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7 Favorite Business Case Studies to Teach—and Why

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FEATURED CASE STUDIES

The Army Crew Team . Emily Michelle David of CEIBS

ATH Technologies . Devin Shanthikumar of Paul Merage School of Business

Fabritek 1992 . Rob Austin of Ivey Business School

Lincoln Electric Co . Karin Schnarr of Wilfrid Laurier University

Pal’s Sudden Service—Scaling an Organizational Model to Drive Growth . Gary Pisano of Harvard Business School

The United States Air Force: ‘Chaos’ in the 99th Reconnaissance Squadron . Francesca Gino of Harvard Business School

Warren E. Buffett, 2015 . Robert F. Bruner of Darden School of Business

To dig into what makes a compelling case study, we asked seven experienced educators who teach with—and many who write—business case studies: “What is your favorite case to teach and why?”

The resulting list of case study favorites ranges in topics from operations management and organizational structure to rebel leaders and whodunnit dramas.

1. The Army Crew Team

Emily Michelle David, Assistant Professor of Management, China Europe International Business School (CEIBS)

“I love teaching  The Army Crew Team  case because it beautifully demonstrates how a team can be so much less than the sum of its parts.

I deliver the case to executives in a nearby state-of-the-art rowing facility that features rowing machines, professional coaches, and shiny red eight-person shells.

After going through the case, they hear testimonies from former members of Chinese national crew teams before carrying their own boat to the river for a test race.

The rich learning environment helps to vividly underscore one of the case’s core messages: competition can be a double-edged sword if not properly managed.

Executives in Emily Michelle David’s organizational behavior class participate in rowing activities at a nearby facility as part of her case delivery.

Despite working for an elite headhunting firm, the executives in my most recent class were surprised to realize how much they’ve allowed their own team-building responsibilities to lapse. In the MBA pre-course, this case often leads to a rich discussion about common traps that newcomers fall into (for example, trying to do too much, too soon), which helps to poise them to both stand out in the MBA as well as prepare them for the lateral team building they will soon engage in.

Finally, I love that the post-script always gets a good laugh and serves as an early lesson that organizational behavior courses will seldom give you foolproof solutions for specific problems but will, instead, arm you with the ability to think through issues more critically.”

2. ATH Technologies

Devin Shanthikumar, Associate Professor of Accounting, Paul Merage School of Business

“As a professor at UC Irvine’s Paul Merage School of Business, and before that at Harvard Business School, I have probably taught over 100 cases. I would like to say that my favorite case is my own,   Compass Box Whisky Company . But as fun as that case is, one case beats it:  ATH Technologies  by Robert Simons and Jennifer Packard.

ATH presents a young entrepreneurial company that is bought by a much larger company. As part of the merger, ATH gets an ‘earn-out’ deal—common among high-tech industries. The company, and the class, must decide what to do to achieve the stretch earn-out goals.

ATH captures a scenario we all want to be in at some point in our careers—being part of a young, exciting, growing organization. And a scenario we all will likely face—having stretch goals that seem almost unreachable.

It forces us, as a class, to really struggle with what to do at each stage.

After we read and discuss the A case, we find out what happens next, and discuss the B case, then the C, then D, and even E. At every stage, we can:

see how our decisions play out,

figure out how to build on our successes, and

address our failures.

The case is exciting, the class discussion is dynamic and energetic, and in the end, we all go home with a memorable ‘ah-ha!’ moment.

I have taught many great cases over my career, but none are quite as fun, memorable, and effective as ATH .”

3. Fabritek 1992

Rob Austin, Professor of Information Systems, Ivey Business School

“This might seem like an odd choice, but my favorite case to teach is an old operations case called  Fabritek 1992 .

The latest version of Fabritek 1992 is dated 2009, but it is my understanding that this is a rewrite of a case that is older (probably much older). There is a Fabritek 1969 in the HBP catalog—same basic case, older dates, and numbers. That 1969 version lists no authors, so I suspect the case goes even further back; the 1969 version is, I’m guessing, a rewrite of an even older version.

There are many things I appreciate about the case. Here are a few:

It operates as a learning opportunity at many levels. At first it looks like a not-very-glamorous production job scheduling case. By the end of the case discussion, though, we’re into (operations) strategy and more. It starts out technical, then explodes into much broader relevance. As I tell participants when I’m teaching HBP's Teaching with Cases seminars —where I often use Fabritek as an example—when people first encounter this case, they almost always underestimate it.

It has great characters—especially Arthur Moreno, who looks like a troublemaker, but who, discussion reveals, might just be the smartest guy in the factory. Alums of the Harvard MBA program have told me that they remember Arthur Moreno many years later.

Almost every word in the case is important. It’s only four and a half pages of text and three pages of exhibits. This economy of words and sparsity of style have always seemed like poetry to me. I should note that this super concise, every-word-matters approach is not the ideal we usually aspire to when we write cases. Often, we include extra or superfluous information because part of our teaching objective is to provide practice in separating what matters from what doesn’t in a case. Fabritek takes a different approach, though, which fits it well.

It has a dramatic structure. It unfolds like a detective story, a sort of whodunnit. Something is wrong. There is a quality problem, and we’re not sure who or what is responsible. One person, Arthur Moreno, looks very guilty (probably too obviously guilty), but as we dig into the situation, there are many more possibilities. We spend in-class time analyzing the data (there’s a bit of math, so it covers that base, too) to determine which hypotheses are best supported by the data. And, realistically, the data doesn’t support any of the hypotheses perfectly, just some of them more than others. Also, there’s a plot twist at the end (I won’t reveal it, but here’s a hint: Arthur Moreno isn’t nearly the biggest problem in the final analysis). I have had students tell me the surprising realization at the end of the discussion gives them ‘goosebumps.’

Finally, through the unexpected plot twist, it imparts what I call a ‘wisdom lesson’ to young managers: not to be too sure of themselves and to regard the experiences of others, especially experts out on the factory floor, with great seriousness.”

4. Lincoln Electric Co.

Karin Schnarr, Assistant Professor of Policy, Wilfrid Laurier University

“As a strategy professor, my favorite case to teach is the classic 1975 Harvard case  Lincoln Electric Co.  by Norman Berg.

I use it to demonstrate to students the theory linkage between strategy and organizational structure, management processes, and leadership behavior.

This case may be an odd choice for a favorite. It occurs decades before my students were born. It is pages longer than we are told students are now willing to read. It is about manufacturing arc welding equipment in Cleveland, Ohio—a hard sell for a Canadian business classroom.

Yet, I have never come across a case that so perfectly illustrates what I want students to learn about how a company can be designed from an organizational perspective to successfully implement its strategy.

And in a time where so much focus continues to be on how to maximize shareholder value, it is refreshing to be able to discuss a publicly-traded company that is successfully pursuing a strategy that provides a fair value to shareholders while distributing value to employees through a large bonus pool, as well as value to customers by continually lowering prices.

However, to make the case resonate with today’s students, I work to make it relevant to the contemporary business environment. I link the case to multimedia clips about Lincoln Electric’s current manufacturing practices, processes, and leadership practices. My students can then see that a model that has been in place for generations is still viable and highly successful, even in our very different competitive situation.”

5. Pal’s Sudden Service—Scaling an Organizational Model to Drive Growth

Gary Pisano, Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School

“My favorite case to teach these days is  Pal’s Sudden Service—Scaling an Organizational Model to Drive Growth .

I love teaching this case for three reasons:

1. It demonstrates how a company in a super-tough, highly competitive business can do very well by focusing on creating unique operating capabilities. In theory, Pal’s should have no chance against behemoths like McDonalds or Wendy’s—but it thrives because it has built a unique operating system. It’s a great example of a strategic approach to operations in action.

2. The case shows how a strategic approach to human resource and talent development at all levels really matters. This company competes in an industry not known for engaging its front-line workers. The case shows how engaging these workers can really pay off.

3. Finally, Pal’s is really unusual in its approach to growth. Most companies set growth goals (usually arbitrary ones) and then try to figure out how to ‘backfill’ the human resource and talent management gaps. They trust you can always find someone to do the job. Pal’s tackles the growth problem completely the other way around. They rigorously select and train their future managers. Only when they have a manager ready to take on their own store do they open a new one. They pace their growth off their capacity to develop talent. I find this really fascinating and so do the students I teach this case to.”

6. The United States Air Force: ‘Chaos’ in the 99th Reconnaissance Squadron

Francesca Gino, Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School

“My favorite case to teach is  The United States Air Force: ‘Chaos’ in the 99th Reconnaissance Squadron .

The case surprises students because it is about a leader, known in the unit by the nickname Chaos , who inspired his squadron to be innovative and to change in a culture that is all about not rocking the boat, and where there is a deep sense that rules should simply be followed.

For years, I studied ‘rebels,’ people who do not accept the status quo; rather, they approach work with curiosity and produce positive change in their organizations. Chaos is a rebel leader who got the level of cultural change right. Many of the leaders I’ve met over the years complain about the ‘corporate culture,’ or at least point to clear weaknesses of it; but then they throw their hands up in the air and forget about changing what they can.

Chaos is different—he didn’t go after the ‘Air Force’ culture. That would be like boiling the ocean.

Instead, he focused on his unit of control and command: The 99th squadron. He focused on enabling that group to do what it needed to do within the confines of the bigger Air Force culture. In the process, he inspired everyone on his team to be the best they can be at work.

The case leaves the classroom buzzing and inspired to take action.”

7. Warren E. Buffett, 2015

Robert F. Bruner, Professor of Business Administration, Darden School of Business

“I love teaching   Warren E. Buffett, 2015  because it energizes, exercises, and surprises students.

Buffett looms large in the business firmament and therefore attracts anyone who is eager to learn his secrets for successful investing. This generates the kind of energy that helps to break the ice among students and instructors early in a course and to lay the groundwork for good case discussion practices.

Studying Buffett’s approach to investing helps to introduce and exercise important themes that will resonate throughout a course. The case challenges students to define for themselves what it means to create value. The case discussion can easily be tailored for novices or for more advanced students.

Either way, this is not hero worship: The case affords a critical examination of the financial performance of Buffett’s firm, Berkshire Hathaway, and reveals both triumphs and stumbles. Most importantly, students can critique the purported benefits of Buffett’s conglomeration strategy and the sustainability of his investment record as the size of the firm grows very large.

By the end of the class session, students seem surprised with what they have discovered. They buzz over the paradoxes in Buffett’s philosophy and performance record. And they come away with sober respect for Buffett’s acumen and for the challenges of creating value for investors.

Surely, such sobriety is a meta-message for any mastery of finance.”

More Educator Favorites

Emily Michelle David is an assistant professor of management at China Europe International Business School (CEIBS). Her current research focuses on discovering how to make workplaces more welcoming for people of all backgrounds and personality profiles to maximize performance and avoid employee burnout. David’s work has been published in a number of scholarly journals, and she has worked as an in-house researcher at both NASA and the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center.

Devin Shanthikumar  is an associate professor and the accounting area coordinator at UCI Paul Merage School of Business. She teaches undergraduate, MBA, and executive-level courses in managerial accounting. Shanthikumar previously served on the faculty at Harvard Business School, where she taught both financial accounting and managerial accounting for MBAs, and wrote cases that are used in accounting courses across the country.

Robert D. Austin is a professor of information systems at Ivey Business School and an affiliated faculty member at Harvard Medical School. He has published widely, authoring nine books, more than 50 cases and notes, three Harvard online products, and two popular massive open online courses (MOOCs) running on the Coursera platform.

Karin Schnarr is an assistant professor of policy and the director of the Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) program at the Lazaridis School of Business & Economics at Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada where she teaches strategic management at the undergraduate, graduate, and executive levels. Schnarr has published several award-winning and best-selling cases and regularly presents at international conferences on case writing and scholarship.

Gary P. Pisano is the Harry E. Figgie, Jr. Professor of Business Administration and senior associate dean of faculty development at Harvard Business School, where he has been on the faculty since 1988. Pisano is an expert in the fields of technology and operations strategy, the management of innovation, and competitive strategy. His research and consulting experience span a range of industries including aerospace, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals, health care, nutrition, computers, software, telecommunications, and semiconductors.

Francesca Gino studies how people can have more productive, creative, and fulfilling lives. She is a professor at Harvard Business School and the author, most recently, of  Rebel Talent: Why It Pays to Break the Rules at Work and in Life . Gino regularly gives keynote speeches, delivers corporate training programs, and serves in advisory roles for firms and not-for-profit organizations across the globe.

Robert F. Bruner is a university professor at the University of Virginia, distinguished professor of business administration, and dean emeritus of the Darden School of Business. He has also held visiting appointments at Harvard and Columbia universities in the United States, at INSEAD in France, and at IESE in Spain. He is the author, co-author, or editor of more than 20 books on finance, management, and teaching. Currently, he teaches and writes in finance and management.

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Case Studies in Business, Management, and Organizations

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Case studies play a pivotal role in understanding real-world challenges, strategies, and outcomes in the ever-evolving field of Business Management. This blog dives into the intricacies of a compelling Business Management Case Study, dissecting its components to extract valuable insights for aspiring managers, entrepreneurs, and students alike. Learn the study behind some of the most significant Business Management Case Studies & how an online business degree can help you learn more in this article. 

Table of Contents

1) What is Business Management? 

2) Case Studies in Business Management 

    a) Apple Inc. Innovation 

    b) Tesla’s EV revolution 

    c) Amazon retailer to e-commerce giant 

    d) McDonald’s global expansion 

    e) Netflix’s transformation 

3) Conclusion 

What is Business Management?  

Business Management refers to the set of activities, strategies, and practices employed to oversee and coordinate an organisation's operations, resources, and personnel to achieve specific goals and objectives. It encompasses a wide range of responsibilities to ensure an organisation's efficient and effective functioning across various functional areas. 

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Case Studies in Business Management  

Here are some of the notable case studies in the field of Business Management that have garnered attention due to their complexity, innovative strategies, and significant impact on their respective industries:  

Apple Inc. innovation  

a) Background: Apple Inc. is a global technology giant noted for its innovative products and design-driven approach. In the early 2000s, Apple faced intense competition and declining market share. The company needed to reinvent itself to remain relevant and competitive. 

b) Problem statement: Apple's challenge was revitalising its product line and regaining market leadership while navigating a rapidly changing technological world. 

c) Analysis of the situation: The Case Study dives into Apple's design thinking and customer-centric innovation to develop products that seamlessly blend form and function. The company's focus on user experience, ecosystem integration, and attention to detail set it apart from its competitors. 

d) Proposed solutions: Apple's strategy involved launching breakthrough products like the iPod, iPhone, and iPad that redefined their respective markets. The company also invested heavily in creating a robust ecosystem through iTunes and the App Store. 

e) Chosen strategy: Apple's commitment to user-centred design and innovation became the cornerstone of its success. The strategy encompassed cutting-edge technology, minimalist design, and exceptional user experience. 

f) Implementation process: Apple's implementation involved rigorous research and development, collaboration among various teams, and meticulous attention to detail. The company also established a loyal customer base through iconic product launches and marketing campaigns. 

g) Results and outcomes: Apple's strategy paid off immensely, leading to a resurgence in its market share, revenue, and brand value. The company's products became cultural touchstones, and its ecosystem approach set new standards for the technology industry. 

Tesla’s EV revolution  

a) Background: Tesla, led by Elon Musk, aimed to disrupt the traditional automotive industry by introducing electric vehicles (EVs) that combined sustainability, performance, and cutting-edge technology. 

b) Problem statement: Tesla faced challenges related to the production, scalability, and market acceptance of electric vehicles in an industry dominated by internal combustion engine vehicles. 

c) Analysis of the situation: This Case Study examines Tesla's unique approach, which combines innovation in electric powertrains, battery technology, and software. The company also adopted a direct-to-consumer sales model, bypassing traditional dealership networks. 

d) Proposed solutions: Tesla's solutions included building a network of Supercharger stations, developing advanced autonomous driving technology, and leveraging over-the-air software updates to improve vehicle performance and features. 

e) Chosen strategy: Tesla focused on high-quality engineering, creating a luxury brand image for EVs, and promoting a community of passionate supporters. The company also bet on long-term sustainability and energy innovation beyond just manufacturing cars. 

f) Implementation process: Tesla faced production challenges, supply chain issues, and scepticism from traditional automakers. The company's determination to continuously refine its vehicles and technology resulted in incremental improvements and increased consumer interest. 

g) Results and outcomes: Tesla's innovative approach catapulted it into the forefront of the EV market. The Model S, Model 3, Model X, and Model Y gained popularity for their performance, range, and technology. Tesla's market capitalisation surged, and the company played a significant part in changing the perception of electric vehicles. 

Amazon retailer to e-commerce giant  

a) Background: Amazon started as an online bookstore in the 1990s and quickly expanded its offerings to become the world's largest online retailer. However, its journey was riddled with challenges and risks. 

b) Problem statement: Amazon faced difficulties in achieving profitability due to its aggressive expansion, heavy investments, and price competition. The company needed to find a way to sustain its growth and solidify its position in the e-commerce market. 

c) Analysis of the situation: This Case Study explores Amazon's unique business model, which prioritises customer satisfaction, convenience, and diversification. The company continuously experimented with new ideas, services, and technologies. 

d) Proposed solutions: Amazon's solutions included the introduction of Amazon Prime, the Kindle e-reader, and the development of its third-party seller marketplace. These initiatives aimed to enhance customer loyalty, expand product offerings, and increase revenue streams. 

e) Chosen strategy: Amazon's strategy revolved around long-term thinking, customer obsession, and a willingness to invest heavily in innovation and infrastructure, even at the expense of short-term profits. 

f) Implementation process: Amazon's implementation involved building a vast network of fulfilment centres, investing in advanced technology for logistics and supply chain management, and expanding its services beyond e-commerce into cloud computing (Amazon Web Services) and entertainment (Amazon Prime Video). 

g) Results and outcomes: Amazon's strategy paid off as it transformed from an online bookstore to an e-commerce behemoth. The company not only achieved profitability but also diversified into various sectors, making Jeff Bezos the richest person in the world for a time. 

McDonald’s global expansion  

a) Background: McDonald's is one of the world's largest and most recognisable fast-food chains. The Case Study focuses on the company's global expansion strategy and challenges in adapting to diverse cultural preferences and market conditions. 

b) Problem statement: McDonald's challenge was maintaining its brand identity while tailoring its menu offerings and marketing strategies to suit different countries' preferences and cultural norms. 

c) Analysis: The Case Study analyses McDonald's localisation efforts, menu adaptations, and marketing campaigns in different countries. It explores how the company balances standardisation with customisation to appeal to local tastes. 

d) Solutions and outcomes: McDonald's successfully combines global branding with localized strategies, resulting in sustained growth and customer loyalty in various markets. The Case Study demonstrates the importance of understanding cultural nuances in international business. 

Netflix’s evolution  

a) Background: Netflix started as a DVD rental-by-mail service and became a leading global streaming platform. The Case Study explores Netflix's strategic evolution, content production, and influence on the entertainment industry. 

b) Problem statement: Netflix's challenge was transitioning from a traditional DVD rental business to a digital streaming service while competing with established cable networks and other streaming platforms. 

c) Analysis: The Case Study analyses Netflix's shift to online streaming, its investment in original content production, and its use of data analytics to personalise user experiences and content recommendations. 

d) Solutions and outcomes: Netflix's strategic pivot and focus on content quality and user experience contributed to its dominance in the streaming market. The Case Study illustrates how embracing digital disruption and customer-centric strategies can drive success.  

Conclusion  

These case studies offer valuable insights into different facets of Business Management, including innovation, strategic decision-making, customer-centric approaches, and market disruption. Analysing these cases provides aspiring managers and entrepreneurs with real-world examples of how effective strategies, risk-taking, and adaptability can lead to remarkable success in the dynamic business world. 

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Case Studies in Business and Management

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Case Studies in Business and Management is an international, peer-reviewed and open-access journal published by Macrothink Institute. It provides an academic platform for professionals and researchers to contribute innovative works in cases of business and management. The journal is only published online.

The scopes of the journal include corporate governance, human resource management, financial management, marketing management, strategic management, production management, operations management, entrepreneurship, e-business, service management and information technology management, etc.

The journal accepts article submissions  online  or by  e-mail . For any questions, please contact:  [email protected].

Paper Selection and Publication Process

a). Upon receipt of paper submission, the Editor sends an E-mail of confirmation to the corresponding author within 1-3 working days. If you fail to receive this confirmation, your submission/e-mail may be missed. Please contact the  Editor  in time for that.

b). Peer review. The review process may take 4-10 weeks.

c). Notification of the result of review by E-mail. d). The authors  revise paper  and  pay  article processing charge (200USD). e). E-journal in PDF is available on the journal’s webpage, free of charge for download. 

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Vol 10, No 1 (2023)

Table of contents.

Case Studies in Business and Management    ISSN 2333-3324    E-mail: [email protected]

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• Case Studies

Case Study Basics

What is a case study *.

A case study is a snapshot of an organization or an industry wrestling with a dilemma, written to serve a set of pedagogical objectives. Whether raw or cooked , what distinguishes a pedagogical case study from other writing is that it centers on one or more dilemmas. Rather than take in information passively, a case study invites readers to engage the material in the case to solve the problems presented. Whatever the case structure, the best classroom cases all have these attributes: (1)The case discusses issues that allow for a number of different courses of action – the issues discussed are not “no-brainers,” (2) the case makes the management issues as compelling as possible by providing rich background and detail, and (3) the case invites the creative use of analytical management tools.

Case studies are immensely useful as teaching tools and sources of research ideas. They build a reservoir of subject knowledge and help students develop analytical skills. For the faculty, cases provide unparalleled insights into the continually evolving world of management and may inspire further theoretical inquiry.

There are many case formats. A traditional case study presents a management issue or issues calling for resolution and action. It generally breaks off at a decision point with the manager weighing a number of different options. It puts the student in the decision-maker’s shoes and allows the student to understand the stakes involved. In other instances, a case study is more of a forensic exercise. The operations and history of a company or an industry will be presented without reference to a specific dilemma. The instructor will then ask students to comment on how the organization operates, to look for the key success factors, critical relationships, and underlying sources of value. A written case will pre-package appropriate material for students, while an online case may provide a wider variety of topics in a less linear manner.

Choosing Participants for a Case Study

Many organizations cooperate in case studies out of a desire to contribute to management education. They understand the need for management school professors and students to keep current with practice.

Organizations also cooperate in order to gain exposure in management school classrooms. The increased visibility and knowledge about an organization’s operations and culture can lead to subsidiary benefits such as improved recruiting.

Finally, organizations participate because reading a case about their operations and decision making written by a neutral observer can generate useful insights. A case study preserves a moment in time and chronicles an otherwise hidden history. Managers who visit the classroom to view the case discussion generally find the experience invigorating.

The Final Product

Cases are usually written as narratives that take the reader through the events leading to the decision point, including relevant information on the historical, competitive, legal, technical, and political environment facing the organization. A written case study generally runs from 5,000 to 10,000 words of text supplemented with numerous pages of data exhibits. An online raw case may have less original text, but will require students to extract information from multiple original documents, videos of company leaders discussing the challenges, photographs, and links to articles and websites.

The first time a case is taught represents something of a test run. As students react to the material, plan to revise the case to include additional information or to delete data that does not appear useful. If the organization’s managers attend the class, their responses to student comments and questions may suggest some case revisions as well.

The sponsoring professor will generally write a “teaching note” to give other instructors advice on how to structure classroom discussion and useful bits of analysis that can be included to explicate the issues highlighted in the case study.

Finally, one case may inspire another. Either during the case writing process or after a case is done, a second “B” case might be useful to write that outlines what the organization did or that outlines new challenges faced by the organization after the timeframe of the initial case study.

* Portions of this note are adapted from E. Raymond Corey, “Writing Cases and Teaching Notes,” Harvard Business School case 399-077, with updates to reflect Yale School of Management practices for traditional and raw cases.

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• Business Organisations: An Overview

Introduction to Business Organisation

A business organisation is an entity created with the intention of conducting a business. These organisations are operated on legal systems that control contracts, exchanges of goods and services, ownership rights, and incorporation.

Managing and planning various activities is a concern of the business organisation system. In order to generate goods and services, resources like labour, equipment, capital, and money must be accumulated and coordinated. The business organisation works to manage and regulate all of these production factors.

Forms of Business Organisations

Forms of Business Organisation

1. Sole Proprietorship

A sole proprietorship is a form of business in which one individual is in charge of the entire business. The owner of a firm controls every aspect of how it is run and is responsible for all financial obligations and debts.

A sole proprietorship is the least expensive option and relatively simple to set up. It is not governed by a separate law and can easily be formed with only the proper licensing required to operate a business and the registration of the business name.

Merits of Sole Proprietorship 

The benefits of being a sole proprietor are numerous. The following are a few of the significant ones:

A sole proprietor has a great deal of freedom in doing business. This results in quick and inexpensive decision-making.

A sole proprietorship can be easily formed or closed, as there are only a few legal requirements.

The capital requirement to set up a sole proprietorship is generally low and least among all forms of business.

Demerits of Sole Proprietorship 

Despite its many benefits, the sole proprietorship business structure has limitations. The following are some significant demerits of a sole proprietorship business structure:

The resources of a sole proprietor are limited to his savings and the money he can borrow from others. The lack of resources is one of the key causes of the business's typically limited size and lack of significant growth.

A significant demerit of the sole proprietorship is the unlimited liability of the sole proprietor. In the event of business failure, the owner has to bear a heavy financial burden.

2. Partnership

A partnership is when two or more people work together to conduct a business.  Each partner contributes their fair share of money, assets, labour, and experience and expects to earn money from the firm.

There are different types of partnership firms, including general partnership, limited partnership, LLP partnership, and limited liability partnership (LLP) firms.

This form of organisation is governed by the Partnership Act, of 1932. A partnership deed is drafted by the partners to establish a partnership firm. This deed contains information like the profit sharing ratio, capital contribution by each partner, the purpose of the partnership, etc. The number of people is limited to a maximum of 10 for banking businesses and 20 for other businesses.

Merits of Partnership

The following are some merits of partnership firms:

One of the major advantages of a partnership firm is increased resources. A prospective partner will bring not only more capital but also expertise and connection, which can help the business.

Compared to sole proprietorship, the decisions taken by the partners would be more balanced.

The legal obligations for forming a partnership are minimal, and the process of registration is relatively easy.

All of the partners in a partnership firm share the risks associated with running the business. As a result, each individual has less stress, anxiety, and pressure.

Demerits of Partnership 

Some of the drawbacks of a partnership firm are:

Conflicts could arise because the partnership is operated by a group of people with shared decision-making authority. Disagreements between partners may result from different perspectives on some problems.

Another drawback of this form of business is the unlimited liability of partners. The liability of partners is joint and several, i.e., if one or more partners are unable to pay their part of the debt, the others are liable to repay the full amount. 

3. Joint Stock Company 

A company is an organisation of people created for the purpose of conducting business activities and has a legal existence separate from that of its members. The statute governing this form of organisation is the Companies Act, 2013.

A company is an artificial person with a separate legal entity and perpetual succession. The company is managed by a Board of Directors and management, whereas shareholders are the owner of the company.

Merits of Joint Stock Company

Some major advantages of a joint stock company are:

Unlike other different forms of ownership, the liability of owners (shareholders) is limited to the extent of shares held by them.

The perpetual existence of the company allows it to take on long-term projects and also serves as a strong incentive for creditors and investors to engage in the company.

The company's large operation would lead to the realisation of economies in purchasing, management, distribution, or selling. The consumer would receive things at a lower cost thanks to these economies.

A significant number of people belong to a company. The company's members share the business risk in different ways. Small investors are encouraged to invest as a result.

Demerits of Joint Stock Company

Some major disadvantages of a joint stock company are:

There are numerous legal formalities and processes necessary for the formation of a company which results in incurring huge costs and time. 

In a company structure, salaried employees or executives who have no personal stake in the business are responsible for day-to-day operations. This could result in inefficiencies and lower employee motivation.

Statutory limitations on meetings, voting, audits, and other internal operations of the firm apply. Therefore, due to complex legal requirements, starting and maintaining a business would prove to be difficult and burdensome.

4. Joint Hindu Family Business

It is also known as the Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) business. A business that is owned and managed by the Hindu undivided family is referred to as a Joint Hindu Family business. Birth in a particular family serves as the prerequisite for membership in the business.

The family head, known as Karta, is the oldest member and is in charge of the company. All members have an equal ownership interest in an ancestor's property and are known as co-parceners.

Merits of Joint Hindu Family Business

The following are some benefits of a joint Hindu family business:

Karta has ultimate control over all decisions. As no one can restrict his right to make a decision, this prevents disputes amongst members. Moreover, quick and flexible decision-making results from this.

The business won't be impacted by Karta's death because the next eldest member will step into the role. As a result, operations are not stopped, and business continuity is not in danger.

Demerits of Joint Hindu Family Business

The following are demerits of a joint Hindu family business:

Karta’s dominance may seem unreasonable to other members and may cause conflict among members.

Disputes over ancestral property are common in this form of organisation.

5. Cooperative Society

A cooperative society is a group of people who get together voluntarily for the benefit of their fellow members. They are motivated by the need to defend their financial interests against potential exploitation at the hands of intermediaries who are driven by the desire to make bigger profits.

A cooperative society should be registered under the Cooperative Societies Act

Merits of Cooperative Society

The following are some merits of a joint Hindu family business:

The cooperative society is governed by the 'one man, one vote' premise. Each member has an equal right to vote, regardless of how much capital they have contributed.

The cooperative society is often supported by the government through low taxes, subsidies, and loan interest rates.

In a cooperative society, each member's liability is limited to the amount of their capital contribution.

Demerits of Cooperative Society

The following are some demerits of a joint Hindu family business:

Due to their inability to afford to pay experienced managers high salaries, cooperative societies struggle to attract and retain them.

Cooperative societies are subject to a number of laws and regulations on the auditing of finances, the submission of accounts, etc. in exchange for the benefits provided by the government, which may negatively affect the operations.

Factors Affecting the Choice of Form of Business Organisation

Factors Affecting the Choice of Form of Business

It is clear from analysing different forms of organisation that each kind has its own benefits and limitations. Therefore, it becomes crucial to keep a few fundamental factors in mind while selecting an acceptable form of organisation. Following are some factors that can help in deciding the form of organisation:

Size and Nature of the Business: Determining the nature and size are important factors. For instance, a manufacturing business producing large quantities of goods would be unsuitable for a sole proprietorship form.

Continuity of Business: How the life of the business is affected by its owner is another factor in determining the form of organisation. A sole proprietorship and partnership are affected by the death of its owners but that is not the case for other forms.

Statutory Obligations: A company has to deal with many statutory obligations, whereas other forms of organisation have relatively fewer statutory obligations.

Liability: Whether liability is a limited liability or unlimited, also affects the choice of form of business.

Capital Requirement: Forms of business such as a company have a relatively huge capital requirement, in comparison to other forms of organisation.

Dinesh Sarabhai runs a business producing food items, including sweets and namkeen. He lives in a joint family and has a massive proportion of inherited wealth. This business is run by all the 18 members of the family. His father, Akash is the eldest male family member, so he heads the business. Since Akash makes all of the major decisions, he is liable to all of its creditors. Dinesh’s son Ashok was born a few months ago and he is also a member of the business.

1. Identify the form of business Dinesh is working under and explain any two features of this form of business.

Ans : Dinesh Sarabhai is involved in a Hindu undivided family business. Following are the features of Hindu undivided family business:

Control and Management - Karta oversees and manages all the major operations of a Hindu undivided family business.

Membership by Birth - The way to become a member of the family business is through birth. A child is considered a member of the family business from the moment they are born. No agreement or consent is necessary for membership.

A business organisation is an entity created with the intention of conducting commercial transactions such as selling and buying. These operate in accordance with an established structure. 

It seeks to establish positive working relationships between personnel, tasks, and other resources so that they can cooperate to accomplish shared objectives.

Forms of business organisation are different organisational structures that vary in terms of ownership and management.

Sole proprietorship, partnership, joint Hindu family business, cooperative society, and joint stock company are some major forms of business.

FAQs on Business Organisations: An Overview

1. Why do partnership firms voluntarily comply with this legal requirement if registration is optional?

The Indian Partnership Act, of 1932 governs partnerships in India, and according to this act, a partnership deed may be registered or unregistered. However, there are certain advantages to registering a partnership firm. Following are some of the benefits of registration of partnership firms:

A partner has the authority to file a lawsuit in court against the business or other partners. The partner of an unregistered firm is not granted this authority.

Partners get the authority to file a case in Court on behalf of the firm against third parties.

Registered firms also get the power to set off claims. An unregistered firm is not granted access to this authority.

2. In which type of partnership firm the liability of partners is limited?

All partners in a limited liability partnership (LLP) have limited liability. The liability of each partner in a limited liability partnership (LLP) is restricted to the amount they invested in the business. It means that in the event in which any partner is unable to repay, creditors cannot seize the personal assets or income of a partner. Unlike in a general partnership, changes in partners won't affect the LLP's ability to function. It has the legal authority to possess property in its own name and to enter into contracts.

3. What is the concept of mutual agency in a partnership?

A mutual agency is a contractual relationship between business partners that provides each partner power to act on the other's behalf. As a result of this agreement, each partner is now the company's agent and has the authority to take business decisions, such as concluding a legally binding contract with a third party.

Only partners engaging in the course of regular business operations and dealings can claim to have mutual agency. Each of the partners must be able to enter into business contracts and possess the necessary authority in order to establish this type of relationship.

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