essay on artificial intelligence for upsc

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Artificial Intelligence - Benefits, Applications, Types, and Concerns

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Science and Technology

Table of Contents

• What is Artificial Intelligence

Applications of Artificial Intelligence

Advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence.

• India amp Artificial Intelligence

Prelims: General Science

Mains: Science and Technology- Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, and Biotechnology.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an emerging technology that enables computers and machines to simulate human intelligence and problem-solving capabilities. It involves the development of algorithms and models that enable computers to perform tasks that would typically require human intelligence , such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making.

Artificial Intelligence has become increasingly prevalent in various domains, including natural language processing , computer vision, robotics, and decision support systems. As AI technology advances, it holds the potential to revolutionise numerous industries and aspects of our daily lives, while also raising important ethical considerations regarding its responsible development and deployment.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence refers to machines performing human-like tasks. Its main components are Machine Learning algorithms that train on data, Neural Networks that mimic the brain's structure, and Natural Language Processing that understands human language. AI systems work by taking inputs, processing them with algorithms, and providing intelligent outputs that mimic human cognition and reasoning abilities.

Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

• Alan Turing proposed " Turing Test " to evaluate machine intelligence
• John McCarthy coined the term "Artificial Intelligence"
• Examples: DENDRAL (chemical analysis), MYCIN (medical diagnosis)
• Algorithms like decision trees and neural networks
• Systems learn from data instead of hard-coded rules
• Inspired by human brain structure and function
• Excelled in computer vision and natural language processing
• Driven by large datasets (e.g., ImageNet), computing power (GPUs)
• Algorithmic advances like deep learning
• Major tech companies invested heavily in AI research
• Natural language processing (e.g., ChatGPT by OpenAI )
• Computer vision (e.g., object detection by DeepMind)
• Reinforcement learning (e.g., AlphaGo by DeepMind)
• Widespread adoption of AI technologies across industries

Elements of Artificial Intelligence

• Example : Spam filtering in email clients, which learns to identify spam emails based on patterns in the data.
• Example: Facial recognition systems used for tagging people in photos or unlocking smartphones.
• Example : Virtual assistants like Siri or Alexa that can understand and respond to voice commands.
• Example : Self-driving cars that can detect and recognize objects, pedestrians, and traffic signals.
• Example : Recommendation systems used by streaming platforms like Netflix to suggest movies and shows based on user preferences.

Types of Artificial Intelligence

• Narrow AI is designed for specific tasks and operates within predefined boundaries.
• Examples: Virtual assistants, chess-playing programs, speech recognition, spam filters
• General Artificial Intelligence aims to mimic human intelligence across various tasks.
• Unlike narrow AI, AGI can reason, learn, and adapt like a human.
• A future form of AI surpasses human intelligence significantly.
• These AI systems operate in the present moment, reacting to current data without memory or past experiences.
• Examples: IBM’s Deep Blue (chess-playing AI) and Google’s AlphaGo
• Artificial Intelligence with limited memory can use past data to make decisions but does not have a full history of interactions.
• Examples: Self-driving cars, language translation software
• This type aims to understand human emotions, beliefs, intentions and thought processes.
• This type of AI is still in its infancy.
• AI that has a sense of self-awareness and consciousness, similar to human consciousness.
• It is highly speculative and not yet achieved.

How does AI work?

• AI systems acquire data, preprocess it, and extract relevant features.
• Appropriate algorithms like machine learning, deep learning, or rules are selected and trained on the data to learn patterns.
• The trained models are evaluated, optimized, and deployed to make predictions or decisions based on new input data.
• Artificial Intelligence combines techniques like natural language processing, computer vision, and reasoning to mimic human-like intelligence.
• It continuously learns and improves through exposure to more data and feedback.

Artificial intelligence has numerous applications across various industries. Some of the most common applications include:

• E-commerce : Helps in personalised recommendations, fraud detection, and chatbots for customer support.
• Education : Used for adaptive learning, personalised learning plans, and intelligent tutoring systems.
• Robotics : Powers robots for automation, inspection, and assembly line tasks.
• Healthcare : Aids in medical diagnosis, drug discovery, and patient monitoring.
• Social Media : Used for content moderation, recommendation systems, and sentiment analysis.
• Agriculture : Helps in precision farming, crop monitoring, and yield prediction.
• Manufacturing : Used for quality control, predictive maintenance, supply chain optimization, and robotics.
• Finance : Aids in fraud detection, risk assessment, and investment management.
• Transportation : Used for self-driving cars, traffic management, and route optimization.
• Environment : Helps in climate modelling, pollution monitoring, and renewable energy management.

Examples of AI in Daily Life

Artificial Intelligence is an integral part of our lives, enhancing convenience, efficiency, and decision-making across various domains.

• Chatbots : ChatGPT by OpenAI, Copilot by Microsoft Bing
• Smart assistants : Siri, Alexa, and Cortana
• Recommendation algorithms : Google’s search algorithm, Netflix’s personalised content recommendations
• Face Recognition : FaceID on iPhones, Security cameras
• Navigation apps : Google Maps, Waze
• Social Media algorithms : Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter’s curated feeds.
• Ridesharing apps : Uber, Ola

Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers immense potential for innovation and efficiency but comes with challenges such as ethical concerns, job displacement, and data privacy issues.

Significance of AI

• Example : Robotic process automation in finance for data entry and report generation.
• Example : Predictive analytics in retail for demand forecasting and inventory optimization.
• Example : Chatbots for customer service inquiries in various industries.
• Example : Credit risk assessment in banking using machine learning models.
• Example : AI-assisted drug discovery and personalized medicine.

Concerns Related to Artificial Intelligence

• Example : Self-checkout systems in retail reducing the need for cashiers.
• Ethical concerns: AI systems can perpetuate biases present in training data or algorithms.
• Example : Facial recognition systems showing bias against certain ethnicities.
• Example : DeepFakes for spreading misinformation and propaganda.
• Example : Inaccurate medical diagnoses due to incomplete or biased patient data.
• Example : Chatbots failing to provide emotional support in mental health applications.
• Example : Significant investment required for AI research and development.
• Example : Lack of transparency in AI-based loan approval systems.

India & Artificial Intelligence

The Indian government and various organisations have taken several initiatives to promote the development and adoption of AI in the country. Here are some key initiatives:

• National Strategy for AI (2018) : It outlines the vision, mission, and a comprehensive plan to leverage Artificial Intelligence for economic growth and social development.
• AI for All : To promote AI education and research.
• Responsible AI for Social Empowerment (RAISE) : To develop AI-based solutions for social good.
• AI for Agriculture : To improve agricultural productivity and farmer welfare.
• Responsible AI for Youth: To equip young people with the necessary skills and mindset for AI readiness.
• AI Centers of Excellence : The government has established AI Centers of Excellence in various institutes and universities, such as IITs, to promote research and development in AI.
• FutureSkills PRIME : It is, a joint initiative by NASSCOM and MeitY, a skill development program aimed at reskilling and upskilling IT professionals in emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, to bridge the talent gap.
• INDIAai : It is the National AI Portal of India, and serves as a knowledge portal, a research organization, and an ecosystem-building initiative.

PYQs on Artificial Intelligence

Question 1 : Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does AI help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to the privacy of the individual in the use of AI in healthcare? ( UPSC Prelims 2023 )

Question 2 : With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following?

• Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
• Create meaningful short stories and songs
• Disease diagnosis
• Text-to-Speech Conversion
• Wireless transmission of electrical energy

Select the correct answer using the code given below: ( UPSC Prelims 2020 )

• 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
• 1, 3 and 4 only
• 2, 4 and 5 only
• 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Answer: (b)

FAQs on Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an emerging technology that enables computers and machines to simulate human intelligence and problem-solving capabilities.

What is the difference between Artificial Intelligence, Machine learning and Deep Learning?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the broad field of creating intelligent systems. Machine Learning (ML) is an AI technique that allows systems to learn from data. Deep Learning (DL) is a specific ML technique inspired by the brain's neural networks.

How do we measure if Artificial Intelligence is acting like a human?

The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing, evaluates if an AI system can exhibit human-like responses that are indistinguishable from a real person's responses in a conversational setting.

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Essay on Artificial Intelligence UPSC

Why is an essay on Artificial Intelligence UPSC relevant? 

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become an increasingly important part of the modern world. Artificial Intelligence is what we can call the stimulation of human intelligence onto machines. In this boom of technological revolution, we are left to wonder if natural intelligence matters anymore.

Quite often AI is misunderstood and misrepresented as something powerful and dangerous. As aware citizens who see the possibility of technology development and innovation through AI, it is essential that we understand what AI really is and isn’t.

Here we will look at artificial intelligence, including how it can be used, the components that makeup AI, and its impact on our daily lives. This article will help you design and write an essay on artificial intelligence UPSC style. The first step to writing an Artificial Intelligence essay UPSC level is to define what AI is.

Read on to familiarize yourself with the term AI. 

Artificial Intelligence (AI): What Exactly Is It?

Ai vs machine learning, what characteristics does ai have, artificial intelligence developments around the world, why artificial intelligence is beneficial, artificial intelligence in india: challenges.

• Ways to Harness AI's Power

FAQs On Artificial Intelligence

What is the 4.0 industrial revolution, is ai the beginning of the industrial revolution 4.0, state 2 examples of ai., what is the future of artificial intelligence, what are the potential risks and concerns with artificial intelligence.

John McCarthy coined the term “artificial intelligence” in 1956 at the Dartmouth conference, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

The most prevalent misconception about artificial intelligence (AI) is that it refers to robots that perform monotonous repetitive tasks and behave like humans.

However, this isn’t quite accurate. The ability of machines (computers) to accomplish cognitive functions usually related to the human brain is referred to as artificial intelligence (AI), like learning, planning, and problem-solving  (in other words, many human intelligence processes)all without any explicit programming from humans or any kind of human interaction!

Now that we have defined and understood what AI is, let us explore what AI does, how it is of use today along with what the future holds in store. We can also show the difference between two technologies in the same domain in our Artificial Intelligence UPSC essay.

Both AI and machine learning go hand in hand. However, their difference is significant. The scope of these two technologies is the fundamental difference between these two advancements of technology.

• Artificial Intelligence(AI) refers to computer systems that can do activities that would ordinarily need human intelligence.
• Machine learning refers to systems that are not explicitly intended for a certain activity but do include some amount of learning.

People frequently confuse which of these two technologies is superior when using them. While deep learning and machine learning are both powerful technologies, the former comprises neural networks that require human intervention to optimize results.

Human specialists determine the hierarchy of features and distinguishing qualities of data in traditional machine learning. To streamline the learning process, humans create labels for the data. Deep learning also relies on labeled data. This way, the system learns to differentiate objects based on their characteristics via a Machine Learning algorithm.

Now we know what AI is and isn’t. This basic knowledge will not suffice for a UPSC-level essay on Artificial Intelligence. To make the examiner understand more about our extent of knowledge in the subject matter, we can also list out features in our Artificial Intelligence UPSC essay.

Also Read: How To Write An Essay In UPSC Mains

Computer programs have a natural tendency to look for patterns and predict the outcome of future situations. As these patterns emerge, computer programs can be categorized as “intelligent.” 

An AI-based system is also capable of learning, which means that it can adapt to new conditions. In addition, it will be capable to integrate changes in its algorithm, allowing it to take more actions based on its learning process.

Ultimately, these systems will become as intelligent as humans, enabling them to become digital assistants and further replace human workers in many industries.

The foundation of AI is built on the notion of human intelligence. AI aims to simulate human cognitive activity by mimicking human behavior. The ability of an artificial system to learn and perform tasks better than humans is a key component of AI.

For example, a robot can use fuzzy logic to solve unfamiliar tasks. Likewise, it can apply knowledge from one domain to another.

While researchers and developers are making great strides in developing AI, there are also plenty of skeptics in the field. The issue of replaceability and unchecked power is a fear that strikes most minds.

Nevertheless, the developments in the Artificial Intelligence field and the discussions it is launching are a must-know for all UPSC aspirants. Discussing current affairs in our Artificial Intelligence UPSC essay can make it stand out and highlight our level of awareness about the subject.

The societal and economic advantages of implemented AI are well-acknowledged around the world.

In contrast to China and Japan, which have allowed existing ministries to adopt AI in their various sectoral areas, many nations have established specialized government offices, such as the Ministry of AI in the United Arab Emirates and the Office of AI and AI Council in the United Kingdom.

While the world is still in its infancy, global developments in AI will be an increasingly important factor for economic growth. China forecasts that artificial intelligence would contribute 26% of its GDP by 2030, while the U.K. estimates that AI will contribute 10%.

France and Japan recently released AI strategies, and the U.K. published an industrial strategy in November. As AI tools improve, we can expect to see these countries continue to push the boundaries of this field.

In addition, NITI Aayog has released National AI Strategy Discussion Paper to provide guidance on the research and development of new and developing technologies. On August 24, 2017, Task forces (i.e., a working group) on artificial intelligence were formed.

Artificial intelligence can add significant value to a wide number of industries around the world, and It is expected to be a significant source of competitive advantage for businesses. Along with the advantages, listing out the challenges can be a good way to steer the Artificial Intelligence UPSC essay forward.

Artificial Intelligence can increase the calculation power of conventional computers. AI processes are usually self-learning, so they can work continuously without any rest. This can greatly increase the competitive edge of a company.

Furthermore, AI can predict the future and anticipate what people will need in a variety of fields. This can help in planning infrastructure and decision-making.

In addition, AI can be programmed to identify threats to human life. It is not yet clear how AI will impact the future of our society, however, it has the capacity to transform the way we live.

Listed below are some of its advantages:

• AI is the only solution to avoid human errors . AI technology isn’t susceptible to human error or discrepancies from human interactions. AI is trained to avoid human errors, allowing it to detect and correct mistakes without human assistance. Unlike human doctors, AI-enabled intelligent machines don’t depend on the mood of their operators, allowing them to focus on solving a particular case instead of focusing on a complex problem. For example, Google’s DeepMind can diagnose severe eye diseases as accurately as world-class doctors. Additionally, it can recommend the best treatment in 94% of cases.
• Another advantage of AI is that it’s highly scalable. Instead of being limited by the human brain, AI can integrate itself with scalable intelligent systems, from cell phones to supercomputers. The scalable nature of AI also allows it to perform tasks of varying complexity. Further, AI can improve the decision-making process thereby increasing productivity. Therefore, companies can benefit from AI for convenience, reducing the time required for data analysis.
• In the Healthcare sector, it is used to provide accurate diagnosis way before the disease reaches its acute phase.
• The use of AI in the education domain is expected to improve access to quality education and improve crowd management . It makes rewarding marks and grading automated and time-efficient.
• AI applications are also advancing the way we live and work , making it easier to manage our cities. For example, artificial intelligence can help improve traffic flow and power balancing, making it easier to monitor power outages. 
• AI is already being used in the retail sector , with applications including personalized suggestions, image-based product search, and customer demand anticipation. AI guarantees smart mobility as well as improved supply chain management and delivery processes. Aside from improving customer service, AI applications can also be beneficial for retailers to monitor and prevent potential problems. It can also detect broken products and defective objects, notifying the responsible person.
• Many industries are integrating AI into their products to improve their performance. In the advertising world, AI is used to track user statistics and to show advertisements relevant to their interests . The manufacturing sector utilizes AI in its intelligent robots to hasten the automation process and better quality control.
• Similarly, in the agricultural community, AI is used to help buyers choose products . AI can also be used to reduce crop losses by building modern machines to provide advisories for sowing or monitor weather and diseases to avoid future mishaps. This in turn will increase crop yield.
• The e-commerce industry is incorporating artificial intelligence to make purchases and communication easier and more efficient.
• Innovations in gaming are also possible through AI . Technological innovation in strategic games like chess where artificial intelligence can control the opponent’s computer and even play the game for them using neural networks is an example of this.

These futuristic innovations and systems are growing in popularity in the market, but only a few professionals are working on building them. For this reason, there is an increasing demand for AI professionals in the market. However, despite the great potential for AI, it is essential to find a job with this skill set to be successful.

We can finish our Artificial Intelligence UPSC essay by listing out the challenge and what we think can be the way forward. This will show the examiner your opinion on the subject and your problem-solving skills.

Implementing AI tools in Indian educational institutions is a challenge, especially in India, where educational institutions often lack data. Most don’t have an ERP in place and thus can’t pull data in a uniform format. Without such data, AI tools cannot accurately predict student performance.

Additionally, the current lack of data sets makes it impossible to create a single repository to train AI models. Consequently, the implementation of AI is slow and difficult.

Regardless of its promise to propel national progress and wealth, AI in India faces several barriers. Listed below are some of the most significant hiccups, which should be solved before the technology is fully adopted and embraced in the country.

• There is a lack of communication and collaboration between many stakeholders which hinders a natural developmental progression.
• Concerns about d ata privacy and security , as well as a lack of formal regulation regarding data anonymization.
• Lack of awareness about AI. The vast majority of Indians have no idea what Artificial Intelligence (AI) is or how it operates, and the benefits it may provide for businesses, governments, and individuals. This is mainly because AI is only just beginning to enter mainstream consciousness in other countries too.
• Difficulty with adoption is a reality. Indian businesses generally lack the resources required to implement AI systems and complex machines. For example, many companies don’t have enough data scientists on their teams to analyze customer data and build algorithms that can predict future events based on historical data sets.
• Another setback is the lack of resources and resource costs . There is a shortage of trained professionals who are proficient in Artificial Intelligence techniques like machine learning and deep learning(a subset of machine learning). As a result, organizations are unable to hire people with relevant skill sets or develop in-house talent quickly enough to keep up with the competition.
• Computing infrastructure is scarce and generates huge costs, making it difficult to build, train, and deploy AI-based services. Despite its rapid growth, cloud infrastructure has limited capabilities.

These were some of the current issues with AI-based systems in India. Let’s look at what can be the best way forward.

Ways to Harness AI’s Power

Consider Examarly to prepare for UPSC holistically. You will find everything from personalized study strategy to curated study resources under one umbrella, here.

AI has many benefits in our everyday lives, but it is not without its downsides. Many observers are concerned that AI will create an unequal share of the benefits and risks of technological advancement. Some countries will benefit greatly from AI, while other countries will suffer as they do not have the same resources as developed nations.

The developing world is also concerned that AI will reduce the demand for labor and natural resources. This could negatively impact the welfare of workers, and ultimately lower equilibrium wages and welfare.

We expect that India’s “AI for All” agenda emphasizes ethical AI and results in large-scale AI solutions in order to make India a larger ecosystem for AI and a dependable country to which the rest of the world may outsource AI-related work. AI systems created in India will help the entire planet.

Many people believe that AI-based applications will take their sweet time to master the human language and control the human race. Yet, AI is developing at an incredibly fast rate, which is causing some people to worry and have nightmares of a robotic army. This powerful technology can easily grow out of control and become too powerful for human use.

The emergence of complete artificial intelligence, according to Stephen Hawkins, may mean the extinction of the human race.

While this technology will undoubtedly benefit humans, it could also endanger society by increasing the wealth gap. Further, AI could be used for nefarious purposes, including autonomous weapons and malicious AI systems. Thus, the use of AI is only a step in a path that is yet to be disclosed.

Taking an ethical yet progressive approach to this social transformation is commendable while writing the essay on Artificial Intelligence in your UPSC exam. Prepare for UPSC with Examarly and to maximize your chances of acing the prelims. Check out Examarly for the best Civil Service study materials. 

How advanced people live and work is changing as a result of revolutionary trends and technology like robotics, the Internet-Of-things (IoT), virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence. The fourth industrial revolution is referred to as this. The incorporation of these technologies into industrial procedures is termed “Industry 4.0.”

A number of scientific and technological sectors have seen substantial advancements thanks to artificial intelligence (AI), also referred to as the 4.0 Industrial Revolution.

1. By processing human language rather than computer language, computer software is said to be performing natural language processing  (NLP). Consider spam detection, which determines whether an email is rubbish by examining the subject line and the email’s body. 2. Making a system or a group of processes run without human involvement is known as robotic process automation. Robots can be taught to carry out repetitive, elevated operations that would often be carried out manually, and they differ from IT standardization in that they can change course quickly in response to changing conditions. 

The future of AI is uncertain, but it is likely that it will continue to play an increasingly important role in many aspects of our lives. It may also lead to the development of new technologies and industries, as well as new ethical and societal challenges.

One of the main concerns with AI is the potential for it to automate jobs and increase unemployment. Additionally, there are concerns about privacy and the ethical implications of AI, such as bias and discrimination in decision-making.

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Artificial Intelligence [UPSC Notes GS III]

This article will help you understand the following concepts: Artificial Intelligence in India, challenges, global development, and future prospects of AI.

These UPSC Notes on AI are aligned with the UPSC Syllabus and aspirants should prepare this topic for General Studies Paper III.

Artificial Intelligence is an important topic as AI has been in trend in the current scenario and has also been in the news recently, hence it is relevant for the UPSC Mains

Artificial Intelligence UPSC Notes:- Download PDF Here

Artificial Intelligence (AI) – What & Why?

Artificial Intelligence is an emerging technology that facilitates intelligence and human capabilities of sense, comprehend, and act with the use of machines. Some of the technologies that can allow these systems in analyzing and understanding all the information that is received are Natural Language Processing (NLP) and inference engines. Artificial Intelligence is a system that provides action through technologies such as expert systems and inference engines to undertake operations in the physical world.

Latest News on Artificial Intelligence India

In October 2020, RAISE 2020, a mega event on Artificial Intelligence was held in the virtual mode. 

• RAISE 2020 – ‘Responsible AI for Social Empowerment 2020’ was jointly organised by the NITI Aayog and the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• Representatives from the global AI industry took part in the summit and exchanged ideas on how AI can be harnessed to drive India’s vision and roadmap for social transformation, inclusion and empowerment.
• People from governments, the industry and academia participated in the mega event.
• Selected start-ups also showcased their AI solutions in RAISE 2020.

Artificial Intelligence and India

Industry analysts predict that Artificial Intelligence could add up to $957 billion to India’s economy by 2035. The Government of India has initiated many programmes and initiatives for developing the AI industry in India so that its potential can be fully exploited for furthering the country’s economic and social progress.

• The portal also acts as a knowledge-sharing tool featuring articles, documents, etc. for the use of stakeholders.
• It can also act as a platform for getting information about AI jobs.
• The programme’s aim is to give the young students a platform and empower them with appropriate new-age tech mindset, relevant AI skill-sets and access to required AI tool-sets to make them digitally ready for the future.
• Under this, selected students (of classes 8 to 12) from central/state government schools from all over the country will attend online training sessions on AI, and how social impact projects can be identified and created with the help of AI.
• Based on this, students will submit their solutions through videos, after which they will receive relevant training and handholding to develop their ideas into fruition for showcase on appropriate platforms.
• In June 2020, India became a part of the GPAI.
• GPAI is an international and multi-stakeholder initiative to guide the responsible development and use of AI, grounded in human rights, inclusion, diversity, innovation, and economic growth.
• The grouping aims to bridge the gap between the theory and practice of AI.
• It focuses on responsible AI, building AI solutions at scale with an intent to make India the AI garage of the world — a trusted nation to which the world can outsource AI-related work.
• It emphasizes inclusive development through the use of AI technologies.
• From 2020 onwards, CBSE has integrated AI into the school curriculum.

Global Developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The economic and social benefits of applied AI are familiar in all the countries of the world.

In the area of core research in AI and related technologies, universities and research institutions from the US, China, and Japan have led the publication volume on AI research topics between 2010 and 2016.

Potential of AI Governance structures for enabling all the above mandates across countries. Many countries have instituted dedicated public offices such as the Ministry of AI (UAE), and Office of AI and AI Council (U.K.) while China and Japan have allowed existing ministries to take up AI implementation in their sectoral areas.

IAS Exam aspirants can find more notes for UPSC Mains General Studies topics from the links given at the end of the article.

Artificial Intelligence has the potential to provide sizeable incremental value to a wide range of sectors globally and is expected to be the key source of competitive advantage for firms.

• Healthcare: AI plays an important role in the field of healthcare by addressing issues of high barriers particularly in rural areas that lack poor communication and a professional healthcare system. Some of the emerging application includes AI-driven diagnostics, personalized treatment, early identification of potential pandemics, and imaging diagnostics.
• Agriculture: AI has a major role to play in driving a food revolution and meeting the increased demand for food. Applied AI addresses challenges such as lack of assured irrigation, inadequate demand prediction, excess use of pesticides, fertilizers, and fungicides. Some uses include improved crop production through advanced detection of pest attacks, prediction of crop prices, and real-time advisory.
• Transports, Logistics, and Smart Mobility: This domain mainly includes various autonomous and semi-autonomous features, for example, monitoring and maintaining a predictive engine along with driver-assist. Other applications of AI include improved traffic management, autonomous trucking, and delivery.
• Retail: Being one of the early adopters of AI solutions, it provides applications such as developing user experience by personalized suggestions, image-based product searches, and preference-based browsing. Other uses include customer demand anticipation, improved inventory management, and efficient delivery management.
• Manufacturing : It can enable ‘Factory of the Future’ through flexible and adaptable technical systems to facilitate various processes and machinery to respond to unfamiliar or unexpected situations by making smart decisions. Impact areas include engineering, supply chain management, production, maintenance, quality assurance, and in-plant logistics and warehousing.
• Energy: Potential use of Artificial Intelligence also includes modeling and forecasting of the energy system to reduce unpredictability. Artificial Intelligence also focuses on increasing the efficiency of power balancing and enabling the storage of energy in renewable energy systems. This process uses smart meters to enable intelligent grids, thus, improving the affordability and reliability of solar energy. Apart from these, AI may also be deployed for predictive maintenance of grid infrastructure.
• Smart Cities: Incorporation of applied AI in developing cities could also help in meeting the demands of a rapidly growing population and providing them with enhanced quality of life. Traffic control for reducing congestion enhanced security by providing improved crowd management are some of the potential uses of AI systems.
• Education and Skilling: AI plays a major role in the Indian education sector by providing solutions for quality and access issues including augmentation and enhancement of the learning experience through personalized learning, automating and expediting administrative tasks, and predicting the need for student intervention to reduce dropouts or recommend vocational training.

Aspirants can refer to the UPSC Mains Syllabus in the linked article.

Challenges with AI in India

• Absence of collaborative effort between various stakeholders
• Concerns on privacy and security of data, including a lack of formal regulation around anonymization of data.
•  Lack of sufficient talent to build and deploy AI systems at scale. An estimate claims that only 4% of AI professionals in India have worked on emerging technologies such as deep learning and neural networks. There is also a significant gap in Ph.D. research scholars in the field.
•  Difficulty in access to industry-specific data required to build customized platforms and solutions is now currently in the hands of a few major players. It is challenging for new beginners to provide customized services that can compete with the existing data that includes rich incumbents such as Facebook or Google. This phenomenon results in the creation of a virtuous cycle which reinforces the hegemony of the big few, creating a huge entry barrier for start-ups.
• High cost and low availability of computing infrastructure required for development, training, and deployment of AI-based services. Cloud infrastructure, though growing rapidly, has limited capability.
• Lack of infrastructure is the major reason for many Indian AI start-ups that aims to incorporate their business outside the country, thus, making AI outside the reach of Indian researchers in government labs and many industries. Initiatives like  GI Cloud (MeghRaj) , are in the right direction.
• Lack of AI awareness in resolving business-related issues in most of the public enterprises and government agencies has led to the scarcity of AI professionals in obstructing adoption.

Way Forward to Harness the Power of AI

• Instigating Core and Applied Research in AI: Advanced research, both core and applied, provides the basis for commercialization and utilization of any emerging technology, more so for technologies like AI. A considerable amount of dedication and effort is required to build comprehensive research focusing on AI strategy for India.
• Getting India Ready for the AI Wave: India may appear to be relatively well-positioned to take advantage of the disruption in the AI system through its advanced IT sector and large youth demographic potential to establish itself as the future hub for AI-related activities. However, given the reduced availability of qualified faculty and researchers, this advantage could quickly change into a liability without urgent government interventions towards promoting access to such skills. This is a critical component of AI development and should be a national priority.
• Accelerating Adoption: Adoption of AI in India has been slow and remains limited. Estimates indicate that only 22% of the firms in India use AI in any business process. Government intervention is needed to promote AI adoption, lest India loses the chance to secure a prominent position on the global AI map. While acknowledging the need to improve AI, governments at different levels, along with their various instrumentalities, should adopt proactive measures to accelerate AI adoption in multiple processes.
• Ethics, Privacy, Security, and Artificial Intelligence: AI is going to be the tipping point in the technological evolution of mankind, with human dependence on machines and algorithms for decision making never been such profound. Thus, any strategy document on promoting AI necessarily needs to be conscious of the probable factors of the AI ecosystem that may undermine ethical conduct, impinge on one’s privacy, and undermine the security protocol. Appropriate steps to mitigate these risks need to be an integral part of any such strategy. For e.g., National Cyber Security Policy (NCSP – 2013) talks about the Sensitization of citizens, consumers, and employees on cybersecurity threats and basic and best practices Sensitization towards the safety of cyber threats and in pursuance of security programs.

These challenges, if addressed by relevant stakeholders, with the government playing a leading role could lead to fundamental building blocks that form the core to India’s march towards leadership in AI in an expeditious manner through concerted and collaborative efforts.

Aspirants of UPSC exam are advised to check other relevant topics for Essay and GS III paper.

Aspirants can check BYJU’S  UPSC Notes  page for free GS1, GS2, and GS 3 notes.

Frequently Asked Questions on Artificial Intelligence

Q 1. what are the advantages of artificial intelligence.

Ans. There are multiple advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

• Time-saving
• Easy execution of complex tasks
• It can be operated 24×7
• Reduces human error
• More accurate and precise

Q 2. What risks are involved in using Artificial Intelligence?

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

Artificial intelligence (ai): understanding its potential, risks, and the need for responsible development.

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: AI applications, Artificial General Intelligence, and latest developments

Mains level: AI's potential, Concerns and need for responsible development and deployment

Central Idea

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) has garnered considerable attention due to its remarkable achievements and concerns expressed by experts in the field. The Association for Computing Machinery and various AI organizations have emphasized the importance of responsible algorithmic systems. While AI excels in narrow tasks, it falls short in generalizing knowledge and lacks common sense. The concept of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) remains a topic of debate, with some believing it to be achievable in the future.

AI Systems: Wide Range of Applications 

• Healthcare : AI can assist in medical diagnosis, drug discovery, personalized medicine, patient monitoring, and data analysis for disease prevention and management.
• Finance and Banking: AI can be utilized for fraud detection, risk assessment, algorithmic trading, customer service chatbots, and personalized financial recommendations.
• Transportation and Logistics : AI enables autonomous vehicles, route optimization, traffic management, predictive maintenance, and smart transportation systems.
• Education : AI can support personalized learning, intelligent tutoring systems, automated grading, and adaptive educational platforms.
• Customer Service: AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants improve customer interactions, provide real-time support, and enhance customer experience.
• Natural Language Processing : AI systems excel in speech recognition, machine translation, sentiment analysis, and language generation, enabling more natural human-computer interactions.
• Manufacturing and Automation: AI helps optimize production processes, predictive maintenance, quality control, and robotics automation.
• Agriculture : AI systems aid in crop monitoring, precision agriculture, pest detection, yield prediction, and farm management.
• Cybersecurity: AI can identify and prevent cyber threats, detect anomalies in network behavior, and enhance data security.
• Environmental Management: AI assists in climate modeling, energy optimization, pollution monitoring, and natural disaster prediction.

Some of the key limitations of AI systems

• Lack of Common Sense and Contextual Understanding: AI systems struggle with common sense reasoning and understanding context outside of the specific tasks they are trained on. They may misinterpret ambiguous situations or lack the ability to make intuitive judgments that humans can easily make.
• Data Dependence and Bias : AI systems heavily rely on the data they are trained on. If the training data is biased or incomplete, it can result in biased or inaccurate outputs. This can perpetuate societal biases or discriminate against certain groups, leading to ethical concerns.
• Lack of Explainability : Deep learning models, such as neural networks, are often considered “black boxes” as they lack transparency in their decision-making process. It can be challenging to understand why AI systems arrive at a specific output, making it difficult to trust and verify their results, especially in critical domains like healthcare and justice.
• Limited Transfer Learning: While AI systems excel in specific tasks they are trained on, they struggle to transfer knowledge to new or unseen domains. They typically require large amounts of labeled data for training in each specific domain, limiting their adaptability and generalization capabilities.
• Vulnerability to Adversarial Attacks: AI systems can be susceptible to adversarial attacks, where input data is manipulated or crafted in a way that causes the AI system to make incorrect or malicious decisions. This poses security risks in applications such as autonomous vehicles or cybersecurity.
• Ethical and Legal Considerations: The deployment of AI systems raises various ethical and legal concerns, such as privacy infringement, accountability for AI-driven decisions, and the potential impact on human employment. Balancing technological advancements with ethical and societal considerations is a significant challenge.
• Computational Resource Requirements : Training and running complex AI models can require substantial computational resources, including high-performance hardware and large-scale data storage. This can limit the accessibility and affordability of AI technology, particularly in resource-constrained environments.

What is Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)?

• AGI is a hypothetical concept of AI systems that possess the ability to understand, learn, and apply knowledge across a wide range of tasks and domains, similar to human intelligence.
• Unlike narrow AI systems, which are designed to excel at specific tasks, AGI aims to achieve a level of intelligence that surpasses human capabilities and encompasses general reasoning, common sense, and adaptability.
• The development of AGI is considered a significant milestone in AI research, as it represents a leap beyond the limitations of current AI systems.

Concerns and Dangers Associated with the Development and Deployment of AI systems

• Superhuman AI : One concern is the possibility of highly intelligent AI systems surpassing human capabilities and becoming difficult to control. The fear is that such AI systems could lead to unintended consequences or even pose a threat to humanity if they were to act against human interests.
• Malicious Use of AI: AI tools can be misused by individuals with malicious intent. This includes the creation and dissemination of fake news, deepfakes, and cyberattacks. AI-powered tools can amplify the spread of misinformation, manipulate public opinion, and pose threats to cybersecurity.
• Biases and Discrimination : AI systems are trained on data, and if the training data is biased, it can lead to biased outcomes. AI algorithms can unintentionally perpetuate and amplify societal biases, leading to discrimination against certain groups. This bias can manifest in areas such as hiring practices, criminal justice systems, and access to services.
• Lack of Explainability and Transparency : Deep learning models, such as neural networks, often lack interpretability, making it difficult to understand why an AI system arrived at a specific decision or recommendation. This lack of transparency can raise concerns about accountability, trust, and the potential for bias or errors in critical applications like healthcare and finance.
• Job Displacement and Economic Impact: The increasing automation brought about by AI technologies raises concerns about job displacement and the impact on the workforce. Some jobs may be fully automated, potentially leading to unemployment and societal disruptions. Ensuring a smooth transition and creating new job opportunities in the AI-driven economy is a significant challenge.
• Security and Privacy: AI systems can have access to vast amounts of personal data, raising concerns about privacy breaches and unauthorized use of sensitive information. The potential for AI systems to be exploited for surveillance or to bypass security measures poses risks to individuals and organizations.
• Ethical Considerations: As AI systems become more advanced, questions arise regarding the ethical implications of their actions. This includes issues like the responsibility for AI-driven decisions, the potential for AI systems to infringe upon human rights, and the alignment of AI systems with societal values.

The Importance of Public Oversight and Regulation

• Ethical and Moral Considerations: AI systems can have significant impacts on individuals and society at large. Public oversight ensures that ethical considerations, such as fairness, transparency, and accountability, are taken into account during AI system development and deployment.
• Protection against Bias and Discrimination: Public oversight helps mitigate the risk of biases and discrimination in AI systems. Regulations can mandate fairness and non-discrimination, ensuring that AI systems are designed to avoid amplifying or perpetuating existing societal biases.
• Privacy Protection: AI systems often handle vast amounts of personal data. Public oversight and regulations ensure that appropriate safeguards are in place to protect individuals’ privacy rights and prevent unauthorized access, use, or abuse of personal information.
• Safety and Security: AI systems, particularly those used in critical domains such as healthcare, transportation, and finance, must meet safety standards to prevent harm to individuals or infrastructure. Public oversight ensures that AI systems undergo rigorous testing, verification, and certification processes to ensure their safety and security.
• Transparency and Explainability: Public oversight encourages regulations that require AI systems to be transparent and explainable. This enables users and stakeholders to understand how AI systems make decisions, enhances trust, and allows for the detection and mitigation of errors, biases, or malicious behavior.
• Accountability and Liability: Public oversight ensures that clear frameworks are in place to determine accountability and liability for AI system failures or harm caused by AI systems. This helps establish legal recourse and ensures that developers, manufacturers, and deployers of AI systems are accountable for their actions.
• Social and Economic Impacts: Public oversight and regulation can address potential negative social and economic impacts of AI, such as job displacement or economic inequalities. Regulations can promote responsible deployment practices, skill development, and the creation of new job opportunities to ensure a just and inclusive transition to an AI-driven economy.
• International Cooperation and Standards: Public oversight and regulation facilitate international cooperation and the establishment of harmonized standards for AI development and deployment. This promotes consistency, interoperability, and the prevention of global AI-related risks, such as cyber threats or misuse of AI technologies.

Way Ahead: Preparing India for AI Advancements

• Awareness and Education: Foster awareness about AI among policymakers, industry leaders, and the general public. Promote education and skill development programs that focus on AI-related fields, ensuring a skilled workforce capable of driving AI innovations.
• Research and Development : Encourage research and development in AI technologies, including funding for academic institutions, research organizations, and startups. Support collaborations between academia, industry, and government to promote innovation and advancements in AI.
• Regulatory Framework: Establish a comprehensive regulatory framework that balances innovation with responsible AI development. Create guidelines and standards addressing ethical considerations, privacy protection, transparency, accountability, and fairness in AI systems. Engage in international discussions and cooperation on AI governance and regulation.
• Indigenous AI Solutions: Encourage the development of indigenous AI solutions that cater to India’s specific needs and challenges. Support startups and innovation ecosystems focused on AI applications for sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, education, governance, and transportation.
• Data Governance : Formulate policies and regulations for data governance, ensuring the responsible collection, storage, sharing, and use of data. Establish mechanisms for data protection, privacy, and informed consent while facilitating secure data sharing for AI research and development.
• Collaboration and Partnerships: Foster collaborations between academia, industry, and government entities to drive AI research, development, and deployment. Encourage public-private partnerships to facilitate the implementation of AI solutions in sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and governance.
• Ethical Considerations : Promote discussions and awareness about the ethical implications of AI. Encourage the development of ethical guidelines for AI use, including addressing bias, fairness, accountability, and the impact on society. Ensure that AI systems are aligned with India’s cultural values and societal goals.
• Infrastructure and Connectivity: Improve infrastructure and connectivity to support AI applications. Enhance access to high-speed internet, computing resources, and cloud infrastructure to facilitate the deployment of AI systems across the country, including rural and remote areas.
• Collaboration with International Partners: Collaborate with international partners in AI research, development, and policy exchange. Engage in global initiatives to shape AI standards, best practices, and regulations.
• Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation: Regularly monitor the implementation and impact of AI systems in various sectors. Conduct evaluations to identify potential risks, address challenges, and make necessary adjustments to ensure responsible and effective use of AI technologies.
• The journey towards AGI is still uncertain, but the risks posed by malicious use of AI and inadvertent harm from biased systems are real. Striking a balance between innovation and regulation is necessary to ensure responsible AI development. India must actively engage in discussions and establish a framework that safeguards societal interests while harnessing the potential of AI for its development.

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Social and Political Impacts of AI- Explained Pointwise

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming our world , with wide-ranging social and political impacts . However, Its rapid development and integration into social and political life raises critical questions about privacy, employment, ethics and governance. As AI advances, understanding and managing its social and political impacts become increasingly important for a balanced and inclusive future.

What is artificial Intelligence? 

Artificial Intelligence- Artificial intelligence is intelligence demonstrated by machines . AI is a discipline which focuses on formulating theories and methodologies for constructing machines that emulate human thought processes and behaviours.

Generative AI is a subset of Artificial intelligence which is being increasingly used with wide ranging social and poitical impacts.

Generative AI- Generative AI is a type of artificial intelligence technology that can produce various types of content, including text, imagery and audio . The term ‘Generative’ refers to the ability of the models to create new data based on certain input parameters. For ex- A generative model is used to generate facial images by providing a set of parameters such as the eyes, hair, or skin colour etc.

What are the positive and negative political impacts of artificial Intelligence?

Positive impacts

1. Innovative Policy Development- AI is being increasingly used in innovative policy development. For ex- AI-drafted bills in the US Congress is an example of AI’s use in legislative drafting.

2. Enhanced Political Messaging- AI is being used to craft resonant political messages through advanced analytics, which is revolutionizing campaign strategies.

3. New Political Platforms- AI is being used as a platform for political engagement and political ideological development. For ex- Denmark’s Synthetic Party using AI Chatbox to shape its political ideology.

4. Economic Contributions- AI-driven fundraising and business ventures marks a significant shift in political finance dynamics.

5. Campaign Strategies- Generative AI is being used extensively in electoral campaigns, such as live translation of election speeches into multiple languages .

Negative Impacts

1. Promotion of ‘Liar’s Dividend’ through Deepfakes – Liar’s Dividend refers to the situation when an undesirable truth is dismissed as deepfake or fake news. Political leaders have been weaponising deepfakes generated through AI, to replace an actual piece of media and truth. For Ex- Donald Trump’s deepfake videos blur the line between reality and fake . People start dismissing reality as fake.

2. Erosion of trust in democratic processes like elections-  Doctored content, most likely in the form of a realistic fake video, is presented as fact to alter public perception and create democratic deficit. For Ex- Capitol Hill violence, 2021 was incited by using deep fake media .

3. Manipulation Risks- There are concerns about AI swaying elections and public opinion through the spread of false political narratives .

4. Ethical and Legal Challenges- The acceptance of AI-generated political contributions or parties raises complex ethical and legal questions about AI’s role in democratic processes.

What are the positive and negative Social impacts of AI?

Positive Impacts

1. Improving Healthcare System- AI has the potential to revolutionize the healthcare sector by improving the accuracy of diagnosis. For ex- Conversion of X-ray or any CT scan images to real images can improve the accuracy of diagnosis.

2. Boost to Agriculture- AI enables precision agriculture , improving crop productivity by providing accurate agronomic and weather data. This is crucial for meeting the needs of a growing population.

3. Creating empathy for people of War torn regions-  Projects like the  Deep empathy project of MIT and UNICEF has been increasing empathy for victims of a disaster region by creating AI-images of war-torn regions like Syria , Yemen .

4. Voice restoration- The technology is being used to restore the voices of patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. For ex- Launch of various ‘ Voice cloning initiatives ‘.

5. Use in the field of creative art and Entertainment- The deepfake technology can be used to improve the dubbing of foreign language , films and resurrect dead actors . For ex- Samsung artificial intelligence lab in Moscow bringing Monalisa to life by using deep fake technology.

1. Crime against women- The deepfakes generated through AI are being used as a weapon to attack women dignity and chastity. According to AI company Deeptrace report, over 90% of the deepfake videos are pornographic in nature.

2. Fuelling Radicalisation and violence- The non-state actors like ISIS and Al-Qaeda , use fake videos to stir anti-state sentiments among people. For Ex- Fake videos showing armed forces committing ‘crimes in conflict areas’.

3. Threat of Job Losses- There are fears of job losses due to the use of AI technology, which can prove to be more cost-efficient and productive to firms as compared to human capital. For ex- Customer service jobs are under threat from the AI chatboxes (Zomato’s Zia).

4. Data Privacy Concerns- AI’s ability to analyze vast amounts of data raises significant concerns over data protection , cybersecurity , and privacy .

5. Environmental Concerns-  AI systems require a lot of computing power, which have grave implications for the environment.  For ex-   According to analysts, training a transformer model just once with 213 million parameters can emit carbon emissions equivalent to 125 flights between New York and Beijing .

What is the status of regulation of AI in India and across the globe?

a. Digital India Framework-  India is developing a comprehensive Digital India Framework that will include provisions for regulating AI. The framework aims to protect digital citizens and ensure the safe and trusted use of AI. b. National AI programme-  India has established a National AI Programme to promote the efficient and responsible use of AI. c. National Data Governance Framework Policy-  India has implemented a National Data Governance Framework Policy to govern the collection, storage, and usage of data, including data used in AI systems. This policy will help ensure the ethical and responsible handling of data in the AI ecosystem. d. Draft Digital India Act-  The Ministry of Information Technology and Electronics (MeitY) is working on framing the draft Digital India Act, which will replace the existing IT Act. The new act will have a specific chapter dedicated to emerging technologies, particularly AI, and how to regulate them to protect users from harm.

Rest of the World

a. European Union-  The European Union is working on the draft Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) to regulate AI from the top down.

b. United States-  The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy has published a non-binding Blueprint for the Development, Use, and Deployment of Automated Systems (Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights), listing principles to minimize potential harm from AI.

c. Japan-  Japan’s approach to regulating AI is guided by the Society 5.0 project, aiming to address social problems with innovation.

d. China-  China has established the “Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan” and published ethical guidelines for AI. It has also introduced specific laws related to AI applications, such as the management of algorithmic recommendations.

What Should be the Way Forward?

1. De-biasing while training the AI-  We must ensure fairness of the information which is being fed into the system, to ensure that AI doesn’t perpetuate or amplify social biases , like  gender and racial biases .

2. Transparency of information-  Users should have transparent information about the limitation and risks of AI .

3. Privacy protection-  The user data and confidentiality must be protected to ensure user privacy.  For ex-   Strict implementation of data protection laws .

4. Ethical use of AI-  We must ensure that AI is used only for beneficial purposes. The push must be made towards  universal adoption of the Bletchley Declaration  by all the countries.

Ai has the potential to give society intelligent guidance on how to approach some of the biggest problems, like climate change and pandemics. In the coming times, AI will contribute to longer, healthier, and more fulfilling lives worldwide if used responsibly.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI): Advantages & Disadvantages

From Current Affairs Notes for UPSC » Editorials & In-depths » This topic

Artificial Intelligence (AI), also known as the Industrial Revolution 4.0 , has been making deep strides in scientific and technological innovation across different fields. It is capable of bringing considerable transformations in the way civilian activities and military operations are conducted. However, there are also concerns regarding the AI’s implications for employment and other ethical issues.

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

• It is a branch of computer science that deals with creating computers or machines as intelligent as human beings.
• It refers to the ability of the machines to perform human intelligence processes like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem-solving and decision making.
• Thus in simple terms, Artificial Intelligence is the intelligence showed by machines.
• The term Artificial Intelligence was coined by John McCarthy in 1956 at the Dartmouth conference, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
• There are two subsets under the Umbrella term AI, they are – Machine Learning and Deep Learning.

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What is the difference between Machine Learning and Deep Learning?

Machine learning:.

• A subset of artificial intelligence that deals with the creation of algorithms that can modify itself without human intervention to generate desired output- by feeding itself via structured data .
• Machine learning algorithms are built to “learn” to do things by understanding labeled data, then use it to produce further outputs with more sets of data. However, they need to be retrained through human intervention when the actual output isn’t the desired one (errors).

Deep Learning:

• A subset of machine learning where algorithms are created and function similar to those in machine learning, however, there are different layers of these algorithms- each providing a different interpretation to the data it feeds on.
• Such a network of algorithms is known as artificial neural networks , as it imitates the function of the human neural networks present in the brain.
• Deep learning networks do not need human intervention as the nested layers in the neural networks put data via hierarchies of different concepts, which eventually learn from their own errors . But even these are subject to flawed outputs if the quality of data is not good enough.

To put it simply, the key difference between deep learning and machine learning stems from the way data is presented to the system. Machine learning algorithms almost always require structured data, whereas deep learning networks rely on layers of the ANN (artificial neural networks) . Thus Data is the governor here. It is the quality of data which ultimately determines the quality of the result.

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What are some of the examples of Artificial Intelligent Technologies?

• Robotics and Automation: Robots can be programmed to perform high-volume, repeatable tasks normally performed by humans.
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the processing of human language by a computer program. For example, spam detectors look at the subject line and text of an email in order to decide whether it is junk.
• Pattern recognition is a subset of machine learning that seeks to identify patterns in data. For example, a machine learning program can differentiate cats from dogs among 1000 images of cats and dogs through pattern recognition like face, whiskers, etc.
• Machine vision is the science of giving computers a vision by capturing and analyzing visual information using a camera, analog-to-digital conversion, and digital signal processing. It is mostly compared to human eyesight, however, machine vision is not constrained by biology = it can even be programmed to see through walls.

What are the applications/advantages of Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

Self-driving Cars:   AI algorithms are one of the primary components that facilitate self-driving cars to make sense of their surroundings, taking in feeds from cameras installed around the vehicle and detecting objects like roads, traffic signs, other cars, and people.

Digital assistants and smart speakers:  Siri, Alexa, Cortana, and Google Assistant utilise artificial intelligence to convert spoken words to text and map the text to certain commands. AI assists digital assistants to make sense of various nuances in spoken language and synthesize human-like voices.

Translation:  For several decades, translating text between various languages was a pain point for computers. But deep learning created a revolution in services such as Google Translate. But to be precise, AI still has a long way to go before it perfects human language, but so far, the advances are outstanding.

Facial recognition:  Facial recognition is one of the most prominent applications of artificial intelligence. It has different uses, including unlocking your phone, paying with your face, and detecting intruders in your home.

• In the medical field also, we will find the wide application of AI. Doctors assess the patients and their health risks with the help of artificial machine intelligence. It educates them about the side effects of various medicines.
• Medical professionals are often trained with artificial surgery simulators. It finds a huge application in detecting and monitoring neurological disorders as it can simulate the brain functions.
• Robotics is often used in helping mental health patients to come out of depression and remain active.
• A popular application of artificial intelligence is radiosurgery. Radiosurgery is used in operating tumours and this can actually help in the operation without damaging the surrounding tissues.

Agriculture Sector:  AI can be utilised to predict advisories for sowing, pest control, input control = enable increased income and giving stability for the agricultural community . Image classification tools in addition to remote and locally sensed data can bring a revolutionary change in – utilisation and efficiency of farm machinery, weed removal, early disease identification, harvesting, and grading.

Business Sector:

• In order to take care of highly repetitive tasks – robotic automation is applied which perform faster, effortlessly and tirelessly than humans.
• Moreover, Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into analytics and CRM (Customer Relationship Management) platforms to provide better customer service. Chatbots being used in the websites to provide instant service to customers.
• Automation of job positions has also become a discussion point among academics and IT consultancies like Gartner and Forrester.

Education Sector:

• Artificial Intelligence can make certain educational processes automated like grading, rewarding marks, etc. thus giving educators more time.
• Furthermore, it can analyse students and adapt to their requirements so as to help them work at their own pace.
• AI can change where and how students learn, perhaps even replacing a few teachers.

Financial Sector:

• AI is applied to personal finance applications and could compile personal data and give financial advice. In fact, nowadays software trades more than humans in Wall Street.
• Detection of financial fraud uses artificial intelligence in a smart card-based system.

Legal Sector:  Automation can result in a faster resolution of pending cases by minimising the time taken while analyzing cases = better use of time and more efficient legal & judicial processes.

Manufacturing sector:  Robots are being utilised for manufacturing since a long time now but more advanced exponential technologies have emerged like additive manufacturing (3D Printing) which with the support of AI can revolutionize the whole manufacturing supply chain ecosystem.

Intelligent Robots:  Robots can do the tasks given by a human with the help of sensors to detect physical data from the real world like light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. Furthermore, they have effective processors, multiple sensors and enormous memory, to showcase intelligence. Also, they can learn from their errors and hence can adapt to the new environment.

Gaming: AI has a significant role in strategic games like chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where the machine can think of a huge number of possible positions according to heuristic rule (A set of rules intended to increase the probability of solving some problem).

Cyber Security : In the 20th conference on e-governance in India it was discussed that AI has the capability to strengthen cybersecurity ecosystem in India and should be explored further.

Smart Cities and Infrastructure: AI is used to monitor patronage and accordingly control associated systems such as pavement lighting, park maintenance, and other operational conditions = lead to cost savings + improving safety and accessibility.

Space sector: Intelligent robots are fed with information and are sent to explore space. Since they are machines with metal bodies, they are more resistant and have a higher ability to endure the space and hostile atmosphere. Because they are created in such a way that they cannot be modified or get disfigured or breakdown in a hostile environment.

Mining sector: Artificial intelligence and the science of robotics can be put to use in mining and other fuel exploration processes. Not only that, these complex machines can be used for exploring the ocean floor and hence overcome the human limitations.

Defence Sector: Artificial Intelligence (AI) based tools would aid the defence forces constructively in areas such as decision support, sensor data analysis, predictive maintenance, situational awareness, accurate data extraction, security, etc.  These tools will assist defence personnel in better operations, maintenance, and logistics support.

What are the concerns with the AI?

• Replacement of humans with machines can lead to large-scale unemployment. Unemployment is a socially undesirable phenomenon. People with nothing to do can lead to the destructive use of their creative minds.
• Humans can unnecessarily be highly dependent on the machines if the use of artificial intelligence becomes rampant. They will lose their creative power and will become lazy.
• Also, if humans start thinking in a destructive way, they can create havoc with these machines.

Robot bosses

• If you have an issue with your current human boss, be thankful that he isn’t a cold, emotionless machine because AI is already being used to monitor employee productivity.
• In what seems like the scary nightmares of a dystopian future, IBM’s Watson has been using AI and Watson Analytics to decide if employees are worthy of a pay rise, a bonus or a promotion by looking at the experience and past projects of employees to judge the qualities and skills that individuals might have to serve the company in the future.

Human error

• Although AI can virtually remove human error from processes, it can still exist in the code, along with bias and prejudice.
• Being largely algorithm-based, technology can be coded to have a negative impact on certain demographics and discriminate against people.
• For example, Microsoft’s ill-fated chatbot, Tay Tweets, had to be taken down after only 16 hours after it started to tweet racist and inflammatory content – ideas it repeated from other Twitter users.
• Worryingly, if security is not 100%, hackers can take advantage of AI’s thirst for knowledge.
• Creation of artificial intelligence requires huge costs as they are very complex machines. Their repair and maintenance require huge costs.
• They have software programs which need frequent up-gradation to cater to the needs of the changing environment and the need for the machines to be smarter by the day.
• In the case of severe breakdowns, the procedure to recover lost codes and reinstating the system might require huge time and cost.

Not ethical to replicate Humans:

• Intelligence is believed to be a gift of nature. Therefore an ethical argument continues, whether human intelligence is to be replicated or not.

Cannot replicate Humans:

• Machines do not have any emotions and moral values. They perform what is programmed and cannot make the judgment of right or wrong. They cannot take decisions if they encounter a situation unfamiliar to them. They either perform incorrectly or breakdown in such situations.
• Unlike humans, artificial intelligence cannot be improved with experience. With time, it can lead to wear and tear. It stores a lot of data but the way it can be accessed and used is very different from human intelligence.
• Machines are unable to alter their responses to changing environments.
• In the world of artificial intelligence, there is nothing like working with a whole heart or passionately. Care or concerns are not present in the machine intelligence dictionary. There is no sense of belonging or togetherness or a human touch. They fail to distinguish between a hardworking individual and an inefficient individual.

No Original Creativity:

• While the AI can help you design and create, they are no match to the power of thinking that the human brain has or even the originality of a creative mind.
• Human beings are highly sensitive and emotional intellectuals. They see, hear, think and feel. Their thoughts are guided by the feelings which completely lacks in machines. The inherent intuitive abilities of the human brain cannot be replicated.

Privacy & Security:

The increasing accessibility of facial-recognition technology has also increased concerns with respect to privacy, security, and civil liberties.

What is the global status of AI adoption?

• China and the U.K. estimate that by 2030, about 26% and 10% of their GDPs respectively will be sourced from AI­ related activities and businesses.
• There have been numerous activities regarding AI policy positions and the development of an AI ecosystem in various countries in recent years.
• Infrastructural supply-side initiatives have been planned by several countries for building a larger ecosystem of AI development.
• Even local/city governments have become increasingly aware of the significance and potential of AI and have committed public investments.
• For creating the future workforce for AI, countries are also significantly increasing the allocation of resources for Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) talent development via investment in universities, mandating new courses (e.g., AI and law), and launching schemes to retrain people.
• AI technology development and applications are rapidly evolving with major implications for economies and societies. A study by EY and NASSCOM found that by 2022, about 46 percent of the workforce will be engaged in entirely new jobs.

What are the possible areas for AI applications in Indian conditions?

• India has the potential to position itself among leaders on the global AI map – with a unique brand of #AIforAll.
• It can complement Digital India Mission by helping in the big data analysis which is not possible without using AI.
• Targeted delivery of services, schemes, and subsidy can be further fine-tuned.
• Smart border surveillance and monitoring to enhance security
• Weather forecasting models may become proactive and therefore preplanning for any future mishaps such as floods, droughts and therefore addressing the farming crisis, farmer’s suicide, crop losses, etc.
• By analyzing big data of road safety data and NCRB (National Crime Record Bureau) data for crimes , new policies can be formulated.
• Disaster management can be faster and more accessible with the help of robots and intelligent machines.
• In the counterinsurgency and patrolling operations, we often hear the loss of CRPF jawans which can be minimized by using the robotic army and lesser human personnel.
• AI can be used to automate government processes , therefore, minimizing human interactions and maximizing transparency and accountability.
• It can be applied to study ancient literature upon medicines and therefore help in modernizing the health care with the juxtaposition of modern machines and ancient techniques.
• In the remotest areas where the last leg of governance is almost broken, AI can do the job. For Example: in the tribal areas and the hilly areas of the northeast.

What are the measures taken by the government to promote AI?

• A Task Force on Artificial Intelligence (AI) for India’s Economic Transformation was constituted on 24 th  August 2017.  The Task Force gave its report on 19 th  January 2018. It has recommended an Inter-Ministerial National Artificial Intelligence Mission to act as a nodal agency for coordinating AI related activities in India.
• NITI Aayog unveiled its discussion paper on national strategy on AI which seeks to guide research and development in new and emerging technologies. NITI has identified 5 sectors – healthcare , agriculture , education , smart cities and infrastructure , and transportation – to focus its efforts on the implementation of AI. The paper focusses on how India can leverage transformative technologies to ensure social and inclusive growth .
• Committee on platforms and data for AI,
• Committee on leveraging AI for identifying National Missions in key sectors,
• Committee on mapping technological capabilities, key policy enablers, skilling, re-skilling and R&D
• Committee on cybersecurity, safety, legal and ethical issues.
• Task Force created by the Ministry of Defence has studied research and innovation in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and outlined its adoption in defence sector including a future roadmap on how to integrate and embed AI strategy with a core defence strategy.
• In addition, the Defence Public Sector Undertakings and Ordnance Factories have been assigned a roadmap for developing AI-enabled products.
• Centre for artificial intelligence and robotics (CAIR), is the main laboratory of DRDO for research and development in various areas of defense, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and is located in Bangalore. It is involved in the Research & Development of high-quality Secure Communication, Command, and Control, and Intelligent Systems.
• Projects: NETRA- software to intercept online communication, SECOS- Secure operating system.
• India joined the league of leading countries including USA, UK, EU, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Singapore to launch the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI or Gee-Pay) . GPAI is an international and multi-stakeholder initiative to guide the responsible development and use of AI in line with human rights, inclusion, diversity, innovation, and economic growth.

What are the challenges to India’s Artificial Intelligence Development?

• Lack of enabling ecosystems for data collection and usage.
• The low intensity of AI research.
• Insufficient availability of AI expertise, manpower and skilling opportunities.
• High resource cost and low awareness for adopting AI in business processes.
• Unclear privacy, security and ethical regulations.
• Unattractive Intellectual Property regime to incentivise research and adoption of AI.

What needs to be done?

• Incentivising the creation of jobs in AI fields that could constitute the new service industry.
• Recognition and standardisation of informal training institutions.
• Creation of open platforms for learning and financial incentives for reskilling of employees.
• The lack of qualified faculty that poses a serious problem in the present scenario can be addressed through innovative measures such as MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses).
• Acceptability and adoption of these decentralised teaching mechanisms can be ensured through prescribed certification in collaboration with the private sector and educational institutions.
• Additional investment and collaboration with the private sector and educational institutions in order to meet the market demand.
• To encourage the development of sustainable AI solutions at an appropriate price point for sectors such as health, education, and agriculture, it is necessary that a level playing field is ensured and an enabling environment be created for all players in the value chain.
• AI is a highly collaborative domain, and any framework aimed at promoting AI needs to be aligned accordingly. A multi­pronged approach, involving various stakeholders and promoting a collaborative approach is required for promoting the development of AI tools as well as the adoption of AI in various fields of activity.
• UNESCO’s Global Agreement on the Ethics of AI can guide governments and companies alike.

Way forward

Despite the threats and challenges, it would be foolish to argue that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is not the future and it’s only a matter of time that machines will replace most of the jobs. It is because AI is not the end of the road for humanity as we have a history of technological revolutions resulting in positive social and political changes in society such as steam engines, industrial revolutions and most recently the computers and internet. Nonetheless, there will be several opportunities in the fields not yet known and there will be more jobs to serve human needs.

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Home » Science & Technology » Robotics » Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

Artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans.

AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making.

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making. Initially conceived as a technology that could mimic human intelligence.

AI has evolved in ways that far exceed its original conception. With incredible advances made in data collection, processing and computation power , intelligent systems can now be deployed to take over a variety of tasks, enable connectivity and enhance productivity.

As AI’s capabilities have dramatically expanded, so have its utility in a growing number of fields.

Artificial Intelligence’s exponential growth in recent decade:

• It is embedded in the recommendations we get on our favourite streaming or shopping site; in GPS mapping technology; in the predictive text that completes our sentences when we try to send an email or complete a web search.
• It promises to be even more transformative than the harnessing of electricity. And the more we use AI, the more data we generate, the smarter it gets.
• In just the last decade, AI has evolved with unprecedented velocity from beating human champions at Jeopardy.
• Automation, big data and algorithms will continue to sweep into new corners of our lives until we no longer remember how things were “before”.
• Just as electricity allowed us to tame time, enabling us to radically alter virtually every aspect of existence, AI can leapfrog us toward eradicating hunger, poverty and disease opening up new and hitherto unimaginable pathways for climate change mitigation, education and scientific discovery.

Artificial Intelligence usage can be for better or for worse:

Already, AI has helped increase crop yields, raised business productivity, improved access to credit and made cancer detection faster and more precise .

It could contribute more than $15 trillion to the world economy by 2030, adding 14% to global GDP . Google has identified over 2,600 use cases of “AI for good” worldwide.

A study published in Nature reviewing the impact of AI on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) finds that AI may act as an enabler on 134 or 79% of all SDG targets.

We are on the cusp of unprecedented technological breakthroughs that promise to positively transform our world in ways deeper and more profound than anything that has come before.

Challenges of Artificial Intelligence (AI):

• Artificial intelligence is poised to be one of the biggest things to hit the technology industry (and many other industries) in the coming years.
• But just because it holds enormous potential does not mean it does not also have its challenges.
• And artificial intelligence challenges and possibilities are not small, which is why recognizing and working towards resolutions to problems can help further propel artificial intelligence’s rapid growth.
• According to studies, around 40 % of the total energy that data centres consume goes to cooling IT equipment . Now, to reduce energy consumption, companies are moving their data centres into cooler climates such as Siberia.
• The environmental impact caused by data centres doesn’t stop at electrical consumption.
• Coolants are often made of hazardous chemicals, and battery backups at data centres – needed for when there are power shortages – cause an environmental impact both due to mining for battery components and the disposal of the toxic batteries afterward.
• Countries are passing stricter legislations on data security that require citizen data to be stored on servers located domestically, picking colder climates beyond their borders is becoming a difficult option.
• Robotics and AI companies are building intelligent machines that perform tasks typically carried out by low-income workers: self-service kiosks to replace cashiers, fruit-picking robots to replace field workers, etc.
• Algorithms based on our past digital searches creates and provides us probable solutions or alternatives which we are looking for.

Hence, based on our digital footprints, AI is trying to mimic our preferences and even thought perceptions.

Privacy issues worries:

• AI also presents serious data privacy concerns . The algorithm’s never-ending quest for data has led to our digital footprints being harvested and sold without our knowledge or informed consent.
• We are constantly being profiled in service of customisation, putting us into echo chambers of like-mindedness, diminishing exposure to varied viewpoints and eroding common ground.
• Today, it is no exaggeration to say that with all the discrete bytes of information floating about us online, the algorithms know us better than we know ourselves . They can nudge our behaviour without our noticing.
• Our level of addiction to our devices, the inability to resist looking at our phones, and the chilling case of Cambridge Analytica in which such algorithms and big data were used to alter voting decisions should serve as a potent warning of the individual and societal concerns resulting from current AI business models.
• In a world where the algorithm is king , it behoves us to remember that it is still humans with all our biases and prejudices , conscious and unconscious who are responsible for it . We shape the algorithms and it is our data they operate on.

Artificial Intelligence usage can be double edged sword:

• The study in Nature also finds that AI can actively hinder 59 — or 35% — of SDG targets.
• For starters, AI requires massive computational capacity , which means more power-hungry data centres and a big carbon footprint.
• Then, AI could compound digital exclusion . Robotics and AI companies are building intelligent machines that perform tasks typically carried out by low-income workers: self-service kiosks to replace cashiers, fruit-picking robots to replace field workers, etc.
• Without clear policies on reskilling workers, the promise of new opportunities will in fact create serious new inequalities.
• Investment is likely to shift to countries where AI-related work is already established, widening gaps among and within countries.
• Together, Big Tech’s big four Alphabet/Google, Amazon, Apple and Facebook are worth a staggering $5 trillion , more than the GDPs of just about every nation on earth.
• In 2020, when the world was reeling from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, they added more than $2 trillion to their value.
• The fact is, just as AI has the potential to improve billions of lives, it can also replicate and exacerbate existing problems, and create new ones.

Measures to avoid misusing of Artificial Intelligence:

• Without ethical guard rails , AI will widen social and economic schisms , amplifying any innate biases at an irreversible scale and rate and lead to discriminatory outcomes.
• It is neither enough nor is it fair to expect AI tech companies to solve all these challenges through self-regulation.
• First, they are not alone in developing and deploying AI; governments also do so.
• Second, only a “whole of society” approach to AI governance will enable us to develop broad-based ethical principles, cultures and codes of conduct , to ensure the needed harm-mitigating measures, reviews and audits during design, development and deployment phases.
• To inculcate the transparency, accountability, inclusion and societal trust for AI to flourish and bring about the extraordinary breakthroughs it promises.
• Given the global reach of AI, such a “whole of society” approach must rest on a “whole of world” approach .
• Many countries, including India, are cognisant of the opportunities and the risks, and are striving to strike the right balance between AI promotion and AI governance both for the greater public good.
• NITI Aayog’s Responsible AI for All strategy, the culmination of a year-long consultative process, is a case in point.
• It recognises that our digital future cannot be optimised for good without multi-stakeholder governance structures that ensure the dividends are fair, inclusive, and just.

Conclusion:

The UN Secretary-General’s Roadmap on Digital Cooperation is a good starting point: it lays out the need for multi-stakeholder efforts on global cooperation so AI is used in a manner that is “ trustworthy, human rights-based, safe and sustainable, and promotes peace”.

And UNESCO has developed a global, comprehensive standard-setting draft Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence to Member States for deliberation and adoption.

Agreeing on common guiding principles is an important first step, but it is not the most challenging part.

It is in the application of the principles that the rubber hits the road. It is where principles meet reality that the ethical issues and conundrums arise in practice, and for which we must be prepared for deep, difficult, multi-stakeholder ethical reflection, analyses and resolve . Only then will AI provide humanity its full promise.

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Artificial Intelligence

Government agencies and policymakers are using AI tools to analyze patterns, forecast scenarios, and offer informed recommendations. Yet, AI adoption in decision-making has potential downsides.

More on News:

• The biases inherent in AI, often a reflection of the biases in the data they are trained on or the perspectives of their developers, can lead to skewed or unjust outcomes and represent a significant challenge in the integration of AI into governance.
• Prompts about the role of women in leadership positions can generate content that portrays women stereotypically and subordinately, reinforcing gender biases.

About Artificial Intelligence (AI):

• For Example:   ChatGPT  

Types of Artificial Intelligence

• For Example:   Amazon’s Alexa and Apple’s Siri. 
• For Example: These kinds of systems can be found in applications like self-driving cars or in hospital operating rooms.

India’s Initiatives for Developing AI:

• NITI Aayog has come with the ‘National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence’ Discussion Paper that focuses on establishing the International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI) in the country through private sector collaboration.
• NITI Aayog is to set up India’s first AI-specific cloud computing infrastructure called AIRAWAT. 

• Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) : In 2020, India joined with 15 other countries to form the GPAI to establish frameworks for the responsible utilization of emerging technologies.

Benefits of AI:

• Further, a report from Goldman Sachs Research in April 2023 said that generative AI alone could raise global GDP by 7% or almost $7 trillion over a 10-year period. 
• Boosting annual growth rate: The discussion paper’   ‘Towards Responsible#AIForAll ’  by Niti Aayog states that there is a potential for large-scale adoption of AI which can boost the country’s annual growth rate by 1.3 per cent, by 2035.
• For Example: In a study called “Generative AI at Work, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) economists showed that AI tools boosted worker productivity by 14% and improved consumer satisfaction.
• Creation of New Job: AI may result in automating some routine jobs but will also result in job creation in various data science, data curation etc. 
• Innovation: A recent survey among employees of LinkedIn’s top 50 companies in the United States shows that almost 70% of them found AI helping them to be faster, smarter, and more innovative.
• Effective Policy Implementation: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) plans to use Artificial Intelligence technologies to carry out pilot studies for Optimization of Crop Cutting Experiments (CCEs ) in various States.

Ethical Issues  associated with Artificial Intelligence:

• For Example: A research paper titled “Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets” by Daron Acemoglu of MIT found that robot adoption has a negative effect on workers, on average — it reduces the labor share, employment and wages.
• AI Bias: AI systems can perpetuate existing biases present in training data, leading to discrimination against certain groups. Ensuring fairness and minimizing bias in AI models is a significant challenge.
• Social Manipulation: AI-powered algorithms can be used to spread misinformation, influence public opinion, and manipulate social behavior.
• Rights of AIs : AIs are still simple and mostly disembodied programs. But, as AIs become more complex and start to have physical, possibly human shapes , and more numerous, what rights they should have is debatable.
• Unintended Consequences : AI systems can produce unexpected outcomes due to their complexity, which can have negative impacts on society.
• For Example: Analysis by Goldman Sachs has suggested that 15%-35% of work in the U.S. economy is exposed to automation. 
• Multiple Challenges: AI could create deep challenges for society, including in the labor market, politics, data privacy, crime and warfare; these challenges are difficult to anticipate and plan for. 
• Applying Kantian ethics to the use of AI in decision-making within governance could lead to serious concerns. 
• If decisions that were once the purview of humans are delegated to algorithms, it could threaten the capacity for moral reasoning.

Way Forward:

• For Example: MeitY has initiated FutureSkills PRIME, an upskilling programme for 10 emerging technologies.
• Integration of AI with Curriculum: The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) announced its plan to introduce Artificial Intelligence as an elective for students from classes 9 to 12. 
• Stepping up Cyber regulations: Governments would have to step up their cyber regulations with respect to the new challenges posed by AI.
• International Collaboration: Member States should work with international organizations, educational institutions and private and non-governmental entities to provide adequate AI literacy education to the public on all levels in all countries in order to empower people.
• Thus, it would be prudent for India to focus more on education and training in AI; this could be a lot easier now with online education having larger acceptance after the COVID-19 pandemic.

News Source: The Hindu

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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The experts suggest that the Artificial Intelligence based technology could be used for health care as well as many other present and future challenges in various sectors.

Artificial Intelligence

• It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. 
• It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.
• AI would not replace people but create new opportunities in various fields. 
• It works on data, and if we could train our machines, it could do wonders for us in milliseconds by automating processes. 
• AI is creating new opportunities which could not be achieved by traditional technology.

Artificial Intelligence Applications

• Speech Recognition: It is also known as automatic speech recognition (ASR), computer speech recognition, or speech-to-text, and it is a capability which uses natural language processing (NLP) to process human speech into a written format. Many mobile devices incorporate speech recognition into their systems to conduct voice search—e.g. Siri—or provide more accessibility around texting. 
• Examples include messaging bots on e-commerce sites with virtual agents, messaging apps, such as Slack and Facebook Messenger, and tasks usually done by virtual assistants and voice assistants.
• This ability to provide recommendations distinguishes it from image recognition tasks. Powered by convolutional neural networks, computer vision has applications within photo tagging in social media, radiology imaging in healthcare, and self-driving cars within the automotive industry.  
• Recommendation Engines: Using past consumption behavior data, AI algorithms can help to discover data trends that can be used to develop more effective cross-selling strategies. This is used to make relevant add-on recommendations to customers during the checkout process for online retailers.
• Automated stock trading: Designed to optimize stock portfolios, AI-driven high-frequency trading platforms make thousands or even millions of trades per day without human intervention.
• Online shopping and advertising: Artificial intelligence is widely used to provide personalised recommendations to people, based for example on their previous searches and purchases or other online behaviour. AI is hugely important in commerce: optimising products, planning inventory, logistics etc.
• Digital personal assistants: Smartphones use AI to provide services that are as relevant and personalised as possible. Virtual assistants answering questions, providing recommendations and helping organise daily routines have become ubiquitous.
• Machine translations: Language translation software, either based on written or spoken text, relies on artificial intelligence to provide and improve translations. This also applies to functions such as automated subtitling.
• Smart homes, cities and infrastructure: Smart thermostats learn from our behaviour to save energy, while developers of smart cities hope to regulate traffic to improve connectivity and reduce traffic jams.
• Automobiles: While self-driving vehicles are not yet standard, cars already use AI-powered safety functions. The EU has for example helped to fund VI-DAS, automated sensors that detect possible dangerous situations and accidents. Navigation is largely AI-powered.
• Cybersecurity: AI systems can help recognise and fight cyberattacks and other cyber threats based on the continuous input of data, recognising patterns and backtracking the attacks.
• Fighting disinformation: Certain AI applications can detect fake news and disinformation by mining social media information, looking for words that are sensational or alarming and identifying which online sources are deemed authoritative.
• Transport: AI could improve the safety, speed and efficiency of rail traffic by minimising wheel friction, maximising speed and enabling autonomous driving. Tesla Cars use AI.
• Agriculture: AI applications in agriculture have developed applications and tools which help farmers inaccurate and controlled farming by providing them proper guidance to farmers about water management, crop rotation, timely harvesting, type of crop to be grown, optimum planting, pest control etc. use of drone to analyze the captured images and provide a detailed report containing the current health of the farm. It helps the farmer to identify pests and bacteria helping farmers to timely use pest control and other methods to take required action.
• Artificial intelligence against Covid-19: In the case of Covid-19, AI has been used in thermal imaging in airports and elsewhere. In medicine it can help recognise infection from computerised tomography lung scans. It has also been used to provide data to track the spread of the disease. 
• Key to success in using AI for various problems is to reach out to maximum people
• Massive Data Centres Needed: AI requires massive computational capacity, which means more power-hungry data centres and a big carbon footprint.
• Environmental Impact of Coolants used in Data Centres: The environmental impact caused by data centres doesn’t stop at electrical consumption. Coolants are often made of hazardous chemicals, and battery backups at data centres – needed for when there are power shortages – cause an environmental impact both due to mining for battery components and the disposal of the toxic batteries afterward.
• Privacy Issues: AI uses digital footprints and feeds them in their algorithm to exploit commercially without our consent.
• Creating New Inequalities: Without clear policies on reskilling workers, the promise of new opportunities will in fact create serious new inequalities.
• Widening gap: Widens Gap between the developing and the developed countries

Way Forward

• A “whole of society” approach to AI governance will enable us to develop broad-based ethical principles, cultures and codes of conduct, to ensure the needed harm-mitigating measures, reviews and audits during design, development and deployment phases, and to inculcate the transparency, accountability, inclusion and societal trust for AI to flourish and bring about the extraordinary breakthroughs it promises.
• UNESCO has also developed a global, comprehensive standard-setting draft Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence to Member States for deliberation and adoption.
• Agriculture
• Smart cities and infrastructure
• Smart mobility and transportation. 

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Generative AI

Last updated on March 30, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

Technologists, investors, policymakers, and the general public now consider generative AI to be the next big thing in the world of technology. Any sort of artificial intelligence that uses unsupervised learning techniques to generate fresh digital images, video, audio, text, or code is referred to as generative AI. Read here to learn more.

Basically, “generative AI” refers to any instance in which an Artificial Intelligence technology creates its content, whether that information is written, visual, or multimodal.

This contains tools for drawing and painting pictures as well as tools for using data acquired from the internet to produce press releases, white papers, company brochures, website articles, and article summaries.

Despite the current downturn and layoffs in the tech sector, generative AI companies continue to receive huge interest from investors.

• By 2025, generative AI is expected to produce 10 percent of all data (now less than 1 percent) with 20 percent of all test data for consumer-facing use cases.
• It will be sided by 50 percent of drug discovery and development initiatives.
• Thirty percent of manufacturers will use it to enhance their product development effectiveness.

Table of Contents

What is Generative AI?

Generative AI is a cutting-edge technological development that uses Artificial Intelligence and machine learning to produce new types of media, including text, audio, video, and animation.

It is now possible to produce original and creative short and long-form content, synthetic media, and even deepfakes with simple text, also known as prompts, thanks to the development of advanced machine learning capabilities like large language models, neural translation, information understanding, and reinforcement learning.

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To speed up these AI advances, leading technology companies like Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and others have commercial AI laboratories that do research and publish academic papers.

Investing in GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) , LLMs (Large Language Models), GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformers), and Image Generation in recent years has allowed researchers to experiment and, in some cases, develop commercial products like DALL-E for image generation and ChatGPT for text generation.

• For instance, ChatGPT is capable of writing blogs, computer code, marketing copy, and even producing search query results.

A Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) is a type of large language model (LLM) that uses deep learning to generate human-like text.

• They are called “generative”. They can generate new text based on the input they receive, and “pretrained” because they are trained on a large corpus of text data before being fine-tuned for specific tasks.
• And “transformers” because they use a transformer-based neural network architecture to process input text and generate output text.

How is generative AI governed?

In the private sector, two approaches to the governance of generative AI models are currently emerging.

• In one camp, companies such as OpenAI are self-governing the space through limited release strategies, monitored use of models, and controlled access via API for their commercial products like DALL-E2.
• In the other camp, newer organizations, such as Stability AI, believe that these models should be openly released to democratize access and create the greatest possible impact on society and the economy.

In the public sector, little or no regulation governs the rapidly evolving landscape of generative AI.

Other issues surround intellectual property and copyright. The datasets behind generative AI models are generally scraped from the internet without seeking consent from living artists or work still under copyright.

Applications of Generative AI

• Realistic visuals and animations can be made with generative AI. To animate virtual characters in real time, researchers have employed generative models to produce photorealistic representations of faces and animals.
• Music and art can be produced with generative AI. For instance, academics have utilized generative models to produce new musical compositions that are stylistically similar to those of a certain artist.
• Text written in natural language can be produced using generative AI. For instance, scientists are employing ChatGPT to produce poetry, news stories, and even computer code.
• Drug discovery could be greatly sped up with the help of artificial intelligence. This will be a boost to the healthcare sector .
• Robotic system design and control can be done using generative AI. A robot’s behavior can be simulated using generative models, which can also produce control signals that let the robot carry out specified tasks.

Text-to-image programs such as Midjourney, DALL-E, and Stable Diffusion have the potential to change how art, animation, gaming, movies, and architecture, education among others, are being rendered.

Read:  AI in Elections

Concerns about Generative AI

While generative AI has the potential to boost productivity and efficiency across a variety of fields and applications, abuse of the technology could have a negative influence on society by encouraging prejudice, exclusion, and discrimination.

• It will have a profound effect on jobs as automation will replace humans, especially in the creative industry.
• Large parts of the creative workforce, including commercial artists working in entertainment, video games, advertising, and publishing, could lose their jobs because of generative AI models.
• Artists are worried that the internet will be flooded with artwork that is indistinguishable from their own, simply by telling the system to reproduce the artwork in a unique style.
• One of the problems with large language models is their ability to generate false and misleading content.
• Such capabilities can be misused to generate fake news and disinformation across platforms and ecosystems.
• There is also the worry that once generative AI becomes popular, the creation and use of these models will be centralized in a small number of big businesses and nations, leading to a concentration of power and the possibility of abuse.

Way forward

Even while generative AI has the potential to revolutionize a variety of industries and tasks, there is a clear need to control the spread of these models and their effects on society and the economy.

In the upcoming years, the generative AI community will need to pay close attention to the debate that is currently taking place between centralized, regulated adoption with clear ethical boundaries and quicker innovation and decentralized distribution.

Not only are private firms responsible for completing this task; but civil society and policymakers must also weigh in. This includes the potential for labor markets to be disrupted, the validity of data that has been scraped, licensing, copyright, and the possibility of inaccurate or otherwise harmful content.

Generative AI requires a considerable amount of training data required to generate outputs, else the output may turn out to be subpar or not good. But an enormous amount of work needs to go into securing the data to avoid any privacy concerns.

The development of generative AI technology and solutions can only proceed with greater consideration and benefit when reliable checks and balances are in place.

Also Read:  IndiaAI Mission;  IRIS: Kerala introduces India’s first AI Teacher Robot

Previous year question

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

• Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
• Create meaningful short stories and songs
• Disease diagnosis
• Text-to-Speech Conversion
• Wireless transmission of electrical energy

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2, 3, and 5 only

(b) 1, 3, and 4 only

(c) 2, 4, and 5 only

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

-Article written by Swathi Satish

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AIMS Geosciences

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Artificial intelligence and 3D subsurface interpretation for bright spot and channel detections

• Yasir Bashir 1 ,  ,  , 
• Muhammad Afiq Aiman Bin Zahari 2 , 
• Abdullah Karaman 1 , 
• Doğa Doğan 1 , 
• Zeynep Döner 3 , 
• Ali Mohammadi 4 , 
• Syed Haroon Ali 5
• 1. Department of Geophysical Engineering, Faculty of Mines, İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Türkiye
• 2. Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia
• 3. Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Mines, İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Türkiye
• 4. Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, İstanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye
• 5. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
• Received: 31 May 2024 Revised: 29 July 2024 Accepted: 13 August 2024 Published: 04 September 2024
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Seismic interpretation is primarily concerned with accurately characterizing underground geological structures & lithology and identifying hydrocarbon-containing rocks. The carbonates in the Netherlands have attracted considerable interest lately because of their potential as a petroleum or geothermal system. This is mainly because of the discovery of outstanding reservoir characteristics in the region. We employed global 3D seismic data and a novel Relative Geological Time (RGT) model using artificial intelligence (AI) to delve deeper into the analysis of the basin and petroleum resource reservoir. Several surface horizons were interpreted, each with a minimum spatial and temporal patch size, to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the subsurface. The horizons were combined with seismic attributes such as Root mean square (RMS) amplitude, spectral decomposition, and RGB Blending, enhancing the identification of the geological features in the field. The hydrocarbon potential of these sediments was mainly affected by the presence of a karst-related reservoir and migration pathways originating from a source rock of satisfactory quality. Our results demonstrated the importance of investigations on hydrocarbon potential and the development of 3D models. These findings enhance our understanding of the subsurface and oil systems in the area.

• artificial intelligence (AI) ,
• seismic interpretation ,
• attributes ,
• hydrocarbon

Citation: Yasir Bashir, Muhammad Afiq Aiman Bin Zahari, Abdullah Karaman, Doğa Doğan, Zeynep Döner, Ali Mohammadi, Syed Haroon Ali. Artificial intelligence and 3D subsurface interpretation for bright spot and channel detections[J]. AIMS Geosciences, 2024, 10(4): 662-683. doi: 10.3934/geosci.2024034

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• This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ -->

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• Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] ; [email protected] ; Tel: +90 5366 224 503; 

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• © 2024 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 )

通讯作者: 陈斌, [email protected]

沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

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• Figure 1. The F3-Block's location in the North Sea (Dutch sector) along with its wells (F02-1, F03-1, F03-4, and F06-1) displayed on Google Earth
• Figure 2. Generalized lithologic column of the survey area [ 29 ]
• Figure 3. Inline 462 with three chosen horizons have been interpreted (Green: H83, Yellow: H59 and Red: H15)
• Figure 4. Seismic variables and their attributes are best represented in a triangular shape with respect to their connection to one another
• Figure 5. the process of Time Vs Frequency Domain Convolution with respect to a diverse amplitude spectrum
• Figure 6. Graphical representation of narrowband filters. a) The input data and frequency spectrum, b) filter bank of data based on frequency range, and c) convert filtered output to reflection strength to obtain frequency measures of seismic data
• Figure 7. Seismic attributes application for visibility enhancement of subsurface features. a) Spectral decomposition, b) RMS Amplitude, and c) RGB Blends (Color-blended method)
• Figure 8. Top view of the surface map of Horizon 83. a) Spectral decomposition, b) amplitude, and c) RGB Blends (Colour-blended method)
• Figure 9. RGT model of inline 823 and xline 1258 with surface horizon attribute spectral decomposition. a) 30 Hz, b) 46 Hz, and c) 65 Hz
• Figure 10. H83 with spectral decomposition attribute application. a) 30 Hz, b) 46 Hz, and c) 65 Hz. Comparison between the three frequencies. The 46 Hz of Spectral Decomposition gives a better resolution of the channel features (red, oval shape). This could be because 46 frequency is the tuning frequency where the channel's geometry is pronounced
• Figure 11. Seismic attributes application for visibility enhancement of subsurface features. a) Spectral decomposition, b) RMS Amplitude, and c) RGB Blends (Color-blended method)
• Figure 12. Discussing the geological characteristics of horizon H 59, including a) Spectral decomposition, b) Amplitude, and c) RGB Blended. The red arrow shows the continuity of the faults clearly in the RGB results
• Figure 13. Surface maps of the H59 with spectral decomposition attribute application. a) 30 Hz, b) 46 Hz, and c) 65 Hz
• Figure 14. Top view of Horizon 59 with comparison of different frequencies. a) 30 Hz, b) 46 Hz, and c) 65 Hz. In this case, the lower frequency gives the better continuity of the fault, but the sediments are distributed

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Rise of Artificial Intelligence: The Threat of Jobless Future or Better Job Opportunities Through Reskilling and Upskilling

• 04 Apr 2024

“Success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history. Unfortunately, it might also be the last, unless we learn how to avoid the risks.”

—Stephen Hawkins

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans. It uses computers to mimic human cognitive processes for decision-making. AI is designed to perform various activities which include speech recognition, learning, planning, problem solving.

The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a double-edged sword when it comes to jobs. There are valid concerns about some positions being automated, but also reasons to believe it will create new opportunities. The rise of artificial intelligence will make most people better off over the next decade, but many have concerns about how advances in AI will affect what it means to be human, to be productive and to exercise free wil.

AI seems to be emerging as a solution to workplace burnout, with 55% seeing opportunities and 75% of leaders predicting easier jobs with AI . While some people have feared that AI may replace human workers, there is a growing perspective that AI can actually improve relationships at work and AI represents a significant opportunity to transform our work dynamics and unlock a productive environment for all.

According to the publication of Forbes , about 47% of jobs that fall into the the figure might vary as these things tend to be influenced by other factors as well, such as the industry’budge regulations, political opinions and professional takes on the matter and of course, social resistance.

The cuture of the job market is a topic of much debate. Some believe that the rise of artificial intelligence will lead to a jobless future, while others believe that there will be new opportunities for those who are willing to reskill and upskill.Those who believe that the rise of artificial intelligence will lead to a jobless future point to the fact that many jobs are already being replaced by machines. For example, ATMs have replaced tellers in banks, and self-checkout machines have replaced cashiers in grocery stores.

Those who believe that there will be new opportunities for those who are willing to reskill and upskill point to the fact that this has always been the case throughout history. As technology has progressed, new jobs have been created to replace the old ones. For example, when the automobile was invented, jobs were created for mechanics and assembly line workers. Similarly, when computers were invented, jobs were created for programmers and software developers.

The World Economic Forum, in its Pioneers of Change Summit, asserted that there's no need to fear AI, as it will ultimately foster long-term job growth. According to the WEF's report, the COVID-19 pandemic has hastened the automation of numerous tasks, sparking concerns among some about potential job displacement by artificial intelligence (AI). However, the report emphasizes that AI will actually generate more job opportunities than it eliminates.

Moreover Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated technological advances and the automation of many routine tasks. In this environment, many are concerned that artificial intelligence (AI) will drive significant automation and destroy jobs in the coming decades. Just a few decades ago, the internet created similar concerns as it grew. Despite skepticism, the technology created millions of jobs.

Presently, AI stands at the threshold of catalyzing even greater growth in global economies. PwC's Annual Global CEO Survey reveals that 63% of CEOs anticipate AI will have a more profound impact than the internet. As Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies propelled by AI persist in fundamentally reshaping our world and lifestyles, there's a belief that AI might not result in widespread unemployment. On the contrary, AI technology is poised to generate more jobs than it automates.

By 2030 , AI will lead to an estimated $15.7 trillion , or 26% increase , in global GDP, based on PwC’s Global Artificial Intelligence Study. Increased productivity will contribute to approximately 40% of this increase while consumption will drive 60% of GDP growth.

In its “Future of Jobs Report 2020,” the World Economic Forum estimates that 85 million jobs will be displaced while 97 million new jobs will be created across 26 countries by 2025.

Embracing the consumption and productivity benefits of AI will require businesses and governments to collaborate on massive reskilling and upskilling initiatives to help employees retrain and prepare for new and future jobs.

In the next few years, 3% of jobs will be potentially automated by AI, according to this trend. In the next five years, half of all workers will require some upskilling or reskilling to prepare for changing and new jobs, according to the World Economic Forum.

The rapid pace of technological change requires new models for training that prepare employees for an AI-based future. True upskilling requires a citizen-led approach focused on applying new knowledge to develop an AI-ready mindset. Employers should view upskilling and reskilling as an investment in the future of their organization, not an expense.

Keeping in mind that the giant, Amazon announced earlier that it will invest $700 million in workers in the US by 2025, which will help take up highly skilled jobs.

Many experts have described the rise of automation as one of the most important economic and social developments in history. The World Economic Forum (WEF) has characterized it as the fulcrum of a 4th Industrial Revolution. Moreover, the economist Andrew McAfee said, “Digital technologies are doing for human brainpower what the steam engine and related technologies did for human muscle power during the Industrial Revolution. They’re allowing us to overcome many limitations rapidly and to open up new frontiers with unprecedented speed. It’s a very big deal. But how exactly it will play out is uncertain.”

The rise of Artificial Intelligence presents both opportunities and challenges for the future of work. While concerns about job displacement and social implications persist, AI also promises to drive economic growth and create new avenues for employment. Embracing AI requires proactive measures such as reskilling and upskilling initiatives, collaborative efforts between businesses and governments, and a focus on societal well-being through effective policy frameworks. By navigating these challenges thoughtfully, society can harness the transformative potential of AI while mitigating its negative impacts, ensuring a more equitable and prosperous future for all.

“A.I. (Artificial Intelligence) Can Be Our Friend”

—Bill gates