thesis on narrative therapy

Collection: Evidence for the effectiveness of narrative therapy

Evidence for the effectiveness of narrative therapy.

Francoise Karibwendea, Japhet Niyonsengaa, Serge Nyirinkwayac, Innocent Hitayezud, Celestin Sebuhoroa,Gitimbwa Simeon Sebatukuraa, Jeanne Marie Nteteaand Jean Mutabaruka

Background: Narrative Therapy is an efficacious treatment approach widely practiced for various psychological conditions. However, few studies have examined its effectiveness on resilience, a robust determinant of one’s mental health, and there has been no randomized controlled trial in sub-Saharan Africa.

Objective: This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of narrative therapy for the resilience oforphaned and abandoned children in Rwanda.

Method: This study was a‘parallel randomized controlled trial in which participants (n= 72) were recruited from SOS Children’s Village. Half of the participants (n= 36) were randomly allocated to the intervention group and the rest to the delayed narrative therapy group. For the intervention group, children attended ten sessions (55 min each) over 2.5 months. Data were collected using the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM) and analyzed using mixed ANOVA within SPSS version 28.

Result: The results from ANOVA indicated a significant main effect of time and group for resilience total scores. Of interest, there was a significant time by group interaction effect for resilience. Pairwise comparison analyses within-group showed a significant increase in resilience in the intervention group, and the effect size was relatively large in this group.

Conclusion: Our findings highlight the notable efficacy of narrative therapy for children’s resilience in the intervention group. Therefore, health professionals and organizations working with orphaned and abandoned children will apply narrative therapy to strengthen their resilience and improve mental health.

Link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/20008066.2022.2152111?needAccess=true&role=button

Carlos A. Chimpén-López, Meritxell Pascheco, Teresa Pretel-Luque, Rebeca Bastón and Daniel Chimpén-Sagrado

We present The Couple’s Tree of Life (CTOL) as a new col- lective narrative methodology to strengthen couple rela- tionships and prevent conflicts. The CTOL, based on the tree of life methodology (Ncube & Denborough, Tree of Life, mainstreaming psychosocial care and support: a man- ual for facilitators, REPSSI, 2007), aims to reinforce the identity and strengths of the couple. We explain the CTOL implementation process and illustrate it step by step with a group of 14 adult heterosexual Caucasian couples who belonged to Protestant churches in Madrid (Spain). As a way to assess its usefulness before applying the CTOL to other groups of couples, we conducted a pre-post evalua- tion using the Dyadic Adjustment Scale of Spanier(1976). We found an improvement in dyadic adjustment, quality, understanding of, and satisfaction with, the relationship. The results, though not generalizable at this stage, suggest that the CTOL could reinforce the couple’s identity while maintaining individual identities. We also discuss the pos- sible applications of couples therapy. Link

The purpose of this study was to explore women’s experiences in a narrative therapy-based group conducted to help participants re-author their stories. Seven women who were either patients or individuals enrolled in Transition Support for Employment at a psychiatric clinic participated in the meetings, one every fortnight. Each session explored a theme based on narrative therapy techniques such as externalization. The participants wrote their reflections during each session, and completed the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) during the initial and final sessions. An affinity diagram was developed to classify their written reflections into 22 lower categories (e.g.,  new understanding of self ,  forward-looking-understanding of life ) and 4 upper categories (“Insight,” “Sharing with others,” “Changes with understanding of lives,” “Higher motivation”). The relationship among five lower categories comprising “Insight” was explored, and it became apparent that clarification of participants’ own thoughts about social problems functioned as a mediator promoting the process. The largest portion of depressed feelings emerged during the initial session, and four participants had lower scores for BDI-II items such as self-criticism in the final session. The results suggest that the group’s purpose was realized. However, future studies should examine participants’ feelings more closely, especially during the initial session.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jpr.12326

Esther Oi Wah Chow, MSW, RSW, PhD, *, and Sai-Fu Fung, BSocSc, MA, PhD

*Address correspondence to: Esther O. W. Chow, MSW, MNTCW, PhD, RSW, Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong. [email protected]

Background and Objectives: We developed a new group practice using strength- and meaning-based Narrative Therapy (NT) for older Chinese living in Hong Kong (HK), to enhance their life wisdom. This paper reports on the intervention and its short- and longer-term effectiveness. Research Design and Methods A randomized waitlist-controlled trial (RCT) was conducted. A total of 157 older adults were randomly recruited, of whom 75 were randomly assigned to the intervention group which received four two-hour bi-weekly NT sessions using the ‘Tree of Life’ (ToL) metaphor. The others were placed on a waitlist. Perceived wisdom was assessed using the Brief Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (BSAWS). Assessment occurred at baseline (T0), end of treatment (T1), and four (T2) and eight months later (T3). Over-time effects of NT on wisdom scores were assessed using latent growth curve models with time-invariant covariates for impact. Results The intervention (NT) group showed significant, sustainable over-time within-group improvement in perceived wisdom. Moreover, compared with the control group, the NT group showed significant immediate improvements in perceived wisdom [F(2.726, p = 0.041)], which were maintained at all follow-up points. This effect remained after controlling for age, gender and educational level [TML(11) = 17.306, p = 0.098, RMSEA = 0.079, CFI = 0.960]. No adverse reaction was recorded. Discussion and Implications NT underpinned by a ToL methodology offers a new theory to understand, promote and appreciate perceived wisdom in older Chinese living in HK. It contributes to psychotherapy and professional social work practice for older Chinese.

Mustafa Kemal Yöntem, Ömer Özer, Yeliz Kan

The purpose of this study was to adapt the Tree of Life application, which was developed based on narrative approach and used for trauma interventions frequently, into career counseling and evaluate its effectiveness on secondary schoolers’ career decision-making self-efficacy. Within the scope of the study, the effectiveness of career counseling program based on narrative therapy was investigated. This study is a quasi-experimental research which was carried out in Turkey. In this research, a 2X2 quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements was used. First, two groups were formed, one as experimental and one as a control group. The career story development program based on the narrative therapy which was developed by the researchers was applied on the participants in the experimental group. All of the participants in the study were seventh grade students in the secondary school and 14 years old. The experiment group had 13 participants (6 male, 7 female), and the control group consisted of 12 participants (5 male, 7 female). Demographic Form and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy (CDMSES) Scale were used as the data collection tools. In order to examine the research questions, Mann Whitney U-test was conducted between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental and control groups. According to the findings, while there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores for all sub-dimensions and total scores of the experimental group and the control group (p>, 05), significant differences were observed in the post-test scores in favor of the experimental group (p <, 05).

Effat Ghavibazou, Simin Hosseinian and Abbas Abdollahi The current study was designed as quasi‐experimental with a pretest and post‐test evaluating the efficacy of narrative therapy on communication patterns for women experiencing low marital satisfaction. Thirty women experiencing low marital satisfaction were chosen using convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to an intervention and waiting list group. The intervention group was treated individually by narrative therapy in eight 45‐minute sessions. Results from repeated measurement ANOVA revealed significant differences between and within the groups and interaction between and within groups. Independent and paired t‐test results showed significant improvement in the intervention group in their marital satisfaction, male‐demand/female‐withdraw, and total demand/withdraw with maintenance at eight weeks follow‐up. Results included increased marital satisfaction, reduced male‐demand/female‐withdraw, and reduced total demand/withdraw. Thus, results show that narrative therapy is effective in increasing the marital satisfaction indicators of male‐demand/female‐withdraw, total demand/withdraw, and marital satisfaction. Link.

Esther Oi Wah Chow and Doris Yuen Hung Fok

Chow, E. O. W., & Fok, D. Y. H. (2020). Recipe of Life: A Relational Narrative Approach in Therapy With Persons Living With Chronic Pain.  Research on Social Work Practice ,  30 (3), 320-329.

This paper reports on the use of a culturally resonant adaptation to a narrative therapy methodology with older adults in Hong Kong diagnosed with chronic pain. The metaphor of ‘spiritual seasoning of life’ was applied throughout six group-based sessions that followed narrative therapy maps. Three themes illuminating significant life enhancements were generated from subsequent participant interviews: Rediscovery of Personal Capabilities, Validation of Preferred Identity and Fusion of Spiritual Seasoning of Life. The authors conclude that narrative therapy was shown to be an applicable and effective approach for people living with chronic pain.

De-Hui Ruth Zhou, Yu-Lung Marcus Chiu, Tak-Lam William Lo, Wai-Fan Alison Lo, Siu-Sing Wong, Chi Hoi Tom Leung, Chui-Kam Yu, Yuk Sing Geoffrey Chang & Kwok-Leung Luk

Journal of Mental Health, published online 15 Jul 2020

DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1793123

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09638237.2020.1793123?journalCode=ijmh20

Situated in the Hong Kong context, this study utilises a methodology commonly associated with evidence-based practice to determine the helpfulness of collective narrative therapy groups for family members of someone living with schizophrenia. Until now, local programs to support family members have largely focussed on imparting skills and knowledge in caregiving. By way of an alternative, this article provides in replicable detail an account of steps taken to engage with creative metaphors and culturally-specific adaptations to narrative practice that centre the skills and knowledge family members already have. The authors conclude that the practice implications of their study point to the helpfulness of a narrative stance for eliciting stories about existing knowledge, the significance of attending to the uniqueness of culture and context, and the benefits of exploring preferred identity stories for family members with caring responsibilities.

Esther OW Chow

Chow, E. O. (2018). Narrative Group Intervention to reconstruct Meaning of Life among Stroke Survivors: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study.  Neuropsychiatry , 08(04). doi:10.4172/neuropsychiatry.1000450

This study evaluated a narrative therapy meaning-making approach in relation to stroke survival. Following a series of conversations that focussed on deconstructing dominant life stories, externalising problem-saturated experience, and re-authoring identity, participants reported sustained improvements across a range of outcome measures. Stroke knowledge, mastery, self-esteem, hope, meaning in life, and life satisfaction were all demonstrated to have increased, whereas experiences of depression had decreased. The authors conclude that the indicated effects for self-concepts and improved meaning in life were sufficiently encouraging to suggest narrative therapy may be a viable option for facilitating stroke recovery.

Sarah Penwarden (2018) [ PhD thesis, University of Waikato ]

A key concern for therapists is how therapeutic change occurs, and what particular elements of therapy lead towards change. This project investigated how one approach in narrative therapy—rescued speech poetry—might enhance another therapeutic approach, re-membering conversations. Re-membering conversations nurture connections between a bereaved person and a loved person who has died. These conversations actively weave the stories of the lost loved one back into the life of the bereaved person, so that the loved one’s values and legacies continue to resound. This research explored how a literary approach—rescued speech poetry—potentially enhanced the nearness and contribution of a loved one, through capturing stories in a poetic form.

Marie-Nathalie Beaudoin, Meredith Moersch and Benjamin S. Evare

Journal of Systemic Therapies, Vol. 35, No. 3, 2016, pp. 42–59

This article examines the effectiveness of narrative therapy in boosting 8- to 10-year-old children’s social and emotional skills in school. Data were collected from 353 children over two years, and two research assistants independently coded 813 stories. Children’s personal accounts of their attempts at solving conflicts in their daily lives were collected before and after a series of narrative conversations, and compared to stories collected during the same time interval with a control group. The control data included a set of stories from waitlisted participants and those from students assigned to only a control group. The results of the study show that children receiving narrative therapy intervention showed a significant improvement in self-awareness, self-management, social awareness/empathy, and responsible decision making when compared to their own first stories and the stories from children in the control group. Improvement in relationship skills was present in both cohorts but was significant only for the second year. There was no significant gender difference. Narrative therapy practices such as externalizing and re-authoring can significantly contribute to the development of children’s social and emotional skills. Implications of these results are discussed for all forms of therapeutic interventions, regardless of theoretical orientation.

M. Seo, H. S. Kang, Y. J. Lee, S. M. Chae. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Volume 22, Issue 6, pages 379–389, August 2015 :  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111/jpm.12200  

Narrative therapy, which allows a person to ‘re-author’ his/her life stories by focusing on positive interpretations, and emotion-focused therapy, which enables the person to realize his/her emotions, are useful approaches in the treatment of depression. Narrative therapy with an emotional approach (NTEA) aims to create new positive life narratives that focus on alternative stories instead of negative stories. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the NTEA programme on people with depression utilizing a quasi-experimental design. A total of 50 patients (experimental 24, control 26) participated in the study. The experimental group completed eight sessions of the NTEA programme. The effects of the programme were measured using a self-awareness scale, the Nowotny Hope Scale, the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale. The two groups were homogeneous. There were significant differences in hope, positive and negative emotions, and depression between the experimental and control group. The results established that NTEA can be a useful nursing intervention strategy for people with depression by focusing on positive experiences and by helping depressed patients develop a positive identity through authoring affirmative life stories.

Erbes CR, Stillman JR, Wieling E, Bera W, Leskela J. J Trauma Stress. 2014 Dec;27(6):730-3. doi:  10.1002/jts.21966 . Epub 2014 Nov 10.

Narrative therapy is a postmodern, collaborative therapy approach based on the elaboration of personal narratives for lived experiences. Many aspects of narrative therapy suggest it may have great potential for helping people who are negatively affected by traumatic experiences, including those diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The potential notwithstanding, narrative therapy is relatively untested in any population, and has yet to receive empirical support for treatment among survivors of trauma. A pilot investigation of the use of narrative therapy with 14 veterans with a diagnosis of PTSD (11 treatment completers) is described. Participants completed structured diagnostic interviews and self-report assessments of symptoms prior to and following 11 to 12 sessions of narrative therapy. After treatment, 3 of 11 treatment completers no longer met criteria for PTSD and 7 of 11 had clinically significant decreases in PTSD symptoms as measured by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale. Pre- to posttreatment effect sizes on outcomes ranged from 0.57 to 0.88. These preliminary results, in conjunction with low rates of treatment dropout (21.4%) and a high level of reported satisfaction with the treatment, suggest that further study of narrative therapy is warranted as a potential alternative to existing treatments for PTSD.

Majid Yoosefi Looyeh, Khosrow Kamali, Amin Ghasemi, Phuangphet Tonawanik The Arts in Psychotherapy,  2014,  41: 1: 16-20 DOI:  10.1016/j.aip.2013.11.005

This study applied group narrative therapy to treating symptoms of social phobia among 10–11 year old boys. The treatment group received fourteen 90-min sessions of narrative therapy twice a week. Group narrative therapy was effective in reducing symptoms of social phobia at home and school as reported by parents and teachers.

Lopes, Rodrigo T.: Gonçalves, Miguel M.; Machado, Paulo; Sinai, Dana; Bento, Tiago & Salgado, João. Psychotherapy Research . Nov 2014, Vol. 24 Issue 6, p.662-674.

Systematic studies of the efficacy of Narrative Therapy (NT) for depression are sparse. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of individual NT for moderate depression in adults compared to Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Method: Sixty-three depressed clients were assigned to either NT or CBT. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Outcome Questionnaire-45.2 (OQ-45.2) were used as outcome measures. Results: We found a significant symptomatic reduction in both treatments. Group differences favoring CBT were found on the BDI-II, but not on the OQ-45.2. Conclusions: Pre- to post-treatment effect sizes for completers in both groups were superior to benchmarked waiting-list control groups.

Lambie, I., Murray, C., Krynen, A., Price, M., & Johnston, E. (2013). The Evaluation of Undercover Anti-Bullying Teams. (Report). Auckland: Ministry of Education, Te Tāhuhu o Te Mātauranga.

https://www.dulwichcentre.com.au/UABT-Final-Report.pdf

Bullying is a significant societal problem in schools, having serious implications for both victims and perpetrators. While there have been many interventions developed to try and combat bullying in schools, many of these interventions are not formally evaluated. The current study evaluated an anti-bullying intervention that adopts a restorative approach that uses peer-led Undercover Anti-bullying Teams (UABTs) to combat bullying in the classroom. To evaluate this approach, the current study implemented the use of a pre- test/post-test experimental design in additional to qualitative interview data. The results suggest that following the intervention, there was a significant reduction in victimisation and a significant increase in students’ perceptions of personal support from other students in the class. Additionally, a number of themes emerged to suggest feelings of “inclusion” and “social support” were helpful to reduce distress for victims, and to help them feel more confident in the classroom. Additionally, the central elements of “autonomy” and “teamwork” that are inherent in the UABT intervention were helpful for team members in supporting the bullying victim and reducing bullying in the classroom.

Cashin, A, Browne, G, Bradbury, J & Mulder, AM 2013 Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Nursing, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 32-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12020

The aim of this pilot study was to be the first step toward empirically determining whether narrative therapy is effective in helping young people with autism who present with emotional and behavioral problems. Autism is increasingly being recognized in young people with average and above intelligence. Because of the nature of autism, these young people have difficulty navigating the challenges of school and adolescence. Narrative therapy can help them with their current difficulties and also help them develop skills to address future challenges. Narrative therapy involves working with a person to examine and edit the stories the person tells himself or herself about the world. It is designed to promote social adaptation while working on specific problems of living. This pilot intervention study used a convenience sample of 10 young people with autism (10–16 years) to evaluate the effectiveness of five 1 hr sessions of narrative therapy conducted over 10 weeks. The study used the parent-rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) as the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures were the Kessler-10 Scale of Psychological Distress (K-10), the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and a stress biomarker, the salivary cortisol to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) ratio.

Significant improvement in psychological distress identified through the K-10 was demonstrated. Significant improvement was identified on the Emotional Symptoms Scale of the SDQ. The cortisol:DHEA ratio was responsive and a power analysis indicated that further study is indicated with a larger sample. Narrative therapy has merit as an intervention with young people with autism. Further research is indicated.

Mala German Educational & Child Psychology . Dec2013, Vol. 30 Issue 4, p75-99

This paper evaluates the use of the ‘Tree of Life’ (ToL) intervention with a class of 29 Year 5 pupils (aged 9 and 10-years-old) in a primary school in North London. This was an exploratory study to see if ToL could be adapted to a mainstream education setting and could be used as a whole class intervention. This paper examines the effectiveness of ToL in enhancing the pupils’ self-esteem and in developing their understanding of their own culture and that of their peers. Findings from semi-structured interviews, preand post-intervention, were used to explore the pupils’ baseline knowledge of their own family and cultural background and in their understanding of key concepts such as ‘culture’, ‘ethnicity’, and ‘racism.’ Qualitative analysis was applied to identify key themes emerging from these interviews. Results from quantitative analysis found a significant improvement in the pupil’s self-concept post-intervention. The pupils also reported positive improvements in cultural understanding of themselves and other class members whilst some reported a reduction in racist behaviour. This paper concludes with a discussion of the limitations of the study and advocates that EPs become more involved in utilising strength-based interventions in developing cultural understanding and community cohesion.

Looyeh MY, Kamali K, Shafieian R

Family Research and Development Centre, Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [email protected] This study explored the effectiveness of group narrative therapy for improving the school behavior of a small sample of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Fourteen clinics referred 9- to 11-year-old girls with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD were randomly assigned to treatment and wait-list control groups. Posttreatment ratings by teachers showed that narrative therapy had a significant effect on reducing ADHD symptoms 1 week after completion of treatment and sustained after 30 days.  Arch Psychiatr Nurs.  2012 Oct;26(5):404-10. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2012.01.001. Epub 2012 Mar 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22999036  

Elaine Hannen, Kevin Woods

Educational Psychology in Practice 01/2012; 28(2):187-214. DOI:10.1080/02667363.2012.669362 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02667363.2012.669362?journalCode=cepp20#preview The National Institute for Clinical Excellence identifies educational psychologists as appropriate specialists to deliver interventions to promote the emotional well-being of children and families. A role for practitioner educational psychologists in providing specific therapeutic interventions has also been proposed by commentators. The present study reports an evaluative case study of a narrative therapy intervention with a young person who self-harms. The analysis of data suggests that the narrative therapy intervention was effectively implemented and resulted in attributable gains in emotional well-being, resilience and behaviour for the young person. The authors discuss the role of the educational psychologist in delivering specific therapeutic interventions within a local authority context and school-based setting. Consideration is also made of the development of the evidence base for the effectiveness of narrative therapy intervention with young people who self-harm.

Everett McGuinty, MA, David Armstrong, PhD, John Nelson, MA, and Stephanie Sheeler, BA Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing ISSN 1073-6077 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2011.00305.x/abstract Author contact:  [email protected] The intent of this article is to explore the efficacy of both the literal and concrete externalization aspects within narrative therapy, and the implementation of interactive metaphors as a combined psychotherapeutic approach for decreasing anxiety with people who present with high-functioning autism. The purpose of this exploratory article is to propose the use of externalizing metaphors as a treatment modality as a potentially useful way to engage clients. Specifically, a three-step process of change is described, which allows for concretizing affective states and experiences, and makes use of visual strengths of people presenting with an autism spectrum disorder. A selective review was conducted of significant works regarding the process of change in narrative therapy, with particular emphasis on metaphors. Works were selected based on their relevance to the current paper and included both published works (searched via Psyc-INFO) and materials from narrative training sessions. Further research is needed to address the testable hypotheses resulting from the current model. This line of research would not only establish best practices in a population for which there is no broadly accepted treatment paradigm, but would also contribute to the larger fields of abnormal psychology, emotion regulation, and cognitive psychology by further elucidating the complex ways these systems interact.

Lynette P. Vromans & Robert D. Schweitzer (2010)

Psychotherapy Research , 19 March 2010, doi: 10.1080/10503301003591792 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20306354

This study investigated depressive symptom and interpersonal relatedness outcomes from eight sessions of manualized narrative therapy for 47 adults with major depressive disorder. Post-therapy, depressive symptom improvement (d=1.36) and proportions of clients achieving reliable improvement (74%), movement to the functional population (61%), and clinically significant improvement (53%) were comparable to benchmark research outcomes. Post-therapy interpersonal relatedness improvement (d=.62) was less substantial than for symptoms. Three-month follow-up found maintenance of symptom, but not interpersonal gains. Benchmarking and clinical significance analyses mitigated repeated measure design limitations, providing empirical evidence to support narrative therapy for adults with major depressive disorder.

Sommayeh Sadat MacKean *, Hossein Eskandari, Ahmad Borjali , Delaram Ghodsi    

* Msc in General Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaii University, Tehran, Iran – Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaii University, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98- 912- 1868311 , [email protected]

This study was carried out according to importance of body image in overweight women, and in order to compare the effect of diet therapy and narrative therapy on the body image improvement. Materials and Methods: This was a quasi experimental-interventional study. 30 overweight women were selected through randomized sampling method within women who referred to professional clinic of nutrition and diet therapy and they randomly divided to two interventions and one control group. Group 1 only received diet therapy (for 5weeks), group 2 received narrative therapy in addition to diet therapy and control group received no intervention.

Narrative therapy was a group therapy that consisted of 12 sessions and each session last 50 minutes that performed twice a week. Control group received no intervention. Weight of subjects was measured with light cloths by a Seca balance scale to the nearest 0.5 kg and their height was measured by stadio-meter to 0.5 cm. Body Mass Index was calculated by dividing weight (in kg) to squared height (in m2). Data of Body Image were gathered through Multidimensional Body-Self Relation Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by covariance analysis, Tukey and paired t test using SPSS 16 software.

Results: The mean of body image at the beginning of the study in the control group, was 135.20 and it was134.60 after the intervention. In group 1, at the beginning of the study the mean was 148.1 and after the intervention was 147.50. In group 2, at the beginning of the study the mean was 150.80 and after the intervention the result was 163.90. Data analysis showed that at the end of the study diet therapy had no significant effect on developing of body image (P>0.05). But narrative therapy was more effective than diet therapy in developing of body image in overweight women (P<0.001). ‍Conclusion: According to effect of narrative therapy on body image development, this method is more suitable than the other methods which have greater results in weight loss. Pajoohandeh Journal. 2010; 15 (5) :225-232   http://pajoohande.sbmu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-655&sid=1&slc_lang=en

Jennifer Poolea, Paula Gardner, Margaret C. Flower & Carolynne Cooper Social Work With Groups, Volume 32, Issue 4, 2009 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01609510902895086#.Uk-lShBKiSo  In this article, the authors report on a qualitative study that explored the use of narrative therapy with a diverse group of older adults dealing with mental health and substance misuse issues. Narrative therapy supports individuals to critically assess their lives and develop alternative and empowering life stories that aim to keep the problem in its place. Although the literature suggests this is a promising intervention for individuals, there is a lack of research on narrative therapy and group work. Aiming to address this gap, the authors developed and researched a narrative therapy group for older adults coping with mental health and substance misuse issues in Toronto, Canada. Taking an ethnographic approach, field notes and interviews provided rich data on how, when, and for whom, such a group could be beneficial. Findings contribute to the literature on group work, older adults, and narrative therapy.

Karen Young and Scot Cooper (2008) Journal of Systemic Therapies, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2008, pp. 67–83

Link to full article.

In this article, we will report on the Narrative Therapy Re-Visiting Project. Narrative ways of thinking shape research in ways that strive to center the voice of the therapy participant. We will present qualitative research findings that bring to the forefront the personal thoughts of the participants about what was meaningful and useful in therapeutic conversations. This contribution moves away from solely interpreted understandings of professionals and toward co-composed understandings between professionals and therapy participants. In a follow-up meeting, persons who have come to us for single session therapy/consultation, return to re-visit videotape of the earlier session.

All of the sessions took place in a walk-in clinic and in single session consultations; therefore the feedback is about narrative practice in a single session encounter. The authors systematically document the participants’ accounts and descriptions of meaningful moments and experiences of the therapeutic process using qualitative methodology and attempt to discern from them themes and implications for therapeutic practice.

Lynette Vromans (2008) [PhD thesis, Queensland University of Technology]

The research aim, to investigate the process and outcome of narrative therapy, comprised theoretical and empirical objectives. The first objective was to articulate a theoretical synthesis of narrative theory, research, and practice. The process of narrative reflexivity was identified as a theoretical construct linking narrative theory with narrative research and practice. The second objective was to substantiate this synthesis empirically by examining narrative therapy processes, specifically narrative reflexivity and the therapeutic alliance, and their relation to therapy outcomes. The third objective was to support the proposed synthesis of theory, research, and practice and provide quantitative evidence for the utility of narrative therapy, by evaluating depressive symptom and inter-personal relatedness outcomes through analyses of statistical significance, clinical significance, and benchmarking …

To support this theoretical synthesis, a process-outcome trial evaluated eight-sessions of narrative therapy for 47 adults with major depressive disorder. Dependent process variables were narrative reflexivity (assessed at Sessions 1 and 8) and therapeutic alliance (assessed at Sessions 1, 3, and 8). Primary dependent outcome variables were depressive symptoms and inter-personal relatedness. Primary analyses assessed therapy outcome at pre-therapy, post-therapy, and three-month follow-up and utilized a benchmarking strategy to the evaluate pre-therapy to post-therapy and post-therapy to follow-up gains, effect size and pre-therapy to post-therapy clinical significance … The clinical trial provided empirical support for the utility of narrative therapy in improving depressive symptoms and inter-personal relatedness from pre-therapy to post-therapy: the magnitude of change indicating large effect sizes (d = 1.10 to 1.36) for depressive symptoms and medium effect sizes (d = .52 to .62) for inter-personal relatedness.

Therapy was effective in reducing depressive symptoms in clients with moderate and severe pre-therapy depressive symptom severity. Improvements in depressive symptoms, but not inter-personal relatedness, were maintained three-months following therapy. The reduction in depressive symptoms and the proportion of clients who achieved clinically significant improvement (53%) in depressive symptoms at post-therapy were comparable to improvements from standard psychotherapies, reported in benchmark research. This research has implications for assisting our understanding of narrative approaches, refining strategies that will facilitate recovery from psychological disorder and providing clinicians with a broader evidence base for narrative practice … This thesis was awarded the Outstanding Doctoral Thesis award across the Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Health. Read the  complete thesis here . 

Read examiner comments here:  Examiner number 1  (pdf, 47 KB),  Examiner number 2  (pdf, 15 KB).

Lewis Mehl-Madrona, MD, PhD

The Permanente Journal/ Fall 2007/ Volume 11 No. 4

Narrative approaches to psychotherapy are becoming more prevalent throughout the world. We wondered if a narrative-oriented psychotherapy group on a locked, inpatient unit, where most of the patients were present involuntarily, could be useful. The goal would be to help involuntary patients develop a coherent story about how they got to the hospital and what happened that led to their being admitted and link that to a story about what they would do after discharge that would prevent their returning to hospital in the next year.

Sonja Berthold (June 2006)

Funded by Relationships Australia Northern Territory

This is an independent evaluation of a narrative therapy/collective narrative practice project conducted in two Aboriginal communities in Arnhem Land – Yirrkala & Gunyangara. The project aimed to:

• reduce suicidal thinking/behaviour/injury, self-harm and death by suicide
• enhance resilience, respect, resourcefulness, interconnectedness, and mental health of individuals, families, and communities and to reduce prevalence of risk conditions
• increase support available to individuals, families, and communities who have been affected by suicidal behaviours.  

The project was conducted in partnership between Dulwich Centre and Relationships Australia Northern Territory. For more information about the project, read: ‘Linking stories and initiatives: A narrative approach to working with the skills and knowledge of communities’ by David Denborough, Carolyn Koolmatrie, Djapirri Mununggirritj, Djuwalpi Marika, Wayne Dhurrkay, & Margaret Yunupingu.

The independent evaluation found:

Did this project work? Yes, this project worked because it:

• reminded people of their strength and of their dreams
• increased the self-esteem and confidence of individual and groups, and reinforced their ability to deal with suicide and suicidal thinking
• created an opportunity for these communities to forge links with another Indigenous community, a link which strengthens and comforts both
• provided an audience for the stories and passed on the responses
• people see that their knowledge and experience is of value to others
• the community came together to celebrate their strengths and abilities
• ensured that local workers were linked into and supporting this process
• left a resource that is still being used.

What was done well?

• Good, thorough consultation with resulted in changes
• Professional and respectful approach
• Project tried to link in outside workers to help the project continue
• The narrative approach was very successful and well accepted
• Connected very strongly with key leaders in each community
• Delivered relevant, interesting, and useful training
• Provided  learning opportunity for Yolgnu people through ensuring local people were involved in the narrative approach
• The team were flexible and able to respond to what was needed and have maintained a connection with the communities
• Made sure that they left a resource for the community to use.

To read the entire evaluation,  click here  (pdf, 307 KB).

Mim Weber, Kierrynn Davis, & Lisa McPhie (2006) Australian Social Work, 59 (4), 391–405.  doi: 10.1080/03124070600985970

This paper reports on a study conducted with seven women who identified themselves as experiencing depression as well as an eating disorder and who live in a rural region of northern New South Wales. Self-referred, the women participated in a weekly group for 10 weeks, with a mixture of topics, conducted within a narrative therapy framework. A comparison of pre- and post-group tests demonstrated a reduction in depression scores and eating disorder risk. All women reported a change in daily practices, together with less self-criticism. These findings were supported by a post-group evaluation survey that revealed that externalisation of, and disengagement from, the eating disorder strongly assisted the women to make changes in their daily practices. Although preliminary and short-term, the outcomes of the present study indicate that group work conducted within a narrative therapy framework may result in positive changes for women entangled with depression and an eating disorder.

Margaret L. Keeling, L. Reece Nielson Contemporary Family Therapy , September 2005, Volume 27, Issue 3, pp 435-452

International and minority populations tend to underutilize mental health services, including marriage and family therapy. Models of marriage and family therapy developed in the West may reflect Western values and norms inappropriate for diverse cultural contexts. This article presents an exploratory, qualitative study of a narrative therapy approach with Asian Indian women. This study adds to the small body of narrative-based empirical studies, and has a unique focus on intercultural applications and the experience of participants. Participant experience was examined along four phenomenological dimensions. Findings indicate the suitability of narrative interventions and nontraditional treatment delivery for this population.

Evril Silver, Alison Williams, Fiona Worthington, and Nicola Phillips (1998) Journal of Family Therapy, 20, 413–422.

This is a retrospective audit of the therapy outcome of 108 children with soiling and their families. Fifty-four children were treated by externalizing and 54 comparison children and families were treated by the usual methods in the same clinic. The results from the externalizing group were better and compared favourably with standards derived from previous studies of soiling. Externalizing was rated as much more helpful by parents at follow-up.

David Besa, California Graduate School of Family Psychology (1994) Research on Social Work Practice, 4 (3), 309–325.  doi: 10.1177/104973159400400303

This study assessed the effectiveness of Narrative Therapy in reducing parent/child conflicts. Parents measured their child’s progress by counting the frequency of specific behaviours during baseline and intervention phases. The practitioner-researcher used single-case methodology with a treatment package strategy, and the results were evaluated using three multiple baseline designs. Six families were treated using several Narrative Therapy techniques including externalisation, relative influence questioning, identifying unique outcomes and unique accounts, bringing forth unique re-descriptions, facilitating unique circulation, and assigning between-session tasks. Compared to baseline rates, five of six families showed improvements in parent/child conflict, ranging from an 88% to a 98% decrease in conflict. Improvements occurred only when Narrative Therapy was applied and were not observed in its absence.

Fred W. Seymour & David Epston (1989) Australian & New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 10 (3).

Childhood stealing is a distressing problem for families and may have wider community costs since childhood stealers often become adult criminals. This paper describes a therapeutic ‘map’ that emphasises direct engagement of the child, along with his/her family, in regarding the child from ‘stealer’ to ‘honest person’. Analysis of therapy with 45 children revealed a high level of family engagement and initial behaviour change. Furthermore, a follow-up telephone call made 6–12 months after completion of therapy sessions revealed that 80% of the children had not been stealing at all or had substantially reduced rates of stealing. This community practice, which was in part researched by Seymour and Epston, has recently been written up in some detail in ‘ Community approaches – real and virtual – to stealing ’ (pdf, 68 KB)  [Epston, D., & Seymour, F. (2008). In Epston, D.,  Down under and up over: Travels with narrative therapy , Warrington, England: AFT Publishing Limited, pp. 139–156.]

Report by Linzi Rabinowitz. Researchers: Linzi Rabinowitz and Rebecca Goldberg

Hero Books are a psychosocial support intervention developed by Jonathan Morgan (REPSSI) which are informed by narrative therapy ideas. This study presents preliminary evidence to support the contention that the mainstreaming of PSS (psychosocial support) in the South African school curriculum by means of the Hero Book is likely to produce two significant outcomes:

• learners who have undergone the Hero Book process are more likely to perform better in the learning areas of Life Orientation and Language (Home Language and first additional Language) than learners whose educators did not use Hero Books as measured by the same  learning outcomes and assessment standards
• learners whose educators used the Hero Book methodology to pursue academic outcomes are more likely to exhibit an improvement in their psychosocial wellbeing than learners whose educators do not use the Hero Book methodology.

A mix of quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis supports these findings. While none of the findings are conclusive, and the study admittedly has limitations, the strongest quantitative finding is this one: 77% of learner’s academic performance as measured by an average mark for all three learning areas (Home Language, First Additional Language, and Life Orientation) improved overall for the Hero book group, as opposed to 55% in the control groups. This finding suggests that the hero book intervention might be pursued purely on its potential as a methodology to enhance academic learning outcomes, and where any improvements in the psychosocial wellbeing of learners is an added bonus of the intervention. The sample size consisted of four control groups and four intervention groups across two research sites, the Western Cape and KwaZulu Natal. There was a total of 172 learners in the control groups and 113 in the intervention groups. For full report, contact Jonathan Morgan:  [email protected]

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Narrative Therapy

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Introduction and Assumptions

Narrative therapy is more of an approach than a defined theory (O’Connor et al. 1997 ). This approach works from the premise that each person’s life is a series of stories on many levels similar to a novel with many chapters. Stories are used to make meaning of a situation and to make sense of one’s life. Some of these stories and chapters are given to the person by family, context, culture, religion, gender, etc. One of the key aspects of narrative is to re-author one’s own story so that one is not living a story that does not fit with one’s identity. In narrative therapy, a person and/or family seeks therapy when there is a problem that cannot be fixed. In fact, there is a story around a problem that oppresses the family. This story about the problem also fits into the larger stories about oneself.

In terms of its philosophical underpinnings, narrative therapy is a postmodern approach (White and Epston 1990 ; White 2007 ). Stories are socially constructed...

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Narrative Therapy Case Conceptualization: Treatment Plan Examples Cases

Narrative therapy applies stories to assist clients in treatment courses. According to this approach, people can infer different meanings from their experiences and use the same to address their prevailing conditions. A narrative therapy treatment plan can treat depression and handle a crisis. In this case study template, you will discover an excellent narrative therapy case conceptualization and some treatment examples cases.

• Introduction

Narrative Therapy Case Conceptualization

Narrative therapy treatment plans.

• Narrative Therapy Interventions
• Spiritual Applications

Introduction to Narrative Therapy

Narrative therapists utilize numerous methods to treat clients. The methods include scaffolding, outsider witnesses, and re-membering. Scaffolding entails helping clients to cope with their challenges by exploiting their past positive memories.

Re-membering involves assisting clients to resolve their problems by moving away from problems-filled memories. Outsider witness is a method that involves using third party’s experience to assist a client to deal with his or her predicament. Narrative therapy is compatible with Christianity in numerous ways.

Like Christianity, narrative therapy uses externalization to give a client the liberty to select his or her treatment course. Nevertheless, narrative therapy does not acknowledge the concept of God. It holds that humans are capable of liberating themselves.

Narrative therapy will help John to revisit his experiences and relate them to his present condition. Through narrative therapy, it is believed that John will be in a position to understand his situation and institute an appropriate treatment course.

Different factors influence therapists’ ways of working. The factors include the different clients’ identities and problems. After considering these factors, a therapist uses the most appropriate therapy to help a client. One of the approaches is narrative therapy.

Narrative therapy seeks to help clients to deal with their problems by assisting them to relate their challenges to other people’s experiences and come up with amicable solutions (White, 2005).

Narrative therapy perceives challenges as detached from people, and it holds that people have the capacity to mitigate results of challenges in their lives. This aspect underlines why narrative therapy allows patients to direct their treatment courses. Stories are critical to molding people’s lives (White, 2005).

Thus, narrative therapy uses stories to help people to evaluate their lives and deal with problems that prevent them from living an active and productive life. This paper will discuss a case conceptualization involving a narrative therapy.

Narrative therapy is a psychotherapy that uses stories to help patients to deal with their problems. It was established in the early 1970s by Michael White and David Epston. Narrative therapy became popular in 1990s when therapists started publishing books discussing the use of stories as a therapeutic approach.

In narrative therapy, therapists “ask questions to generate experientially vivid descriptions of life events that are not currently included in their plot of the problematic story” (White & Epston, 1990, p. 45).

Narrative therapy creates a link between a client and his or her problems. Hence, it gives clients opportunities to familiarize with their problems and look for solutions.

White and Epston (1990) hold that human beings “are interpretive beings” (p. 48). People attribute varied meanings to life experiences. Therefore, clients solve their problems by analyzing these experiences and their meanings. White and Epston (1990) assume that people do not construe their lives within a void.

Instead, they control and they are controlled by their circumstances. Hence, the only way that clients can cope with their problems is interpreting them according to their contexts. Life experiences, which are entrenched in people’s narratives, mold personal identities.

Therefore, narrative therapists should aid clients to illustrate their affluent narratives and trails, ways of life, and potentials connected to them. White and Epston (1990) assume that people have numerous stories since it is hard to limit one’s experience within a single story.

These narratives, if systematically organized, may help to solve one’s problems. Clients are capable of identifying the best approaches to use in dealing with their challenges. Consequently, therapists should guide clients to devise mechanisms for dealing with their problems.

A number of studies have proved that narrative therapy is an efficient method of dealing with clients’ problems. A study by Vromans and Schweitzer (2011) sought to determine the effectiveness of narrative therapy in helping clients with major depressive disorders.

The study found that narrative therapy helps in identifying and addressing major depressive disorders among the adults. Additionally, some scholars have used principles of narrative therapy to create ways of addressing economic, gender, and racial challenges that affect society.

For instance, Flanagan (2001) used the ideas of narrative therapy to assist Tasmanians to address poverty issues. Flanagan (2001) used stories relayed by numerous participants to prompt the parliament to initiate poverty eradication campaign.

Narrative therapy is used to solve numerous problems, which include anxiety, depression, and Asperger’s disorder among the adolescents. Therapists allow clients to narrate their experiences and help them to relate the experiences to their prevailing problems.

In doing this, they give clients opportunities to discern the causes of their problems before assisting them to deal with the causes (White & Epston, 1990). For instance, therapists help clients to identify life experiences that subject them to depression or anxiety and assist them to deal with the experiences.

Narrative therapists use externalization techniques to assist clients suffering from the Asperger’s disorders.

Narrative therapy is appropriate for John’s case because it will assist him to identify and cope with the causes of his predicament. The majority of therapy approaches impose treatment courses on clients.

Hence, it becomes hard for clients to continue with the treatment courses, particularly if therapists do not keep them under regular supervisions. For narrative therapy, clients are helped to understand their problems coupled with being given chances to formulate treatment courses that they feel comfortable using.

Thus, narrative therapy will help John to understand the causes of his depressing attitude, low self-esteem, and negative emotions, thus putting him in a position to resolve the problems.

Attitude is one of the ethical issues that may arise when dealing with John’s case. Therapist should endeavor to establish authentic, respectful, and genuinely human relationship with clients. As a therapist, one is not allowed to lure or compel John to disclose information that he feels uncomfortable revealing.

Instead, a therapist should interact with John freely without using any form of coercion (White, 2005). A therapist should be tolerant to all that John says and give him sufficient time to explain himself without interrupting his story.

Confidentiality is another ethical challenge that might arise when dealing with John. John’s case is utterly sensitive. Hence, he may divulge confidential information. A therapist should exercise high level of confidentiality when helping John to deal with his problems.

A therapist is supposed to conceal all information that he or she thinks might compromise John’s healing process.

It is hard for one method of narrative therapy to be used to address different problems due to cultural differences. In John’s case, a therapist might use narrative therapy to help him to re-author his life and utilize his voice to formulate solutions for his problems.

The approach may not succeed in the event that John hails from a community that values the contribution of all family members. It would be difficult for a therapist to guide John to reshape his life due to cultural conflict. Additionally, narrative therapy pays attention to language (White, 2005).

Some terms have different meanings for different cultures. Therefore, another cultural challenge that might arise when helping John is deducing a different meaning from John’s narrative. Hence, a therapist should ensure that he or she gets precise meaning of John’s expressions before assisting him to map out a treatment course.

Narrative therapy can be used in crises. The method creates a serene environment by allowing clients to express themselves without interruptions (White, 2005).

A client is required to come to terms with his or her problems. Narrative therapy facilitates this aspect by giving a client the opportunity to give an account of his or her life encounters. It helps to establish a good rapport between a therapist and client.

Presenting Problems

John presents himself as a depressed individual after being expelled from the university, losing a job, and being abandoned by his wife within a short period. He had a dream of becoming a civil engineer. Therefore, his enrollment in the university marked the beginning of his journey to achieve this dream.

However, John’s dream was thwarted after the university accused him of orchestrating a strike and it expelled him. After staying at home for two months, John decided to look for a job instead of staying idle. He was lucky to secure a job with a local contractor.

However, three months into the job, John’s employer accused him of embezzlement of financial resources and he was fired. John went home and informed his wife, but she was not ready to bear the challenges they had gone through before he got the job. She packed her belongings and left.

The incidents happened fast, and thus John suffered depression.

Goals for Counseling

John does not know what to do with his life. The first objective of this case conceptualization is to help him to deal with his attitude towards relationships. His financial situation makes him believe that it is hard to get a life partner. The second goal is to assist John to regain his self-esteem.

John developed low self-esteem after his wife left. According to John, his wife was the only consolation he had after losing the job. Her departure shuttered his hopes and made him feel worthless. The feelings of worthlessness made John to become hasty and irritable. He is unable to tame his emotions.

The third goal of the case conceptualization is to assist him to contain his feelings. The three objectives aim at helping John to rebuild his life and live harmoniously with his neighbors.

Narrative therapy will give John an opportunity to identify with his situation by relating it to other life encounters. Consequently, he will be in a position to select the most appropriate treatment course.

White (2005) claims “Scaffolding occurs by identifying unique outcomes and exceptions, and building on past positive events” (p. 79). It is imperative to create tasks that draw a client away from his or her problems. For instance, therapists may help clients to create activities that remind them about their past victories. Such activities make the clients forget their problems.

When dealing with John, I will take him through narratives that give accounts of his achievements. I will use stories to convince him that he can overcome anything and show him that what he is going through is just a minor setback.

Scaffolding will make John change his attitude by showing him that he has the potential to achieve many things despite his situation.

Re-membering

White (2005) alleges, “Re-membering has to do with helping individuals to reconstruct their identities by accenting and expanding on specific positive memories and by limiting problem-saturated memories” (p. 86). It allows clients to revisit their positive experiences and relate them to their present circumstances.

Additionally, remembering gives clients the opportunity to determine the steps to take in the future. Re-membering will help John to cope with his situation. I will use the approach to help John evade problem-saturated memories, which might subject him to prolonged depression.

I will ensure that he does not talk about his experiences in the university or his marriage. The two encounters are responsible for his present condition. I will help him to connect his positive memories with what is going on in his life and use the same to make decision on what to do in the future.

Re-membering will help John to deal with his emotions by ensuring that he avoids revisiting memories that annoy him.

Outsider Witnesses

This method of intervention involves inviting other people to a therapy session (White, 2005). They may be people who are related to a client or have gone through similar challenges. After the session, a therapist interviews the people to know the issues that stood out during the session and learned lessons.

A client learns that many people go through severe challenges. Besides, a client learns how to cope with his or her challenges from the people. As a therapist, I will invite individuals who have gone through the problem that John is encountering.

I will allow them to attend a therapy session and listen to John’s story without criticizing or interrupting him. At the end of the session, I will request the individuals to comment on what they have learnt from the session and how it has changed their lives.

The session will boost John’s self-esteem because he will realize that he is not the only one going through challenges, and if others have made it, he will succeed too.

Narrative therapy Spiritual Applications

John’s challenges might distance him from God. John has tried many ways to solve his problems, but he has not succeeded. Consequently, he might believe that God has abandoned him. Such a belief might draw him away from God and lure him to engage in harmful activities as a means to quench his anxiety.

I would handle this challenge by encouraging John to engage in religious practices like intensifying his spiritual emotions and invoking God’s name whenever he feels depressed. Religious practices would give him courage and relief from depression.

In addition to the bible, church, and prayer, John requires fasting, meditation, and intercession. Fasting will give him an opportunity to communicate with God. It will signify his determination to overcome his problems. On the other hand, meditation will give him a chance to evaluate his life and figure out the cause of his predicament.

He will then devote to address the cause. At times, we need other people to intercede for our challenges. Hence, John needs other people to intercede for him and ask God to relieve him from his sufferings.

Compatibilities

The first compatibility between Christianity and narrative therapy is that “Narrative therapy involves a process of deconstruction and ‘meaning making, which are achieved through questioning and collaborating with the clients” (White, 2005, p. 62).

On the other hand, Christianity encourages the deconstruction of ideas about religion and faith to understand Christ’s teachings (Jones & Butman, 2011). The second compatibility is that both narrative therapy and Christianity encourage externalization (Pembroke, 2005).

Christians use externalization to isolate sinners from sins and discern how to overcome temptations. On the other hand, narrative therapy uses externalization to help clients enter a region of immense freedom. Christians use scriptures to develop doctrines that guide their spiritual life.

In a similar way, narrative therapy uses stories to assist clients to come up with appropriate treatment paths.

Incompatibilities

Narrative therapy is incompatible with Christianity in a number of ways. First, Christianity depends on personal faith while narrative therapy depends on personal experience (Pembroke, 2005). Second, narrative therapy holds that people can redeem themselves.

On the other side, Christianity holds that people can hardly redeem themselves without spiritual intervention. Third, narrative therapy is founded on naturalism, and it does not acknowledge the idea of God.

Thus, it holds that people can overcome their problems by revisiting their experiences, which is not entirely true. On the contrary, Christianity reminds people to rely on God whenever they are in problems (Jones & Butman, 2011).

There is hope that John will manage to deal with his emotions, change his attitude, and regain his self-esteem. Through narrative therapy, John will rediscover his potential and stop lamenting over his predicament.

The primary challenge will be helping John to regain his self-esteem. However, there is hope that he will compare himself with others who have gone through harsh conditions and realize that it is okay to feel the way he feels.

Flanagan, J. (2001). The story of the Just Tasmania Coalition 1999-2000. Gecko: A Journal of Deconstruction and Narrative Ideas in Therapeutic Practice, 3 (2), 17-35.

Jones, S., & Butman, R. (2011). Modern psychotherapies: A comprehensive Christian appraisal (2nd ed.). Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press.

Pembroke, N. (2005). A Trinitarian perspective on the counseling alliance in narrative therapy. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 24 (1), 13-20.

Vromans, L., & Schweitzer, R. (2011). Narrative therapy for adults with major depressive disorder: improved symptom and interpersonal outcomes. Psychotherapy Research: Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 21 (1), 4-15.

White, M. (2005). Narrative practice and exotic lives: Resurrecting diversity in everyday life . Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications.

White, M., & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends . New York, NY: WW Norton.

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IvyPanda. (2023, November 23). Narrative Therapy Case Conceptualization: Treatment Plan Examples Cases. https://ivypanda.com/essays/case-conceptualization-of-narrative-therapy/

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Narrative Family Therapy Versus Experiential Family Therapy: Comparative

This essay about narrative family therapy explores the therapeutic approach that emphasizes the power of storytelling within families to foster change and healing. Developed by Michael White and David Epston, this therapy focuses on identifying and reshaping the narratives that family members use to describe their lives and relationships. The essay discusses key concepts like the distinction between “thin” and “thick” descriptions, where thin descriptions often perpetuate negative views that can dominate a family’s interactions. Techniques such as externalization, which treats problems as separate from individuals, and the non-hierarchical role of the therapist, are also explored. These methods encourage families to actively participate in rewriting their narratives, thus promoting empowerment and enabling more positive family dynamics. Through activities like letter writing and creating therapeutic documents, narrative family therapy helps solidify new, empowering stories, offering families not just a method of treatment but a transformative skill for ongoing personal and relational development.

How it works

Narrative kin group psychotherapy embodies a modality of psychotherapeutic intervention that centralizes the narratives within the kin group entity to catalyze recuperation and constructive transformation. Forged in the crucible of the 1980s by psychotherapists Michael White and David Epston, this therapeutic paradigm pivots on the notion that our identities are predominantly sculpted by the narratives or chronicles we weave about ourselves and our life trajectories. Within the kin group milieu, narrative therapy endeavors to probe the narratives that kin members recount about their relational dynamics and individual odysseys to unearth and address issues that may underlie dysfunctionality.

A cornerstone tenet of narrative kin group psychotherapy resides in the differentiation between “sparse” and “dense” portrayals of narratives. Sparse portrayals tend to be superficial and uni-dimensional, often framing individuals within a prism of dilemmas. Conversely, dense portrayals furnish a more intricate and multi-faceted vista of individuals’ life journeys, encompassing broader contextual dimensions, deeper emotional resonances, and personal triumphs. Practitioners of narrative therapy collaborate with kin groups to untangle these sparse narratives, which frequently harbor pessimism and resignation, and to reimagine them into more empowering and multi-dimensional narratives.

Narrative kin group psychotherapy operates on the premise that individuals construe their life encounters through narratives that are woven within social, cultural, and interpersonal frameworks. Kin groups are urged to discern and articulate their principles, competencies, and wisdom that may have been overshadowed by narratives steeped in adversity. For instance, a kin group may harbor a dominant narrative that portrays a particular member as chronically irresponsible. During therapy, employing diverse conversational modalities, the kin group is encouraged to recount past episodes where this member demonstrated responsibility, thereby challenging and enriching the prevailing narrative.

An indispensable facet of narrative kin group psychotherapy lies in the employment of externalization. This methodology entails conceptualizing problems as distinct from individuals; rather than characterizing a person as inherently problematic, the narrative approach elucidates the problematic aspect as an external entity that exerts influence on the individual. For instance, instead of stigmatizing a child as disruptive, the narrative modality would conceptualize the disruptiveness as an external force that impacts the child. This approach facilitates an objective engagement with the issues, mitigates blame, and empowers individuals to renegotiate their rapport with the problem.

Furthermore, narrative kin group psychotherapy accentuates collaboration and egalitarianism in the therapeutic endeavor. The therapist serves as a facilitator who aids the kin group in exploring and reshaping their narratives, eschewing the role of an authoritative expert who dispenses solutions. This modality fosters a sense of agency and responsibility among kin members, impelling them to assume proactive roles in the therapeutic expedition and in reconfiguring their interactions grounded in mutual esteem and comprehension.

In praxis, narrative therapy may encompass an array of activities, such as epistolary exchanges, crafting documents of intent, or therapeutic commendations, which serve to cement and commemorate the kin group’s advancement. These mementos of the therapeutic journey assist kin groups in internalizing their novel, more empowering narratives, and serve as reminders of the proficiencies and fortitudes they harbor to confront forthcoming tribulations.

In summation, narrative kin group psychotherapy proffers a deferential and non-judgmental approach that accentuates individuals’ capacity to craft their own life narratives. It empowers kin groups to rewrite the narratives that mold their interactions and to transcend recurrent negative patterns into more gratifying relationships. By focalizing on narratives, narrative therapy not only addresses extant kin dynamics but also furnishes kin members with a transformative skillset that extends beyond the confines of the therapy session: the capacity to perpetually reimagine the narratives that govern their life trajectories. Thus, narrative kin group psychotherapy transcends being merely a therapeutic methodology; it emerges as a vehicle of empowerment, furnishing kin groups with a sanguine lens through which they can envision and enact metamorphosis.

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Narrative Family Therapy Versus Experiential Family Therapy: Comparative. (2024, Apr 29). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/narrative-family-therapy-versus-experiential-family-therapy-comparative/

"Narrative Family Therapy Versus Experiential Family Therapy: Comparative." PapersOwl.com , 29 Apr 2024, https://papersowl.com/examples/narrative-family-therapy-versus-experiential-family-therapy-comparative/

PapersOwl.com. (2024). Narrative Family Therapy Versus Experiential Family Therapy: Comparative . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/narrative-family-therapy-versus-experiential-family-therapy-comparative/ [Accessed: 4 May. 2024]

"Narrative Family Therapy Versus Experiential Family Therapy: Comparative." PapersOwl.com, Apr 29, 2024. Accessed May 4, 2024. https://papersowl.com/examples/narrative-family-therapy-versus-experiential-family-therapy-comparative/

"Narrative Family Therapy Versus Experiential Family Therapy: Comparative," PapersOwl.com , 29-Apr-2024. [Online]. Available: https://papersowl.com/examples/narrative-family-therapy-versus-experiential-family-therapy-comparative/. [Accessed: 4-May-2024]

PapersOwl.com. (2024). Narrative Family Therapy Versus Experiential Family Therapy: Comparative . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/narrative-family-therapy-versus-experiential-family-therapy-comparative/ [Accessed: 4-May-2024]

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