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• 20 Most Important Topics For Css And Pms 2024 English Essay

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20 Most Important Topics for CSS and PMS 2024 English Essay

Written By ahtisham.akbar       Dec 24, 2023

92% of candidates appearing in the CSS examinations, fail the English Essay section. During their whole CSS journey, they keep on preparing for the Essay paper without knowing the targeted topics that can be expected in their exams. Similarly, keeping an eye on the national and international changes happening in the world. They can prepare broader themes on a few topics. Through those themes, students can easily narrow down any topic according to their needs. CSS exams require more than just textbooks and notes – it demands a keen understanding of the crucial essay topics that might shape your success. In this blog, we're unlocking the treasure chest of essential essay themes that could very well be the key to unlocking your full potential in the exam room.

20 Most Important Topics/Areas for CSS and PMS 2024 English Essay :

1. Global Climate Change

2. Technological Advancements and Society

3. Role of Women in Modern Society

4. Challenges of Urbanization

5. Education Reforms

6. Economic Inequality

7. Impact of Social Media

8. Healthcare System Challenges

9. Globalization and Cultural Identity

10. Political Stability and Development

11. Artificial Intelligence and Ethics

12. Cybersecurity Challenges

13. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

14. Water Scarcity and Sustainable Management

15. Democracy in the Digital Age

16. Crisis in Democracy

17. Rise of Populism

18. Mental Health Awareness

19. Cultural Diversity and Integration

20. Fate of Minorities

Conclusion:

These topics cover a broad spectrum of issues relevant to Pakistan and the world. It's crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of these themes, keeping in mind both national and international perspectives. Regularly updating your knowledge on these subjects and practicing essay writing will enhance your preparedness for the CSS exam.

For the best preparation of your CSS Essay subject, you can check the Course on Essay preparation:

To consult Solved Essays from the past years you can check here:

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The CSS Wisdom Over 1000 Qoutes and Excerpts

₨  950

“Quotations serve as an instrumental source not only to convey targetted content in an articulate manner but also as a source of learning about complex ideas. This book, The CSS Wisdom, perfectly consolidates several important quotations for the ease and benefit of CSS aspirants and would definitely serve as an effective resource for the aspirants adding to the quality of their performance in the exam.”

M. Awaid Irshad (1st position, CSS 2017)

“A much awaited compendium of credible quotations and excerpts that an aspirant of competitive examination needs and a shortest possible yet most effective way to cover intellectual deficit.”

Hamood Ranjha (7th position, CSS 2016)

“There has been a long-felt need for a book that could condense some quality scholarly works on diverse and significant topics at a single place. And here comes The CSS Wisdom, edited by Bilal Zahoor. The book contains quotes and excerpts on varied contemporary political, social and economic issues that every reader and CSS/PMS aspirant should go through. Besides, this book will inculcate among readers a critical and analytical approach to understanding the world around them. I highly recommend this book to my students who are preparing for competitive exams, and my friends who want to equip themselves with progressive knowledge.”

Ali Imran Rajput (Asst Commissioner, New Karachi, and a CSS Mentor)

“In times when most of the guidebooks for CSS aspirants are constipated with stodgy ideas, unfounded arguments and plagiarised knowledge, not to mention the mishandling of English language, Folio Books has taken up the responsibility to hand over, to the seekers of knowledge, the books that can not only be shelved but also ‘chewed’. The CSS Wisdom is an effort to bind together credible progressive views on some of the most significant contemporary topics. This treasure-trove of knowledge is certainly the forerunner of success.”

Fatima Batool (Asst Professor FGEIs, and a CSS Mentor)

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100 Must-Read Essays and CSS Solved Past Papers Questions for CSS and PMS Aspirants

• December 3, 2022
• 48238 Views

These 100 Must-Read Solved Pakistan Affairs and Current Affairs Questions and Essays will help aspirants of CSS and PMS Score High!

100 Must-Read Essays

Whether CSS or PMS, both examinations require aspirants to have a good command of presentation skills, as knowledge alone has never helped anyone qualify for them. It has been seen aspirants with heaps of information and relevant knowledge cannot make it through because they fail to present their perspectives on the papers fluently, coherently, and confidently. Unfortunately, none in Pakistan has ever produced relevant and quality solved past papers to help aspirants understand what and how to write to score high and qualify for the exams. As a result, nearly 90% of the aspirants fail their essay papers straight away. And almost 70% remain unable to cross 50 marks on their compulsory and optional papers. 

However, aspirants who learn to write their knowledge and ideas generally qualify for the examinations or score the highest marks. Students of Sir Syed Kazim Ali have been the glaring examples. They have been qualifying for their essay papers in a single go for years as they not only learn writing skills but also give this skill serious practice till their papers. Moreover, they are the only officers, qualifiers, and aspirants who have been writing  CSS Past Papers’ Essays  and  CSS Solved Past Papers  of compulsory and optional subjects on the Cssprepforum website, which is freely available for all. 

About CSS Solved Past Papers

Writing has undoubtedly been the base through which CSS and PMS examiners evaluate aspirants’ opinions and knowledge. The better the English writing and presentation skills, the higher the chances of succeeding in the examinations. Simply, writing skills have been the only vehicle an aspirant possesses to transfer his arguments, ideas, and viewpoints on a specific topic to his examiner. So, presenting your arguments coherently, fluently, and relevantly is, undoubtedly, the key to success in the CSS and PMS examinations in Pakistan. So, to help aspirants, who have constantly been asking for CSS past papers questions, Cssprepforum has decided to publish the  CSS-solved past papers and essays  attempted by Sir Syed Kazim Ali students who either qualified for the exams or scored the highest marks. 

No matter whether you are going to take the following CSS and PMS attempt or you have just planned to prepare for them, these CSS Solved Past Papers by qualifiers and highest scorers will definitely help you know the following:

• ✓ How to understand the topics
• ✓ How to break the topics down
• ✓ How to outline your arguments or ideas
• ✓ How to start a 20-Marks question to score high marks
• ✓ How to start an essay to qualify for the CSS and PMS
• ✓ How to write body paragraphs
• ✓ What is unity and coherence in writing
• ✓ How to connect sentences and paragraphs
• ✓ And much more

We are trying our best to publish all the past five years solved past papers questions by the top scorers, qualifiers, and Howfiv team, so you are advised to bookmark this article and keep visiting it daily. It will take us around a month to publish them all.

• CSS Solved Essays

The followings are the CSS and PMS past papers essays solved by Sir Syed Kazim Ali students, who either qualified for exams or scored the highest marks in the essay paper. They are uploaded to help CSS and PMS aspirants know how to develop an outline, write introductory paragraphs, and present their arguments. Click on any to continue reading.

CSS Solved English Precis & Composition

Important Articles for CSS Aspirants

The following articles are must-read articles for all CSS and PMS aspirants who have decided to prepare themselves well for the examinations.

CSS Solved General Science & Ability Past Papers

CSS Solved Pakistan Affairs Past Papers

Important Current Affairs Topics for CSS

CSS Solved International Relations Past Papers

CSS Solved Political Science Past Papers

CSS Solved Psychology Past Papers

CSS Solved Criminology Past Papers

CSS Solved Environmental Science Past Papers

CSS Solved Gender Studies Past Papers

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The following are some of the most important articles for CSS and PMS aspirants. Click on any to start reading.

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40+ Beautiful CSS Blockquotes (Free Code + Demos)

Enjoy these 100% free and open source html blockquote css styling code examples. the list includes animated blockquotes, hover effects, typography styles, and more., 1. quotes with font awesome and pseudo elements, 2. css quote box hover effects, 3. css quote cards, 4. blockquote website usability: a designer's guide.

Intuitive design happens when current knowledge is the same as the target knowledge.

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A small quote snippet from an upcoming site. With subtle animations and all.

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Create blockquote styles all the time and thought it was about time I created a reusable style. This is a nice clean version that could be used for all sorts.

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By CSSFlow: free UI elements and widgets coded with HTML5, CSS3, and Sass. View the original article and download the Sass/SCSS source at: cssflow.com/snippets/notepaper-blockquote Original PSD by Liam McCabe. Tested in Firefox 4, Safari 4, Chrome 13, Opera 10, IE 6 (and newer).

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Better blockquotes.

Blockquote examples By CSS-Tricks

[DOWNLOAD EXAMPLE]

Blockquotes are html elements that are meant to designate when a particular section of text is being taken from another website or other source. Different browsers have different built-in styling for blockquotes, often just a simple left margin. If you use a lot of quotes, as bloggers often do, it is a good idea to take control of this element and give it some CSS style!

A popular technique is to put large graphical Quotation marks at the upper left and lower right of the blockquote area. In these pre-CSS3, non-multiple-background days, there is no good way to do this without a little extra HTML. The easiest technique is to add a <span> element along with the <blockquote> element. Not ideal, but it works. You can apply most of the styling the blockquote element in your CSS and then set the second background image with the span. Upper left and lower right respectively.

Here are some examples:

Classy Quote

Ut nonummy habent soluta claritas veniam. Typi nunc soluta hendrerit mutationem sollemnes. Quis lius dolore et insitam vel. Aliquip consequat futurum claram ut mazim. Facilisi accumsan dolore ii imperdiet consequat. Claritatem aliquip quod putamus vulputate iusto. Doming minim typi zzril lius usus. In clari mutationem autem non sit. Qui augue mirum dynamicus gothica ut. Demonstraverunt processus soluta sequitur autem demonstraverunt.

Modern Quote

"Ut nonummy habent soluta claritas veniam. Typi nunc soluta hendrerit mutationem sollemnes. Quis lius dolore et insitam vel. Aliquip consequat futurum claram ut mazim. Facilisi accumsan dolore ii imperdiet consequat. Claritatem aliquip quod putamus vulputate iusto. Doming minim typi zzril lius usus. In clari mutationem autem non sit. Qui augue mirum dynamicus gothica ut. Demonstraverunt processus soluta sequitur autem demonstraverunt."

Ut nonummy habent soluta claritas veniam. Typi nunc soluta hendrerit mutationem sollemnes. Quis lius dolore et insitam vel. Aliquip consequat futurum claram ut mazim. Facilisi accumsan dolore ii imperdiet consequat. Claritatem aliquip quod putamus vulputate iusto. Doming minim typi zzril lius usus. In clari mutationem autem non sit. Qui augue mirum dynamicus gothica ut. Demonstraverunt soluta sequitur autem.

Fancy Quote

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CSS Essay Notes PDF

2020, CSS Essay Notes

Free download CSS Essay notes for CSS preparation. The notes also contain CSS Solved Essay of Past Papers and KIPS academy CSS Essay Notes. For more similar notes please visit https://www.askedon.com/css-essay-notes/

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CSS Books Download in Pdf

CSS aspirants undergo four segments to become BPS-17 officers in Pakistan. The first one comprises a written segment. The written part has a total of 1200. 600 marks are contributed by compulsory subjects and 600 are from optional subjects. English Essay is one of the compulsory subjects. It is one of the most important and mandatory subjects to clear with hard work. Practice and hard work are essential components for writing a perfect essay. Here, in this blog, we will provide you with the download link for some best CSS books and notes for the English Essay . Furthermore, you can download all of them and can ace the written examinations. Besides, it can help you in the viva voce segment also.

Also Read: Paragraph Writing Tips for CSS Essay

English Essay Books

1. JWT Top 30 Essays

JWT is one of the most reliable academies in Pakistan for CSS/PMS preparation. To write essays in CSS/PMS exams, choosing the topic is the difficult part. It is because you have to choose topic for which you can write extensively in a precise manner. This book contains the top 30 essays which you can prepare to ace in CSS/PMS exams. All essays are written in a coherent manner. Besides, you can update them easily according to your convenience. The basic outline style, introduction style as well as thesis statement style can be seen here easily.

So, here is the first book you can download for CSS/PMS essay preparation JWT Top 30 essay by Zahid Ashraf . The revised and updated edition is available here. Go and must read them. At least you can watch the pattern of attempting the CSS/PMS essay paper. Furthermore, you can download it in pdf with only one click from the following link.

JWT Top 30 Essays by Zahid Ashraf

Also read: | CSS Exams: Top 5 Movies to Watch

2. Essays Book by KIPS Publishers

KIPS academy is also one of the reliable and great academies for CSS/PMS preparation in Pakistan. Its staff is very cooperative and their lectures are mostly understandable. This book includes both types of essays Argumentative essays and Issue based essays. Argumentative essays are those which are open-ended. It means they can provide you with some famous quotes, ideas, or proverbs. You have to analyze them according to yourself. For instance “Gender Equality is a Myth”.

So, here is the second book you must read for CSS/PMS essay preparation Essays book by KIPS Publishers . It includes essays with the best thesis statements and detailed outlines of each essay. You can also easily download these notes from the following link.

Essays Book by KIPS Publishers

3. Winning Essays by Murad Hussain Jasra

The third book candidates must go through for essay preparation is Winning Essays by Murad Hussain Jasra from CSPs Publishers. Mr. Murad is a CSP officer. He wrote this amazing book in 2019. Winning essays may help through different aspects. First, you can have an idea of statements, a second outline, a third quote, and the fourth length of the essay.

Your selection of topic could potentially determine from the very start of the essay. It doesn’t matter if your essay will receive a passing grade or not. Moreover, you should make a detailed outline. If you do have not a detailed sketch in your mind it will not help in the essay.

So, here is the third book. Furthermore, this book has detailed outlines, techniques, and updated topics. You must read it if you want to know how the winners got marks in the English Essay. Here, in the following link, his book is available for download.

WINNING ESSAYS FOR CSS, PMS & OTHER COMPETITIVE EXAM S

Also read: | Was Partition of British India Fair?

4. Oxford Essential Guide to Writing

The fourth book candidates should read to know essay writing techniques is The Oxford Essential Guide to Writing written by Thomas S. Kane , a British man. In this book, you can read the techniques for writing. This book consists of argumentative and issue-based essays you can see the detailed outline and lengthy essays. It will help you out during paragraph structuring, outline making, and for vocabulary. Techniques of writing are very important. For instance, for an outline, you will have to be very careful.

Often examiners don’t read the whole essay because of overburden but they read a complete outline. If you want to pass the examinations you should focus more than 50% on your outline. Furthermore, you can download this with one click.

The Oxford Essential Guide to Writing

5. JWT Contemporary Essays

The fifth book for CSS/PMS essay preparation is JWT Contemporary Essays by Syed Nasir Jamal . This book comprises rules of essay writing, techniques, and more than 30 essays with outlines. All the contemporary issues of Pakistan as well as the World are available here with outstanding thesis statements and bodies. Furthermore, you can download this book quickly from the following link.

JWT Contemporary Essays by Syed Nasir Jamal

Best of Luck Aspirants! Warm Regards.

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Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, and PMS

• January 24, 2022
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This is an Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, PMS, and Judiciary Examinations. Democracy is a form of government in which the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation, or to choose governing officials to do so.” Democracy is a system of government in which power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through freely elected representatives. As Democracy is a very popular topic so, here is a complete Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, PMS, and judiciary examinations.

What is democracy? Essentials of democracy Democracy in Pakistan

A brief history

• The early period from 1947-58
• Period of General Ayub and General Zia
• Political turmoil and General Pervaiz Musharraf

Causes of failure of democracy in Pakistan

• Delayed Framing of the Constitution
• Leadership Crisis
• Lack of education
• No independence of the judiciary
• Weak political parties and their infighting
• Delayed elections and rigging
• Corruption and nepotism
• Quasi-Federalism and Conflict between Eastern and Western Wings
• Terrorism and extremism

Pakistani Democracy Vs. Western Democracy

Suggestions

• Effective accountability of the politicians
•  Reforming judiciary
• Abolish feudalism
• Eliminate corruption
• Two parties system on the pattern of the USA, UK
• Amendment in the constitution
• Fair and free election
• Increase the education budget to educate people
• Uninterrupted democratic process
• Strengthening the institutions

Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, PMS, and Judiciary Examinations

“You have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice, and the equality of manhood in your own native soil.” -Muhammad Ali Jinnah,

To acquire immunity to eloquence is of the utmost importance to the citizens of a democracy. – Bertrand Russell

Democracy is a form of government in which all citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal (and more or less direct) participation in the proposal, development, and passage of legislation into law. It can also encompass social, economic, and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political self-determination. While there is no specific, universally accepted definition of ‘democracy’, equality and freedom have both been identified as important characteristics of democracy since ancient times. These principles are reflected in all citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes.

For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are generally protected by a constitution.

Many people use the term “democracy” as shorthand for liberal democracy, which may include elements such as political pluralism; equality before the Jaw; the right to petition elected officials for redress of grievances; due process; civil liberties; human rights ; and elements of civil society outside the government. In the United States, separation of powers is often cited as a central attribute, but in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, the dominant principle is that of parliamentary sovereignty (though in practice judicial independence is generally maintained).

In other cases, “democracy” is used to mean direct democracy. Though the term “democracy” is typically used in the context of a political state, the principles are applicable to private organizations and other groups as well.

Democracy in Pakistan

Democracy in its true spirit has never been allowed to take root in Pakistan. Since its independence in 1947, a military-bureaucratic establishment has always governed the country. Army generals usurp power at their own convenience and quit only when they are forced to quit by mass political movements or by sudden unexpected death. When forced by external or internal pressures, democracy is given a chance but in reality, a group of army generals keeps controlling the decision-making.

This direct or indirect military influence is the greatest impediment to the evolution of a stable governing system in Pakistan. Besides, the army is not solely responsible for this mass but it is our inefficient politicians who provide an opportunity for to army to take over.

A brief history of Democracy in Pakistan

Recalling the last 62 years of Pakistan, democracy is found only as an interval before the next military general comes to the scene. The future of democracy was doomed from the start when Liaquat Ali Khan, the first elected Prime Minister, was shot at a public gathering. Nobody knows to this day who did it and why. From now on, the balance of power was to shift in the favor of the military. A comparison tells us how this shift came up. From 1951-57 India had one Prime Minister and several army chiefs while during the same period Pakistan had one army chief and several Prime ministers.

The same army chief, the Sandhurst-trained general, Ayub Khan was to announce the first martial law in the country in 1958 and then a series of military rules were to follow.

General Ayub Khan could not withstand a popular national movement against him and transferred power to General Yahya Khan in March 1969. Under him, Pakistan lost its half which is now Bangladesh. Power was then transferred to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the first civilian martial law administrator. Bhutto pursued an independent policy, which was against what generals and the US wanted, and he had to pay with his life.

Charged for compliance in murder, Bhutto was hanged by the next martial law administrator, General Zia ul Haq. The hanging of an elected Prime Minister was shocking news to the world and Pakistan was to have the effects years later. The general died in a mysterious plane crash.

Then came a ten years gap of experimentation with democracy and every two years each elected government was ousted by the special discretionary powers of the president . An end to this ten-year spell came with a new general coming to power ousting the incumbent elected government of Mian Nawaz Sharif. This time the Prime Minister was charged with conspiring against the state and was ousted from the country.

The immediate and foremost requirement of the Constituent Assembly was to frame a democratic constitution for the country. The constitution had to lay down the form of government, and the role of the judiciary, military, and bureaucracy. It had to decide the basic issues about provincial autonomy, religion and the state, the joint or separate electorate, representation of minorities and women in assemblies, fundamental rights, and civil liberties.

The debate over the representation of eastern and western wings of the country and religion versus secularism were the two main hindrances in the way of framing the constitution. As against India, which was able to frame the constitution of the country within two years of independence in 1949, Pakistan took nine years to finalize the constitution in 1956, which did not work for more than two years and was abrogated.

The second constitution was framed by a military ruler General Ayub in 1962 which could last as long as he was in power. Finally, it was after the separation of East Pakistan and a lapse of more than a quarter of a century (1947-1973) that the elected representatives of the people under the leadership of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto framed a consensus constitution envisaging a  federal, democratic structure for the country and a parliamentary form of government.

This constitution has survived in spite of the breakdown of democracy twice in 1978 and 1999 and hopefully has come to stay. But the delay in framing the constitution harmed the growth of political democracy, as it allowed the authoritarian rule of the Governor-General to continue for seven long years (1947-56), which set this inglorious tradition in the country.

The second obstacle in the way of democracy is the culture of feudalism. Democracy cannot develop in the suffocating atmosphere of feudalism. The history of feudalism in the subcontinent is not very old. It owes its origin to the war of independence in 1857 when different people were awarded large swathes of land by the British government because of their treacherous cooperation with the latter. Those feudal families joined Muslim League when they saw that Pakistan was going to be a reality and inherited power after the death of the founding father. Feudalism has now become a severe migraine for the nation. Democracy and feudalism are incompatible.

Change of faces at the wheel has not served any purpose. Even these feudal lords occupy more than 70 % of our land leaving the people to lead a miserable life. They are senators, ministers, MPAs, MNAs, and also the owners of major industries in Pakistan. There is a crying need to bring some structural changes in order to strengthen the political system. Industrialization has also played a significant role in the strengthening of democracy across the world. Great Britain is considered the mother of democracies on this planet.

Some analysts are of the view that democracy has its origin in the Magna Carta, Bill of Rights and Habeas Corpus, etc. But even after these developments very mighty rulers have ruled Great Britain. In fact, the invention of the steam engine led to the industrial revolution which eradicated the roots of feudalism and the evil of absolute monarchy. All this resulted in the development of democracy. In Pakistan, there is everything from adult franchises to the separation of powers between the three organs of government but no plan for that kind of industrial revolution.

Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the father of the nation and the first Governor-General, died just one year after the establishment of Pakistan on September 11, 1948, and his right-hand lieutenant Liaquat Ali Khan, who was the first Prime Minister, was assassinated on October 16, 1951. About the capability of other leaders of the Pakistan Muslim League (PML), the party which had successfully piloted the movement for Pakistan, Jinnah had ruefully remarked that “he had false coins in his pocket”.

Consequently, several ministers appointed initially were not politicians and did not have a seat in the Assembly. Similarly, in 1954, there were several members of the Prime Minister’s cabinet without a seat in Parliament. “The cabinet and other high political appointments reflected a paucity of talent among the politicians.”

It is indeed a sad commentary on the elected members of the first Legislature and Constituent Assembly of Pakistan that they could not find a suitable head of state from among their own ranks. Most of them came from the civil bureaucracy or the military. The civil-military bureaucracy did not have a favorable opinion about the competence of political leaders and often took decisions without consulting them. This adversely affected their political training, development, and growth.

The inability to control the Anti-Ahmadiya Movement in Punjab in 1953 was blamed on inept political leadership. This religious movement was spearheaded by the religious Ahrar Party which had opposed the establishment of Pakistan and now wanted again to come into the limelight. They were supported by other religious parties, i.e., Jamaat-i-Islami, JamiatuiUlema-i-Pakistan, and JamiatulUlerna-i-Islam. The movement was exploited by politicians in their own political interests.

But the civil-military bureaucracy was against the religious parties dominating the power structure either in the provinces or the center. To rescue the city of Lahore where Ahmadis were in a “virtual state of siege” and their properties were being “burned or looted”, General Azam Khan, the Area Commander, was ordered by the Defense Secretary, to impose martial law in Lahore. It was met with the general approval of the people.

It was demonstrated that the civil-military bureaucracy “would not let politicians or religious ideologues lead the country to anarchy”. This also laid down the foundations of the supremacy of the military and orchestrated the initial rehearsal for the recurring imposition of Martial Law in the country and its acceptance by the people.

Lack of education has remained an important impediment to the democratization of countries. This is not just a problem for Pakistan but of the whole Third world. Laski, a famous political thinker said that education is the backbone of democracy. Democracy is a system of governance in which the people choose their representatives through elections. Their strength lies in the ballot box. If people are not vigilant and educated enough to make a better choice, democracy will not flourish in that country.

This is the main reason that even in the countries apparently practicing democracy but the majority of uneducated people are among the under-developed nations. Masses in Pakistan have not found ways of compelling their rulers to be mindful of their duty. Their failures in this regard result from insufficiency of experience and training in operating modem democratic politics. Democracy puts the highest premium on constitutionalism, which is possible only with the predominant majority of people. Pakistan’s democracy can neither improve nor become viable as long as the majority of the population remains uneducated.

Judiciary is one of the most important pillars of a state and in a country where the judiciary is not imparting justice , democracy cannot develop. During the Second World War, someone asked British Prime Minister Winston Churchill whether the British would win the war. The Prime Minister laughed and replied that if the British courts were dispensing justice, no one would trounce the United Kingdom. In Pakistan since 1954 judiciary has remained docile to the wishes of the executive. As Shelley says, “If the winter comes; can spring be far behind”.

In fact, since its birth, Pakistan has been governed by bureaucratic, military, and political elites. The bureaucratic elite generally became more assertive, steadily increasing their power at the expense of the political elite. Ayub’s term of office (1958-69) was the golden era for the bureaucracy, which exercised its powers, unbridled by any political interference. The weakness of political elites can be demonstrated by the fact that during seven years from 1951 to 1958, as many as seven Prime Ministers had been changed.

From 1988 to 1999, four democratically elected governments were replaced on charges of corruption, inefficiency, security risk, etc. The civil-military bureaucracy has dominated governance owing to the inherent weakness of the political parties and their incompetent leadership, resulting in the derailment of democracy thrice in the history of Pakistan, i.e., in 1958, 1977, and 1999.

Pakistan was not created as a theocracy but as a place where an economically marginalized minority could operate a democracy independently. It was to save the people from religious discrimination and domination by an overwhelming religious majority. Moreover, it emerged as a territorial state in the Muslim majority areas of the subcontinent. But the religious and secular groups soon started making conflicting demands while formulating the constitution of Pakistan.

The speech of Mr. Jinnah on August 11, 1947, addressed to the first legislative and constituent assembly of Pakistan, advocated political pluralism and declared that the “religion or caste or creed has nothing to do with the business of the State”. This has not adhered to the Objectives Resolution passed by the Constituent Assembly in 1949, which pacified the demands of Muslim religious parties and elements but was not supported by religious minorities.

The compromise solution attempted to balance the values and the spirit of Islam with the requirements of secularism. Due to a lack of competent and visionary political leadership , and the fact that Muslims constituted 98 percent of the population, the conservative religious leaders, partly due to their conviction and partly owing to their parochial interests, advocated and preached the establishment of a religiopolitical system based on Al-Quran and Sunnah.

They were skeptical of the politico-social development of modem times and western political institutions and forms of government. Their dogmatic theology clashed with the democratic culture envisioned by the founding fathers. Another adverse impact of the adoption of religion as a guiding principle in the constitution, was the promotion of religious sectarianism, especially between the two major sects inhabiting Pakistan, i.e., Sunnis and Shi’as. Some sections of these sects, instead of peaceful negotiations to overcome their differences, often resort to violence, which is against the spirit of both Islam and democracy. These rivalries fostered reliance on the security forces for the maintenance of law and order, which eroded the hold of democratic institutions in governance.

For any healthy constitutional and political system to function smoothly, strong and well-entrenched political parties are essential. Unfortunately, political parties in Pakistan have failed to develop into strong vehicles of national political will. The main responsibility for safeguarding democracy in a country falls on political parties. Pakistan, since its inception, was lacking well-organized and well-established political parties that could carry the representative system of governance forward.

The All-India Muslim League, which had piloted the movement of Pakistan from 1940 to 47, was not a well-organized political party, but it was primarily a movement. Leading a movement and organizing a political party are two different things. Most of its leaders belonged to areas that became part of the Indian Union and their majority did not come to Pakistan. Those who were in Pakistan, barring a few exceptions, belonged to feudal and landowning classes that in their nature were in conflict with the democratic dispensation. In fact “the leadership of the Pakistan movement had few roots in the land that became Pakistan.”

Their incompetence and constant wrangling for power in the initial nine years (1947-1956) were also responsible for the delay in constitution-making. Instead of cooperation and mutual accommodation, there was ceaseless infighting. For instance, as early as 1953, a clash between the leadership of Punjab and the central government led to intense communal riots and the imposition of Martial Law in Lahore, the provincial capital. Even as late as the decade 1988-99 of civil supremacy, the fight between the PML and the PPP led to the repeated dissolution of national and provincial assemblies and the dismissal of prime ministers and their cabinets. Finally, it ended with the military takeover in 1999.

The representative character of the civilian parliamentary government during the first decade of Pakistan’s existence was eroded because the country was governed under the Government of India Act of 1935. The purpose of the Act was “to make the appointed governor-general exert dominance over the elected prime minister.” The Act introduced a representative and centralized system of bureaucratic governance, which was an imperative requirement of the colonial government but not of democratic governance. The first general elections in the country should have been held in 1951, i.e., five years after the previous elections in 1946, but this could not happen till 1970.

The reasons for the delay were that the ruling elite, i.e., civil bureaucrats, migrant political leadership, and weak political parties, had few roots in the masses. As a consequence, general elections could not be held for 23 years (1947-1970) of the country’s initial history. On the expiry of the five years term of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1972-1977), the second general elections on the basis of the adult franchise were held on March 7, 1977, which the PPP won with a vast majority.

The opposition parties alleged that the elections had been “rigged on a massive scale”. It has been commented: Elections in Pakistan had been rigged before, notably the presidential election in 1965 and the Provincial Assembly,y elections in the early 1950s, but rigging in these instances did not arouse the mass uprising as it did in 1977. The people of Pakistan were evidently not of the same mind now as they were in those earlier periods.

Corruption in bureaucracy and among political leaders poses a grave threat to good democratic governance. Quaid-i-Azam had termed corruption as “poison” and asked to put that down with an “iron hand”. Now that the international Reconciliation Ordinance, .vnich had withdrawn from prosecution any person “falsely involved for political reasons or through political victimization” between 1986 and 1999, has lapsed on November 28, 2009, the concerned individuals should get themselves cleared in a court of law in a transparent manner. The tribal nature of society in Pakistan is susceptible to nepotism. As an antidote, accountability and transparency are necessary. It is a challenge to the people to reject those leaders and political parties which indulge in corruption and nepotism.

One of the main bottlenecks in constitutional development in Pakistan was that its two wings were separated by about 1000 miles of hostile territory. The eastern wing consisted of one province but was more populous’ than the western wing which was much larger in the area and had as many as four provinces.

The western wing was not prepared to concede majority representation to the eastern wing in the parliament. After a confrontation of nine years between the two wings, the solution was evolved in the l956 constitution in the shape of parity of representation in a quasi-federal structure, neutralizing the majority of the eastern wing and paving the way for the manipulated domination of the western wing.

The domination of the western wing in governance led to an insurgency in the eastern wing which culminated in the separation and independence of Bangladesh in 1971. In post-1971 Pakistan, it came to be realized that ideological moorings alone could not easily overcome ethnic and economic differences. Yet the anti-ethnic attitude and anti-modem thinking prevalent in certain segments of society lean toward a unitary or quasi-federal state as against a true federation.

The latest threat is emanating from extremism and terrorism, especially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and the Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA). This is the spillover effect of the conflict in Afghanistan and is spreading to Pakistan. It is likely to continue as long as there is no peace and stability in that country. However, the military enjoying the support of the nation is successfully combating the extremists and terrorists under the supremacy of the civilian democratic government. It is hoped that the process would continue to its logical conclusion.

Due to the migration of literate Hindus and Sikhs to India, the literacy rate in Pakistan sharply declined. There was about 95 percent illiteracy in Pakistan in 1947, which acted as a hindrance to the growth of civil and democratic society. Feudalism and economic constraint did not permit any Pakistani government to launch a “crash course to expand literacy and grow higher standards.

The national economy has gone bankrupt and the national budget has become all foreign aid-dependent. Islam was the ideology that gave life to the Pakistan movement and later Pakistan itself but is now infested with sectarianism. Military policies gifted the country with cross-border terrorism and three million internally displaced people. Despite having the largest chunk of the national budget and being the seventh-largest army in the world, the Pakistan army is now in a mess of its own creation with little of its hard-earned prestige left to its credit.

The distorted face of the national system as a whole and the failure of the judiciary to guard the constitution of Pakistan are the major factors contributing to the change in the national mindset. The events of the last two years have clearly shown the preference of the people of Pakistan. The masses want democracy as a political and governing system for the country and a judiciary that guard the rights of the people. The military would be respected more if it stays in the barracks or guarded the national borders. The murder of Benazir Bhutto has taught new lessons.

If one compares Pakistani democracy with Western democracy it is said that for over 50 years, Pakistan remains occupied by three major interest groups in the time, opportunities, and resources of the besieged nation. The army, civil service, and the neo-colonial appointed landlords. If there was any rational tolerance scale, the Pakistani nation would certainly secure high marks on its standard of tolerance and survival under most unfavorable circumstances.

One of the pivotal factors supporting the notion of Western liberal democracies is that it provides opportunities for participation to ordinary citizens, right or wrong to culminate a sense of legitimacy for the election exercise and chose people of their interest to manage public affairs for a specified term. But the principles and standards for evil and good vary between the West and the Islamic world . Strange as is, in Pakistan, those who come to occupy the political offices never intend to quit the political power on their own except implication of military force through a coup.

Comparatively, on occasions, western democracies do” encourage educated and competent citizens to strive for their high ideas and ideals and come to the front stage and demonstrate their intentions and will power to seek the goal of ideal public service agendas. E.H. Carr defines the teaching-learning role of history and its value must not be ignored but preserved. Recall the Pakistani military dictators for the last forty-plus years, they each consumed a decade or more to relinquish power, that was not theirs in any systematic and logical context. Ayub Khan was ousted by Yahya Khan.

General Yahya with the complacency of Z.A. Bhutto surrendered East Pakistan to India (now Bangladesh) to share power with Bhutto but was put under house arrest as Bhutto assumed the power that did not belong to him based on the verdict of the people. Rightfully, it was Sheikh MujiburRehman, leader of the East Pakistan Awami League who should have been sworn in as the new leader of united Pakistan but it was treacherously undone by Yahya and Bhutto.

Both should have been tried as traitors in a court of law and punished. Not so, they were rewarded and Bhutto became the first civilian martial law administrator and self-made president of defeated Pakistan in December 1971. Dr.Ishtiaq Qureshi, editor of the Urdu Digest recorded for the history (“Sukoot-e-Dacca seyPurdhautha Hay”- Facts are revealed after the Dacca Surrender) that “in the quest for its survival Pakistan lost its destiny. Yahya and Mujib stabbed the body of Pakistan with one dagger and Bhutto will stab Pakistan with another dagger.”

Suggestions for Democracy in Pakistan

Fo1lowing are the suggestions for improving democracy in Pakistan:

An impartial system of accountability enhances public trust in the political system. It provides enormous strength to the democratic process. Moreover, it compels thousand who are charged with governance, to transparently discharge their official responsibilities. It ensures good governance and strengthens the political setup. In spite of facing innumerable challenges and showing unsatisfactory performance, Pakistanis have the capability to emerge as a democratic and progressive nation. Pakistan can road to democracy with the dedication, determination, commitment, courage, and patriotism of its political leaders.

Reforming the judiciary and incorporating Islamic laws can also soothe the deprived and poor masses who have been manipulated by the extremists due to the sheer negligence of the elected governments and ruling elite. This natura11y causes bitterness toward the present form of political setup.

Moving on, corruption and selfish attitudes are eating away at the institutional structure of our country and such practices never allow democracy to flourish. There is also a need for mature political leadership, which can think above its own gains. All this can only emerge after the formulation and implementation of strict accountability.

On the contrary, weak public institutions can be made strong and productive if the power and authority seep down. The example of many European countries is in front of us, where institutions are powerful and not politicians. Democracy in actuality can only be achieved through such measures.

Our constitution has been a source of constant controversy. Be it the realization of Islamic laws or the concentration of power in the head of the state, the constitution has served as a tool for the legitimization of alien changes and policies. Keeping the constitution intact has been long overdue. No one in power should be allowed to change it for prolongation of rule or appeasing any particular section. The Pakistani movement envisaged a democratic country with a federal structure.

In all Constitutions of Pakistan (1956, 1962, and 1973) the objectives of governance, in the words of Dr. Ainslie T. Embree, Professor Emeritus of Columbia University, are democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social justice as enunciated by Islam, giving Muslims freedom to live their lives in accordance with the teachings of Islam, but with minorities having full freedom to profess their own religions.

Islam lays emphasis on the concept of Shura, i.e., consultation among people, which is the essence of democratic culture. Quaid-i-Azam, the founder of Pakistan had stated:

“We leamed democracy 1300 years ago. Democracy is i11 our blood. It is ill our marrows. Dilly centuries of adverse circumstances have made the circulation of that blood cold. It has got frozen, and our arteries are not functioning. But thank God, the blood is circulating again, thanks to the Muslim League’s efforts. It will be a People’s government. Culturally, ill the region of Pakistan, there is a concept of Jirga or Panchayat, i.e., an assembly of elders, to settle issues and disputes involving two or more two persons. This system has, been prevalent for ages, much before the advent of Islam. Thus, both religion and age-old tradition advocate the concept of consultation in decision-making through all assembly of people, which is the essence of democracy.”

During the period of British supremacy in the subcontinent, the practice of elections to assemblies (local, provincial and central) was introduced through various enactments. Finally, it was the Government of India Act 1935 under which the dominions of India and Pakistan functioned after independence till they framed their own constitutions. These enactments provided the groundwork for democratic governance. It may be of interest to note that even when the democratic rule was suspended by the armed forces, the military rulers always came with the promise to restore democratic governance .

For instance, in 1970, General Yahya Khan is credited with organizing the first-ever general elections in the country, which led to the establishment of democratic governments both in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Besides holding general elections in 2002 and 2007, General Musharraf’s introduction of a local government system introduced in 2001 is considered a “laudable model of governance” because of its principle that whatever can be done at the local level should not be done at a higher tier of governance.

The country is on the path to achieving full literacy and progress towards a higher standard of education in important disciplines. This is strengthening the civil society in ensuring the prevalence of democratic culture at the lower and higher level of governance. Secondly, the print and electronic media in Pakistan are vibrant and independent. A responsible media educates the masses, raises political consciousness, and thus promotes democratic values, norms, and culture. In addition, a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are playing an active role in the field of education and contributing to the growth of a vibrant civil society and good governance.

The essential step seems to stop interruption in the democratic process so that we may see more than promos. To judge something, it has to be allowed a chance to survive and act. The elected government must be allowed to complete its tenure in any case. The military has to play a positive role here and not interfere in the smooth democratic process.

As mentioned before, a part of the population wants greater Islamic character in the Govt. and laws. If we analyze this demand, it will be apparent that the enforcement of Sharia is more related to lawmaking. Therefore, what is immediately required is a change in the judicial setup, which has been unable to gain the trust of people until recently. Encouraging steps have already started in this case, but much more needs to be done.

Sadly, the same corrupted pool of thought keeps appearing with new faces and the deceived masses blindly follow them. This is due to the absence of any kind of accountability. Political compromises enhance this trend. Such practices are against moral, democratic as well as Islamic principles and should end immediately.

Next, the all-powerful bureaucracy and feudal politicians should be stripped of their unwarranted authority. It has been a slow evil that has weakened the country like nothing else. They are elected for serving people not to control them. The criteria of merit; the right to freedom and equal progress for common people have become a joke due to such an autocratic setup.

The people of Pakistan in general lack political psyche and consciousness. This is largely due to poor literacy and a never-ending feudalistic rule over 60% of the country. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the masses and make them aware of their political rights. This can begin with greater political socialization by political parties and media.

In a democratic state, media has rightly been called the fourth pillar of the state. It can play a most important role in the present age for creating awareness. Our media has risen from the ashes like a phoenix. It, however, needs to play a positive constructive role and not become another compromised institution as well.

Finally, the strategic position and now the war against terror call forth unwanted attention from the international community sometimes. In the past, military rule has been covertly or openly supported by many countries to gain their own benefits in this region. The international powers must stop interfering in the democratic process and for that to happen, our own government, people and media need to be equally strong.

Politicians may have learned lessons from their past mistakes and are more mature politically. Consensus politics seem to be emerging in the country. In the past, the constant infighting amongst political parties had often led to interference and take-over by the armed forces.

Now a culture of reconciliation, accommodation, and dialogue is emerging. The ideological polarization is diminishing. After the general elections of February 2008, four major political parties, i.e., Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), PML – Nawaz (PML-N), Awami National Party (ANP), Jamiat-ulUlema-i-Islam – Fazalur Rahman (JUI-Fl and MuttahidaQaumi Movement (MQM) have joined hands to govern the country and re-establish the supremacy of the Parliament in accordance with the Constitution of 1973.

Our youth constitute 30% of the society they are representative of a new generation. Their participation may ensure structural improvements in the national paradigm. It has been witnessed that during the Pakistan movement youth played a vital role in opinion formation and mass awareness and so is the time now. There is a need to guide our youth to take responsibility for our tomorrow.

To sum up, it is the political leadership that can ensure the permanence of democratic governance. The prospects are, however, not as dismal as sometimes portrayed. Already, the literacy rate in Pakistan has increased to more than fifty-five percent. Efforts are afoot to improve the standard of higher education. Economic growth and industrialization have given birth to a vocal urban society and middle class, which is growing. and gradually lessening the influence of the feudal class.

The vibrant electronic and print media is playing an effective role in constructive criticism of the government and in educating the masses. Elections are being held regularly, representative political leadership and political parties are getting stronger and a peaceful mode of transfer of power is becoming the norm. The bureaucracy (both civil and military), though still powerful, may retreat gradually and submit to the people’s power and will and concede to democratic governance. The democratic process is progressing and, hopefully, will be obstructed and derailed, as in the past.

Expected question about this Essay:

• Why has democracy failed in Pakistan?
• What practical measures do you suggest for strengthening democracy in Pakistan?

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The CSS quotes property sets how the browser should render quotation marks that are automatically added to the HTML <q> element or added using the open-quotes or close-quotes (or omitted using the no-open-quote and no-close-quote ) values of the of the CSS content property.

Browsers insert quotation marks at the opening and closing of <q> elements and for the open-quote and close-quote values of the content property. Each opening or closing quote is replaced by one of the strings from the value of quotes , based on the depth of nesting, or, if quotes is explicity set to or otherwise resolves to auto , the quotation marks used are language dependent.

The open-quote and close-quote values of the content property produce no quotation marks, as if no-open-quote and no-close-quote were set, respectively.

Quotation marks that are typographically appropriate for the inherited language (i.e. via the lang attribute set on the parent or other ancestor).

Defines one or more pairs of quotation mark values for opening and closing quotes. In each pair, the first of each pair of quotes are used as the values for the open-quote and the second of each pair is the close-quote .

The first pair represents the quotation's outer level. The second pair, if present, represents the first nested level. The next pair is used for doubly nested levels, and so on. If the depth of quote nesting is greater than the number of pairs, the last pair in the quotes value is repeated.

Which pair of quotes is used depends on the depth, or nesting level, of quotes: the number of occurrences of <q> quotes or open-quote (or no-open-quote ) in all generated text before the current occurrence, minus the number of occurrences of closing quotes, either as </q> , close-quote , or no-close-quote . If the depth is 0, the first pair is used, if the depth is 1, the second pair is used, etc.

Note: The CSS content property value open-quote increments and no-close-quote decrements the quoting level, but does not insert a quotation marks.

Formal definition

Formal syntax

Default quotes and overrides.

This examples compares the default quotes provided by the semantic HTML <q> element to those we define using the CSS quotes property.

The default value of quotes is auto . In this example, the first list item has quotes: auto set, so gets the default quotes for the language specified; the same as if no quotes property was set. The second list item defines which quotation marks to use for quotes and nested quotes; these quotation marks will be used for descendants of an element with specialQuotes class regardless of the language (like any lang attribute values set).

By default, browser provide language specific quotation marks when the <q> element is used. If the quotes property is defined, the values provided override the browser defaults. Note the quotes property is inherited. The quotes property is set on the <li> with the specialQuotes class, but the quotes are applied the <q> elements.

Note that each open-quote and close-quote is replaced by one of the strings from the value of quotes, based on the depth of nesting.

Auto quotes

The default value of quotes is auto . This example works without it being explicitly being set.

Note that the lang attribute was placed on an ancestor of the <q> , not the <q> itself. If a quotation is in a different language than the surrounding text, it is customary to quote the text with the quote marks of the language of the surrounding text, not the language of the quotation itself.

With generated content

In this example, instead of using the <q> element, we are adding quotation marks to the ::before and ::after pseudo-elements before and after the content of each element with a specific class name.

Text as quotes and empty quotes

This example demonstrates using something other than quotation marks as the <string> values. The open-quote indicates the speaker and, as there is not opening quotation mark, the close-quote is the empty. (Mixing a <string> with an enumerated keyword to create a pair is not supported). We set auto for the nested quotes. These nested quotes will be book-ended by whatever the language dictates is normal for nested quotes.

Specifications

Browser compatibility

BCD tables only load in the browser with JavaScript enabled. Enable JavaScript to view data.

• CSS generated content module

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