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Stanford Online

Welcome, artificial intelligence.

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Ai for business professionals, ai for professionals in healthcare, artificial intelligence courses and programs.

Welcome to Stanford Online's hub for Artificial Intelligence education. Whether you're a seasoned professional or just beginning your journey, we have options for every level. Dive into the forefront of AI with industry insights, practical skills, and deep academic expertise of this transformative field.

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Master’s Study Tracks

Customize your ms or meng degree to fit your career goals..

With your advisor, select technical elective courses from an array of in-demand fields and foundational research areas.

Software Engineering

Our highly dedicated and experienced computer engineering faculty includes leading researchers who literally  wrote the book on programming .

In the Software Engineering Track, students will take courses on Programming, Computer Architechture, Systems, Computing, and others from the graduate course catalog. We’ll make you a great programmer!

Computer Hardware Engineering

Duke ECE master’s students learn in the classroom and the lab from faculty working on new, resilient hardware architectures for emerging platforms ranging from major datacenters to personal mobile devices.

Students in the Computer Hardware Engineering track will be instructed by experts in the field with industry and research experience alike. The coursework includes Computer Architecture, Applications of Hardware, Hardware/Software Interface, Digitial System Design, Programming and other courses from the graduate course catalog.

Machine Learning & Big Data

Our focus on data analysis and machine learning provides master’s students with the tools to manage, interpret and gain new insights from data.

Studying in the Machine Learning/Big Data track will help you gain a thorough grounding in the mathematical foundations of Big Data, training in practical programming, and instruction in machine learning, statistics and information theory.

As a student, you’ll join a vibrant community rich in cross-campus initiatives focused on data science and machine learning, such as the  Rhodes Information Initiative at Duke (iiD) .

Quantum Software & Hardware

Students will learn from a software and hardware focus that prepares them to program and control quantum information devices and design, fabrication and testing of quantum devices.

Duke ECE is home to international leaders in information physics research, embodied in pathbreaking programs in metamaterials, quantum devices, and optical systems.

Master’s students will learn from a faculty team with deep interdisciplinary research strengths and a track record of entrepreneurship and innovation.

Semiconductor Technology

Duke ECE’s master’s track in semiconductor technology is led by international leaders in the areas of nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, microfluidic systems, integrated optics, sensors, integrated multifunctional devices/systems, energy conversion devices, and quantum sensors.

Semiconductor technology research at Duke is highly interdisciplinary, and includes the fabrication of devices and circuits through the state-of-the-art  Shared Materials Instrumentation Facility (SMiF)  cleanroom and characterization lab.

This track is designed to prepare master’s students either to engage in PhD research or to obtain engineering jobs in the semiconductor industry.

Duke also offers an interdisciplinary Master of Engineering in Photonics and Optical Sciences featuring coursework in both ECE and the Duke Department of Biomedical Engineering.

Master’s Contacts

Kevyn Light

Senior Program Coordinator

Graduate Program Coordinator

Miroslav Pajic

Director of Master’s Studies, Professor in the Department of ECE

Krista Turner

Master’s Program Coordinator

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The School of Information is UC Berkeley’s newest professional school. Located in the center of campus, the I School is a graduate research and education community committed to expanding access to information and to improving its usability, reliability, and credibility while preserving security and privacy.

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The School of Information offers four degrees:

The Master of Information Management and Systems (MIMS) program educates information professionals to provide leadership for an information-driven world.

The Master of Information and Data Science (MIDS) is an online degree preparing data science professionals to solve real-world problems. The 5th Year MIDS program is a streamlined path to a MIDS degree for Cal undergraduates.

The Master of Information and Cybersecurity (MICS) is an online degree preparing cybersecurity leaders for complex cybersecurity challenges.

Our Ph.D. in Information Science is a research program for next-generation scholars of the information age.

• Fall 2024 Course Schedule
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The School of Information's courses bridge the disciplines of information and computer science, design, social sciences, management, law, and policy. We welcome interest in our graduate-level Information classes from current UC Berkeley graduate and undergraduate students and community members.  More information about signing up for classes.

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Research by faculty members and doctoral students keeps the I School on the vanguard of contemporary information needs and solutions.

The I School is also home to several active centers and labs, including the Center for Long-Term Cybersecurity (CLTC) , the Center for Technology, Society & Policy , and the BioSENSE Lab .

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I School graduate students and alumni have expertise in data science, user experience design & research, product management, engineering, information policy, cybersecurity, and more — learn more about hiring I School students and alumni .

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Master of Information and Cybersecurity

Master’s in cybersecurity online from uc berkeley.

The Master of Information and Cybersecurity (MICS) online program prepares students with the cybersecurity skills needed to assume leadership positions and drive innovation in the field.

Through a holistic approach to cybersecurity, students develop a thorough understanding of information security technologies as well as the economic, legal, behavioral, and ethical impacts of cybersecurity. Students graduate as competitive candidates in the job market with connections to UC Berkeley alumni and professionals in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Request more info

A Leadership-Focused Curriculum 

The interdisciplinary MICS curriculum provides students with hands-on practical experience with secure systems and applications, and the ability to lead, manage, and contribute to building cybersecurity solutions.

Students master core technical skills and become fluent in the business, political, and legal context of cybersecurity. They can expect to graduate with a comprehensive understanding of the following:

• Secure coding
• Government and national security
• Network and web security
• Usable privacy and security
• Cryptography
• Operating system security
• Security in context: legal, behavioral, and ethical issues
• Privacy engineering

The online MICS program is 9 courses (27 units) and can be completed in 20 months. Students complete foundation courses, electives, and a capstone project. They also attend one in-person immersion in the San Francisco Bay Area. The curriculum includes the following courses:

• Beyond the Code: Cybersecurity in Context
• Network Security
• Software Security

Cryptography for Cyber and Network Security

Operating system security.

• Managing Cyber Risk
• Government, National Security, and the Fifth Domain
• Usable Privacy and Security

Privacy Engineering

Learn more about about upcoming webinars, deadlines, and more, why a master’s in cybersecurity from uc berkeley.

Cybersecurity permeates almost all aspects of the human experience. Individuals, organizations, and societies are protected from cyber threats constantly without even realizing they occur. This is thanks to professionals who understand the complex relationship between human behaviors and advanced technology in securing information.

UC Berkeley is where the brightest minds from across the globe come together to explore, ask questions, and improve the world. Our MICS program does more than create experts in information security: it shapes leaders who understand the implications of cybersecurity across all industries and want to drive the future of innovation in cybersecurity.

Developed by faculty from the School of Information and the College of Engineering, the interdisciplinary MICS curriculum focuses on the intersection of technical, social, political, economic, legal, national security, and ethical components of cybersecurity. Students graduate with versatile knowledge needed to lead cybersecurity in private, public, or philanthropic sectors and with connections to the nearby technology hub Silicon Valley.

What Can You Do with a Master’s in Cybersecurity?

Cybersecurity’s growth is turning it into a massive market with an increased demand for skilled cybersecurity labor. Due to constant evolution and escalation of threats, cybersecurity has become one of the most important and exciting career fields of the 21st century.

The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects employment of information security analysts to grow 35% from 2021 to 2031, equating to an average of 19,500 new positions each year.¹

The cybersecurity industry is met with the challenge of not only filling the growing demand and talent shortage but with finding highly skilled professionals who can be trusted to effectively protect information systems. This creates an opportunity for graduates of the MICS program to enter the in-demand market as competitive cybersecurity experts.

Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity

No organization that operates online can ignore cybersecurity. With cyber threats growing and constantly changing, businesses, governments, and nonprofit organizations are making significant investments in cyber defense and hiring increasingly large numbers of cybersecurity professionals.

MICS graduates are poised to enter this market in leadership roles with the requisite multifunctional skill sets and a strong network provided by the program.

Cybersecurity Salaries

Salaries for cybersecurity professionals range from $85,000 to $151,547 per year.¹

Featured Courses

Students learn about the mathematical and practical foundations of cryptography and the many different cryptosystems.

Students compare approaches to security taken among several modern operating systems and learn techniques for establishing trust across a set of interoperating systems.

Students survey privacy mechanisms applicable to systems engineering, with a particular focus on the inference threat arising due to advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Admissions Requirements for the Master’s in Cybersecurity Online Degree

When evaluating applicants, we consider both qualitative and quantitative factors to determine if they can meet the demands of the rigorous MICS program. These include:

• Academic coursework and performance
• Professional experience
• Communication skills
• Statement of purpose
• Letters of recommendation

¹ Cybersecurity Career Pathway, CyberSeek , 2023

Tepper School of Business

Master of Science in Management Curriculum

Customize your msm degree with a flexible curriculum.

The business world is agile, innovative, and full of opportunity. Your master’s degree should be the same. Our MSM degree is a two-semester program that will light the spark in your business career by equipping you with business fundamentals and the opportunity to specialize in Entrepreneurship, Finance, Marketing, Operations, or Strategy.

Request Information

Start your application   career resources and outcomes, a data informed, human driven approach to business.

The Intelligent Future ℠ needs intelligent leaders. What better place to become one than Carnegie Mellon’s Tepper School of Business, the birthplace of the data-informed, human driven approach to decision-making?

Our curriculum reflects our analytical approach to business and provides students with exposure to emerging technologies. Here, you’ll be challenged with practical applications of your studies through project-based work.

MSM Curriculum - YEAR ONE

Mini semester 1.

• Managerial Economics
• Probability & Statistics
• Accounting I

Experiential Learning:

• Introduction to Business
• Job Search Prep

MINI SEMESTER 2

• Operations Management
• Marketing Management
• Presentations

MINI SEMESTER 3

• Optimization
• Behavioral Strategy & Macro-Management

MINI SEMESTER 4

Course descriptions, tailor your msm degree to your career goals.

Tailor your career path by completing a specialization in Entrepreneurship, Finance, Marketing, Operations, or Strategy. A specialization requires 5 content area courses (30 units):

• Three required: cover content applicable to most roles in the area
• Two elective: more advanced content or explore sub-areas

MSM Specialization Areas:

Entrepreneurship.

• The entrepreneurship specialization is intended to equip MSM graduates for successful careers in business innovation roles, either in a corporation or a family business, or via purchasing and transforming an existing business. As a part of the Strategy specialization, you’ll have the opportunity to take additional courses in Franchising, Entrepreneurship through Acquisition, Family Business, and Future of Real Estate.
• Want to further your knowledge in Finance? While all MSM students take a core course in Finance, if you choose to specialize in Finance, you’ll take a deeper dive into Finance with courses in Corporate Finance and Investment Analysis. You’ll also have the opportunity to take additional Finance elective courses of your choice.
• All MSM students will engage core Tepper Marketing courses which cover the fundamentals of creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers . In addition, Tepper Marketing courses teach students to leverage analytical techniques and skills in order to drive and make informed decisions. With a Marketing specialization, you’ll have the opportunity to take additional courses in Digital Marketing, Marketing Research, and Consumer Behavior.
• MSM students who participate in the Operations specialization will be primed for careers that support the design, delivery, and development of products and services across a variety of industries. As part of the Operations specialization, you’ll have the opportunity to take additional courses in Six Sigma, Operations Strategy, and Service Management. 
• MSM students with a strategy specialization will be equipped for successful careers in management consulting or internal corporate consulting groups. As a part of the Strategy specialization, you’ll have the opportunity to take additional courses in Trade and Investment Strategy, Managing Across Cultures, Pricing Strategy, and Corporate Restructuring.

Required Specialization Courses

Entrepreneurship.

Lean Entrepreneurship

Commercialization & Innovation: Strategy

• New Product Management
• Corporate Finance
• Investment Analysis
• Digital Marketing and Social Media Strategy
• Marketing Research
• Consumer Behavior
• Six Sigma 
• Operations Strategy
• Service Management

Corporate Strategy

• Technology Strategy

Strategic Management and Innovation

Specialization Electives**

As an MSM student, you can expand your core curriculum with the option to choose two electives that match your specialization. Below are some examples of elective courses for each specialization.

• Family Business
• Future of Real Estate
• Franchising
•  International Finance
• Debt Markets
• VC and the Finance of Innovation
• Consumer Brands
•  Supply Chain Management
• Risk Analytics
• Sustainable Operations
•  Commercialization and Innovation: Strategy
• Trade and Investment Strategy
• Pricing Strategy

Additional Electives

Taking courses outside of the core curriculum and your specialization is a key component to Tepper’s MSM program. Electives build upon the foundations that are set in core courses and allow students to develop deeper knowledge of these areas. You’ll have the opportunity to take electives across Tepper’s various areas of instruction, including Communications, Strategy, and more. MSM students may choose to begin their leadership journey by taking courses in Organizational Behavior like Negotiations or improve analytical skills in End-to-End Business Analytics. 

**Courses are subject to change

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Universities in Omsk, Russia - Rankings & Reviews -

• 06 Mar, 2024: Scimago Institutions Rankings updated with Omsk State Technical University ranked highest among 3 listed universities in Omsk.
• 19 Oct, 2023: THE Times Higher Education, UK published most recent results of THE World University Rankings by Subject (Business and Economics) . Omsk State Technical University achieves position 1001.
• 27 Sep, 2023: Latest THE World University Rankings from THE Times Higher Education, UK. Omsk State Technical University in position #1501.
• 31 Jul, 2023: Latest Webometrics Ranking Web of Universities from Webometrics. 6 universities from Omsk appear in this ranking.

Rankings of universities in Omsk, Russia 2024

Omsk State Technical University

• University rankings - Omsk State Technical University

Omsk State Medical Academy

• University rankings - Omsk State Medical Academy

Omsk State Agrarian University n.a. P. A. Stolypin

• University rankings - Omsk State Agrarian University n.a. P. A. Stolypin

in Business, Computer Science, Medicine, Law, Education, Health... Study at your own pace , conveniently from home .

Omsk State Pedagogical University

• University rankings - Omsk State Pedagogical University

Omsk State Transport University

• University rankings - Omsk State Transport University

Omsk State University

• University rankings - Omsk State University

Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sports

Highest subject rankings of universities in Omsk

Omsk key facts for international students.

6 out of 7 Universities in Omsk Ranked in at least one ranking

10 Different Rankings list Universities in Omsk (9 institution and 1 subject rankings)

Population: 1173000

Time: GMT +6

District/province: Omsk,

* 100 = prices in London

• Living costs without accommodation 47* (53% cheaper than London)
• All costs including accommodation 65* (35% cheaper than London)
• Meals (grocery & lower cost restaurants) 34* (66% cheaper than London)
• Average Big Mac price 173.35 RUB

• Residential voltage: 230 V
• Frequency: 50 Hz

Map with location of universities in Omsk

Useful related pages

What is the best ranked university in Omsk?

What university in omsk is listed in most university rankings, what university in omsk is best ranked for studying engineering, ranking publishers, british quacquarelli symonds, uk, qs university rankings: eeca emerging europe & central asia  (published: 15 december, 2021).

Academic reputation 30% Employer reputation 20% Faculty/student ratio 10% Papers per faculty 10% International research network 10%

view methodology

QS University Rankings BRICS  (Published: 06 May, 2019)

Academic reputation 30% Employer reputation 20% Faculty/student ratio 20% Staff with a PhD 10% Papers per faculty 10%

RUR Ranking Agency (Moscow, Russia)

Rur world university rankings  (published: 25 may, 2023).

Teaching: 40%

• Ratio Faculty/Student: 8%
• Ratio Faculty/Bachelor Degrees Awarded: 8%
• Ratio Faculty/Doctoral Degrees Awarded: 8%
• Ratio Doctoral Degrees Awarded/Bachelor Degrees Awarded: 8%
• World Teaching Reputation: 8%

Research: 40%

• Citations per Academic/Research Staff: 8%
• Doctoral Degrees per Accepted PhD: 8%
• Normalized Citation Impact: 8%
• Papers per Academic/Research Staff: 8%
• World Research Reputation: 8%

International Diversity: 10%

• International Faculty: 2%
• International Students: 2%
• International Co-Authored Papers: 2%
• Reputation Outside Geographical Region: 2%
• International Level: 2%

Financial Sustainability: 10%

• Institutional Income per Faculty: 2%
• Institutional Income per Student: 2%
• Papers per Research Income: 2%
• Research Income per Academic/Research Staff: 2%
• Research Income per Institutional Income: 2%

RUR Academic Rankings  (Published: 25 May, 2023)

Normalized citation impact (Citations of research publications from all university authors compared with world averages) 20% Citation per papers 20% Papers per academic and research staff 20% International research reputation 20% Share of research publications written in international co-authorship 20%

RUR Reputation Ranking  (Published: 25 May, 2023)

Teaching Reputation 50% Research Reputation 50%

Scimago Institutions

Scimago institutions rankings  (published: 06 march, 2024).

Research 50% Innovation 30% Societal 20%

THE Times Higher Education, UK

The world university rankings  (published: 27 september, 2023).

30% Teaching (the Learning Environment)

• Reputation survey: 15%
• Staff-to-student ratio: 4.5%
• Doctorate-to-bachelor’s ratio: 2.25%
• Doctorates-awarded-to-academic-staff ratio: 6%
• Institutional income: 2.25%

30% Research (Volume, Income and Reputation)

• Reputation survey: 18%
• Research income: 6%
• Research productivity: 6%

30% Citations (Research Influence)

7.5% International Outlook (Staff, Students and Research)

• Proportion of international students: 2.5%
• Proportion of international staff: 2.5%
• International collaboration: 2.5%

2.5% Industry Income (Knowledge Transfer)"

THE Emerging Economies University Ranking - Times Higher Education  (Published: 19 October, 2021)

Teaching 30% Research (volume, income and reputation) 30% Citations 20% International outlook (staff, students, research) 10% Industry income (knowledge transfer) 10%

THE World University Impact Rankings - Overall  (Published: 01 June, 2023)

Webometrics, webometrics ranking web of universities  (published: 31 july, 2023).

Visibility 50% Excellence 35% Transparency 10% Presence 5%

Choosing courses

UiA offers a broad range of courses for exchange students

The course list will be updated by 31 March for the next academic year.

The normal workload for a full-time student in Norway is 30 ECTS credits per semester. You may choose courses across faculties. Please note that it is not possible to choose courses across our campuses.

Course Prerequisites 

You must fulfil the prerequisites for each course. Visit the webpage of each course to see the relevant prerequisites in the course description. Most courses have recommended and/or required prerequisites.

The course code itself indicates the level of the course. Course codes starting with 1-3 are bachelor level courses and course codes starting with 4-5 are master level courses.

Course List for exchange students

Collision Free Course Package

Refer to the faculties pages below for further information about course packages (collision free time tables and exams), course descriptions and lists of courses offered in previous semesters.

• Faculty of Humanities and Education
• Faculty of Social Science and IT and Information Systems
• Faculty of Engineering and Science
• Faculty of Fine Arts
• Faculty of Health and Sport Science
• School of Business and Law

Changing courses

If you need to change your courses after you have been admitted to UiA, it is important you do so before the deadline 1 February (spring semester) / 1 September (autumn semester)

Changing Courses

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Download Monster Run: Downfall of the Empire Demo

Planned release date: 27 aug, 2024.

This game plans to unlock in approximately 6 days

About This Game

• Fight as a giant monster cat against massive human armies, minibosses, and wizards.
• 66+ different enemy unit types.
• Diverse opponents that use a variety of tactics & stances, not simply rushing you.
• Humans are subject to fear & will panic if their fellow soldiers get massacred.
• More than 100+ upgrades, including more than 10 new unique abilities & attacks.
• Single-player campaign with 21+ missions
• Evolving map (each time player starts a new run, some missions will be switched with new, alternative missions).
• It's a roguelite/survival experience, expect your fights to be challenging and deadly, with an optional permadeath mode.
• Destructible environments - human-made constructions (including furniture, towers, castles, etc) are fully destructible.

System Requirements

• Requires a 64-bit processor and operating system
• OS: Windows 10
• Processor: 3 GHz Dual Core Processor
• Memory: 6 GB RAM
• Graphics: 1280 x 720 resolution
• DirectX: Version 11
• Storage: 500 MB available space
• Processor: 3.2 GHz Dual Core Processor
• Memory: 8 GB RAM
• Graphics: 1920 x 1080 resolution

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Biden has changed course over his 50-year career. None of that compares to his 2024 choice.

During his 50-year political career, biden’s views on a multitude of issues shifted as times changed and attitudes evolved. but none come close to the monumental impact of ending his campaign..

• Biden's views on a multitude of issues shifted as times changed, attitudes evolved and Americans developed a deeper understanding of human nature.
• Biden's most significant change of heart was still to come.
• How Biden is remembered will depend to some extent on the outcome of the election.

CHICAGO − Joe Biden wasn’t ready to go away.

He’d had his eyes on the presidency for years. Now it was his, and he wasn’t about to quit. So he raised campaign money, put together a campaign team and hit the campaign trail. He was running for another term and, he was convinced, he was going to win.

A bad night on a debate stage in Atlanta changed everything. Now, just seven weeks later, he will address the opening night of the Democratic National Convention on Monday, not as the party’s presidential nominee but as an outgoing president passing the torch to a potential successor and a new generation.

“This was obviously a bitter pill for Joe Biden to swallow,” said Chris Whipple, author of "The Fight of His Life: Inside Joe Biden’s White House."

Yet no matter how painful the past few weeks have been, no matter how heart-wrenching the decision was to drop out of the presidential race, Biden will set aside those feelings, just as he did when he exited the contest last month.

"The defense of democracy is more important than any title,” he said during an Oval Office address to the nation on July 24, explaining his reasons for dropping out.

It was far from the first time he had changed course. During his 50-year political career, Biden’s views on a multitude of issues shifted as times changed, attitudes evolved and Americans developed a deeper understanding of human nature.

But as remarkable as those decisions were, none came close to the monumental impact of his announcement last month that he was ending his campaign for a second term.

On that sunny Sunday afternoon in late July, Biden changed the direction of the presidential race, possibly altered the course of American history and wrote the coda to his career of public service.

On stage at Chicago’s United Center Monday night, he'll talk about what’s at stake in the final weeks of the election and lay out the case for why Americans should get behind the Democratic nominee, Kamala Harris , and defeat Republican Donald Trump in November.

“He’ll rise above whatever bitterness there may be,” Whipple said, “and meet the moment.”

Full-blown crisis: An inside look at Biden campaign's pitfalls.

'You deal with the world as it is'

Multiple times during his political career, Biden was forced to reconsider his position on a difficult issue as the world changed around him.

In politics, leaders who change their minds or reverse their positions on issues are often sneered at. Critics mock them. Some deride them as “flip-floppers” and accuse them of vote shopping.

Given the possible repercussions, it’s no surprise that Biden’s supporters and longtime colleagues push back strongly against any suggestion that he has altered his views over the course of his career. His core principles have never changed, they insist.

Take abortion , for example. Biden has always been guided by the belief in the right to privacy for women seeking abortions. A devout Roman Catholic, he has long harbored personal misgivings about abortion but has maintained that he would never impose his religious beliefs on other Americans.

“When it comes to abortion and choice, the right to privacy, he's utterly consistent,” said Jeff Peck, who was an aide to Biden through several phases of his political career. “He’s had the same position. He’s not going to impose his faith on other people.”

But Biden’s position on abortion has indeed shifted in some ways over the years.

In 1974, a year after the Supreme Court handed down its landmark Roe v. Wade ruling that legalized abortion nationwide, Biden said in a magazine profile that he didn’t believe a woman had a sole right to say what should happen to her body. That same year, however, he also opposed a constitutional amendment banning abortion, saying he didn’t have a right to impose his religious views on others.

In 1982, he sided with Republicans on the Senate Judiciary Committee and supported an amendment that would have allowed Congress and individual states to adopt laws banning abortion. The amendment passed in the committee but never received a vote on the Senate floor. Biden called the vote the most difficult of his career and again said he wasn’t sure he had the right to impose his views on an issue that would affect the entire nation.

As recently as 2006, Biden said he doesn’t view abortion “as a choice and a right.” But in June 2019, as a candidate for president, he reversed himself and announced he would no longer support the Hyde Amendment , a long-standing law that blocks federal funding for abortion in most cases. After the Supreme Court struck down Roe v. Wade two years ago, Biden, by then president, warned that the decision puts women in danger and began a push to reinstate abortion protections into federal law.

On other issues, Biden’s position has evolved through the years – at times in ways large and small.

At the start of his career, Biden speculated that gay men and women might be a security risk for the nation, and as a senator, he took positions that often mystified and infuriated LGBTQ advocates. But like the rest of the country, his attitudes changed. His stunning endorsement of same-sex marriage in 2012, when he was vice president, was a watershed moment in the push for marriage equality. His evolution on gay rights has been so complete that he is now regarded as the most LGBTQ-friendly president in history .

A friend: How Joe Biden became the most LGBTQ-friendly president in U.S. history

As a freshman senator, Biden opposed the forced integration of schools through busing, a process in which Black students were brought into schools in white communities in an effort to increase racial diversity. Biden led the Senate push to end the program , saying “I have become convinced that busing is a bankrupt concept.”

Decades later, the move would become an issue in the 2020 presidential campaign and put him under attack from Harris, a political rival who would go on to be his vice president.

As president, though, Biden has taken several steps to benefit Black Americans, including fighting racial discrimination in housing, calling for greater police accountability and pushing legislation to end voter suppression.

As some conservatives argued that diversity, equity and inclusion efforts have gone too far, Biden appointed the first Black woman, Ketanji Brown Jackson, to the Supreme Court and celebrated the 70th anniversary of the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision that led to the desegregation of schools and became a major catalyst for the civil rights movement.

Biden marked the occasion by inviting some of the families behind the court ruling to the White House. The meeting was private, but Biden said in a proclamation that while the ruling "allowed so many schools to develop diverse, inclusive learning communities that value empathy, kindness, and tolerance, the full potential of Brown v. Board of Education remains unfulfilled." 

"There is still so much work to do to ensure that every student has equal access to a quality education and that our school systems fully benefit from the diversity and talent of our students − because diversity has always been one of our nation's greatest strengths," he wrote.

While he was in the Senate, Biden took a tough-on-crime stance and played a key role in passing crime bills that critics say resulted in mass incarceration of Black and brown people and escalated the nation’s spiraling wave of drug crises, from crack to fentanyl. As president, however, he pushed a drug control strategy that focused on untreated addiction and drug trafficking and took steps to reclassify marijuana as a less dangerous drug.

"It’s time we treat addiction like any other disease," he said, speaking as a father whose son, Hunter Biden , had struggled with substance abuse.

Biden’s defenders insist that his shifting positions don’t reflect a seismic change in his core beliefs.

“He has always fought for labor and for workers, always, always, always fighting for labor and the rights of American workers,” Peck said. “He has always been for a fair tax code. He certainly has been consistent when it comes to foreign policy. He's been consistent on the importance of NATO and allies. And on immigration, he has always, for as many years as I go back with him, he has always believed in treating people with dignity and at the same time having a secure border.”

If anything, current and former aides say, Biden’s evolution on some issues has mirrored that of the nation. Fifty years ago, when he took office as a senator, for example, few Americans supported gay and lesbian rights. Today, polls show that more than three-quarters of Americans support LGBTQ+ rights and protections and 69% back same-sex marriage.

Political leaders who have had decades-long careers like Biden must address the issues the country faces at the time but also take into account that, over time, those issues and the public’s understanding of them change, said Ted Kaufman, who was Biden’s chief of staff when he was in the Senate.

In that sense, Biden is no different from other American leaders like Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr. or Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes – all of whom felt that personal reflection is integral to a life of service.

In Biden's case, "what he has been able to do is what most people do in their lives – and that is, you deal with the world as it is when you're 20,” Kaufman said. “It’s different when you’re 30. It’s different when you’re 40. And it’s different when you’re 50.

"There’s a big difference in a one-term senator changing their position and being someone who has been involved in politics for 50 years. And on almost every major issue, he has had the most consistent principles of anyone in public life.”

His most significant change of heart was still to come.

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A threat 'unlike any I'd ever seen'

Biden thought he was done with politics.

He had just left office after serving eight years as vice president under Barack Obama . Before that, he had been a senator for 36 years. Still grieving over the death of his oldest son, Beau Biden, two years earlier, he had settled into his post-political life.

Then came Charlottesville .

White supremacists – chanting racist and antisemitic slogans and carrying weapons, Confederate flags and neo-Nazi symbols – clashed with counterprotesters during a rally in southeastern Virginia in 2017. Dozens of people were injured, and a young woman was killed when a white supremacist rammed his car into the crowd.

Trump, who had succeeded Obama as president, defended the white nationalists. There were, he said at a news conference, “ very fine people on both sides."

Biden, appalled by the white supremacists’ actions and by Trump’s response, has repeatedly cited them as a major reason he decided to run for president four years ago. When he released a video message announcing his campaign, the first words he spoke were “Charlottesville, Virginia.”

With Trump’s defense of the white nationalists, “the president of the United States assigned a moral equivalence between those spreading hate and those with the courage to stand against it,” Biden said. “And in that moment, I knew the threat to this nation was unlike any I’d ever seen in my lifetime.”

Biden would win the election, defeating Trump. Four years later, Trump is back as the Republican nominee. With no serious opposition, Biden had been the presumptive Democratic nominee, despite polls showing voters had serious concerns about his advanced age and no real interest in another rematch between him and Trump.

Sagging poll numbers and a dismal performance in a debate with Trump in Atlanta on June 27 did him in. His support collapsed. Campaign donors crashed. A pressure campaign led by former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi convinced him the time had come to drop out of the race and pass the torch to Harris, who is now the Democratic nominee.

The decision to quit was “the most difficult decision of his career,” probably even more difficult than his decision to end his first campaign for president in 1987 amid allegations of plagiarism, Whipple said.

“To this day, Joe Biden believes that he could have won this race in 2024, that he would defy the odds and the pundits and the critics one more time,” Whipple said. “What happened, in the end, was that he concluded he could not go forward with his party divided and about to call for him to step down. He saw the writing on the wall, and he made that decision – but not happily.”

And so, here he is, planning to take the stage at the Democratic National Convention on Monday, a leader looking not at his future in politics but at the legacy he will leave behind.

And what, exactly, will that legacy be? Biden’s address Monday night will give some hints at how he views the past four years. A Biden aide said he’s likely to touch on his efforts to rebuild the middle class, to restore America’s standing as the world’s indispensable country, to protect democracy against dictators and tyrants – and to make the case that Harris is the right person continue that unfinished work.

How Biden is remembered will depend to some extent on the outcome of the election. If Harris wins, he will be seen by many as the man who self-sacrificed and saved democracy. If Trump wins, he may be seen by some as the leader who stayed too long, at a great cost to his party and his country.

Either way, it's through the lens of history that legacies are made.

Michael Collins covers the White House. Follow him on X @mcollinsNEWS.

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