligence in this logo.

India considers its G20 presidency a medium of change and world transformation in this era of multi-dimensional crises like food and energy security. With the world caught up in conflicts, jeopardising the lives of ordinary people, India will harness its G20 presidency to reach constructive solutions to various challenges, like reviving global growth, more decisive climate actions and robust global health architecture. Endorsing food and nutrition security will be essential as the pandemic has strapped millions of people into poverty. Accelerating Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and leading the world to adopt an eco-friendly sustainable lifestyle through LiFE (Life for Environment) will be other significant priorities in the next few months.

With its core strength in information technology, India focuses on making digital architecture inclusive of becoming an agent of socio-economic evolution. Promoting inclusive growth and financial inclusion will be the key priorities.

As we move forward, the G20 will also be a chance to showcase India, the largest Democracy in the world, its glory and diversity. It will also have an opportunity to show the member nations its new heights of excellence in areas ranging from economic progress to science and technology, space, innovation and start-ups. India will host 200-plus G20-related meetings in 56 different places in India, bringing delegates from different countries to visit this vibrant and diverse country. For many visitors, a G20 event will be their first taste and experience of India; hence, all Indians need to put their best foot forward to welcome the world and treat them as part of one family. G20 is crucial for India for the reason that this international forum brings under its umbrella all the five permanent members of the UNSC, all G7 members and all BRICS countries. This platform would help India to showcase its development and propose its models to the world as potential solutions. With sound macroeconomic fundamentals. With robust public finances, soaring marketing and export trajectories, resolute climate leadership, etc, India is a bright spot shining on the Global horizon.

Challenges for India: India has assumed the presidency when the world is confronting various problems. With geopolitics at its highest point, it seems like an enormous task for India to sail through these rocky waters. It poses multifaceted challenges for the member nations, and they will be eager to know the Indian viewpoint on each issue. India acknowledged the impending consequences of economic decline, growing global poverty, and the delay in achieving Sustainable Development Goals. The G20 was an alienated house, with several leaders abdicating their responsibility to find a peaceful solution in Ukraine. Political leaders must address the root cause of the food, fuel, and fertiliser crises, the Ukraine conflict, and related sanctions. In this regard, the stamp of Indian diplomacy by way of PM Narendra Modi’s statement, “Today’s era is not of war,” resonated well. A finely balanced outcome by the contending groups saved the Bali summit. India now faces the challenge of taking the lead and getting both warring sides on the negotiation table to end the conflict.

Conclusion: India, at the G20 summit, has very evidently expressed its vision by asserting that without peace and security, our next generations will not be able to benefit from economic growth and technological innovation. India is recognised as a world leader now. The promise Indian PM Modi emphasised for an action-oriented and determined presidency will be closely watched, not only by the members of the G20 but also by international organisations such as the UNO, think tanks, diplomats across the world, and more importantly, by the countries of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). India has already taken the lead in some aspects, particularly in technology with digital public goods and its governance, self-reliance or Aatma Nirbhar, vaccine diplomacy, and asserting its firmness on various geopolitical issues. Consequently, the stage is set for India to strive towards global peace, rules-based governance and growth for all in this world.

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The Importance of India’s G20 Presidency

By harsh vardhan shringla.

The G20 Presidency is the most significant international event that India has hosted.  Given the strong geopolitical polarizations that cut across the North-South and the East-West divide, the challenges and expectations from India’s Presidency are onerous and exceptional. But despite these daunting challenges, what makes this moment unique is that the world is more confident than ever of India’s capacity and skills to bridge these divides and successfully steer what Prime Minister Modi has called “a presidency of healing, hope and harmony.”

India has taken over the G20 presidency at a very challenging and conflicted time in international order. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, exacerbated by the Ukraine conflict, has evoked the threat of global recession, high inflation, and an energy and food crisis. The collateral has been the slowing down of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and climate actions. Moreover, the world is polarised more than ever before.

It’s, therefore, reassuring to see that India is increasingly seen as a problem-solver and agenda-setter. The changing perception of India was evident at the first sherpa meeting held under India’s presidency in the beautiful lake city of Udaipur in the first week of December. Sherpas not only got a taste of India’s rich culture, but the country’s digital and technological prowess.

India’s G20 presidency has coincided with its month-long stint as president of the UN Security Council (UNSC) for December 2022, and presidency the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). These three signal diplomatic events has put spotlight on India’s global leadership role.

In the last few years, India’s global positioning has allowed it to secure a meaningful engagement with leading international partners, regional interlocutors and the developing world. India has been a regular invitee at the G7, consisting of major developed nations; it is a member of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), consisting of the major emerging economies; Quad, with the United States (US), Japan and Australia; and the SCO, which includes Russia, China and the Central Asian nations. In addition, India has effectively engaged regional partners, as evident from recent summit-level meetings it has held with the European Union, the African Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Central Asian States.

Why G20 Matters

In these trying times, the international community will look for serious and credible measures to address uncertainties at the geopolitical and macroeconomic levels. The G20 uniquely offers a platform that has on board the world’s major developed and emerging economies.

Both the G7 and the UN Security Council are reminders of the world order which prevailed immediately after the World War II. The G20, on the other hand, brings the G7 together with other major economies as equal partners. It also brings together the P5 with other major countries. This makes the G20 a relevant and influential grouping in the world. Moreover, the regular participation of international and regional organisations such as the African Union, NEPAD and ASEAN as invitees in the G20 process makes it both inclusive and representative.

In the past, this group has delivered outcomes on issues of global importance. Its recent decisions to agree on a debt-suspension initiative for developing countries hit hard by Covid-19 and an equitable tax regime for multinationals have been well received.

However, the success of its broader composition can also contain the seeds of division. The Russia-Ukraine conflict has drawn a sharp focus on these traditional fault lines.

Resilient India

The stresses and uncertainties the world faces call for visionary leadership and great qualities of statesmanship. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s New India has steered our country through the storm of Covid-19 and has turned India into one of the bright spots on the global landscape. It is a resilient India that has bounced back to become one of the fastest-growing economies. It is also an India that did not hesitate, in the most difficult of times, to share its resources and capacities for the greater global good.

Under the PM’s vision, India’s foreign policy has been inspired to work for the global common good in keeping with our ancient philosophy of Vasudeva Kutumbakkam, the world is one family with a shared future. At the G20 Summit convened by Saudi Arabia in March 2020 to respond to the pandemic, PM Modi called for a “people-centric globalisation”.

In keeping with this larger vision, India’s effort has been to leverage its domestic strengths and achievements to contribute globally. From Vaccine Maitri to Operation Sanjeevani and Co-WIN as an open-source digital platform for Covid-19 vaccination to the Oxygen Express, India has offered assistance to countries during the pandemic. Its stellar achievements in developing renewable energy and disaster-resilient capacities have been extended globally through international bodies such as the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure. As a first responder and net-security provider, Indian assistance to its extended neighbourhood during natural calamities and other emergencies has reached from Aceh in Indonesia to Mozambique on the eastern littoral of Africa.

New Tech Order

India’s vision for the global development agenda is shaped by the rapid transformation of its economy and society launched by the Prime Minister, particularly green and digital transformations. For India, technology has always been a great equalizer, where citizens from all walks of life have used a veritable toolkit of digital public goods to access public services, make payments, and even address their collective grievances. In a world splintered by polarization and technological balkanization, India will strive to ensure that the world in the coming years is a just, equitable place with prosperous, inclusive societies at its core.

India is today a nation on the move. It is the fastest growing large economy with sound macroeconomic fundamentals, robust public finances and strong manufacturing and exports growth. It is a top FDI destination. It is the largest, smart phone data consumer and Global fintech adopter demonstrating its strengths in the digital space as a source of innovation.  It is a leader in climate action.

India has one of the world’s best digital public infrastructure models that includes such transformative structures as the Jam Trinity, UPI, Co-WIN, Ayushman Bharat, FASTag. Citizens from all walks of life have used a veritable toolkit of digital public goods to access public services, make payments, and even address their collective grievances.

India is today the fastest growing large economy, smartphone data consumer and global fintech adopter. At the Summit in Bali, the Prime Minister pointed out that over 40% of the world’s real-time payment transactions took place through UPI last year. India’s digital transformation, he said, has developed digital public goods whose basic architecture has in-built democratic principles, but sadly, citizens of most developing countries do not have any kind of “digital identity”. India’s experience in the past few years has shown that if digital architecture is made widely accessible, it can bring about socio-economic transformation. The proper use of digital technologies can become a force multiplier in the decades-long global fight against poverty.”

Under our presidency, we would make efforts with other G20 partners to create mechanisms that strengthen the capacity of developing countries to tackle health crises like the Covid19 pandemic. India’s G20 presidency will take forward efforts to create holistic, global health architecture that can respond better to future health crises like the pandemic.

At the G20, this model could be internationalized. Digital India must go global. A new tech order must combine cross-border flows of technology and investment with development and growth aspirations.

India in UNSC

India’s term as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) will end in 2022. It has, however, already made its mark in this exclusive UN body. Under India’s presidency in July 2021, the UNSC adopted a consensus-based presidential statement on maritime security for the first time. This was the first time in our history that an Indian PM presided over a UNSC summit. In its two-year term at the UNSC, India has effectively engaged on various issues, from the international community’s approach to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan to peacekeeping and counter-terrorism. When it exits the UNSC, it will undoubtedly leave a distinctive mark of the contribution that will vindicate and reinforce the case for it to become a permanent member.

Imparting a new momentum to counter-terror cooperation, India hosted for the first time the United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee in New Delhi in October this year. This special meeting of the Counter Terrorism Committee focused on “countering the use of new and emerging technologies for terrorist purposes”. Hosting this meeting in Delhi and Mumbai was a milestone as the CTC usually meets in New York. The “Delhi Declaration” that was adopted then is a landmark document that will prevent extremists, radicals, and terrorists from exploiting new-age technologies for terror attacks. Looking ahead, the international community must combat  the scourge of terrorism collectively, as External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar said at a  UNSC briefing on “Global Counter-Terrorism Approach.”

Prime Minister Modi’s imprint on the international consciousness has been profound. His intellectual outreach through concepts such as SAGAR – Security and Growth for All in the Region; One Earth, One Health; LiFE – Lifestyle for Environment; P3 or Pro-Planet People; International Day of Yoga; Panchamrit for climate commitment; One Sun One World One Grid on interconnected green grids; have created a global resonance on issues of the most significant importance to people not only in India but across the world, and have been institutionalised in the activities of the UN and other international organisations and bodies.

Batting for Developing Countries

India’s engagement has not been confined to the rich and influential. India enjoys the strong support of the developing world. As external affairs minister S Jaishankar pointed out, “India is widely being perceived as the voice of the global south”. As India prepares to take on the G20 presidency, it will represent the hopes and aspirations of the developing world while at the same time comfortably positioned to engage the developed world and the large emerging economies.

India’s wide acceptability in the international community, strong developing country credentials, independence in thought and action, and resilient scientific and economic base have uniquely positioned it to provide global leadership at a critical time in international affairs. We must use our presidency of the G20 to work with our key partners to replicate at a global level our recent achievements and experiences in digital transformations for socio-economic development, innovation for growth and the development of alternative energy capacities for climate actions, among others.

As we enter the period of Amrit Kaal in the run-up to India@100, we are poised to shift trajectory to a path of high growth and inclusive development, fulfilling our collective aspirations to become a developed economy by 2047. Our inherent strengths place us in a unique position to provide constructive global leadership. India can provide solutions to the many global challenges that beset the world today, in leading us to a better tomorrow.

Going forward, India’s G20 Presidency would be a watershed moment in her history as it seeks to play an important role by finding pragmatic global solutions for the well-being of all. And in doing so, manifest the true spirit of One Earth, One Family, One Future and ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam,’ the anthem of India’s G20 presidency. Indians have a unique opportunity in the presidency of G20 and a profound responsibility to showcase our rich cultural heritage and diversity, tourism potential and development prowess so that the world drives values from its interactions with us.

(Harsh Vardhan Shringla is the Chief Coordinator of India’s G20 Presidency. Prior to this, he was Foreign Secretary of India. In a four-decade long Indian Foreign Service career, he has been Ambassador to the United States of America, Bangladesh and Thailand. He was also Consul General of India in Durban, South Africa and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. He is also an experienced multilateral diplomat, having worked on two UN Security Council tenures, served in the Indian Mission to the UN in New York and as Permanent Representative to UNESCAP.)

This article has been published in the Special Edition of India and the World magazine-journal on India’s G20 presidency. This special publication includes big-picture articles by eminent diplomats, economists, and experts on the major priorities of India’s G20 presidency.  To purchase this edition or subscribe, write to [email protected] , [email protected] Call/what’s app: +91-9654980376, + 91-7428256082

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Why India’s G20 presidency is significant

India assumed the presidency of the G20 group at a time when geopolitical tensions are high and the world is witnessing economic instability. At such a juncture, New Delhi has decided to be the ‘voice’ of the Global South

India’s Group of Twenty (G20) presidency is underway, with New Delhi slated to host the final summit in September. G20 meetings are being held across the country as India uses the forum to promote the theme of “ Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” or “One Earth, One Family, One Future”.

New Delhi at the helm of G20 has been significant owing to multiple factors, especially as the troika of G20 presidencies – Indonesia, India and Brazil – comprises all developing economies.

What are India’s goals for its one-year G20 presidency and how it offers a momentous opportunity to the country? Let’s take a closer look.

What are India’s G20 priorities?

India wants its presidency to be “inclusive, ambitious, decisive, and action-oriented”. With that aim, it has decided to focus on six priorities.

Green Development, Climate Finance and LiFE : Climate finance and technology, along with “ensuring just energy transitions for developing nations across the world”, are key priority areas for India during its presidency.

According to the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), with LiFe, a “behaviour-based movement that takes from the country’s rich, ancient sustainable traditions, India plans to “nudge consumers, and in-turn markets, to adopt environmentally-conscious practices”.

Accelerated, resilient and inclusive growth : India is concentrating on areas that can usher in structural transformation, such as promoting labour rights and secure labour welfare, addressing the global skills gap and so on.

Accelerating progress on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) : India has already had success in getting the G20 members, which includes 19 countries and the European Union, on board with this goal. Following the G20 development ministers’ meeting in Varanasi earlier this week, foreign minister S Jaishankar said India bagged its “biggest achievement” as the group unanimously agreed to an action plan to speed up progress on SDGs and on sustainable development lifestyles, reported Times of India (TOI).

Technological Transformation and Digital Public Infrastructure : According to MEA, India will endorse a “human-centric approach to technology, and facilitate greater knowledge-sharing in priority areas like digital public infrastructure, financial inclusion, and tech-enabled development in sectors ranging from agriculture to education”.

Multilateral Institutions for the 21st Century : India will push for a “more accountable, inclusive just, equitable and representative multipolar international system” that is capable of addressing the concerns of this century.

Women-led development : Not just women empowerment and representation, India will emphasise bringing women to leading positions to bolster socio-economic development.

ALSO READ: What is the G20 and how has it led in times of global crises?

Why is India’s presidency significant?

India assumed the G20 presidency in December last year and will continue to hold it till 30 November 2023.

India steering the G20 agenda has come at a time when the world is making a post-COVID-19 recovery, while also facing challenges such as global economic stability, Russia’s war in Ukraine, and heightening food and energy insecurity.

As Hindustan Times (HT) noted, G20 has always recognised “collective action and inclusive partnership” among the developed and emerging economies.

This sentiment was reiterated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi last December as he underlined India’s G20 outlook and called for international cooperation to deal with global challenges of “climate change, terrorism, and pandemics”, which he said can be “solved not by fighting each other, but only by acting together”.

With India at the helm of G20, it has decided to focus on being a “voice” of the Global South.

Global South is used to refer to developing countries in Asia, Africa and South America, while Global North includes the United States, Canada, Europe, Russia, Australia and New Zealand.

According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates in January, global growth will slow to 2.9 per cent this year; while emerging market and developing economies will make up for around 80 per cent of the global growth this year and the next.

As G20 members represent over 85 per cent of global GDP, 75 per cent of global trade and two-thirds of the world’s population, this multilateral platform “holds a strategic role in securing future global economic growth and prosperity”, reported Politico.

With its Presidency, India has the perfect opportunity to amplify the issues plaguing the poor and developing world in front of the developed countries.

According to HT , “India can bridge the gap that exists between the Global North and the Global South on issues like climate change, renewable energy, intellectual property rights, carbon emissions, and trade”.

As India aims to emerge as a prominent player on the global stage, G20 is providing the chance for the country to prove its mettle by not only raising international issues but also offering solutions. The summit serves as a platform for India to showcase its growth and propose some of its models to the world as possible solutions.

Amid the ongoing war in Ukraine, which has triggered immense human suffering, hit supply chains, increased inflation and threatened growth, India has the elbow room to use its friendly relations with Russia to convince it to at least join the negotiation table. India could “use its platform to address the Ukraine conflict, strategising for peace and a path toward reconciliation as much as possible,” Mohit Anand, a professor of international business and strategy at the EMLYON Business School in France, wrote for Politico.

Although G20 does not directly engages in resolving security issues, these conflicts still impact the global economy, and hence, India could “lead the way” in addressing these concerns, according to HT.

The current geopolitical tensions and economic situation pose a challenge for India which will have to charter a “delicate” balance while tackling the East-West and North-South conflicts.

As Rajiv Bhatia and Manjeet Kripalani of Indian think-tank Gateway House told Reuters , this is India’s moment to transform from being a “rule-taker to being a rule-maker”.

With inputs from agencies

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in the backdrop of the financial crisis of the late 1990s that hit East Asia and Southeast Asia in particular.  began holding meetings to discuss the response to the global financial crisis that occurred,”   

  ’ to ensure continuity of the G20 agenda. 

What can India share with the World during its G20 Presidency?

• The G20 presidency is an opportunity to present the diversity that is India to the outside world. 
• For the world, the Indian public goods delivery mechanism, at a billion-plus scale, has set a new template. 
• The management of the economy by India during the pandemic has been extraordinarily prudent with prescient decision-making.
• The assertion of its national interest is also markedly different from the “glory” days of Non-Aligned Movement.
• G20 can act as a forum to exchange experiences on societal benefits and growth as complementary goals would lead to fresh thinking on employment and environment.
• India has its own initiatives like “LiFE Movement” & “The One Sun One World One Grid” to offer to the world.
• From scaling up of a seamless digital payment model built on the public digital infrastructure (UPI) to the unique digital identity , and from the successful financial inclusion model of the bottom quintile to the seamless transition to green energy , India now has many models to showcase, particularly for the developing world.

Global Challenges, Opportunities & Way Ahead

• First and the most pressing is the in-your-face Russia–Ukraine conflict .
• The second challenge is of rising prices , particularly of food .
• Russia is teaching the world that while sanctions against it could impact its economy in the future, in the short term, these sanctions are failing. 
• As rising food and energy prices lead to inflation, the fourth challenge is the manner in which countries are attempting to fix the problem . 
• The fifth challenge is the threat of stagflation .
• The sectors of significant importance would be ranging from energy, agriculture, trade, digital economy, health and environment to employment, tourism, anti-corruption and women empowerment , including in focus areas that impact the most vulnerable and disadvantaged . 

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India’s g20 presidency: challenges and opportunities, author: air commodore savinderpal   singh vsm (retd) , senior fellow, centre for air power studies, keywords: g20 summit, india presidency, indonesia., the g20 leaders’ summit in bali is the grand finale of indonesia’s year-long presidency. the baton passes on to india on december 1, 2022. [1] gavel (fig 1), the symbol of the g20 administration and presidency, is the image of respect that symbolises the world’s foremost financial participatory body. the g20 comprises india, japan, australia, the us, the uk, argentina, canada, france, china, germany, south korea, italy, russia, indonesia, mexico, saudi arabia, south africa, brazil, turkey, and the european union. together, the g20 countries account for more than 80 per cent of the world’s gdp, about two-thirds of international trade, and about 75 per cent of the global population, making it the most important forum for international economic cooperation. the presidency of the g20 implies accountability and responsibility. it presents a remarkable opportunity for the leadership of india to shape the global response to the existing challenges. it is also the moment for india to take initiative and transition from being a ‘rule-taker’ to being a ‘rule-maker.’, challenges for india’s presidency in g20, india’s presidency has come at a time when the world is facing many challenges, ranging from chinese aggression towards taiwan, rising food and energy crisis due to the russia-ukraine conflict, ever-increasing belligerence of north korea, the global economic slowdown, the emerging threats to trade in the indo-pacific region, and the concerns for the environment. [2] with geopolitics high on the g20 agenda this year, it seems like a mammoth task for india to steer it out of rocky waters. significantly, the “incomparable multidimensional crises” behind the summit were already known, and the member nations were eager to know the indian viewpoint on each of the issues. india acknowledged the impending consequences of economic decline, growing global poverty, and the delay in achieving the “sustainable development goals.” [3] the g20 was a divided house, with several leaders abdicating their responsibility to find a way to a peaceful solution in ukraine. political leaders must address the root cause of the food, fuel, and fertilizer crises, the ukraine conflict, and related sanctions. in this regard, the stamp of indian diplomacy by way of pm narendra modi’s statement, “today’s era is not of war,” resonated well, and a finely balanced outcome by the contending groups saved the bali summit. the challenge that now faces india is to take the lead and move forward in getting both warring sides on the negotiation table to end the conflict., with the prime focus of the g20 countries being on securing long-term economic growth, the efforts will have to continue towards the guarantee of food, fertilizer and energy security for all, especially the most disadvantaged households. in particular, the full implementation and continuation of the black sea grain initiative for the export of ukrainian goods would be a major challenge for india. on the issue of climate change, the g20 reiterated its commitment to achieving global zero greenhouse gas emissions or carbon neutrality by the mid of this century . some gaps could be seen in the health security cooperation between the national ministries of finance and health for the pandemic fund to prevent, prepare for, and respond to future pandemics. these three issues would not, by any standard, be easy tasks for the indian presidency. the additional tasks of adding the value of digital technology in several sectors, capacity development, and inclusive industrialization, especially in developing countries, would have to be addressed in parallel., way forward for india’s presidency, pm modi has already been acknowledged as the peacemaker by the very fact that the bali summit ended on a positive note of acceptance by all nations on his famous statement to mr putin that the present era was not that of war. india has also been recognised for its vaccine diplomacy during the post-pandemic recovery period. india is thus in a very strong diplomatic position to use its one-year presidency and leave a mark on the world map. [4] the critical areas that need to be dealt with along with carving out an acceptable solution to the challenges would include:, multilateral cooperation : india must not only take the lead in strengthening the g20 group and reducing the differences that have crept in due to the geopolitical situation, but also set the pace for the future of multilateral cooperation in various fields of the group’s multidimensional agenda., inclusive approach : in the period of the presidency and as the host for the 2023 g20 summit, india must bring forth the views of countries that are not represented in the g20. india must encourage a comprehensive approach with human-centric arrangements to resolve worldwide issues as a way forward. [5], elevating the african union : another significant objective should be to end the sidelining of african nations by promoting the african union’s (au) status from being a perpetual observer to member status of the g20, bringing it to the level of the eu., india-focused view : india must strive to bring together an indo-centric vision, expand the area of critical concerns of the global south, and leverage the diplomatic advantage to share and settle the positions of competing centres of power involving china, the usa-led west block and the russian block., strengthening systems : as the president of the g20, india must aim to strengthen its partnership with international organisations such as the imf, oecd, who, world bank, and wto and strive to get their focus on stricter norms for controlling funds for states involved in terror-related activities., international institute for regulatory development : the g20 presidency gives india an opportunity to initiate a transformation of the global regulatory structure by establishing the international institute for regulatory development (iird). india can be the torchbearer for a new regulatory framework., india, at the g20 summit, has very clearly articulated its vision by stating that, “without peace and security, our future generations will not be able to benefit from economic growth and technological innovation.” [6] as an established global leader now, the promise pm modi makes for an action-oriented and ambitious presidency will be closely watched, not only by the members of the g20 but also by international institutions like the un, think tanks, diplomats across the world, and more importantly, by the neighbouring countries of the indian ocean region (ior). india has already taken the lead in some aspects, particularly in technology with digital public goods and its governance, self-reliance or aatma nirbhar , vaccine diplomacy, and asserting its firmness on various geopolitical issues. therefore, the stage is set now for india to take the lead and work towards global peace, rule-based governance and growth for all on the world canvas., click to view pdf.

[1] “India take G20 presidency”, Indian Express , November 30, 2022, https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/as-india-take-g20-presidency-five-takeaways-from-the-summit-in-bali-8272375/ , accessed on December 01, 2022.

[2] Gautam Chikermane, “Under India’s G20 presidency, security will continue to wag the economy”, ORF , November 20, 2022, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/under-indias-g20-presidency-security-will-continue-to-wag-the-economy/ , accessed on December 01, 2022.

[3] “India’s challenges as it takes over the G20 presidency” Indian Express , December 01, 2022, https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-g20-presidency-challenges-8279699/ , accessed on December 01, 2022.

[4] “Modi urges unity on ‘greatest challenges,” Reuters , December 01, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/india/modi-urges-unity-greatest-challenges-india-assumes-g20-presidency-2022-12-01/ , accessed on December 01, 2022.

[5] “India can play big global role with G20 Presidency,” The Pioneer , December 01, 2022, https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/columnists/india-can-play-big-global-role-with-g20-presidency.html , accessed on December 01, 2022.

[6] PIB Press release. “English Translation of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi’s remarks at the Closing Session of G-20 Summit in Bali” https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1876366 accessed on December 01, 2022.

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India G20 Presidency — A Potential Watershed Moment?

This article has been authored by Ananya Raj Kakoti and Gunwant Singh, scholars of international relations from Jawaharlal Nehru University.

Amidst the ongoing chaos in the global world order, the G20 Summit in Bali came as a ray of hope as it provided a platform where the principal economies of the world came together to try and find a common ground in an increasingly divergent world. The foundational principle of G20 has always been collective action and inclusive partnership among the developed and emerging economies of the world. It is one of the most significant and strategic multilateral platforms of this age as its members collectively constitute over 85 per cent of the global GDP, 75 per cent of global trade and house two-thirds of the world population.

Initially, the G20 Summits focused only on matters of macroeconomics, however over the years it has expanded its horizons beyond the economic sphere towards other aspects encompassing issues related to trade, sustainable development, climate change, energy, agriculture, anti-corruption, environment, health, and so on.

In the recent past, the world has seen some drastic events — from a global pandemic, extreme climate events, and more recently an inter-state war causing energy and food crises. All these problems impacted the entire globe thereby it is pertinent that the response to these problems should be of global nature. Against this backdrop the recently conducted Bali Summit, 2022 became all the more important as it is the first post-pandemic summit and taking place during the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war.

The G20 Summit, 2022 held in Bali was successful in channelising the collective energy of the member states towards tackling most of these issues. Being the host, Indonesia while realising the common threats was able to bring together contesting countries and acted as a bridge, fulfilling the very purpose of the presidency.

The G20 forum works in two parallel tracks — the Finance Track and the Sherpa Track. Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors lead the Finance Track while Sherpas, who are personal emissaries of the Leaders, lead the Sherpa Track. Within the two tracks, there are different working groups based on different themes in which representatives from the relevant ministries of the member states, guest countries and various international organisations participate. There are Engagement Groups as well, which bring together civil societies, think tanks, women, youth, labour, businesses and researchers of the G20 countries. G20 does not have a permanent secretariat and the Presidency is supported by the Troika — which includes the previous, current and incoming Presidency. During India’s term, the troika will comprise Indonesia, India and Brazil, respectively.

With the conclusion of the G20 Summit, 2022 in Bali, India assumed the presidency for the next term on December 1, 2022. As India is trying to gain prominence on the global stage, this presidency offers a significant opportunity for India to step up and provide sustainable solutions to pressing international issues. India’s G20 theme “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam,” or “One Earth, One Family, One Future,” reflects India’s vision of uniting the entire world in pursuit of a common goal for a better future. Over the year, India will host global leaders through 200 meetings dealing with 32 different sectors across the country.

In the wake of the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia and the lack of diplomatic headway, India can use it as a great opportunity and leverage its historically cordial ties with Russia and bring it to the negotiation table to at least initiate discussion. Using its presidency to address the conflict while stressing peace will go a long way in raising India’s stature as a peace-prioritising leader, this is reflected in Prime Minister Modi's G20 communique where he reiterated that “today’s era must not be of war”. Although the G20 Summits do not deal with security issues directly, these issues still have a significant impact on the global economy, and hence India can lead the way to address them. Especially when the UN and other interventions have failed to resolve the conflict.

India can reflect on the achievements and challenges of the 2022 Bali summit, and act upon those to make the 2023 Summit more relevant. Amidst the challenges of the Ukraine-Russia conflict, a rising and assertive China instigating geopolitical tensions, India’s presidency and its capacity to revive the G20 summit will be tested. India can also lead the way for Global South cooperation as Indonesia and Brazil, the other countries of the Troika, are all emerging economies thus allowing them to use the platform to voice the concerns of the “Global South”. India can bridge the gap that exists between the Global North and the Global South on issues like climate change, renewable energy, intellectual property rights, carbon emissions, and trade

“Data for development” will also be a highlight of India’s presidency as pointed out by Prime Minister Modi, with the vision that the benefits of digital access are made accessible in an inclusive manner, which can lead to socioeconomic growth and transformation.

India has identified six shared priorities, which are green development, climate finance and lifestyle for the environment; accelerated, inclusive, and resilient growth; accelerating progress on sustainable development goals (SDGs); technological transformation and digital public infrastructure; multilateral institutions for the 21st century and women-led development.

During its presidency, India will also face several challenges, particularly stemming from East-West and North-South conflicts, which will require delicate balancing while navigating through its self-interests and global interests. To live up to the ideal of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” — the world is one family, India has to carefully steer the global agenda while taking into consideration the collective good. It should work on the developmental agenda while creating a road map for achieving a more resilient and inclusive economic order, as soon as possible. This G20 presidency also provides India with an opportunity to test its mettle in dealing with the changing global order, if a success, it will take India a step closer to creating further global prominence.

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• India’s G20 Presidency – Vision for a New, Inclusive World Order

• Team India Blogs

Founded in 1999, G20 or Group of 20 is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 nations around the world and the European Union. Formed in the wake of the Asian Financial Crisis, G20 is the leading forum for deliberation and coordination of core economic and policy issues at the global scale through dialogues, discussion, planning and implementation. It includes both developed and developing nations and these 20 countries account for 80% of the world's GDP, around 75% of the world trade, and 60% of the world's population. The group does not have a permanent secretariat and each annual meeting is supported and coordinated by the Troika - the past, the current and the incoming presidency. For the 2023 G20 summit, the Troika consists of Indonesia, India and Brazil. Up until now, the previous 17 Presidencies have delivered significant results while addressing the most pressing global issues of macro-economic stability, rationalisation of international taxation, relieving debt-burden on country, financial stability, climate mitigation and adaptation, and sustainable development. 

Following the presidency of Indonesia this year, India is all set to assume the presidency for 2023 from 1st December 2022. India will host more than 200 meetings at over 50+ locations across the country. The Finance Track will focus on key issues such as financing for infrastructure, financing for health care, financial sector policy changes, and financing for sustainable growth under the eight working groups. The Sherpa Track will focus on thirteen issues like anti-corruption, agriculture, the digital economy, and climate change and two initiatives - G20 EMPOWER (This initiative aims to empower women and accelerate their leadership in the private sector by leveraging alliances between business leaders and G20 countries) and RIIG (Research and Innovation Initiative Gathering aims to enhance and strengthen research and innovation collaboration among the G20 member countries). Finally, the eleven Engagement Groups, consisting of non-government participants from G20 member countries, will provide towards the policy recommendations.

Building on the idea propagated by India’s age-old spiritual traditions, G20 presidency will function around the principles of the universal sense of one-ness – ‘One Earth, One Family, One Future’ – based on the adage Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, meaning ‘that all of the world, universe or reality is one’. 

One Earth : heal the planet by encouraging sustainable and environment-friendly lifestyles based on Indian traditions.

One Family : promote harmony within the human family by depoliticizing pertinent supply chains of food, fertilizers, and medicines. This is done with the aim to prevent humanitarian crises due to geo-political tension.

One Future : encourage honest conversations among the most powerful nations of the world regarding core issues of climate change and mitigation of risks posed by weapons of mass destruction to enhance global security. 

This idea is drawn from the ancient Sanskrit text of the Maha Upanishad and seeks to reaffirm the value of all lifeforms - humans, animals and microorganism and their interconnectedness with each other and the planet Earth. The logo and the theme together convey a powerful message of India’s G20 Presidency which is of a just and sustainable future for all in the world. The theme further emphasises on Hon’ble PM Narendra Modi’s revolutionary vision of Lifestyle for the Environment or LiFE, which is associated with the need to make sustainable and responsible choices starting on an individual level for a greener and bluer future.

The presidency's agenda further highlights the need to work together on a global level rather than restoring to wars and fighting for survival. PM Modi highlighted in his address the greatest challenges that the world faces today - climate change, terrorism, endemics, and pandemics - and how they can be resolved not by fighting but, rather, by supporting each other. There will also a key focus on the use of technology to formulate digital solutions which can be implemented at a global level to create lasting and meaningful changes. 

India’s Presidency is all about human-centric globalisation and is expected to have large-scale impact on the intergovernmental policy formulations and discussions that will influence the New World order and set the global post-pandemic economic agenda.   

• https://www.narendramodi.in/today-india-commences-its-g20-presidency--566168
• https://www.g20.org/en/
• https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-assumes-g20-presidency-what-it-means/articleshow/95553671.cms

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18th G20 Summit in New Delhi

• 11 Sep 2023
• 17 min read
• GS Paper - 2
• Global Groupings
• Important International Institutions
• Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests

For Prelims: African Union , Global Biofuels Alliance, Financial Inclusion Document, World Bank, India – Middle East – Europe Economic Corridor , GE F-414 Jet Engine, India-Mercosur preferential trade agreement, G20

For Mains: Significance of G20 in India’s Foreign Policy, Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests

Why in News?

The 18 th G20 Summit was held in New Delhi, India on September 9 th and 10 th , 2023. The summit was the first time India hosted the G20 Leaders' Summit.

• The theme of the summit was "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam", which means "The world is one family".
• G20 Leaders' New Delhi Declaration achieved unanimous consensus, addressing diverse global issues, from Russia-Ukraine tensions to sustainable development, food security, and launching the Global Biofuel Alliance.

What are the Major Outcomes of G20 Summit 2023?

• The G20 leaders agreed to admit the African Union as a permanent member of the G20, which is a major step towards increasing the representation of developing countries in the forum.
• The AU's membership in the G20 offers an opportunity to reshape global trade, finance, and investment and would provide a greater voice to the Global South within the G20.
• It allows African interests and perspectives to be heard and recognized within the G20.
• GBA is an India-led initiative that aims to develop an alliance of governments, international organizations, and industry to promote the adoption of biofuels.
• The initiative seeks to position biofuels as a key component of the energy transition and contribute to job creation and economic growth.
• As per IEA, there will be 3.5-5x biofuels growth potential by 2050 due to Net Zero targets, creating a huge opportunity for India.
• GBA Members constitute major producers and consumers of biofuels. USA (52%), Brazil (30%) and India (3%), contribute about 85% share in production and about 81% in consumption of ethanol.
• 19 countries and 12 international organizations have already agreed to join.
• Bangladesh, Singapore, Mauritius, UAE
• Iceland, Kenya, Guyana, Paraguay, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Uganda, and Finland
• World Bank, Asian Development Bank, World Economic Forum, World LPG Organization, UN-Energy for All, UNIDO, Biofutures Platform, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Energy Agency, International Energy Forum, International Renewable Energy Agency, World Biogas Association.
• A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the Governments of India, the US, Saudi Arabia, the European Union, the UAE, France, Germany and Italy to establish the IMEC.
• PGII aims to finance infrastructure projects in developing countries through a combination of public and private investments.
• IMEC is a significant infrastructure project connecting India, the Middle East, and Europe.
• The project aims to establish a network of transport corridors, including railways and sea lanes.
• IMEC is seen as a response to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), providing an alternative infrastructure network.
• The G20 Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion document prepared by the World Bank has lauded the transformative impact of India's Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) over the past decade under the Central Government.
• India's DPI approach achieved 47 years' worth of financial inclusion progress in just 6 years.
• Jan Dhan-Aadhar-Mobile (JAM) Trinity boosted the financial inclusion rate from 25% in 2008 to over 80% within 6 years.
• Regulatory frameworks, national policies, and Aadhaar-based verification complemented DPIs.
• PMJDY accounts tripled from 147.2 million (March 2015) to 462 million (June 2022).
• Women own 56% of these accounts, exceeding 260 million.
• PMJDY drove savings among low-income women, attracting over 12 million customers by April 2023.
• India's digital G2P architecture facilitated USD 361 billion transfers to beneficiaries from 53 ministries via 312 schemes.
• Achieved total savings of USD 33 billion by March 2022, equivalent to 1.14% of GDP.
• May 2023 witnessed over 9.41 billion UPI transactions, valued at Rs 14.89 trillion.
• UPI transactions in FY 2022–23 neared 50% of India's nominal GDP.
• DPI streamlined private organizations' operations, reducing complexity, costs, and time.
• Some NBFCs achieved 8% higher SME lending conversion rates, 65% savings in depreciation costs, and 66% cost reduction in fraud detection.
• Banks' customer onboarding costs in India dropped from USD 23 to USD 0.1 with DPI use.
• Reduced compliance costs from USD 0.12 to USD 0.06, making lower-income clients more attractive.
• UPI-PayNow linkage enables faster and cheaper cross-border payments with Singapore.
• Enabled 1.13 billion accounts for data sharing with 13.46 million consents raised.
• Provides individuals control over their data, fostering innovation and competition.

What are the Other Key Highlights of G20 Summit 2023?

• If met, this single step could avoid carbon dioxide emissions by seven billion tonnes between now and 2030, according to an assessment by the International Energy Agency (IEA).
• Aligns with global efforts to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
• Represents a significant shift away from fossil fuels towards cleaner energy alternatives.
• The declaration acknowledges that current climate action is insufficient and highlights the need for trillions of dollars in financial resources to achieve the objectives of the Paris Agreement .
• Expanding renewable energy capacity on this scale could avoid about 7 billion tonnes of CO2 emissions between 2023 and 2030.
• The G20 leaders recognize the importance of addressing rising commodity prices, including food and energy prices, which contribute to cost-of-living pressures.
• They aim to eliminate hunger and malnutrition , acknowledging that global challenges like poverty, climate change , pandemics, and conflicts disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, particularly women and children.
• The G20 declaration highlights the human suffering and impacts of the war in Ukraine on global food and energy security , supply chains, inflation, and economic stability.
• G20 leaders called for the full, timely implementation of the Black Sea grain initiative.
• The seven principles under the high-level principles on food security and nutrition include humanitarian assistance, increasing food production and food security net programs, climate-smart approaches, inclusivity of agriculture food systems, one health approach, digitalization of the agriculture sector, and scaling responsible public and private investment in agriculture.
• MAHARISHI (Millets And OtHer Ancient Grains International ReSearcH Initiative) aims at advancing research collaborations and generating awareness about millets and other ancient grains during International Years of Millets 2023 and after.
• The G20 committed to promoting transparent, fair, and rule-based trade in agriculture, food, and fertilizer. They pledged not to impose export restrictions, reduce market distortions, and align with WTO rules.
• This includes expanding AMIS to include vegetable oils and enhancing collaboration with early warning systems to avoid food price volatility.
• It was launched in 2011 by the G20 Ministers of Agriculture following the global food price hikes in 2007/08 and 2010.
• GEOGLAM enhances market transparency and food security by providing timely agricultural information worldwide.
• The GEOGLAM policy mandate initially came from the Group of Twenty (G20) Agriculture Ministers during the French G20 Presidency in 2011.
• The 2023 New Delhi Declaration builds upon previous G20 declarations, especially the 2015 Turkiye declaration , which strongly denounced terrorism. Unlike the 2022 G20 Bali Leaders Declaration , which primarily focused on the financing of terrorism and the strengthening of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) , the New Delhi Declaration encompasses a wider range of concerns.
• The G20 leaders, in the New Delhi Declaration, clearly condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
• The declaration supports the FATF's efforts to enhance global asset recovery networks and recover criminal proceeds.
• The G20 New Delhi Leaders' Declaration places significant emphasis on healthcare and prioritizes the need to build a resilient healthcare system.
• It commits to strengthening the global health architecture to create more resilient, equitable, sustainable, and inclusive health systems. The World Health Organization (WHO) is at the core of this effort.
• The goal is to enhance primary healthcare, the health workforce, and essential health services to levels better than pre-pandemic within the next two to three years.
• In addition to addressing ongoing epidemics like tuberculosis and AIDS, the G20 recognizes the importance of research on long Covid.
• India’s G20 presidency also pushed for the integration of evidence-based traditional medicine practices with modern medicine.
• There is an emphasis on adopting a one-health approach , which tracks diseases in animals, plants, and humans within the same mechanism, with a particular focus on tackling antimicrobial resistance.
• India's G-20 presidency has laid the foundation for a coordinated and comprehensive policy and regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies.
• The emergence of global consensus on crypto asset regulation was emphasized.
• G-20 leaders have recognized the pressing need for more robust and effective Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) to address the high developmental demands globally.
• The India Stack model of digital public infrastructure for financial inclusion is acknowledged as a promising approach.
• The G-20 leaders' New Delhi Declaration underscores the monitoring of risks associated with the rapid developments in the crypto-asset ecosystem.
• Mercosur is a trading bloc in Latin America, comprising Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay.
• The India-Mercosur PTA came into effect on June 1, 2009, aimed to eliminate customs duties on a limited number of goods agreed between India and the Mercosur bloc.
• The declaration emphasizes a substantial increase in climate financing, calling for a "quantum jump" from billions of dollars to trillions of dollars.
• It underscores the need for significant financial resources, including USD. 5.8-5.9 trillion in the pre-2030 period for developing countries and USD 4 trillion per year for clean energy technologies by 2030 to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.
• Bharat Mandapam (inspired from Anubhav Mandapam ).
• Bronze statue of Lord Nataraja ( Chola style).
• Konark Chakra of Odisha’s Sun Temple and Image of Nalanda University (used as iconic backdrops).
• Thanjavur Paintings and Dhokra art .
• Brass statue of  Lord Buddha sitting under Bodhi tree.
• Diverse musical heritage ( Hindustani , Folk, Carnatic , Devotional).
• Prime Minister of India handed over the customary gavel of the G20 chair to Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, who will officially take over the presidency on December 1, 2023.

What are the Latest India-US Collaboration at G20 Summit 2023?

• India and the United States are strengthening their technology partnership, focusing on resilient semiconductor supply chains , and telecom infrastructure.
• India supports the US 'Rip and Replace' pilot project, aligning with the removal of Chinese telecom equipment.
• India and the US reaffirmed their commitment to deepen and diversify the India-US Major Defence Partnership through expanded cooperation in new and emerging domains such as space and artificial intelligence (AI).
• The US recently completed the notification process for a commercial agreement between General Electric Aerospace and Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL) to manufacture GE F-414 jet engines in India.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Questions (PYQs)

Q. In which one of the following groups are all the four countries members of G20? (2020)

(a) Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey (b) Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand (c) Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam (d) Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea

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India's G20 Presidency: How the country is using its economic clout to bridge North-South divide

• Byline: Surabhi
• Producer: Arnav Das Sharma

India is using the G20 presidency and its growing economic clout to take up global issues and is turning into a credible voice to bridge the North–South divide on wide-ranging issues such as accelerating SDGs and reform of multilateral development banks  

Delhi seems to be in a state of anticipation. Renovation work is being carried out at a frenetic pace across the city—roads and pavements are being repaired, LED lights are being installed, gardens, fountains and sculptures are being put up at prominent traffic islands and a state-of-the-art international exhibition-cum-convention centre has been built at Pragati Maidan at a cost of Rs 2,700 crore. The centre, inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on July 26, will host world leaders such as US President Joe Biden and British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak at the G20 Leaders’ Summit on September 9-10. The event will mark the culmination of India’s year-long presidency of the G20. 

The beautification of the capital may seem superfluous, but the bigger tangible gain for India this year has been the ability to showcase itself as an emerging economic superpower, with recent data and reports hailing it as a force to reckon with. 

For instance, Morgan Stanley has upgraded India to ‘overweight’ and strategists at the brokerage believe that India is at the start of a “long wave boom” even as China may be ending one. S&P Global expects India to grow 6.7 per cent per year from FY24 to FY31, catapulting GDP to $6.7 trillion from $3.4 trillion in FY23.   

And India seems to be combining this growing economic clout with its G20 presidency to make its tryst with history as it takes up difficult and urgent issues that require global attention. Countries across the world are trying to repair the damage from the twin shocks of the Covid-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war and move to a new normal of slower growth, higher inflation, widening socioeconomic disparities and extreme weather-related events.

As of today, G20 constitutes more than 80 per cent of the global GDP. So, these are the most important countries in the world in terms of output Suresh Prabhu Former Union Minister and India’s former Sherpa to the G20

“We are at a very interesting time. India has done exceptionally well and in doing exceptionally well, there are certain learnings India can share with the world and that is elevating India’s presidency to a new level,” veteran banker K.V. Kamath, Chairman of the National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID), tells Business Today. (To read his column, turn to page 76.) 

He points out that during the Covid-19 crisis that led to problems in the financial sector, and then amid the problems in Europe, India is one economy that quickly tackled these challenges and returned to normalcy without imposing significant pain on the system. 

An Agenda for Development

But what is so special about the G20 presidency, given that it is a rotating one? The importance of this grouping lies in the very fact that it consists of the 20 most powerful economies in the world, which got together for the first time in 1999 after the East Asian financial crisis to discuss global economic and financial issues.     

Over the years, its mandate has expanded to take up all possible issues in the world such as climate change and energy, says Suresh Prabhu, former Union Minister and former Sherpa for India to the G20 and G7. “As of today, G20 constitutes more than 80 per cent of the global GDP. So, these are the most important countries in the world in terms of output,” he says. While economic issues will be the most important, every host country has the prerogative to take up any priority issue at the G20 forum, says Prabhu, a veteran of these talks.   

Not surprisingly, the G20 agenda that India has set up for its presidency includes many topics rooted in its own national developmental priorities such as technological transformation and digital public infrastructure (DPI); progress on sustainable development goals (SDGs); green development and LiFE (Lifestyle For the Environment); and women-led development. It has also not shied away from taking up more challenging but pertinent issues such as reforming multilateral development banks (MDBs) and speedier resolution of debt stress faced by many vulnerable countries.

India has vast experience on many of these themes. For instance, it has been tackling economic issues such as leakages in subsidy distribution, financial inclusion and Covid-19 vaccination through innovative solutions based on DPI, including Aadhaar, Co-Win and the Unified Payments Interface (UPI). It believes these can help both the developing and developed countries.   

Kamath of NaBFID feels India Stack can become a model for the world. “UPI is a global settlement system and is much more modern and nimbler [than its peers],” he says about the digital payments system that is finding takers in Singapore, the UAE and France.   

“A major impact of India’s G20 presidency is the recognition that digital public infrastructure is an inclusive and efficient way to provide public service delivery. And India has demonstrated that using DPIs, countries can provide world class services at a fraction of the existing costs. There are many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, that can tremendously benefit by customising DPIs to their domestic context,” says Deepak Mishra, Director and Chief Executive of the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (Icrier), a think tank.   

As per the road map of the Digital Public Goods Alliance—a multi-stakeholder UN-endorsed initiative that facilitates the discovery and deployment of open-source technologies—India is a world leader in developing and deploying digital public goods (DPG), with as many as 42 developed and 49 deployed DPGs. While India leads the list of G20 nations using DPGs, it is followed by the US, per Icrier.   

At the Global DPI Summit, held in Pune this June, India signed MoUs with four countries—Armenia, Sierra Leone, Suriname, and Antigua and Barbuda—on sharing the India Stack. This will enable successful digital solutions implemented at population scale. The fourth in-person meeting of the Digital Economy Working Group and the Digital Economy Ministerial is scheduled later in August in Bengaluru, where greater traction is expected.

A major impact of India’s G20 presidency is the recognition that digital public infrastructure is an inclusive and efficient way to provide public service delivery Deepak Mishra Director and Chief Executive  ICRIER

Towards a Greener Future

Sustainable development is another area that has seen huge strides under India’s presidency. The country has been successful in delivering an action plan to accelerate progress on SDGs; the plan reiterates the commitments of member states to deliver on the goals. 

Similarly, the theme of energy transition is also finding many takers, given the urgent need to fight climate change. As the world’s third-largest renewable energy producer and with initiatives such as production-linked incentives for electric vehicles and a National Green Hydrogen Mission, India has paved the way for meaningful discussions.     

While the G20 Energy Transitions Ministerial meeting did not end with a joint communiqué, the outcome document did speak of expediting the production and use of hydrogen generated from zero- and low-emission technologies, as well as adopting biofuels. “Under the 2015 Paris accord, all the signatory nations are committed to the SDGs that primarily involve a steady transition from fossil fuels and reduction of carbon emissions to mitigate the increasing climate risks and their impact on the global economy,” points out Suman Chowdhury, Chief Economist and Head-Research at Acuité Ratings & Research.     

Several meetings of the Energy Transitions Working Group have taken place where the priority areas include low-cost financing for energy transition and development of diversified supply chains. “Any tangible progress in this area with enhanced access to global funds will have positive implications for India’s own ambitious green financing programmes and the green goals set for 2030,” says Chowdhury.   

Amitabh Kant, India’s Sherpa to the G20, tells Business Today that the goal of India’s presidency is to bring the G20 nations together as problem-solvers to tackle cascading and interlinked crises for a resilient, sustainable, and inclusive world. “We will aim to drive a broader consensus on a majority of our outcomes during these meetings,” he says, adding that a wider consensus has already been achieved on topics such as green development, SDGs, climate finance and tech transformation. (For the full interview, turn to page 44.) 

Many of these future-forward themes are also being taken up by business leaders to discuss strategies on how to shockproof their own sectors. The B20 or Business 20 which is the official G20 dialogue forum involving the global business community has, this year, adopted the theme of RAISE, which stands for responsible, accelerated, innovative, sustainable, and equitable businesses.   

It has set up seven task forces on themes including inclusive global value chains for resilient global trade and investment, future of work, skilling and mobility, digital transformation, financing for global economic recovery, financial inclusion for economic empowerment, energy, climate change and resource efficiency and lastly tech, innovation and R&D.   

The B20 Summit India 2023, scheduled to be held in Delhi in late-August, will witness the capital hosting some of the biggest global and Indian industry leaders including Shantanu Narayen, Chair and CEO of Adobe; Michael Miebach, CEO of Mastercard; Arvind Krishna, Chairman and CEO of IBM; Dilhan Pillay Sandrasegara, ED and CEO of Temasek; Sunil Bharti Mittal, Chairman of Bharti Enterprises; and T.V. Narendran, CEO and MD, Tata Steel. N. Chandrasekaran, the Chairman of Tata Sons, is the B20 India Chair. 

A New World Order 

But that is not all. India has also taken up other meatier issues during its G20 presidency that would help define the new world order.   

One of the most important issues that India chose to tackle during its presidency is the reform and strengthening of MDBs. The G20’s Independent Expert Group (IEG) led jointly by former US Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers and N.K. Singh, Chairman of the 15th Finance Commission, recently presented the first volume of its report, which among other measures, has prescribed a triple-funding method through a Global Challenges Funding Mechanism that will allow for tapping into private sector investments that can help raise an additional $20 billion for annual lending. At present, the two funding mechanisms are negotiated equity contributions from sovereign shareholders and discretionary trust funds. The second volume of the report is awaited.   

Many of the global shared challenges playing out today—climate change, energy transition or supply chain diversification—cannot be solved by countries in isolation Deepa Kumar Head Asia-Pacific Country Risk S&P Global Market Intelligence

“India’s G20 leadership has opened new debates, brought new ideas and created new vocabularies on global issues. For example, the previous expert group on MDBs focussed primarily on the capital adequacy framework. But after the publication of the Singh-Summers Committee report, ‘The Triple Agenda’, there is a recognition that reforming MDBs will have to be carried out along three dimensions: expanding their mandate, tripling their finance and creating a third financing mechanism,” explains Mishra of Icrier. The think tank and the Washington-based Centre for Global Development have been appointed policy advisors to this IEG.   

“Expanding the MDB reform agenda from one to three dimensions reflects the level of India’s ambition,” says Mishra. “Kudos to Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman for showing that India will not shy away from taking up some of the most difficult challenges facing the world economy and finding their solutions. This is the manifestation of a new India, a confident India and a global India.”   

Experts believe that India is a credible voice that can facilitate dialogue between the Global North and South and that further aids its G20 presidency. Deepa Kumar, Head of Asia-Pacific Country Risk at S&P Global Market Intelligence, says that the country is seeing itself as a bridge between advanced economies and emerging economies. “Many of the global shared challenges that are playing out today—climate change, energy transition or supply chain diversification—cannot be solved by countries in isolation. The pandemic co-operation showed the world that you need to be able to work together. But what it also showed is that there is a divide in how you work across the Global North and South.” India is realising that it is at the cusp where it can not only represent the challenges of the emerging economies, but can also work with its partners in the West—who are bullish about the country—to bridge that gap and make sure that there is some kind of consensus on how to approach global challenges, she adds.     

Trying to bridge these differences, the Indian presidency is working to include the African Union as a member of the G20. Nagesh Kumar, Director and Chief Executive of the Institute for Studies in Industrial Development (ISID), says that if this takes place, it will be an important and lasting legacy of the Indian presidency. “That will dramatically enhance the inclusiveness of this grouping,” says Kumar of the New Delhi-based think tank, adding that it will make the G20 much more representative and inclusive than it is now.   

India is also trying to reach a consensus on financial sector issues such as a global framework for regulating cryptocurrencies, as well as addressing debt vulnerabilities in low- and middle-income countries in an effective, comprehensive and systematic manner, which are amongst the key issues highlighted by Finance Minister Sitharaman.

A Work in Progress

The third G20 finance ministers’ and central bank governors’ meeting in Gandhinagar in July saw endorsements on many of these issues including the reform of MDBs and the Financial Stability Board’s recommendations for the regulation and oversight of crypto-asset activities and markets. But, with the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war, the meeting ended without a consensus due to a lack of common language and only an outcome summary was released.   

In fact, all eyes now are on whether a communiqué will be issued at the Leaders’ Summit in September, which would make India’s presidency of the G20 truly successful. Policy watchers are, however, optimistic that given India’s diplomatic ties and its role in the previous Indonesian presidency, a communiqué at the Leaders’ Summit is still very much possible.

Madan Sabnavis, Chief Economist of Bank of Baroda, points out that G20 talks are all works in progress, which sometimes lead to an optimum solution. “To expect all 20 countries to agree to everything will not happen. But we need to have these kinds of discussions so that we can have consensus on at least some issues,” he says.   

Kumar of ISID, however, notes that there was a serious question mark on last year’s Indonesian G20 presidency coming up with a communiqué. But India came to the rescue. “Everybody had written off the Bali Summit as a failed one [that would] not come up with the communiqué. The Ukraine war was really a hot issue at that time. I think Prime Minister Modi’s intervention helped to bridge the differences and find a language acceptable to all. This helped the communiqué to be agreed [upon] and adopted. So, even as a member of the troika and not the host country, India was able to help in finding a common ground. There is no reason why such a step will not be attempted this time around,” he says, adding that the PM’s charisma and personal rapport with leaders of other G20 nations will help him to bring them around. The G20 troika consists of the current, previous and incoming presidencies, which work together to ensure consistency and continuity of the agenda. Italy held the presidency in 2021 and Indonesia in 2022. 

But whatever be the final outcome, India has managed to set the agenda and get world leaders thinking about a new future. In the pages that follow, delve deeper into India’s agenda for its G20 presidency and the progress made thus far.

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Essay On My Vision for India’s G20 Presidency

Essay On My Vision for India’s Presidency of the G20

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Introduction:

The G20, which includes the world’s top economies, has evolved into an essential venue for international collaboration and economic stability.

As a student and concerned citizen of India, I hope for a successful and inclusive future for my nation as it takes over the G20 presidency.

In this essay, I will explain my vision for India’s G20 presidency and explore the important areas where I feel India can contribute to global governance and sustainable development.

1. Fostering Economic Growth and Resilience:

The G20 presidency of India provides a chance to push measures that foster robust economic growth while ensuring its long-term viability.

As the world recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic, India should prioritize efforts to restore economies, create jobs, and close the socioeconomic gap.

Investing in infrastructural development, encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation, and improving internet connectivity can all function as economic growth drivers.

Furthermore, India may push for fair trade practices, lower obstacles to cross-border investment, and help emerging nations integrate into global supply networks.

India can build a more equal and inclusive global economy by promoting economic resilience.

2. Sustainable Development and Climate Action:

India’s dedication to long-term development is well known. As the G20 president, India has a unique opportunity to address climate change and promote green initiatives.

It is critical to prioritize renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and the adoption of environmentally friendly technologies.

India can set an example by demonstrating its success in renewable energy generation and enacting laws that encourage the usage of clean energy.

Furthermore, India may push G20 members to meet their climate commitments, expedite the transition to a low-carbon economy, and assist developing countries in their attempts to adapt to climate change.

Collaboration in clean technology research and development, exchanging best practices, and supporting investments in sustainable infrastructure can all pave the road for a greener, more sustainable future.

3. Strengthening Global Health Infrastructure:

The current COVID-19 epidemic has shown the flaws in global health systems. As G20 president, India can prioritize the improvement of global health infrastructure in order to better prepare for future health emergencies.

India should prioritize fair access to vaccines, medicines, and healthcare services in order to ensure that no country falls behind.

India can foster research and development collaborations, knowledge transfer, and the building of vaccine production facilities in poor countries.

India can contribute to a more robust global health infrastructure capable of responding effectively to future pandemics by focusing on improving health systems.

4. Promoting Digital Transformation and Inclusive Innovation:

Digital transformation is critical for economic advancement and social development in an increasingly interconnected society.

The G20 presidency of India can be focused on fostering digital literacy, closing the digital divide, and enabling inclusive innovation.

India can empower marginalized groups, improve access to education and healthcare, and promote entrepreneurship by harnessing digital technologies.

Furthermore, India may push for the ethical use of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain to benefit humanity as a whole.

Collaboration among G20 countries in exchanging best practices, adopting common standards, and tackling digital security and privacy concerns will be critical in unlocking the digital era’s promise.

Conclusion:

The G20 presidency of India is an important chance to define the global agenda and contribute to a more equal and sustainable future.

India can lead the G20 in solving critical global concerns by focusing on economic growth, sustainable development, global health, and digital transformation.

As a student, I am confident in India’s ability to make a positive difference during its presidency.

By advocating these crucial areas, I believe that India can boost international collaboration, overcome divides, and create a better world for future generations.

Let us take this opportunity and work together to ensure that India’s G20 leadership leaves a legacy of growth and prosperity.

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