chapter 7 in research

Chapter 7. Ethics

The “fly on the wall” approach in anthropology, still taught as an antidote to the influences of one’s subjectivity on the research process, only obscures the fact that even those who try to be insects are, at the very least, already influencing the social environment in which they conduct their fieldwork and, more important, are already committing themselves to a very clear moral and political position—that of letting things remain as they are, or leaving the status quo untouched. Neutrality is impossible—or better still, neutrality may work for the maintenance of privileges, but it does not work for all. Many forms of oppression, exclusion, and death continue to be perpetrated in the name of objectivity and detachment. —Joȃo Helios Costa Vargas, Catching Hell in the City of Angels

Introduction

Joȃo Helios Costa Vargas spent two years living in South Central Los Angeles, a region of predominantly Black neighborhoods known for high rates of poverty, crime, and violence. When recounting the findings of his ethnographic research, he refused to write “neutrally.” As a human being, he viewed the prospect of writing as if he were merely “a fly on the wall” distasteful if not unethical. He wanted to name oppression outright. To testify to the outrages and injustices he saw perpetrated against those living in these communities by those with power—the police, school authorities, the public at large. And so he did, and his book is both more powerful and more honest for that. His choice is both an example of reflexivity (see chapter 6) and an example of ethics in practice. In this chapter, we explore a great many ethical considerations made by qualitative researchers and argue that being ethical is a constant and ongoing responsibility for any researcher and particularly for those involved in social science. Unlike other fields of science, the lines between doing right and doing wrong are sometimes hard to distinguish, a situation that puts tremendous pressure on every qualitative researcher to consider ethics all the time .

This is a very important chapter and should not be overlooked. As a practical matter, it should also be read closely with chapters 6 and 8. Because qualitative researchers deal with people and the social world, it is imperative they develop and adhere to a strong ethical code for conducting research in a way that does not harm. There are legal requirements and guidelines for doing so (see chapter 8), but these requirements should not be considered synonymous with the ethical code required of us. Each researcher must constantly interrogate every aspect of their research—from research question to design to sample through analysis and presentation—to ensure that a minimum of harm (ideally, zero harm) is caused. Because each research project is unique, the standards of care for each study are unique. Part of being a professional researcher is carrying this code in one’s heart, being constantly attentive to what is required under particular circumstances. Chapter 7 provides various research scenarios and asks readers to weigh in on the suitability and appropriateness of the research. If done in a class setting, it will become obvious fairly quickly that there are often no absolutely correct answers, as different people find different aspects of the scenarios of greatest importance. Minimizing the harm in one area may require possible harm in another. Being attentive to all the ethical aspects of one’s research and making the best judgments one can clearly and consciously are integral parts of being a good researcher.

Being an Ethical Researcher

Being a competent qualitative researcher means being reflective (chapter 6) and being ethical. In the next chapter, we will explore the regulatory requirements of ethical practice, but it is important to recognize that being ethical goes well beyond following the rules and regulations. Born from an epistemological perspective (chapter 3) that places value on the diversity of meanings and unique perspectives of the humans we study, qualitative researchers’ ethics encompass truthfully and generously reporting those meanings and perspectives, being attentive to what people tell and show us, and honestly appraising the harm and efficacy of what we report. The rules and regulations guiding qualitative research tend to focus on the importance of informed consent and the general balancing of potential benefits against likely harms. However, our duties to those with whom we interact go well beyond these aspects of our research. Further, because each study is unique and involves relationships between a researcher and research “subjects,” proceeding ethically requires constant attention and deliberation. One might make dozens of decisions during the research process that have ethical implications. It is not permissible to stop thinking about ethics after you have submitted your application for institutional review board (IRB) review (more on this process in chapter 8) or once you have received permission to proceed with your study: “Ethics are more than a set of principles or abstract rules that sit as an overarching entity guiding our research.… Ethics exist in our actions and in our way of doing and practicing our research; we perceive ethics to be always in progress, never to be taken for granted, flexible, and responsive to change” ( Davies and Dodd 2002:281 ).

Reviewing agencies such as IRBs will not scrutinize all the ethical decisions you need to make throughout your research process. Only you can do this. It is thus vitally important that you develop your sense of ethics as part of your identity as a researcher. Being reflective can help, as you are more likely to identify and acknowledge and confront ethical issues if you are paying attention to the process.

This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part walks you through the research process, highlighting a variety of places where ethical issues may emerge. The second part presents several ethical scenarios. I encourage you to talk through these with a friend or colleagues from class. You may find as you do so that you disagree on what the “correct” ethical decision is. This is absolutely normal and an important lesson. There are many “gray” areas in ethical consideration where there is no clear right or wrong answer. Sometimes there are “least bad” courses of action. Being ethical does not always means doing the right thing—it simply means trying to find the right thing to do and being able to justify the decisions you make.

Part 1: Ethical Issues throughout the Course of the Study

Research design.

Many of the rules and regulations around conducting qualitative research focus on the research design. For example, institutional review boards routinely ask you to justify your sample, while including members of vulnerable populations (e.g., children) in the study will trigger a heightened review. In chapter 8, we will look more closely at the formal requirements, but before getting there, we need to take a step back and think about the study design more generally. Why is this study being conducted in the first place? If human subjects are involved (this is the aspect that triggers formal review), any study is going to affect them to some extent. The impact on the humans we study could be quite minimal, as in the case of unobtrusive observations in which no personal information is recorded. Or it could be substantial, as in the case where people are asked very personal and potentially “triggering” questions about a harmful phenomenon. Or it could be simply the inconvenience of being bothered by a nosy researcher. Is your study worth the bother? Recognize that the advantages of a successful study accrue to you in the first place (completing your degree requirements, publishing an article, etc.) and secondarily contribute to collective knowledge. Make sure that that secondary contribution is really worth it. This may require you to do enough foundational research to ensure that what you are doing is truly novel and worth the expense.

Once you have determined that, yes, it is worth doing this study because we don’t yet know the answer to the research questions you’ve posed and those questions are good questions to ask, you need to consider whether this is the best and least harmful way to answer those questions. Balance the contributions to knowledge and the potential harm to humans posed by the research. Sometimes, the knowledge is so important that we are willing to lean a little harder on our research subjects, causing them a bit more discomfort or potential harm than we would be willing to do for a study of less importance. To make this kind of calculation, you have to be very honest about the importance of your work, another aspect of reflexivity (chapter 6). You also have to think about your research subjects honestly and the power they have to protect themselves from your intrusion. Poor people often get studied more often than rich people because they have less power to protect themselves from unwanted intrusions on their privacy. Designing a study around easy-to-access people is an ethical decision. Sometimes it is the right decision, sometimes not.

Just as you have to consider your sample in terms of power and the ability of some groups to hide from your scrutiny, you also have to consider your sample in terms of who gets to be included and what the implications of exclusion are on our knowledge. Medical studies that exclude certain hard-to-reach populations out of convenience are poorer for that exclusion. You want to be very clear about stating and justifying both your inclusion criteria and your exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria are those characteristics your research subjects must have in order to participate in the study. Being of adult age is a common inclusion criterion. Exclusion criteria are those characteristics that would disqualify people from being part of your study. These are established to protect potential participants, as in the case where those not born in the United States are excluded from a study that observes potential criminal behavior so as to protect them from deportation orders and reporting mandates. On the other hand, by excluding this group of people, you have limited their insights and perspectives from being heard.

Data Collection

Once you have designed your study in an ethical manner, you will have to find the people to match your inclusion criteria and invite them to participate. In most cases, you cannot ethically collect data without permission. This permission must often be in writing, and there are formal rules about what this writing looks like, which will be fully described in chapter 8. What about situations where you are simply observing behavior? If this is in a private setting, you will still need to get permission as well as access to the site. Who is giving you access to the site? This, too, raises ethical considerations. Is this a person with power (e.g., an employer) such that their permission may influence employees’ consent to be included in the study? If a principal of a high school allows you to observe teachers teach, does it matter that there is a lawsuit pending against the principal for unlawful terminations of various teachers? Yes, it does! You must consider how you and your research may be implicated in ongoing workplace issues. Ethics come into play even in public settings, especially in cases where the people being observed have little choice but to act in public (e.g., a community pool during a heatwave).

One of the obvious harms that can be created by a nosy researcher other than inconvenience and bother is the breaching of confidential statements or publications of private reflections and actions. You may think you are doing enough to protect your research subjects from harm by keeping what you learn anonymous (e.g., using pseudonyms or reporting only aggregate group data—e.g., “community pool members were rowdy”), but anonymity is easily breached. Even when no “identifiable information” is collected, the risk of being able to attribute data to particular individuals is never nonexistent. Formal rules and regulations specify in great detail various levels of anonymity and confidentiality permitted (see table 7.1). The bottom line is that we have to act as if what we write of people we observe and talk to may be individually identified (however unlikely) and consider what harm would occur to those people when we publish our research. This might necessitate multiple case sites to protect our subjects from identification (e.g., three community pools rather than just one) or even rethinking the kinds of questions we ask, refraining from pushing our interview subjects to address supplemental questions (those that are not directly tied to our research questions) that might cause them harm or embarrassment to them if they were identified.

Table 7.1. Anonymous and Confidential Data, A Vocabulary

Another aspect of gaining permission is deciding how much information about the study to provide in advance. Again, there are formal rules that require honesty, simplicity, and clarity when explaining the research study. The language must be understood by the particular research subjects. If one is doing research with children, the language describing the study is going to necessarily be different than if one is explaining the research study to adults. If one is doing research with nonnative English speakers, the language should be in the native language as well. There are many times, however, when these simple rules fail to take into account the research design’s requirements. Some researchers, especially psychologists, employ a certain level of deception in their research design, as stating honestly what the study is about would undercut the value of the findings. Accurate information is sometimes not possible without deception. When this is the case, reviewing agencies can make exceptions to the rule of fully informed consent so long as the deception is minimal and poses no harm and there is some debriefing after the fact (as in an experiment in which the full study is explained as soon as the experiment ends). There are other times, however, when researchers accurately describe the general purpose and goal of the study but fail to mention details that, had the subjects known in advance, they might have withheld their consent. This might be the case, for example, where a powerful CEO is told that he is taking part in a study of power dynamics at large corporations when in fact the study is also focused on gender imbalances and male CEOs’ biases toward women in leadership. The simple explanation was not deceptive, but the CEO may have decided to opt out had he received all the information. In such a case, the researcher needs to balance the potential benefits of the study with the likely harm to the subject and may very well come to the conclusion that this is an ethical practice. Others might disagree, of course.

There are a host of other questions to consider. How long will you stay in the field? What kinds of relationships will you form with the people you are observing, and how will you gracefully “exit” the field with the least amount of pain to those who have come to rely on your presence? What level of collaboration do you have with your participants? How deep are your interview questions? Are your probes too invasive? All of these are ethical questions that arise during the data collection phase.

More questions arise during data analysis and the presentation of your findings. Because we have not yet gotten to those subjects in this book, I am going to reserve much of the discussion on these and point them out in relevant chapters. There are two later-stage ethical challenges, however, that you need to plan for in advance: Who will own the data you collect? What kind of impact might the presentation or reporting of your findings have?

You will often need to think about who owns the data that has been collected and analyzed and who has rights of control over it. For example, some researchers negotiate access with employers or supervisors at particular worksites. Those employers or supervisors may then expect some control over the data collected. Maybe they want to see the results first, before anyone else, or perhaps they even want a say in which results are made public. It is important to work out any agreements on the use of the data in advance so you are not put in a position of having someone else dictate what you can do with your data.

You should also consider the impact your study may have on those who granted you access to the site and to all of those who were willing to be interviewed or observed. If your findings could result in a negative outcome (anything from bad press to loss of business or community support to public shaming of an individual or group), you should anticipate this and consider your ethical obligations, obligations that may exist to multiple persons and groups and may be in conflict with one another. How will you handle this?

Many of these questions (and more) will arise during the course of your research. Keeping a journal will help you reflect on the challenges. Every decision you make will probably carry an ethical consideration. To give you a sense of how ambiguous these ethical decision points can be, let’s walk through a few ethical scenarios.

Part 2: Ethical Scenarios

Below are several short scenarios that will help you think through how to spot ethical issues and how you might resolve them. Pay attention to all stages of the research process, from design to publication. It’s possible that one or more of the scenarios are fatally flawed from the very start. Think about what each researcher owes to (1) the scientific community of which they are a part and (2) the human beings with whom they are building relationships. How to properly balance the two? A few questions follow each scenario, but you need not confine your consideration to these questions. Note that each scenario might bring up more than one ethical issue!

Scenario 1: The Glass Ceiling

Jacinda would like to understand how women deal with sexual discrimination and harassment in engineering firms. She is able to secure a temporary job as a receptionist at Engineer-O, a Fortune 500 firm. To everyone in the company, she is simply a “temp.” While working there, she approaches several women about their experiences. A few are willing to sit down and be recorded by her as she asks them questions about working at the company. In addition to the interviews, she keeps notes of her own daily experiences at the company (during her breaks and at night). She witnesses many examples of sexual harassment—managers who make sexual comments to their employees. She also takes pictures of the office and cubicle walls of some of the male employees, where sexually explicit images of women and/or misogynistic sayings are posted.

Questions to consider: From whom must Jacinda get consent for her study? The women she interviews, the men whose walls she takes pictures of, those whose activities she observes? Does she need to tell her boss that she is an undercover researcher? Should she?

Scenario 2: #BlackLivesMatter

Anne is a White twenty-five-year-old graduate student who is interested in police-community relations, especially in urban neighborhoods that have experienced conflicts (e.g., police shootings of unarmed Black men and children). She has a very close friend, Jamal, who lives in one such neighborhood. He allows her to hang out with him for a summer. She carries around a notebook and writes down observations frequently. She also records a few interviews with Jamal, his best friends, his parents, and his beloved grandmother, whose house he lives in. One Sunday, while she is at his grandmother’s house, the police knock down the front door and force everyone to lie down on the ground as they search the premises. She begins to cry and writes movingly afterward of the pain and terror written on Joyce’s (Jamal’s grandmother) face as they lie next to each other with a gun at their necks. On another occasion, she is present when Jamal finds out his best friend has been fatally shot by a local gang. She gets in the car with Jamal as he looks for the killer. He asks her to hold his gun. She writes all of this down and plans on publishing everything.

Questions to consider: What are Anne’s duties and responsibilities in terms of publishing these events? From whom must she get consent? What if Joyce and Jamal’s friends did not know she was a graduate student conducting a study? Did she commit a crime when she carried Jamal’s gun for him? Should she have received permission from the police department before conducting this study?

Scenario 3: The Unhoused

Julie is doing a study of the unhoused in San Francisco. She approaches several men on the street and explains her study and asks if she can follow them around. Twelve agree. She spends several weeks in their company—getting to know them, following them as they panhandle and recycle old bottles and cans, and asking them questions about their lives. She records many of their conversations on her phone. When it is too cold outdoors, she sometimes allows one or two men to crash at her apartment. She knows they really dislike the shelters and how they are run. She also encourages them all to use her shower during the course of the study. Other times, she buys them food. Once or twice, she has paid for beers and has sat with them as they drink and reminisce about their childhoods. And still other times she has given “Julius” cash, even though there is a chance he will use it to buy heroin. After six months, she realizes she has enough material to write a book about the men. She leaves San Francisco and moves back to her home in Berkeley. Although she tells the men the study is over, she does not follow up with them or provide any of them with contact information for her.

Questions to consider: What does Julie owe the unhoused participants of her study after six months? Should she have provided them with a way to contact her in the future? Should she have made an attempt to reconnect with them? Was it appropriate to allow the men to use her apartment? Would it have been wrong not to do so? Should Julie have helped the men more? Did she help them too much? Was it wrong to drink beer with them? To give Julius cash he might have used to buy heroin? If her book is published to great success, does she owe any of the proceeds to the men?

Scenario 4: Studying Upside Down

Franco is a graduate student interested in understanding the practice of racial discrimination and how this might be related to individual beliefs about insider/outsider status within a community. During the Trump administration, he heard a lot about “White working-class racists,” but he suspects that wealthy White persons are just as discriminatory as poor White persons. He designs a research plan that allows him to hear what people have to say about “who belongs” in the US and a part that allows him to actually observe interactions they have with others. As his father belongs to a very fancy golf club, he plans to (1) interview the members of the club and (2) golf at the club and otherwise hang out and watch interactions between (primarily White) members and (primarily Latinx) staff. He did not ask the club’s permission. The club leadership heard about the study, however, when one of its members mentioned they saw a young man writing things down in a notebook when they were in an argument with a caddy. The club pressured the IRB of Franco’s university to revoke his application. Franco doesn’t fight the decision (how can he?). Still interested in understanding racial discrimination, he uses the same research design, but now at a poor neighborhood’s community pool. He finds some examples of racism in his interviews with the White working-class pool-goers and observes one example of what could be racial discrimination.

Questions to consider: Should Franco have approached the golf club directly to secure permission for this study? Why do you think he did not? Does it matter that his father was a member? Was his original design a good one? Why or why not? How would you have handled the IRB revocation? Is Franco’s new site a good one? Why or why not? Is his decision to observe at a community pool ethical?

Scenario 5: Political Deception

Mumbi, a graduate student from Kenya, is fascinated by American politics. In particular, she wants to understand the increasingly visible role of race among politically active conservatives in the US. She plans to do research at a local Republican Party headquarters during campaign season. She will work there herself and interview other volunteers. Mumbi’s informed consent form explains that she is doing research on “how people engage politically.” Informally, she tells her covolunteers that she is a Republican and that she voted for Trump. However, as a Kenyan citizen, she is not able to vote in the elections, and had she done so, she would never have voted for Trump. She thinks Trump is truly the devil.

Questions to consider: Is Mumbi’s failure to identify herself unethical? What does she owe the people she is interviewing? Is it ethical to omit the motivations for the study? Had she included all the facts about herself and her motivation for the study, would she have received different information from the people she interviewed? Is deception justified in this case or not? Should Mumbi worry about her personal safety?

Scenario 6: What Do Your Friends Say About You?

Serena is a psychology graduate student trying to understand how people make friends. She runs an experiment using primarily college students at a large research university in the Pacific Northwest. In the experiment, she provides students notecards with interesting facts about some strangers and records which strangers get selected as potential new friends. Some of the facts include (1) shops at Walmart, (2) has traveled outside the US, and (3) owns a MAGA hat or T-shirt. She finds that those who espoused fact (2) were overwhelmingly chosen as friends and that only one in five chose a friend that selected (3) and zero chose friends who chose (1). Based on these findings, she develops a theory that people value cross-cultural experiences. She debriefs the students in the experiment and tells them that (1) was the big loser!

Questions to consider: Are there any problems with this study design? Who is likely to be included and who is not likely to be included in the sample? What might be wrong with the theory Serena developed? Were any college students harmed by the questions asked? What would you have advised Serena before she began running the experiment?

Quick Recap of Common Ethical Challenges to Consider

• Who was included in the sample design? Who was not included?
• How did the researcher get entry into the field?
• What did the researcher tell people about their research?
• Was there “informed consent”?
• When reporting findings, was care taken to protect the anonymity , confidentiality , and dignity of the research subjects?
• Does this study contribute to our knowledge about a subject in a way that does not foster harm ?

Further Readings

Cwikel, Julie, and Elizabeth Hoban. 2005. “Contentious Issues in Research on Trafficked Women Working in the Sex Industry: Study Design, Ethics, and Methodology.” The Journal of Sex Research 42(4):306–316.

Davies, Deirdre, and Jenny Dodd. 2002. “Qualitative Research and the Question of Rigor.” Qualitative Health Research 12(2):279–289.

Diniz, Debora. 2008. “Research Ethics in Social Sciences: The Severina’s Story Documentary.” International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 1(2):23–35.

Fujii, Lee Ann. 2012. “Research Ethics 101: Dilemmas and Responsibilities.” PS: Political Science and Politics 45(4):717–723.

Guillemin, M., and L. Gillam. 2004. “Ethics, Reflexivity, and ‘Ethically Important Moments’ in Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 10(1):261–280.

Knight, Michelle G. 2000. “Ethics in Qualitative Research: Multicultural Feminist Activist Research.” Theory Into Practice 39(3):170–176.

The science and practice of right conduct; in research, it is also the delineation of moral obligations towards research participants, communities to which we belong, and communities in which we conduct our research.

A discrete set of population groups for which heightened ( IRB ) review is triggered when included as participants of human subjects research .  These typically include children, pregnant persons, and prisoners but may also include ethnic or racial minorities, non-English speakers, the economically disadvantaged, and adults with diminished capacity.  According to the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), “Vulnerable persons are those who are relatively (or absolutely) incapable of protecting their own interests. More formally, they may have insufficient power, intelligence, education, resources, strength, or other needed attributes to protect their own interests.”

A condition in which the identity of individual subjects is not known to researchers; although this is not often truly possible, researchers can nevertheless take steps to ensure that the presentation of the data to a general audience remains anonymous through the use of pseudonyms and other forms of identity masking.

A condition in which the researcher knows the identity of a research subject but takes steps to protect that identity from being discovered by others; this may require limiting presentation of sensitive data.  While the connection between the participants and the results are known, the terms of the confidentiality agreement between the researcher and the participants limit those who will know of this connection.  Compare to anonymity .

Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods Copyright © 2023 by Allison Hurst is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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The Essential Guide to Doing Your Research Project

Student resources, chapter 7: designing a research plan.

A.    Checklist for Assessing Practicality

By running through the following questions, you can quickly assess the practicality of your methodological plan:

1.    Do you have/can you develop necessary expertise?

Interviewing, observing, theorizing, surveying, statistical analysis – various methods of data collection and analysis will require certain skills. And while you can develop new skills, time / interest can be an issue. Remember - competence is not a luxury. Your skills or lack thereof, will affect the quality of the data you collect and the credibility of the findings you generate.

2.    Is your method ethical? Is it likely to get required ethics approval?

A clear criterion of any research design is that it is ethical; and ethicality is likely to be audited by an ethics committee. If a study calls for interaction with people, it will often require formal workplace and/ or university ethics committee approval. Ethical studies take responsibility for integrity in the production of knowledge and ensures that the mental, emotional, and physical welfare of respondents is protected.

3.    Do you have required access to data?

A major challenge for researchers is gaining access to data. Whether you plan to explore documents, conduct interviews or surveys, or engage in observation, the best-laid plans are worthless if you can’t find a way to access people, places and/ or records.

4.    Is your time frame realistic?

If you have not given yourself long enough to do what your design demands, you are likely to: miss deadlines; compromise your study by changing your methods mid-stream; do a shoddy job with your original methods; compromise time that should be dedicated to other aspects of your job/ life; or finally, not completing your study at all.

5.    Do you have required financial/organizational support?

Whether you need to cover the cost of materials, postage, transcription etc., or the cost of bringing in a professional researcher to help with data collection or analysis, you will need finances. It is important to develop a realistic budget for your study. Research into any problem, no matter how worthy, will not be practical, or in fact, possible if you can’t cover costs. Also make sure that, if appropriate, you have organizational support for time to be dedicated to your project. Not being able to find time can be as debilitating to your study as not being able to find money.

B.    Checklist for Fundamental Methods Questions

-  Who do you want to be able to speak about?

-  Who do you plan to speak to/observe?

-  What is the physical domain of your sample?

-  Are settings relevant to the credibility of your methods?

-  How do your methods fit into your time frame?

-  Is timing relevant to the credibility of your methods?

-  How will I collect my data?

-  How will I implement my methods?

-  What will you look for/what will you ask?

Chapter 7 - Research design

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Chapter 7: Research design - qualitative methods

2014, Doing Research in the Real World, 3rd edn

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Chapter 7: Nonexperimental Research

7.1 Overview of Nonexperimental Research 7.2 Correlational Research 7.3 Quasi-Experimental Research 7.4 Qualitative Research

Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2016 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Chapter 7: Action Research

Darshini Ayton

Learning outcomes

Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:

• Explain the purpose of an action research approach.
• Explain the action research cycle.
• Describe action research characteristics.

What is action research?

The key concept in action research is change or action .

Action research (also known as ‘participatory action research’) aligns well with the practice of health and social care because researchers and practitioners in this discipline work with people and communities in holistic and relational ways to understand the history, culture and context of the setting. Action research aims to understand the setting and improve it through change or action. 1 This method has its roots in activism and advocacy and is focused on solutions. It is practical and deals with real-world problems and issues. Action research often undergoes phases in seeking to understand the problem, plan a solution, implement the solution and then reflect on or evaluate the solution, cyclically and iteratively. Action research is used in the practice of health and social care because it has two fundamental aims: to improve and to involve. This chapter outlines how this is evident, using examples from the research literature (see Table 7.1.).

Action research as involvement

Action research is a collaborative process between researchers and community members. This process is a core component of action research and represents a significant shift from typical research methods. Through action research, those who are being researched become the researchers, with close consideration given to power dynamics. The research participants become partners in the research and are involved in identifying and prioritising the research area, designing and undertaking data collection, conducting data analysis, and interpreting and disseminating the results. 1 The research partners may be provided with support and training to enable them to undertake these activities and to promote empowerment and capacity building (see examples following). Patient and public involvement in research and healthcare improvement (known in Australia as ‘consumer and community involvement’), has led to action research gaining popularity as a research design that captures the ‘living knowledge’ with, for and by people and communities throughout the research journey.

As an example, in the project Relationships Matter for Youth ‘Aging Out’ of Care, 2 Doucet and colleagues aimed to examine relationships that matter to young people in care and how these relationships can be nurtured and supported over time. The project is a collaborative participatory action research study incorporating photovoice (see Chapter 17 for more information on photovoice). Eight young people, formerly in care and from diverse backgrounds, were recruited to the study. The lead researcher highlighted their own lived experience of the child welfare system and a consciousness of the power dynamics at play. The lead researcher created processes within the project to ensure the youth co-researchers were empowered to share their experiences and that the research team members were working with the youth co-researchers and not for them. These processes included three months of weekly facilitated group discussions, shared meals before project commencement and group outings and community engagement during the project to encourage connection, bonding and trust. The youth co-researchers were provided with photography training and digital cameras. Data collection included the youth co-researchers submitting 6–7 photographs with responses to the following questions for photo contextualisation:

• What does this photograph mean to you? Why is this photo, in particular, most significant to you?
• How do you see this photo as a reflection of the issue of supportive long-term relationships – and one that is relevant to you as a former youth in care in your community?
• What is the relationship between the content of the photo and how you perceive the community or the world around you? What recommendation for change in your community is associated with this photo? 2(para22)

The photographs were showcased at an exhibition that was open to the community; those in attendance included policymakers, advocates and community representatives. The change documented through this project was one of social transformation for the community and self-transformation and healing for the individuals.

Action research as improvement

Action research can be practitioner-led, whereby the study investigates problems identified by the practitioner with the goal of understanding and improving practice over time. Improvement can be both social improvement and healthcare improvement. Healthcare improvement, in particular quality (of healthcare) improvement, has been the focus of clinical practice, research, education and advocacy for more than 30 years. The two main frameworks guiding healthcare and quality improvement efforts are the Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA) cycle and Learning Health Systems. 3 Both of these frameworks lend themselves to action research. For example, the PDSA cycle is guided by three overarching questions:

• What are we trying to accomplish?
• How will we know that a change is an improvement?
• What change can we make that will result in improvement? 4(Figure1)

Learning Health Systems is another approach to quality improvement that has gained popularity over the past decade. Data collected by health services (e.g. patient data, health records, laboratory results) are used for knowledge creation in continuous and rapid cycles of study, feedback and practice change. 5 A Learning Health Systems framework incorporates systems science, data science, research methods for real-world contexts, implementation science, participatory research and quality improvement approaches.

Van Heerden and colleagues adopted an action research study to transform the practice and environment of neonatal care in the maternity section of a district hospital in South Africa. The study Strategies to sustain a quality improvement initiative in neonatal resuscitation 6 was conducted in three cycles. Cycle 1 was a situation analysis that explored and described the existing practices and factors influencing neonatal resuscitation and mortality in the hospital through administering questionnaires with nurses (n=69); a focus group with nine doctors; and an analysis of hospital records. A nominal group discussion (structured group discussion including prioritisation) was conducted with 10 managers and staff, followed by a reflective meeting with the project’s steering committee. Cycle 2 developed and implemented strategies to sustain a quality improvement initiative. The strategies addressed training, equipment and stock, staff attitudes, staff shortages, transport transfer for critically ill neonates, and protocols. Cycle 3 was an evaluation of change and sustainability after the implementation of strategies (Cycle 2) and involved the analysis of hospital record data, repeat questionnaire with nurses (n=40), focus group discussion with 10 doctors, steering committee and management members, followed by reflective meetings with the steering committee. Qualitative data was analysed through open coding, and quantitative data was analysed descriptively. The neonatal mortality rate declined (yet still needed to improve) and the implementation strategies facilitated change that led to improvement and practice transformation.

Action research as a methodology or an approach

There is debate as to whether action research is a methodology or an approach, since several different research methods and methodologies can be used. For example, multiple forms of data collection can be utilized, including quantitative data from surveys or medical records, to inform the identification and understanding of the problem and evaluation of the solution. Action research can also draw on descriptive qualitative research, quantitative cross-sectional studies, case studies (see Chapter 8 ), ethnography ( Chapter 9 ) and grounded theory ( Chapter 10 ). Action research can therefore take a purely qualitative approach, or can take a mixed-methods approach. See Table 7.1. for examples of action research studies.

Advantages and disadvantages of action research

Action research addresses practical problems, drawing on principles of empowerment, capacity-building and participation. The research problem to be addressed is typically identified by the community, and the solutions are for the community. The research participants are collaborators in the research process. The examples presented in this chapter demonstrate how the research collaborators and co-researchers received training and support to lead elements of the project. Another advantage of action research is that it is a continuous cycle of development. Hence, the approach is iterative and the full solution can take multiple cycles and iterations to develop and sustain. 7,8

Since action research is fundamentally about relationships and integrating research into the real world, studies can take years to result in a solution. It is important to be able to adapt and be flexible in response to community and stakeholder needs and contexts. The research can therefore be constrained by what is practical and also ethical within the setting. This may limit the scope and scale of the research and compromise its rigour. Action research can also create unanticipated work for community members and participants because they are not usually involved in research in this way, and thus training may be required, as well as remuneration for time and experience. 7,8

Action research is a research design in which researchers and community members work together to identify problems, design and implement solutions and evaluate the impact of these solutions. Change or action is a core component of this research design.

• Baum F, MacDougall C, Smith D. Participatory action research. J Epidemiol Community Health .  2006;60(10):854-857. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.028662
• Doucet M, Pratt H, Dzhenganin M, Read J. Nothing About Us Without Us: Using Participatory Action Research (PAR) and arts-based methods as empowerment and social justice tools in doing research with youth ‘aging out’ of care. Child Abuse Negl . 2022;130:105358. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105358
• Taylor J, Coates E, Wessels B, Mountain G, Hawley MS. Implementing solutions to improve and expand telehealth adoption: participatory action research in four community healthcare settings. BMC Health Serv Res . 2015;15:529. doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1195-3
• Taylor MJ, McNicholas C, Nicolay C, Darzi A, Bell D, Reed JE. Systematic review of the application of the plan-do-study-act method to improve quality in healthcare. BMJ Qual Saf .  2014;23(4):290-298. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2013-001862
• Menear M, Blanchette MA, Demers-Payette O, Roy D. A framework for value-creating learning health systems. Health Res Policy Syst . 2019;17(1):79. doi:10.1186/s12961-019-0477-3
• Van Heerden C, Maree C, Janse Van Rensburg ES. Strategies to sustain a quality improvement initiative in neonatal resuscitation. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med . 2016;8(2):a958. doi:10.4102/phcfm.v8i2.958
• Liamputtong P. Qualitative Research Methods . 5th ed. Oxford University Press; 2020.
• Liamputtong P, Ezzy D. Qualitative Research Methods: A Health Focus . Oxford University Press; 1999.
• Middleton TRF, Schinke RJ, Lefebvre D, Habra B, Coholic D, Giffin C. Critically examining a community-based participatory action research project with forced migrant youth. Sport Soc . 2021;25(2):418-433. doi:10.1080/17430437.2022.2017619

Qualitative Research – a practical guide for health and social care researchers and practitioners Copyright © 2023 by Darshini Ayton is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Qualitative Research: Bridging the Conceptual, Theoretical, and Methodological

Student resources, chapter overviews.

Chapter Seven, Research Ethics and the Relational Quality of Research , discusses the relational quality of research and research ethics. The chapter begins by framing and defining what we mean by relational ethics. The chapter addresses more common components of ethics including Institutional Review Boards, ethics committees, codes of ethics, and informed consent and assent and argues for a view of ethics that extends beyond these necessary and important safeguards for participants. The chapter explores the concepts of research boundaries, reciprocity, transparency in goals, expectations, processes, and roles, as well as issues of data management and security in the Information Age. We discuss ethical dimensions of the concept of the “researcher as instrument” by exploring the ideological and methodological processes of researcher reflexivity and push against the “expert-learner binary.” The chapter also discusses the ethics of collaboration and design flexibility.

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Chapter 7: Sampling Techniques

Learning Objectives

• Differentiate between the population and the sample.
• Describe the difference between homogenous and heterogeneous samples.
• Differentiate between probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling.
• Explain what is meant by representativeness and generalizability.
• Discuss sampling error, and differentiate between a random sampling error and a system sampling error.
• Explain the importance of knowing the who, the how, and the why for the purpose of sampling.

All research projects involve gathering specific data from specific sources in specific places at specific times (Palys & Atchison, 2014). Also known as sampling, the necessity of sampling occurs because we simply cannot gather all data from all sources at all places and all times. In other words, we must make choices when we design our research projects. This chapter focuses on sampling techniques as another level of choice to be made by the researcher.

Research Methods, Data Collection and Ethics Copyright © 2020 by Valerie Sheppard is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Research Roundup August 2024: Recently Published Findings From AFSP-Funded Studies

August 1, 2024 – 5 min read

The Research Roundup is a regular update of recently published findings in suicide prevention research. AFSP-funded studies included in this roundup examined how…

• Digital safety plans can be an effective tool for people with suicidal thoughts and behaviors
• Substance use and depression often contribute to risk for suicide in suicide loss survivors
• Machine learning algorithms from health care data can help detect children at risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and
• Genetic predisposition to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia may be associated with risk for suicide attempt

Researcher : Phillipe Courtet, MD, PhD, Enrique Baca-Garcia, MD, PhD Institution: Université de Montpellier (France), Fundación Jimenez Diaz (Spain) Grant Type: 2017 Linked Standard Research Grant – $299,394 Grant Title: Sleep and Appetite as Risk Markers for Suicidality in a Cross-National Cohort of Suicidal Patients

A safety plan is a suicide prevention tool for helping someone navigate suicidal feelings and urges. Clinicians work with their clients to personalize the plan and provide detailed strategies to manage a crisis. Prior research has shown that safety plans help reduce the risk of suicide. Typically, safety plans are completed in paper format, but recent studies have shown that digitizing the tool in the form of an app may be a promising way of enhancing its availability and customization.

To test this, Drs. Phillipe Courtet and Enrique Baca-Garcia recruited 105 individuals with suicidal thoughts and behaviors and installed a digital safety plan, SmartCrisis 2.0, on their smartphones. Participants rated the app's usefulness at 7.4 out of 10, its ease of use at 8.9, and their likelihood of recommending it at 8.6. Overall satisfaction with the app was 9.6. The most frequently used feature of the app was identifying "warning signs" of a crisis, particularly feelings of sadness or loneliness. The next most used feature was "internal coping strategies," with exercise being the most common. These results show high participation and satisfaction rates, suggesting that this app-based safety plan is a feasible and well-received intervention, supporting its potential implementation in clinical practice.

Citation : Porras-Segovia, A., De Granda-Beltrán, A. M., Gallardo, C., Abascal-Peiró, S., Barrigón, M. L., Artés-Rodríguez, A., López-Castroman, J., Courtet, P., & Baca-García, E. (2024). Smartphone-based safety plan for suicidal crisis: The SmartCrisis 2.0 pilot study. Journal of psychiatric research, 169, 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.039

Researcher : Alexandra Pitman, PhD Institution: University College London Grant Type: 2018 Standard Research Grant – $99,819 Grant Title: Understanding the Mediators of Suicide and Suicide Attempt Risk after Suicide Bereavement in the Danish Population

Research has demonstrated a consistent association between losing a partner to suicide and subsequent risk of suicide. However, there isn’t sufficient understanding of the mechanisms that may underlie this elevated risk. Two factors that researchers suspect may be at play are depression and substance use, as both have been shown to be prevalent after a suicide loss. It is important to understand these factors further to inform how to emotionally support individuals bereaved by suicide.

Using data from Denmark spanning 1980 to 2016, Dr. Alexandra Pitman compared 22,668 people who experienced a partner's suicide with 913,402 people whose partners died from other causes. She found that for both groups, suicide rates were very low (0.8% suicide bereaved vs. 0.4% bereaved by other causes). With regard to the role of depression, rates were similarly low, but higher among those bereaved by suicide (4.1%) compared with those bereaved by other causes (2.9%). While it appeared as if there were differences with regard to substance use, the difference between groups was not found when depression was taken into account. The findings emphasize the importance of preventing and treating depression in suicide-bereaved individuals to mitigate potential suicide risk. More research is needed to identify other contributing factors.

Citation : Pitman, A., McDonald, K., Logeswaran, Y., Lewis, G., Cerel, J., Lewis, G., & Erlangsen, A. (2024). The role of depression and use of alcohol and other drugs after partner suicide in the association between suicide bereavement and suicide: cohort study in the Danish population. Psychological medicine, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724000448

Researcher : Juliet Edgcomb, MD, PhD Institution: University of California, Los Angeles Grant Type: 2020 Pilot Research Grant – $30,000 Grant Title: Electronic Health Record Phenotyping for Cohort Discovery of New-onset Suicidality in Youth

Emergency rooms are often the first point of access to mental health care for children at risk for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITB) yet there is still much to learn about the best way to use health care data to identify suicide-related emergencies in kids. One approach that has shown promise is using AI-based machine learning algorithms to analyze codified health care data to identify patterns and detect when children may have been experiencing SITB.

To explore the potential for machine learning-based approaches, Dr. Juliet Edgcomb compared the effectiveness of using current medical codes and patients’ chief (i.e., initial) complaint against machine learning algorithms developed to detect SITB among children aged 10 to 17. Doctors reviewed and classified 600 children who visited the emergency room for mental health concerns and machine learning models were trained using health record data in addition to current medical codes. Machine learning models significantly improved detection accuracy with nearly half (47.3%) of the visits involving self-harming thoughts and behaviors. Clinician classification missed a significant number of cases: 29% with only medical codes and over 54% with only chief complaints. Dr. Edgcomb also found that sensitivity (i.e., ability to detect) was lower for boys and preteens compared to girls and teenagers. These findings suggests that chief complaints and diagnoses are not enough on their own to determine the presence of SITB, and that machine learning is a tool that could enhance the detection of SITB in children.

Citation : Edgcomb, J. B., Tseng, C. H., Pan, M., Klomhaus, A., & Zima, B. T. (2023). Assessing Detection of Children With Suicide-Related Emergencies: Evaluation and Development of Computable Phenotyping Approaches. JMIR mental health, 10, e47084. https://doi.org/10.2196/47084

Researcher : Brenda Cabrera-Mendoza, MD, PhD Institution: Yale University School of Medicine   Grant Type: 2022 Postdoctoral Fellowship – $132,900 Grant Title: Suicide-associated Loci Regulating Molecular Traits and Their Interaction With Environmental Factors

Research has shown that bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are associated with higher risk for suicide attempt. Identifying factors contributing to the risk for suicide attempt in people with BD and SZ is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. One way suicide prevention researchers are able to study this is by using a Mendelian randomization approach, which is a method used in epidemiology and genetics that combines genetic data with other factors (e.g., behavioral traits or sociodemographic factors) to identify potential cause-and-effect relationships.

Using this Mendelian randomization approach on a large-scale genetic database from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and the UK Biobank, Dr. Brenda Cabrera-Mendoza considered the influence of behavioral traits and socioeconomic factors. After analyzing the data, she found that genetic predispositions to BD and SZ significantly increased the risk of suicide attempts. Additionally, mental distress and risk-taking behaviors were found to independently contribute to suicide attempts, regardless of SZ genetics, while these same factors did partly explain the increased suicide risk in BD. The findings highlight the complex interplay between genetic risks and behavioral traits, underscoring the importance of comprehensive mental health assessments for individuals at high risk of suicide.

Citation : Cabrera-Mendoza, B., Aydin, N., Fries, G. R., Docherty, A. R., Walss-Bass, C., & Polimanti, R. (2023). Estimating the direct effects of the genetic liabilities to bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and behavioral traits on suicide attempt using a multivariable Mendelian randomization approach. medRxiv: 2023.08.14.23294083. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.08.14.23294083

Learn more about the AFSP research grants featured in this monthly roundup, as well as others, here .

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Mining and Modeling the Cognitive Strategies Used to Construct Argument Versus Causal Maps in Computer-Aided Diagramming Tools

• First Online: 09 August 2024

Cite this chapter

• Allan Jeong 11 &
• Hyoung Seok Shin 12  

Part of the book series: Cognition and Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age ((CELDA))

Despite four decades of research demonstrating the positive impact of computer-aided diagramming tools on student learning, there remains a lack of research that identifies the cognitive strategies used by students (and enabled by the tools) to create higher-quality maps and achieve deeper understanding. This chapter reports two studies examining students’ cognitive processes to construct argument and causal maps using the computer-aided diagramming tool jMAP. Students’ mapping actions were mined and used to develop algorithms to detect and measure students’ use of backward, forward, breadth-first, and depth-first reasoning. The first study revealed that observing the placement of the first five nodes in relation to previously moved nodes in students’ argument maps was sufficient to predict map scores and that the ratio between the use of backward versus forward and the use of breadth versus depth-first processes (not individual frequency counts) predicted map scores. The study found that students’ backward and depth-first processing correlated with higher map scores. In contrast, analysis of causal maps (using the same algorithms) showed that all reasoning processes produced maps of similar quality, with backward processing contributing significantly more to map scores than depth-first processing. These differences in findings reflect the differences in task demands between constructing argument and causal maps and provide insights into why and when specific processes produce higher-quality maps. They also offer guidance on developing future diagramming tools and algorithms for automating map analysis and presentation of dynamic support for enhancing student learning, understanding, and problem-solving skills.

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Jeong, A., Shin, H.S. (2024). Mining and Modeling the Cognitive Strategies Used to Construct Argument Versus Causal Maps in Computer-Aided Diagramming Tools. In: Isaias, P., Sampson, D.G., Ifenthaler, D. (eds) Artificial Intelligence for Supporting Human Cognition and Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age. Cognition and Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66462-5_7

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Tech support, sales support, latest news, investor slider, sonos reports third quarter fiscal 2024 results.

SANTA BARBARA, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Sonos, Inc. (Nasdaq: SONO) today reported third quarter fiscal 2024 results.

“Thanks to Ace, our long-awaited entry into headphones, we reported year over year revenue growth and delivered results that slightly exceeded our expectations in our third quarter,” Sonos CEO Patrick Spence commented. “This was overshadowed by the problems that our customers and partners experienced as a result of the rollout of our new app, which in turn has required us to reduce our Fiscal 2024 guidance. We have a clear action plan to address the issues caused by our app as quickly as possible. While our app setback is regrettable, it is one chapter in our over twenty years of delighting customers. I speak for everyone at Sonos when I say that our #1 priority is to make this right and ensure that the next chapter is even better than the previous ones.”

Third Quarter Fiscal 2024 Financial Highlights (unaudited)

• Revenue of $397.1 million
• Gross margin of 48.3%
• GAAP net income of $3.7 million, GAAP diluted earnings per share (EPS) of $0.03
• Non-GAAP net income 1 of $29.5 million, Non-GAAP diluted EPS 1 of $0.23
• Adjusted EBITDA 1 of $48.9 million

(1) Non-GAAP net income/Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share (EPS) and Adjusted EBITDA exclude stock-based compensation, legal and transaction related fees, amortization of intangibles, and restructuring and abandonment costs. See “Use of Non-GAAP Measures” and reconciliations to GAAP measures below.

Fiscal 2024 Outlook

The company will provide its Fiscal 2024 outlook on its third quarter fiscal 2024 earnings call.

Supplemental Earnings Presentation

Following the earnings call, the company will post a supplemental earnings presentation regarding its third quarter fiscal 2024 results to the Earnings Reports section of its investor relations website at https://investors.sonos.com/reports-and-filings/default.aspx#section=earningsreports .

Conference Call, Webcast and Transcript

The company will host a webcast of its conference call and Q&A related to its third quarter fiscal 2024 results on August 7, 2024, at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time (2:00 p.m. Pacific Time). Participants may access the live webcast in listen-only mode on the Sonos investor relations website at https://investors.sonos.com/news-and-events/default.aspx .

The conference call may also be accessed by dialing (888) 330-2454 with conference ID 8641747. Participants outside the U.S. can access the call by dialing (240) 789-2714 using the same conference ID.

An archived webcast of the conference call and a transcript of the company’s prepared remarks and Q&A session will also be available at https://investors.sonos.com/reports-and-filings/default.aspx#section=earningsreports following the call.

Use of Non-GAAP Measures

We have provided in this press release financial information that has not been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”), including adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, free cash flow, non-GAAP gross margin, net income (loss) excluding stock-based compensation, legal and transaction related fees, amortization of intangibles, and restructuring and abandonment costs and diluted earnings (loss) per share excluding stock-based compensation, legal and transaction related fees, amortization of intangibles and restructuring and abandonment costs. These non-GAAP financial measures are not based on any standardized methodology prescribed by U.S. GAAP and are not necessarily comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies. We use these non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our operating performance and trends and make planning decisions. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures help identify underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be masked by the effect of the expenses and other items that we exclude in these non-GAAP financial measures. Accordingly, we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results, enhancing the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects and allowing for greater transparency with respect to a key financial metric used by our management in its financial and operational decision-making. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation of, or as an alternative to, measures prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Investors are encouraged to review the reconciliation of these financial measures to their nearest U.S. GAAP financial equivalents provided in the financial statement tables above. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) adjusted to exclude the impact of depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, interest income, interest expense, other income, income taxes, restructuring and abandonment costs, legal and transaction related fees and other items that we do not consider representative of our underlying operating performance. We define Adjusted EBITDA margin as Adjusted EBITDA divided by revenue. We define free cash flow as net cash from operations less purchases of property and equipment. We define non-GAAP gross margin as GAAP gross margin, excluding stock-based compensation and amortization of intangible assets. We calculate non-GAAP net income (loss) excluding stock-based compensation, legal and transaction related fees, amortization of intangibles and restructuring and abandonment costs as net income (loss) less stock-based compensation, legal and transaction related fees, amortization of intangibles and restructuring and abandonment costs. We calculate non-GAAP diluted earnings (loss) per share excluding stock-based compensation, legal and transaction related fees, amortization of intangibles and restructuring and abandonment costs as net income (loss) less stock-based compensation, legal and transaction related fees, amortization of intangibles and restructuring and abandonment costs divided by our number of shares at fiscal year end. We do not provide a reconciliation of forward-looking non-GAAP financial measures to their comparable GAAP financial measures because we cannot do so without unreasonable effort due to unavailability of information needed to calculate reconciling items and due to the variability, complexity and limited visibility of the adjusting items that would be excluded from the non-GAAP financial measures in future periods. When planning, forecasting and analyzing future periods, we do so primarily on a non-GAAP basis without preparing a GAAP analysis as that would require estimates for items such as stock-based compensation, which is inherently difficult to predict with reasonable accuracy. Stock-based compensation expense is difficult to estimate because it depends on our future hiring and retention needs, as well as the future fair market value of our common stock, all of which are difficult to predict and subject to constant change. In addition, for purposes of setting annual guidance, it would be difficult to quantify stock-based compensation expense for the year with reasonable accuracy in the current quarter. As a result, we do not believe that a GAAP reconciliation would provide meaningful supplemental information about our outlook.

Forward Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding our outlook for the fiscal year ending September 28, 2024, our long-term outlook, financial, growth and business strategies and opportunities, growth targets, our product cycle and roadmap, our new Sonos app and our action plan to address issues caused by our new app, profitability and gross margins, and other factors affecting variability in our financial results. These forward-looking statements are only predictions and may differ materially from actual results due to a variety of factors, including, but not limited to: our ability to accurately forecast product demand and effectively forecast and manage owned and channel inventory levels; our ability to introduce software updates to fix bugs, improve the customer experience and add back certain features to our new app on a timely basis and otherwise deliver on our action plan to address issues caused by our new app; our ability to maintain, enhance and protect our brand image; the impact of global economic, market and political events, including continued inflationary pressures, high interest rates and, in certain markets, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; changes in consumer income and overall consumer spending as a result of economic or political uncertainty or conditions; changes in consumer spending patterns; our ability to successfully introduce new products and services and maintain or expand the success of our existing products; the success of our efforts to expand our direct-to-consumer channel; the success of our financial, growth and business strategies; our ability to compete in the market and maintain or expand market share; our ability to meet product demand and manage any product availability delays; supply chain challenges, including shipping and logistics challenges and component supply-related challenges; our ability to protect our brand and intellectual property; and the other risk factors set forth under the caption “Risk Factors” in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 30, 2024 and our other filings filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), copies of which are available free of charge at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov or upon request from our investor relations department. All forward-looking statements herein reflect our opinions only as of the date of this press release, and we undertake no obligation, and expressly disclaim any obligation, to update forward-looking statements herein in light of new information or future events. Sonos and Sonos product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sonos, Inc. All other product names and services may be trademarks or service marks of their respective owners.

About Sonos

Sonos (Nasdaq: SONO) is one of the world’s leading sound experience brands. As the inventor of multi-room wireless home audio, Sonos’ innovation helps the world listen better by giving people access to the content they love and allowing them to control it however they choose. Known for delivering an unparalleled sound experience, thoughtful home design aesthetic, simplicity of use and an open platform, Sonos makes the breadth of audio content available to anyone. Sonos is headquartered in Santa Barbara, California. Learn more at www.sonos.com .

Investor Contact James Baglanis [email protected]

Press Contact Erin Pategas [email protected]

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By signing up here I agree to receive Sonos' email newsletter and special promotional offers. Email Alert Sign Up Confirmation Website Accessibility Statement Works with Sonos Our Company Find a store Dealer store Order status Shipping info How it started Life at Sonos Search jobs SUSTAINABILITY & IMPACT Climate Impact Product Sustainability Equity and Inclusion Giving Back Terms of Sale Declaration of Conformity Reports & Filings Corporate Governance Investor Resources News and Events © 2004 - by Sonos. Inc. All rights reserved. Sonos and Sonos product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sonos, Inc. All other product names and services may be trademarks or service marks of their respective owners. Sonos, Inc. Choose your country België  | Belgique New Zealand Canada (English)  | Canada (Français) Deutschland Schweiz  | Suisse  | Svizzera Suomi (English) United Kingdom United States  | Estados Unidos Other countries (English) Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. View all journals Explore content About the journal Publish with us Sign up for alerts 06 August 2024 Our local research project put us on the global stage — here’s how you can do it, too Seyoon Lee 0 , Hanjae Lee 1 , Juhyun Kim 2 & Jong-Il Kim 3 Seyoon Lee is a PhD candidate at the Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, and in the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, South Korea. You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar Hanjae Lee is a PhD candidate at the Genomic Medicine Institute, Department of Translational Medicine, and in the Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Juhyun Kim is a PhD candidate at the Genomic Medicine Institute and in the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, South Korea. Jong-Il Kim is director of the Genomic Medicine Institute, chair of the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, South Korea, and head principal investigator of the SCAID project. You have full access to this article via your institution. People travel from across South Korea to receive medical treatment in Seoul. Credit: Will & Deni McIntyre/Getty Later this year, South Korea is expected to sign up to the European Union’s research-funding programme, Horizon Europe . It’s a good time to reflect on the nature of large collaborative projects — and, in particular, when cross-border collaboration is most beneficial and when a deeper dive into local issues can be more rewarding. Large international collaborations have unquestionably produced great breakthroughs. Sequencing the human genome , for example, took 13 years of work by 20 institutions in 6 countries 1 . But large consortia such as these are almost always established in the same few countries: the United States, the United Kingdom and others in Europe. For scientists working elsewhere, setting up a large international project can seem unachievable, given the billion-dollar price tags and the networks of contacts required. And, sometimes, it is not the best solution. Global projects spearheaded in a few countries can have biases — for example, people of Asian descent are often under-represented in international genetic studies initiated in the West. National laws on acquiring data can differ, meaning that researchers need to conduct experiments differently in different regions, introducing biases. And the logistical complexity of coordinating a project across multiple countries in different time zones and with different work cultures can be problematic when rapid data collection and analysis are crucial 2 . There is an alternative — set up a large local consortium in one nation. Cancer research needs a better map We’ve done just that in Seoul. Our single-cell atlas of immune diseases (SCAID) consortium is a multi-institutional effort led by one of us (J.-I.K.), alongside 23 others. Running since April 2022, the project now involves 120 South Korean clinicians, immunologists, geneticists and bioinformaticians (including S.L., H.L. and J.K., who work in J.-I.K’s group). We aim to map gene expression in millions of individual cells from people who have immune-related diseases , including (but not limited to) rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, interstitial lung disease and alopecia areata. Systemic immune diseases are thought to affect at least 1 in 20 people 3 . They are often incurable and cause debilitating symptoms, from chronic skin rashes to skeletomuscular changes. They can be fatal if they are not managed appropriately. We hope that our research will reveal similarities between 16 diverse diseases that manifest across the body, and help to uncover ways to use treatments more effectively. Our experiences have shown us that a regional consortium can be an efficient way to ask crucial research questions. Here, we share two broad lessons that we hope will help others to build effective regional consortia. Find a niche To compete in international circles, local consortia need to focus on addressing research questions that they are in a unique position to answer. This might be because of the particular mix of expertise of local researchers. It might be the regulatory environment in a country. Or it might be specific to the geography of the place where the research is done. In our case, we were inspired to set up SCAID by an international consortium called the Human Cell Atlas (HCA) . Since 2016, it has been trying to map every single cell type in the human body using state-of-the art genomic technology. The next logical step is to create similar atlases for diseased cells. But this involves bringing in specialized clinicians for each disease and obtaining proper consent from a large number of people. This can be hard to achieve in a global consortium, in which each country has distinct legislative frameworks, ethics committees and medical systems 4 . For instance, the International HapMap Project — a genome-sequencing project launched in 2002 with researchers from six countries — needed to spend months in community consultation in Nigeria before it was able to obtain ethics approvals 5 . It also faced concerns raised by community advisory groups in Japan and China around depositing biological samples in overseas repositories. Overcoming these obstacles took 18 months 6 . For these reasons, most single-cell studies of disease data sets have focused on single diseases in single tissues, for simplicity. By contrast, restricting our study to a single country with one legislative framework has made it easier for us to gain ethics and individual approval, allowing us to study multiple diseases across multiple tissues. Seoul National University Hospital is one of 56 general hospitals in the South Korean capital. Credit: Anthony Wallace/AFP via Getty Seoul also has other benefits for such a project. First, it’s easy to enlist a diverse range of participants in the city. South Korea has a universal medical-insurance system that is mandatory for all residents 7 . This avoids biases that can arise when participants are part of a private health-insurance system. And people from across the country and all socio-economic classes travel to Seoul for treatment — the city’s cluster of 56 general hospitals can be reached from anywhere in South Korea in half a day. The concentration of hospitals also makes it easy to transfer samples quickly from donors to our central laboratory for analysis — it is no more than two hours’ drive from any hospital. Such proximity is a great advantage in single-cell genomics, because RNA — which is analysed to ascertain gene expression — degrades within hours once a sample is collected. A US National Institutes of Health large-scale genetics project called the Genotype–Tissue Expression project, for instance, found variability in the quality of RNA in its samples, depending on the time between collection and processing. This variability could skew interpretations of gene-expression data, and the researchers had to develop ways to account for it in their analyses 8 . Having a centralized hub prevents the problem of batch effects — undesired differences between samples — that can arise if samples are processed or analysed differently by different centres 9 , 10 . Handling batch effects is a big task for international consortia. The HCA, for instance, has a dedicated team of researchers to check for and minimize such effects 11 . Exploiting this niche is already proving fruitful for us. So far, we’ve collected more than 500 samples from 334 donors. We have analysed more than two million cells — equivalent to the second-largest data set collected in the HCA project so far. Our early analysis hints at common features between diseases: although symptoms arise in different organs, we are identifying distinct immune profiles that group the diseases into a few major categories. Unblock research bottlenecks with non-profit start-ups Still, being small and nimble comes with challenges. Local consortia need to be aware that they might lack some expertise , and they need to be prepared to seek help. Our consortium faced obstacles in obtaining ethics approvals, because each hospital review board had different requirements and concerns. Getting approval from each board was arduous, and required persistence when asking for opinions of the boards themselves, along with those of the Korea National Institute for Bioethics Policy and Korean Bioinformation Center. Nonetheless, it was easier than grappling with multiple international rules around ethics and data collection. To make this process smoother for others, it would help for institutions in a country to standardize their ethical-review processes and data-sharing agreements, ensuring that both comply with national regulations. Furthermore, institutions should establish collaborative networks to share best practices and discuss common challenges. These steps could ease the administrative burden on local consortia considerably, and accelerate their progress. Not all countries will have the strong technical skills of the South Korean workforce, nor the established biobanking repositories for genetic and clinical data, which are essential in projects such as ours. For scientists in countries without this infrastructure, international consortia can be a valuable source of guidance. For instance, the HCA’s Equity Working Group specifically aims to engage diverse geographical and ethnic groups in its projects 12 . By participating in such initiatives, countries can gain access to expertise, resources and best practices, helping them to overcome technical challenges and build their capabilities. Build in local benefits Regional projects should reflect the needs of the local community, both for ethical reasons and to attract funding. Funders are more likely to invest in big projects that can benefit citizens. Researchers must make those benefits clear. This might mean championing a field to governments and other funders. In South Korea, most research funding comes from the government — scientists propose broad topics that need funding, and the government selects those that align with its own goals and puts out funding calls, for which all researchers can apply. So genomicists, immunologists and bioinformaticians — not all of whom are members of the SCAID consortium — requested that the South Korean government fund a large-scale disease single-cell atlas. These scientists spelled out how the data could ultimately help researchers and clinicians to improve understanding of the disease predispositions that are unique to South Koreans. This will hopefully speed up the development of precision medicines tailored to the country’s own population. South Korean scientists’ outcry over planned R&D budget cuts In countries that do not have official channels for petitioning the government, raising the profile of a field might involve using networks of contacts to meet with funders, or publishing papers that outline a field’s potential. Persistence is key — scientists must keep voicing their needs and perspectives. Researchers must also give careful thought to how their project will benefit local science. SCAID was designed to maximize the long-term benefits for the South Korean researchers and clinicians involved. To develop researchers’ careers, we hold regular seminars and workshops focused on learning skills and network building. Cross-disciplinary collaborations are one focus. For example, bioinformaticians are working with clinicians on a strategy pinpointing the specialized data that should be collected for each disease — such as acquiring information on immune receptors for specific disorders. Bioinformaticians are also exploiting the expertise of clinicians to help interpret their analyses. This includes the identification of abnormal cell states, which can be hard to distinguish from artefacts in the data without a deep knowledge of disease. These networks of contacts will be useful for many projects long after SCAID is completed. Once established, local consortia need not exist in isolation. They can complement existing global projects by adding diverse data, and can act as stepping stones for future global consortia. For instance, many scientists have approached us, intrigued by the scale and potential of our work, and enquired about possible collaborations. We are keen for other regional groups to generate international databases from separate efforts led by those who understand their own local needs and niches best. We encourage them to start by seeking funding for a consortium to address the needs of their fellow citizens, and to eventually pool their knowledge. Whatever the field, if a consortium is run well, it can cultivate a dynamic cluster of competent researchers, laying the groundwork for international recognition and collaboration. Nature 632 , 256-258 (2024) doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-02539-7 International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Nature 409 , 860–921 (2001). Article   PubMed   Google Scholar   Ando, Y., Kwon, A. T.-J. & Shin, J. W. Exp. Mol. Med. 52 , 1409–1418 (2020). El-Gabalawy, H., Guenther, L. C. & Bernstein, C. N. J. Rheumatol. Suppl. 85 , 2–10 (2010). Chen, H. & Pang, T. Bull. World Health Organ. 93 , 113–117 (2015). The International HapMap Consortium. Nature Rev. Genet. 5 , 467–475 (2004). Rotimi, C. et al. Community Genet. 10 , 186–198 (2007). PubMed   Google Scholar   Kwon, S. Health. Policy. Plan. 24 , 63–71 (2009). Ferreira, P. G. et al. Nature Commun. 9 , 490 (2018). Lähnemann, D. et al. Genome. Biol. 21 , 31 (2020). van den Brink, S. C. et al. Nature Methods 14 , 935–936 (2017). Rozenblatt-Rosen, O. et al. Nature Biotechnol. 39 , 149–153 (2021). Majumder, P. P., Mhlanga, M. M. & Shalek, A. K. Nature Med. 26 , 1509–1511 (2020). Download references Reprints and permissions Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. 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(Getty Images) Getty Images Ann Marie Barron | [email protected] STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. — Popular supplements used by more than 15 million Americans may be putting their liver health at risk, according to health researchers. Research has revealed the extent of the damage being caused by taking popular botanical supplements including turmeric, green tea, the stress-relieving ashwagandha and weight-loss aid Garcinia cambogia. For this most recent study, University of Michigan health researchers in Ann Arbor looked at data from 2017 to 2021, covering 9,685 people, and found that nearly 4.7% of U.S. adults had used one of the six potentially toxic supplements within the previous 30 days. The resulting paper, “Estimated Exposure to 6 Potentially Hepatoxic Botanicals in U.S. Adults,” appeared in JAMA Network Open this month . Supplement users were mostly taking these botanicals on their own, not under medical advice, for a range of issues: Turmeric is taken for joint health and arthritis, green tea extract is thought to boost energy levels, G. cambogia is taken for weight loss, black cohosh is taken to manage hot flushes and red yeast rice is taken for heart health. The study was specifically concerned with green tea extract, not drinking tea, which has no link to liver toxicity – though a limit of eight cups a day is recommended, according to a report in New Atlas, a science and technology publication. And while news of liver toxicity connected to these supplements is not new, having been reported to be on the rise for some time now, including in this 2022 study , medical researchers are concerned that people are unaware that they come with a serious risk of overdose. Hospitalizations increased from 7% to 20% over the decade between 2004 and 2014, the new study found. “Use of herbal and dietary supplements (HDSs) accounts for an increasing proportion of drug hepatotoxicity cases,” researchers, led by Alisa Likhitsup, an assistant professor of gastroenterology, told New Atlas Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is an acute or chronic liver injury also known as toxic liver disease, with a host of symptoms including yellowing of the skin, fatigue, nausea, rash, itching and upper-right abdominal pain, according to the National Library of Medicine. And, while it can be treated by removing the toxic trigger, it can lead to serious consequences — including the patient needing a liver transplant or even death if it is left untreated. The researchers are not campaigning for abstinence, but urge users to be vigilant with ingredients and dosages, especially if they’re taking a combination of them or other medications, according to the report. “In light of the lack of regulatory oversight on the manufacturing and testing of botanical products, it is recommended that clinicians obtain a full medication and HDS use history when evaluating patients with unexplained symptoms or liver test abnormalities,” they wrote in the study. “Considering widespread and growing popularity of botanical products, we urge government authorities to consider increasing the regulatory oversight on how botanicals are produced, marketed, tested, and monitored in the general population.” ‘A coin flip’ Regulatory processes surrounding these supplements are not as stringent as for prescription medicines, and chemical testing of products has revealed inconsistencies between what’s advertised on the bottle and what dose is in a tablet, researchers reported. “In a previous study, we found that there was a great deal of mislabeling of some of these products,” said Dr. Robert Fontana, a Michigan Medicine a hepatologist, professor of medicine and the study’s senior author. “We performed analytical chemistry and found about a 50% mismatch between stated ingredients on the label and what they actually contained, which is quite alarming,’' Fontana said. “If you buy a supplement and it says it has a certain ingredient, it’s basically a coin flip if that’s true or not.” In the studied population, the highest proportion of people consumed turmeric (3.46%), followed by green tea (1.01%), ashwagandha and black cohosh (0.38%), garcinia cambogia (0.27%), and red yeast rice products (0.19%), researchers reported. And clinical trials into the efficacy of these supplements have not provided robust evidence of their benefits compared to their risks when they’re taken at higher doses, the researchers reported. Safe amounts of each supplement depends on any prescription medicines an individual may be taking, as well as their baseline liver health and other medical conditions. If you purchase a product or register for an account through a link on our site, we may receive compensation. By using this site, you consent to our User Agreement and agree that your clicks, interactions, and personal information may be collected, recorded, and/or stored by us and social media and other third-party partners in accordance with our Privacy Policy. Election 2024 Entertainment Newsletters Photography AP Buyline Personal Finance AP Buyline Shopping Press Releases Israel-Hamas War Russia-Ukraine War Global elections Asia Pacific Latin America Middle East Delegate Tracker AP & Elections 2024 Paris Olympic Games Auto Racing Movie reviews Book reviews Financial Markets Business Highlights Financial wellness Artificial Intelligence Social Media Kevin Costner’s ‘Horizon: An American Saga-Chapter 2’ gets Venice Film Festival premiere This image released by Warner Bros. Pictures shows Kevin Costner in a scene from “Horizon: An American Saga-Chapter I.” (Warner Bros. Pictures via AP) Copy Link copied The second part of Kevin Costner’s “Horizon: An American Saga’ will have its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival in September, organizers said Wednesday. “Chapter Two” was originally set for a mid-August theatrical debut but was pulled from the schedule after “Chapter One” underperformed. The continuation of the Western epic will play out of competition on September 7, the last day of the festival, alongside a screening of part one. Costner, in a statement, said that his “dream” was always to show the film at Venice. The first installment had a glitzy premiere at the Cannes Film Festival earlier this year. Alberto Barbera, the director of the Venice Film Festival, described it as the “visionary project of a great actor and director, who invested himself in the epic reconstruction of the years crucial to the founding of the country, digging beyond myth in search of authenticity capable of restoring a piece of history in its complex and contradictory reality.” The back-to-back release for both films, one in June and one in August, was unconventional. Then the first chapter collected only $23 million in its first two weeks in theaters. In announcing the change of plans, New Line Cinema said they hoped to give more audiences more time to discover Chapter One. A passion project for more than 30 years, Costner put some of his own money into making the ambitious films, and has already begun shooting a third installment of what he envisions will ultimately be four movies. “I’m indebted to Alberto Barbera for his courage and leadership in committing to this cinematic journey,” Costner said. “Long live the movies and those willing to stand for them.” The 81st edition of the Venice Film Festival kicks off on Aug. 28. Among its most anticipated world premieres are “Joker: Folie à Deux,” “Beetlejuice Beetlejuice,” “The Room Next Door,” “Maria,” “Queer” and “Wolfs.” Holiday Shift & Eclipse Boost Q2 Hotel Fundamentals U.s. hotel | q2 2024. August 6, 2024 2 Minute Read Looking for a PDF of this content? Executive summary. Hotel demand increased by 1.3% year-over-year in Q2, outpacing a 0.6% increase in supply and resulting in a 0.7% gain in occupancy. Higher occupancy, coupled with a 1.5% increase in average daily rate (ADR), drove a 2.2% year-over-year increase in Q2 revenue per available room (RevPAR). The gains were largely attributable to an earlier Easter this year taking place in late Q1, resulting in higher business travel year-over-year in Q2, and to the total solar eclipse driving increased leisure travel across a broad swath of the country.  While hotel demand grew in Q2, lodging alternatives such as short-term rentals and cruise lines continued to gain market share.  Average hourly hotel wages remained more than $10 below the national average hourly wage. Given declining hotel job openings, hotel wage growth decelerated in Q2 to 4.6% from 5.5% in Q1, still outpacing the 4.0% hourly wage growth for all employees. Occupancy rates for all location types remained below 2019 levels in Q2. Interstate and town locations were the closest to their 2019 levels at 99%, while urban and resort locations were at 94%and 96%, respectively. Brand.com continued to take share from other distribution channels. Compared with Q2 2019, Brand.com's share of demand increased by 3.6 percentage points (pps), while Property Direct's share declined by 2.9 pps. 330 IMAGES College essay: Components phd dissertation research chapters 1 5 pdf Thesis Format Chapter 1 How Is The Research Methodology Chapter In Qualitative Research Written 03chapter 3 VII TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER COMMENTS Chapter 7: Research Design: Qualitative Methods Chapter 4: Research Ethics; Chapter 5: Searching, Critically Reviewing and Using the Literature; Chapter 6: Research Design: Quantitative Methods; Chapter 7: Research Design: Qualitative Methods; Chapter 8: Research Design: Mixed Methods; Chapter 9: Sampling Strategies; Chapter 10: Designing Descriptive and Analytical Surveys; Chapter 11 ... PDF Research Questions and Hypotheses Most quantitative research falls into one or more of these three categories. The most rigorous form of quantitative research follows from a test of a theory (see Chapter 3) and the specification of research questions or hypotheses that are included in the theory. The independent and dependent variables must be measured sepa-rately. PDF Designing a Qualitative Study CHAPTER 7 Designing a Qualitative Study JosephA. Maxwell T raditionally,worksonresearchdesign(mostofwhichfocusonquantitative research)haveunderstood"design"inoneoftwoways.Sometakedesignsto be fixed, standard arrangements of research conditions and methods that have their own coherence and logic, as possible answers to the question, "What ... PDF Chapter Seven e phase is addressed, the qualitative research questions appear.♦ When writing these questions or hypotheses, follow the guide. ines in this chapter for scripting good questions or hypotheses.♦ Some attention shoul. be given to the order of the research questions and hypotheses. The order will reflect the typ. Chapter Summary Chapter 7 • Quantitative Research Methods. Quantitative research relies on the collection and analysis of numerical data to describe, explain, predict, or control variables of interest. Quantitative research focuses on objectivity that permits the researcher to generalize findings beyond a particular situation or setting. Chapter 7. Ethics Chapter 7. Ethics The "fly on the wall" approach in anthropology, still taught as an antidote to the influences of one's subjectivity on the research process, only obscures the fact that even those who try to be insects are, at the very least, already influencing the social environment in which they conduct their fieldwork and, more important, are already committing themselves to a very ... Chapter 7: Designing a Research Plan Interviewing, observing, theorizing, surveying, statistical analysis - various methods of data collection and analysis will require certain skills. And while you can develop new skills, time / interest can be an issue. Remember - competence is not a luxury. Your skills or lack thereof, will affect the quality of the data you collect and the ... (PDF) Chapter 7 150. 7 Research design. In this chapter, the main methodological choices for the empirical part of this dissertation are. introduced and justified. In sectio n 7.1, I re -introduce the research qu ... Chapter 7: Research design In this chapter, the general design of the research and the methods used for data collection are explained in detail. It includes three main parts. The first part gives a highlight about the dissertation design. The second part discusses about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The last part illustrates the general research ... Chapter 7: Nonexperimental Research Chapter 7: Nonexperimental Research. 7.1 Overview of Nonexperimental Research. 7.2 Correlational Research. 7.3 Quasi-Experimental Research. 7.4 Qualitative Research. Previous: 6.3 Conducting Experiments. PDF Quantitative Research Methods Chapter 7 • Quantitative Research Methods. 109. 1. While the . literature review. serves as a justification for the research problem regardless of the research type, its role is much more central to the design of a quan-titative study than to that of a qualitative study. Not only does it provide background Chapter 7: Action Research Action research is used in the practice of health and social care because it has two fundamental aims: to improve and to involve. This chapter outlines how this is evident, using examples from the research literature (see Table 7.1.). Action research as involvement. Action research is a collaborative process between researchers and community ... Chapter Overviews Chapter Seven, Research Ethics and the Relational Quality of Research, discusses the relational quality of research and research ethics.The chapter begins by framing and defining what we mean by relational ethics. The chapter addresses more common components of ethics including Institutional Review Boards, ethics committees, codes of ethics, and informed consent and assent and argues for a ... Research Methods Ch. 7 Chapter 7: Choosing and Using Research Subjects. Populations and Samples Population. May be defined in many ways. All children enrolled in day-care centers. Children in day care on a particular city Sample. Small subgroup of subjects chosen from the population. Researchers may need to define a subpopulation for study Research Methods Research Methods - Chapter 7. Experimental research strategy. Click the card to flip 👆. -To establish the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. 1. Manipulation. The researcher manipulates one variable by changing its value to create a set of two or more treatment conditions. 2. Chapter 7: Sampling Techniques Chapter 7: Sampling Techniques. Differentiate between the population and the sample. Describe the difference between homogenous and heterogeneous samples. Differentiate between probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling. Explain what is meant by representativeness and generalizability. Discuss sampling error, and differentiate between a ... Chapter 7: Research Methods Flashcards A survey instrument containing the questions asked by the interviewer in an in-person or phone survey. Cognitive interview. A technique for evaluating questions in which researchers ask people test questions, and then probe with follow-up questions to learn how they understood the question and what their answers mean. Interpretive questions. Chapter 7 Research Methods Flashcards Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Survey Research, Respondents, cognitive model for responding to a survey and more. Research Roundup August 2024: Recently Published Findings From AFSP Researcher: Alexandra Pitman, PhD Institution: University College London Grant Type: 2018 Standard Research Grant - $99,819 Grant Title: Understanding the Mediators of Suicide and Suicide Attempt Risk after Suicide Bereavement in the Danish Population. Research has demonstrated a consistent association between losing a partner to suicide and subsequent risk of suicide. Mining and Modeling the Cognitive Strategies Used to ... Despite four decades of research demonstrating the positive impact of computer-aided diagramming tools on student learning, there remains a lack of research that identifies the cognitive strategies used by students (and enabled by the tools) to create higher-quality maps and achieve deeper understanding. eCFR :: 7 CFR 766.120 -- xxx The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the official legal print publication containing the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) is a continuously updated online version of the CFR. It is not an official legal edition of the CFR. South Africa Veterinary Medicine Markets 2023-2024 & 2030: 7.1. Segment Dashboard 7.2. Movement Analysis 7.3. South Africa Veterinary Medicine Market Size & Trend Analysis, By Distribution Channel, 2018-2030 (USD Million) 7.3.1. Veterinary Hospitals ... Higher electricity bills? It's not just you, AP-NORC poll finds A poll from The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research finds that around 7 in 10 Americans say extreme heat has had a major or minor impact on their electricity bills in the past year, and a majority have seen a similar impact on their outdoor activities. A poll from The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research ... Chapter 7: Experimental Research Flashcards Chapter 7: Experimental Research. Identify 3 conditions that must be present to prove causation. Click the card to flip 👆. 1) concomitant variation between X and Y. 2) time order of occurrence in that X occurs prior or simultaneously to Y. 3) elimination or control of extraneous factors which might otherwise be responsible for causing a ... Sonos Sonos, Inc. (Nasdaq: SONO) today reported third quarter fiscal 2024 results. "Thanks to Ace, our long-awaited entry into headphones, we reported year over year revenue growth and delivered results that slightly exceeded our expectations in our third quarter," Sonos CEO Patrick Spence commented. "This was overshadowed by the problems that our customers and partners experienced as a result ... Our local research project put us on the global stage A collective of researchers in South Korea, working on the genetics of immune diseases, share the lessons they've learnt about harnessing regional knowledge to support large-scale research. Popular health supplements are causing liver damage, research shows For this most recent study, University of Michigan health researchers in Ann Arbor looked at data from 2017 to 2021, covering 9,685 people, and found that nearly 4.7% of U.S. adults had used one ... Kevin Costner's 'Horizon: An American Saga-Chapter 2' gets Venice Film The second part of Kevin Costner's "Horizon: An American Saga' will have its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival in September, organizers said Wednesday. "Chapter Two" was originally set for a mid-August theatrical debut but was pulled from the schedule after "Chapter One" underperformed.. The continuation of the Western epic will play out of competition on September 7 ... Research: Chapter 7 Flashcards Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A literature review is: A. Everything that is known about a subject B. An analytical summary of research findings C. All approved data on a research topic D. A composition of all positive results of research, The purpose of the literature review is to: A. Identify a problem that has not been resolved B. Clarify the importance of ... Holiday Shift & Eclipse Boost Q2 Hotel Fundamentals Insights & Research Our unmatched research and thought leadership platform delivers actionable insights to help our clients make informed business decisions. ... Hotel demand increased by 1.3% year-over-year in Q2, outpacing a 0.6% increase in supply and resulting in a 0.7% gain in occupancy. assignment essay homework paper phd report resume review speech thesis