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1 For submissions and transfers in before Jan 18, 2024, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 3350

2 For submissions and transfers in before Jul 01, 2019, the price of the Article Submission Fee is US$ 90

3 For submissions and transfers in before Jul 29, 2015, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1900

For submissions and transfers in between Jul 29, 2015 and Nov 02, 2020, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 2500

For submissions and transfers in between Nov 02, 2020 and Jul 13, 2022, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 2950

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For submissions and transfers in JMU between Aug 01, 2021 and Jul 13, 2022, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 2850

5 For submissions and transfers in i-JMR before Feb 19, 2019, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

For submissions and transfers in i-JMR between Feb 19, 2019 and Feb 01, 2023, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1750

6 For submissions and transfers in JMI now with IF before Dec 08, 2018, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

For submissions and transfers in JMI now with IF between Dec 08, 2018 and Jan 04, 2022, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1900

7 For submissions and transfers in JPHS before Jun 01, 2015, there is no Article Processing Fee (APF)

For submissions and transfers in JPHS between Jun 01, 2015 and Feb 07, 2017, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

For submissions and transfers in JPHS between Feb 07, 2017 and Sep 28, 2020, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1750

For submissions and transfers in JPHS between Sep 28, 2020 and Jan 04, 2022, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1900

For submissions and transfers in JPHS between Jan 04, 2022 and Jul 13, 2022, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 2800

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For submissions and transfers in JMH between Mar 01, 2015 and Feb 06, 2017, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

For submissions and transfers in JMH between Feb 06, 2017 and Jun 15, 2019, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1750

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For submissions and transfers in JHF between Jun 01, 2015 and Feb 19, 2019, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

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10 For submissions and transfers in before Jan 21, 2018, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

For submissions and transfers in between Jan 21, 2018 and Jan 04, 2022, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1900

For submissions and transfers in between Jan 04, 2022 and Feb 01, 2023, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 2500

11 For submissions and transfers in before Sep 24, 2015, there is no Article Processing Fee (APF)

For submissions and transfers in between Sep 24, 2015 and Feb 19, 2019, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

For submissions and transfers in between Feb 19, 2019 and Jan 04, 2022, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1750

For submissions and transfers in between Jan 04, 2022 and Feb 01, 2023, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1873

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For submissions and transfers in JC between Oct 15, 2015 and Feb 19, 2019, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

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For submissions and transfers in JRAT between Oct 23, 2015 and Feb 19, 2019, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

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14 For submissions and transfers in JD before May 15, 2017, there is no Article Processing Fee (APF)

For submissions and transfers in JD between May 15, 2017 and Feb 19, 2019, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

For submissions and transfers in JD between Feb 19, 2019 and Jan 04, 2022, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1750

For submissions and transfers in JD between Jan 04, 2022 and Feb 01, 2023, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1873

15 For submissions and transfers in before Nov 11, 2022, there is no Article Processing Fee (APF)

16 For submissions and transfers in JBE before Sep 14, 2020, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

17 For submissions and transfers in JCARD before Sep 30, 2017, there is no Article Processing Fee (APF)

For submissions and transfers in JCARD between Sep 30, 2017 and Jul 13, 2022, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

18 For submissions and transfers in JFR now in Pubmed before Feb 04, 2019, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

For submissions and transfers in JFR now in Pubmed between Feb 04, 2019 and Jun 23, 2022, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1900

19 For submissions and transfers in JDerm before Jul 01, 2023, there is no Article Processing Fee (APF)

20 For submissions and transfers in JPP before Oct 03, 2018, there is no Article Processing Fee (APF)

For submissions and transfers in JPP between Oct 03, 2018 and Jan 04, 2022, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

For submissions and transfers in JPP between Jan 04, 2022 and Feb 01, 2023, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1605

21 For submissions and transfers in JA before Oct 03, 2018, there is no Article Processing Fee (APF)

For submissions and transfers in JA between Oct 03, 2018 and Jan 04, 2022, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

For submissions and transfers in JA between Jan 04, 2022 and Feb 01, 2023, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1605

22 For submissions and transfers in JPOP before Jul 12, 2022, there is no Article Processing Fee (APF)

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24 For submissions and transfers in before May 15, 2022, there is no Article Processing Fee (APF)

25 For submissions and transfers in before Aug 03, 2022, there is no Article Processing Fee (APF)

26 For submissions and transfers in before Feb 01, 2023, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

27 For submissions and transfers in APINJ before Apr 11, 2022, the price of the Article Processing Fee (APF) is US$ 1500

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**Article Processing Fees (APFs) are only charged in case of acceptance, at the time of acceptance. In case of price increases, the submission date determines the price of the APF

For details please see our FAQ on Fees and Payment .

The following policies are valid for all journals published by JMIR Publications.

We aim to publish widely indexed, carefully copyedited, high-quality manuscripts, that are also deposited in repositories such as PubMed Central, publication of an accepted paper requires expensive production steps such as copyediting, reference checking and XML tagging. In the editing & production stage, JMIR employs professional full-time staff and freelancers, including copyeditors (most journals such as PLOS do not include copyediting). To defray these costs (and because we cannot sell subscriptions like toll-access journals) we require authors to pay certain fees. Authors publishing in JMIR are paying a nominal submission fee ($90), an article processing fee (APF) only in case of acceptance, and (optionally) a fast-track fee for expedited review. These fees are usually funded from research grants, and new researchers in the area are urged to budget for open access publications in their grant proposals, much as they budget for conference presentations (please budget about $2000 per article). When comparing the costs for publishing in JMIR against the cost of publishing in other OA journals, please consider that 1) JMIR is consistently ranked #1 in its field by impact factor, 2) JMIR employs professional copyediting after acceptance, which is a service many OA journals with lower costs do not provide. Given these considerations, JMIR is currently one of the most cost-effective OA journals on the market. For a detailed fee overview see Instructions for Authors .

Non-Credit Card Payment Handling Fees

There is a 7% handling fee for non-credit card payments (by cheque or wire). Links to the bank account and cheque payment information are on the contact page .

Article Processing Fee Refund Policy

An invoice for the Article Processing Fee (APF) will be made out after acceptance (authors can also generate their invoices on their user homepage ). The full fee will also be charged (and is non-refundable) if the article has been accepted but later cannot be published due to factors which are the responsibility of the author(s), for example, (a) the paper is, for any reason, withdrawn by the author after acceptance; (b) a copyright violation, case of plagiarism, undisclosed duplicate publication, or other form of scientific misconduct (eg, fabricating data) is discovered after acceptance, thereby preventing us from publishing the paper or requiring a retraction; (c) the paper cannot be published because the authors fail to provide the signed publication forms . In all these cases, the full fee will be charged, regardless of the stage the manuscript is at, as long as the manuscript has already been accepted by the editor before withdrawal. The APF is also not refundable for articles which are retracted after publication, either by the author(s) or the editor due to scientific misconduct.

We also reserve the right to charge the full or partial fee if a copyright violation, case of plagiarism, undisclosed duplicate publication, multiple journal submission, or other form of scientific misconduct was discovered during peer review or after acceptance.

All co-authors share the responsibility for payment of the APF. We reserve the right to not consider further submissions from any author or co-author or users from institutions/departments which have unpaid invoices.

The APF is fully refundable if the paper cannot be published due to factors which are the responsibility of the editor, journal or publisher.

Fees for Discretionary Corrigenda and Addenda

Authors are invited to submit short addenda to exisiting manuscripts (including additional appendices, updates, additional material), or publish "discretionary" corrigenda such as missing acknowledgements, missing affiliations etc. There is a fee of $190 for the publication of such corrigenda/addenda (which also involves fixing the original paper and resubmitting information to various databases), if the error/omission was already in the proofs approved by authors.

JMIR Publications APF Support Policy

JMIR Publications adheres to Plan S guidance on publisher policies regarding article processing fee (APF) discount or waiver requests from authors. JMIR Publications endorses the coverage of open access publication fees via transformative agreements and coverage by funders or research institutions, not by individual researchers. All researchers should be able to publish their work in an open access format.

Authors can apply for APF support (a discount or waiver) using this application form . This form also assists authors in identifying potential sources of funding or APF support for Open Access publishing. This includes information about institutional open access agreements, institutional partnerships with JMIR Publications, and additional possible sources of APF support.

Authors should consider the following when applying for APF support:

Complete this application as early as possible when preparing to submit the manuscript, or immediately upon submission of the manuscript.
Submit one application per manuscript per APF support request.
Requests for APF support can only be made by completing and submitting the application form. Requests received via email or through other communications will not be considered.

A discount can be an amount (in USD) or percentage of the APF that would be provided as APF support by JMIR Publications. A waiver is equivalent to a discount of 100%. Note that full waivers are granted in exceptional cases. Discounts are more commonly provided.

Information provided in this application form will be reviewed by JMIR Publications staff to determine if a manuscript may be eligible for an APF discount or waiver. JMIR Publications staff may request authors to provide additional supporting information regarding the APF support requested.

Requests for discounts or waivers are assessed by JMIR Publications staff and not by academic editors. Please do not contact editors regarding waivers or discounts as they will not be able to assist. The outcome of an APF discount or waiver request would not influence an editorial decision and should not be considered an indication that a manuscript will be accepted. APF discounts or waivers are not transferable.

To submit an application for APF support, please complete this form .

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International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research Studies

Publication fee.

IJMSCRS JOURNAL is a self supporting organization and does not receive funding from any government institution/organization. Hence, the operation of the journal is solely financed by the publication fees of the authors. The processing fee is in order to meet the expenses like Publication of manuscript, Review of manuscript, Courier Services, Internet Services and many more. So, in order to get the cost of Publication, the author, Institution or agency pay a modest fee to help cover the actual cost of the essential final step of publication.

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Impact factor, sjif impact factor-2023: 6.967, cross-ref doi: 10.55677/ijcsmr, author desk.

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International Journal of Medical Science in Clinical Research and Review

Article publication fee.

IJMSCRR is a self-supporting organization and does not receive funding from any government institution/organization. Hence, the operation of the journal is solely financed by the publication fees of the authors. The processing fee is in order to meet the expenses like Publication of manuscript, Review of a manuscript, Internet Services, and many more. So, in order to get the cost of Publication, the author, Institution or agency pay a modest fee to help cover the actual cost of the essential final step of publication.

There is no charge to submit papers but publishing a paper in IJMSCRR requires paper processing charges that are very little amount to cover editing, formatting, online publication, server maintenance, editorial expenses that will be paid by anyone submitting author upon acceptance of the paper.

Note: There is no article submission fees.

Authors from developing countries are entitled to 25% discount of their article publication fee submitted to any of the ijmscrr journal.
Editorial Board Members and Editors of ijmscrr journal will received 50% discount of their article publication fee.
Subsequent submissions from the ijmscrr Journal Authors will receive a discount of 20% on the total publication charges providing their previous submission did not avail any discount off the listed full author open access fee rate.
Waiver and additional discount requests are decided on the basis of author’s country of origin and quality of the submitted article. Editors and reviewers have no access to whether authors are able to pay; decisions to publish are only based on meeting the editorial criteria.
The publication fee details for each article published in the IJMSCRR journal is given below:

For International Authors:

Original Research Papers/Case Report/Review Papers:

The publication fee for each published Research article is USD $160.

For Indian Authors:

Original Research Papers/Case Report/Review Papers:

The publication fee for each published Research article is Rs. 4500

NOTE: If you face any difficulty to make payment or if you want to pay through other ways, please send us an e-mail to [email protected] . We will respond to you with further instructions on how to proceed with payment by bank transfer or any other means for processing and publication fee payment.

International Dental Journal of Student's Research

Official Publication of Cephorb Medline International Pvt. Ltd.

Published by IP Innovative Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Publication Charges

International Dental Journal of Student's Research (IDJSR) all manuscripts published as a fully Open Access (OA) journal. Open Access journals provide free access to readers and cover the costs of peer-review, copy editing, typesetting, long-term archiving, download of articles, sharing of articles, Indexing with various databases, and journal management, which require to pay Article Publication Charges (APC). An article publication charges applicable to accepted papers only, after the peer-review confirmation process. We accept payment in (Indian Rupees) for Indian authors and USD applicable for foreign authors. Additional (18 % GST – Goods and Services Taxes) will be applicable as per the norms of Govt. of India.

Article Submission/Processing Charges – Nil

Article Publication Charges (APC) are mentioned as below :

Waiver Policy

The journal has a waiver policy to help & support researchers who are unable to meet some of the costs associated with publishing Open Access (OA) articles. The Journal grants up to 50% waiver to low-income economies listed countries on Article Processing Charges but there is a waiver qualifying criteria that can be checked here. Requests to apply up to 50% reduction in APC should be made when submitting your manuscript by contacting on [email protected] , requests made during the review process or after acceptance will not be considered.

Additional Charges

There are some additional charges that we charge in some exceptional cases which are mentioned as below:

1. For the color print of the article, we are charging 500/- (from Indian authors) and an additional 25 USD (from foreign authors).

2. For more than 5 authors, we are charging 500/- per author (for Indian authors) and 25 USD (for foreign authors).

3. For additional hardcopy, we are charging Rs.1000/- (from Indian authors) and 70 USD (from foreign authors) per additional copy for individual authors. These charges include postal expenses as well.

This additional charge-related information is clearly mentioned on our Submission Portal - MPRP also which can be seen by authors at the time of article submission.

Note : The standard article peer-review process normally takes 10-14 weeks and more, but if the author is looking for a fast-process of manuscript, he/she has an option to adopt Accelerate APC, which takes four to five weeks and more.

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International Journal of Research (IJR)

IJR Journal is Multidisciplinary, high impact and indexed journal for research publication. IJR is a monthly journal for research publication.

Publication Fee

We are committed to provide free open access to the scholarly content online and for the hosting and maintenance of the server. We need some form of the finance. The publication fee contributed by the authors help us keep this International Journal of Research (IJR) free for all. You published articles is ensured listing on various online reference database like Google Scholar.

The authors need not pay us anything unless and until the paper is approved for publication. We accept publication fee through PayPal, an internationally accepted secure online payment Gateway.

The paper publication and indexing fee is $20 for author’s from developed countries. We acknowledge that there might be some financial constraint and if your article is approved and you are not in a position to pay the fee then our Editorial Team will publish your quality paper free of charge.

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International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-issn: 2582-2160 • follows ugc-care guidelines • impact factor: 9.24, an online refereed journal (peer reviewed journal). an openly accessible, widely indexed, multidisciplinary, scholarly / academic, international journal.

CrossRef DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is alloted to all published papers. Indexed by Google Scholar and many other research databases

Peer Reviewed

Open access, multidisciplinary, widely indexed, about ijfmr.

International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) is a widely indexed, open access, refereed / peer reviewed, multidisciplinary, international, scholarly online journal, and helping researches to share their research work since 2019.

As being a multidisciplinary journal, we are accepting research work from all branches of Engineering, all branches of Ph.D., all fields of Medical & Pharmacy, all branches of Business Administration (MBA), all disciplines of Physical Sciences, all streams of Computer Applications (MCA) and all areas of Mathematics, Economics, Social Sciences and Arts. Click here to view all the disciplines and research areas.

UGC-CARE (India) recommends publishing papers in either peer reviewed journals (refereed journals), or in the journals approved by UGC-CARE, or journals indexed in Scopus or Web of Science. IJFMR is a peer reviewed journal (refereed journals) and therefore fitting within UGC's recommendations.

The research papers published in the journal are indexed by and submitted to various research indexing websites and databases, which include Google Scholar, Academia.edu, Index Copernicus, Zenodo, and more.

As being an international, open access and online journal, papers published in the journal can reach to very wide demography.

Publish research paper in almost all academic/research disciplines (multidisciplinary).
Publish research paper im almost all spoken languages.

Indexing of papers in all major online journal / research databases / repositories.
Easy and fast review and publication system.
Authors can check review and publication process status online anytime.
Email notification sent to the authors at each process stage.
Quick support through email, phone and social media (WhatsApp, Facebook).
HTTPS-SSL website for secured encrypted access.

Current Issue

Volume 6, Issue 2 (March-April 2024)

Submit Research Work for Consideration of Publication

Research Paper Format (Microsoft Word .docx File)

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Volume 6, Issue 1 (January-February 2024)

Volume 5, Issue 6 (November-December 2023)

Latest Published Research Papers

Assessing the perceptions of teachers and students on the integration of technology-enhanced teaching and learning in secondary schools in dodoma city.

Author(s): Sophia Ally Kusupa, James Anthony Nyangas, Nkuba, Nyerere

Country: Tanzania

An Examination of Nepal's Aviation Sectors: An Analysis of the Aviation Industry as an Expanding Economic Sector

Author(s): Abhishek Kumar Shah, Pragya Jaiswal

Country: India

Study Habit among Higher Secondary School Students in Relation to Their Academic Achievement

Author(s): Smitarani Mandal, Nishivijita Nayak, Laxmipriya Mohanty, Snehasis Mohanty

Effectiveness of Mnemonic Instructional Strategy for Enhancing Geography Achievement among Standard IX Students

Author(s): G. Hema, N. Thahirunnisha Begam

Grievance Redressal Mechanism in BSNL

Author(s): Prerna singh, Prof.Ms.Sushma Budshra

Ethical Considerations in HR Decision Making: Balancing Organizational Interests with Employee Rights

Author(s): Purnima Bhardwaj, Prof. Dr. Niharika Singh

International Journal of Research and Review

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There is no submission fee. We charge nominal Article Processing Fee (APC) only after acceptance of article.

FAST Track Publication Service is available on author's request. Please contact by email: [email protected] for details.

Fee For Authors from India

Fee varies according to the complexity of the manuscript. Please read the NOTE written below.

Fee for Online Publication is written below.

Publication Fee is INR 1500/- per article for upto 5 authors.

Extra Fee of INR 200/- per author will be charged after 5th authors of the manuscript.

Hard Copy of Journal with P-ISSN number is available on payment of extra fee. Fee for one copy of printed journal: INR 3,000/- (including postal charge & taxes). Extra copies will be available @ INR 700/- per copy for co-authors. Authors are requested to order hard copy of journal in advance to avoid any inconvenience.

NOTE: Fee may vary for some manuscript for extra editing work. Corresponding author will be informed the appropriate publication fee through acceptance mail. Fee decided by the Editor will be considered the final publication fee.

Available Payment Options [For Authors from India]

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✵ Link of Payment: Click Here to Pay by Debit/Credit Card [This link is for authors from India]

✵ Important Instruction: Authors are advised not to pay publication fee prior to acceptance of the manuscript. Fee must be paid after acceptance of the manuscript. Fee once credited in our bank Account will not be refunded under any circumstances.

Fee for Overseas Authors (out of India)

USD 35 per article for upto 5 authors.

Extra Fee of USD 10 per author will be charged after 5th authors of the manuscript.

Hard Copy of Journal with P-ISSN number is available on payment of extra fee. Fee for one copy of printed journal: USD 200 (including postal charge & taxes). Extra copies will be available @ USD 30 per copy for co-authors..

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Please contact us by email for any query to following Email ID.

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SCIENCE & ENGINEERING INDICATORS

Publications output: u.s. trends and international comparisons.

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Publication Output by Region, Country, or Economy and by Scientific Field

This section of the report outlines trends over time in publication output across regions, countries, or economies and by fields of science. This section also provides insights into the research contributions of different regions, countries, or economies and how the focus of their scientific publications has changed over time. In addition, the section highlights variations in the distribution of publications across scientific fields for different regions, countries, or economies and examines trends over time in closed-access and open-access (OA) publications. This section also summarizes federal funding acknowledgments as a source of data to shed light on published research that received federal funding. (See sidebar Using Funding Acknowledgments to Track Federally Funded Research Over Time .)

Output by Region, Country, or Economy

Total worldwide S&E publication output reached 3.3 million articles in 2022, based on entries in the Scopus database. Indicators 2018 : Bibliometric Data Filters )." data-bs-content="Publication output includes only those indexed in the Scopus database. The publication output discussion uses fractional counting, which credits coauthored publications according to the collaborating institutions or regions, countries, or economies based on the proportion of their participating authors. Country assignments refer to the institutional address of authors, with partial credit given for each international coauthorship. As part of the data analysis, filters were employed on the raw Scopus S&E publication data to remove publications with questionable quality, which appear in what are sometimes called predatory journals (NSB Indicators 2018 : Bibliometric Data Filters )." data-endnote-uuid="a5778137-c92e-4694-991d-a1545bdcca18"> Publication output includes only those indexed in the Scopus database. The publication output discussion uses fractional counting, which credits coauthored publications according to the collaborating institutions or regions, countries, or economies based on the proportion of their participating authors. Country assignments refer to the institutional address of authors, with partial credit given for each international coauthorship. As part of the data analysis, filters were employed on the raw Scopus S&E publication data to remove publications with questionable quality, which appear in what are sometimes called predatory journals (NSB Indicators 2018 : Bibliometric Data Filters ). Approximately 86% of publications in 2022 came from regions, countries, or economies with high-income and upper-middle-income economies ( Figure PBS-1 ). The number of publications from all income-level groups grew between 2003 and 2022 ( Table SPBS-2 ). Also, the number of publications from upper-middle-income economies grew more quickly than the number from high-income economies during the more recent period between 2010 and 2022.

For grouped bar charts, Tab to the first data element (bar/line data point) which will bring up a pop-up with the data details
To read the data in all groups Arrow-Down will go back and forth
For bar/line chart data points are linear and not grouped, Arrow-Down will read each bar/line data points in order
For line charts, Arrow-Left and Arrow-Right will move to the next set of data points after Tabbing to the first data point
For stacked bars use the Arrow-Down key again after Tabbing to the first data bar
Then use Arrow-Right and Arrow-Left to navigate the stacked bars within that stack
Arrow-Down to advance to the next stack. Arrow-Up reverses

S&E publications, by income group: 2003–22

Article counts refer to publications from a selection of conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals in S&E fields from Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region, country, or economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) of the author(s) listed in the article. Articles are credited on a fractional count basis (i.e., for articles produced by authors from different regions, countries, or economies, each region, country, or economy receives fractional credit on the basis of the proportion of its participating authors). Data are not directly comparable with data from Science and Engineering Indicators 2022 ; see the Technical Appendix for information on data filters. Low-income regions, countries, or economies are not included in this figure because of their low publication output. Data by region, country, or economy and income group are available in Table SPBS-2 . Regions, countries, or economies are allocated to income groups based on World Bank data, using their current designation. For example, all of China’s publications from 2003 to 2022 are counted as part of the upper-middle-income category because that is China's current designation.

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics; Science-Metrix; Elsevier, Scopus abstract and citation database, accessed April 2023; World Bank Country and Lending Groups, accessed May 2023.

Science and Engineering Indicators

In 2022, six regions, countries, or economies each produced more than 100,000 articles: China, the United States, India, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan. Together, these leading regions, countries, or economies accounted for over 50% of the worldwide total in 2022 ( Figure PBS-2 ; Table PBS-1 ). Figure PBS-2 and Table PBS-1 , or whole counting, as in Table SPBS-17 . There is a slight difference between the United States and China when looking at the whole-counting total production numbers. Using whole counting for 2022, the United States had 605,633 articles, whereas China had 976,141. A whole-counting measure allocates one full count to each region, country, or economy with an author contributing to the article; in fractional counting, each region, country, or economy receives a proportion of the count based on the number of authors from that region, country, or economy. For example, if an article had four authors—two from the United States, one from China, and one from Brazil—the fractional scores would be half for the United States, a quarter for China, and a quarter for Brazil. The difference between whole and fractional counting indicates that the United States has more authors working with Chinese authors than China has working with U.S. authors." data-bs-content="The proportion of output attributable to the large producers is consistent whether using fractional counting, as in Figure PBS-2 and Table PBS-1 , or whole counting, as in Table SPBS-17 . There is a slight difference between the United States and China when looking at the whole-counting total production numbers. Using whole counting for 2022, the United States had 605,633 articles, whereas China had 976,141. A whole-counting measure allocates one full count to each region, country, or economy with an author contributing to the article; in fractional counting, each region, country, or economy receives a proportion of the count based on the number of authors from that region, country, or economy. For example, if an article had four authors—two from the United States, one from China, and one from Brazil—the fractional scores would be half for the United States, a quarter for China, and a quarter for Brazil. The difference between whole and fractional counting indicates that the United States has more authors working with Chinese authors than China has working with U.S. authors." data-endnote-uuid="a3ba485a-d862-4069-8166-933aa601ea66"> The proportion of output attributable to the large producers is consistent whether using fractional counting, as in Figure PBS-2 and Table PBS-1 , or whole counting, as in Table SPBS-17 . There is a slight difference between the United States and China when looking at the whole-counting total production numbers. Using whole counting for 2022, the United States had 605,633 articles, whereas China had 976,141. A whole-counting measure allocates one full count to each region, country, or economy with an author contributing to the article; in fractional counting, each region, country, or economy receives a proportion of the count based on the number of authors from that region, country, or economy. For example, if an article had four authors—two from the United States, one from China, and one from Brazil—the fractional scores would be half for the United States, a quarter for China, and a quarter for Brazil. The difference between whole and fractional counting indicates that the United States has more authors working with Chinese authors than China has working with U.S. authors. In absolute numbers, the growth in worldwide annual publication output (from 2.0 million in 2010 to 3.3 million in 2022) was driven in particular by two countries: China (42% of additional publications during that period) and India (11%) together accounted for more than half of that increase in publications ( Figure PBS-3 ). Russia, South Korea, Iran, and Brazil made notable contributions to the growth in the number of publications from the rest of the world from 2010 to 2022 ( Figure PBS-3 ; Table SPBS-2 ). Generally, the set of the top 15 producers of S&E articles was the same each year between 2010 and 2022, with the exception of Iran replacing Taiwan in the top 15 beginning in 2014 ( Table PBS-1 ; Table SPBS-2 ).

S&E publications for 10 leading regions, countries, or economies: 2022

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics; Science-Metrix; Elsevier, Scopus abstract and citation database, accessed April 2023.

S&E publications in all fields for 15 largest producing regions, countries, or economies: 2012 and 2022

na = not applicable.

The regions, countries, or economies are ranked based on the 2022 total. Article counts refer to publications from conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journal articles in S&E and indexed in Scopus (see Technical Appendix for more details). Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region, country, or economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) of the author(s) listed in the article. Articles are credited on a fractional count basis (i.e., for articles from multiple regions, countries, or economies, each region, country, or economy receives fractional credit on the basis of the proportion of its participating authors). Detail may not add to total because of regions, countries, or economies that are not shown. Proportions are based on the world total excluding unclassified addresses (data not presented). Details and other regions, countries, or economies are available in Table SPBS-2 .

S&E publications, by selected region, country, or economy and rest of world: 2003–22

The U.S. trend of moderate but increasing publication output varied by state. The National Science Board’s (NSB’s) State Data Tool ( https://ncses.nsf.gov/indicators/states/ ) provides state-level data based on each state’s doctorate population and research and development (R&D) funding. Indicators include academic S&E article output per 1,000 science, engineering, and health doctorate holders in academia (NSB 2021a) and academic S&E article output per $1 million in academic S&E R&D funding (NSB 2021b).

Output by Scientific Field

The distribution of publications by field of science across region, country, or economy may indicate research priorities and capabilities. Health sciences was the field of science in which most articles were published in 2022, representing almost a quarter of all publications ( Table SPBS-2 and Table SPBS-10 ). Other fields with large numbers of publications included engineering (17% of publications in 2022), biological and biomedical sciences (13%), and social sciences (5%) ( Table SPBS-2 , Table SPBS-5 , Table SPBS-8 , and Table SPBS-16 ). In the United States, the European Union (EU-27), and Japan, health sciences publication output in 2022 far exceeded that of any other field. Table SPBS-17 through Table SPBS-31 )." data-bs-content="The use of whole counting or fractional counting to tally the publication output of nations can change the calculated publication count based on the degree to which a region, country, or economy is involved in international collaborations. Under whole counting, a nation receives credit for any publication with an author from that nation. Under fractional counting, the nation’s credit for a publication is prorated based on the share of the publication’s coauthors who are located in that nation ( Table SPBS-17 through Table SPBS-31 )." data-endnote-uuid="05c8023f-5250-4386-96cf-f321c7f293c4"> The use of whole counting or fractional counting to tally the publication output of nations can change the calculated publication count based on the degree to which a region, country, or economy is involved in international collaborations. Under whole counting, a nation receives credit for any publication with an author from that nation. Under fractional counting, the nation’s credit for a publication is prorated based on the share of the publication’s coauthors who are located in that nation ( Table SPBS-17 through Table SPBS-31 ). Meanwhile, of the other top producers, publications from China were most highly concentrated in engineering (25%), and publications from India were published predominantly in computer and information sciences (21%) ( Figure PBS-4 ).

Distribution of national S&E research portfolios across scientific fields, by selected region, country, or economy: 2022

EU-27 = European Union.

Articles refer to publications from a selection of conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals in S&E fields from Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region, country, or economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) of the author(s) listed in the article. Articles are credited on a fractional count basis (i.e., for articles from multiple countries, each country receives fractional credit on the basis of the proportion of its participating authors). See Table SPBS-1 for countries included in the EU; beginning in 2020, the United Kingdom was no longer a member of the EU. See Table SPBS-3 through Table SPBS-16 for data on all regions, countries, and economies by each S&E field.

Fields within life sciences were dominant in the United States in 2022, with more than half of all U.S. publications in health sciences (37%) or biological and biomedical sciences (14%) ( Figure PBS-5 ). There were fewer U.S. publications in engineering (11%), computer and information sciences (7%), and physics (5%). In comparison with the United States, China had a stronger focus on publications in engineering and in the physical sciences and information sciences. In 2022, 25% of China’s publications were in engineering, 11% were in computer and information sciences, and 9% were in physics ( Figure PBS-6 ). Compared with the United States, China had a lower percentage of its publications in health sciences (14%) and biological and biomedical sciences (12%). In 2022, China also had a much lower percentage of its publications in social sciences (1%) when compared with the United States (8%).

U.S. S&E publication portfolio, by field of science: 2022

Articles refer to publications from a selection of conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals in S&E fields from Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region, country, or economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) of the author(s) listed in the article. Articles are credited on a fractional count basis (i.e., for articles from multiple countries, each country receives fractional credit on the basis of the proportion of its participating authors). See Table SPBS-3 through Table SPBS-16 for data on all regions, countries, and economies by each S&E field.

S&E publication portfolio from China, by field of science: 2022

Articles refer to publications from a selection of conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals in S&E fields from Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region, country, or economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) of the author(s) listed in the article. Articles are credited on a fractional count basis (i.e., for articles from multiple countries, each country receives fractional credit on the basis of the proportion of its participating authors). See Table SPBS-3 through Table SPBS-16 for data on all regions, countries, and economies and by each S&E field.

All the leading regions, countries, or economies saw an increase in their output of health sciences publications between 2010 and 2022. This increase is to be expected, given the context of increasing publication rates in general over that period, with overall number of publications increasing by 71% ( Table SPBS-2 ), while publications in health sciences increased by 66% ( Table SPBS-10 ). Russia had the highest relative growth rate among the 20 leading regions, countries, or economies in health sciences, increasing its publication output by almost 450% between 2010 and 2022 ( Table SPBS-10 ). China and Iran each increased their output of health sciences publications by more than 250% over this period, while India’s health sciences publication output increased by more than 180%. The United States increased its output of health sciences publications by 32% over this period, while Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Japan had the smallest increases, each with less than 20%.

Leading regions, countries, or economies also saw increases in engineering publications. The fastest growing between 2010 and 2022 were India (up 378%) and Russia (up 230%) ( Table SPBS-8 ). China increased its output of engineering publications by 176% from 2010 to 2022, while France, the United States, and Japan all saw declines in newly published engineering articles per year over this period (3%, 13%, and 26%, respectively).

In the United States, publication output varied from that of other regions, countries, or economies with respect to scientific fields. Of the fields not already mentioned, the fastest growing from 2010 to 2022 were psychology (up 39% from 2010 to 2022) and the social sciences (up 38%) ( Figure PBS-7 ). Meanwhile, fields with the largest decreases in U.S. publications included physics (down 31% from 2010 to 2022) and materials science (down 16%).

Index of U.S. publications, by field: 2010–22

Using funding acknowledgments to track federally funded research over time.

Federally funded research is an important component of the research ecosystem and is often envisioned as a means of supporting science performed for public benefit that may not otherwise be motivated by commercial interest (Bornmann 2013; Stephan 2012; Yin et al. 2022). Federal research funding supports applied and basic research (see Indicators 2022 report “ Research and Development: U.S. Trends and International Comparisons ”) and has long been linked to successful expansions in scientific production—through the increased productivity and impact of individual researchers and laboratories (Ebadi and Schiffauerova 2016) and the national scale (Leydesdorff and Wagner 2009). This sidebar explores funding acknowledgments, as recorded in Scopus, as an emerging source to help illustrate the extent to which published research is supported by federal agencies and the trends in federally funded research. Specifically, the share of published research acknowledging support by federal funding was highest in chemistry and smaller in other fields, such as the social sciences ( Table PBS-A ). These differences may be driven by factors such as the resource costs to conduct research and by field differences, such as the overall frequency of publication, team size, and cultural differences among the disciplines. The time period analyzed in this sidebar is 2018–22, unless otherwise indicated.

Funding acknowledgments can shed light on the ability and priorities of federal funding to support discovery as measured by peer-reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings. However, some benefits and limitations of this emerging data source are important to highlight so as to accurately interpret these trends. Each peer-reviewed journal article and conference proceeding in the Scopus database includes a field for funding acknowledgments that are extracted by algorithmic (software) means. In some cases where the acknowledgments field is incomplete, funding information from agencies is also used to identify funded publications in Scopus. Using this field, it is possible to observe the conversion of federal funds to published research outputs, but a direct linkage between funding inputs and published discoveries remains challenging. First, extraction of this information into a structured field is a relatively new effort and is most complete for the most recent 4 years. Figure SPBS-1 shows how funding acknowledgment sections have grown in coverage since 2003 and that funding information was indexed for 68% of all publications in 2022. * Many factors may have contributed to this growth in addition to improved extraction, including increasing pressure and requirements from funders to include funding acknowledgments, standardization of acknowledgment language, and incentives to demonstrate high publication output—because future funding is tied to past conversion of funds into publications—while receiving funding. † Last, this inquiry helps explore research that acknowledges any federal funding but does not only account for publications that source all their funding from a single source. In practice, a publication may be generated using funding from multiple sources within the federal government, or from additional sources in state government, local government, or the private sector.

U.S. S&E publications with and without acknowledgments of U.S. federal funding: 2003–22

Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region, country, or economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) of the author(s) listed in the article. Whole counting is used. An article is considered to be federally funded if the funding information tied with the publication record in Scopus links it with one of the U.S. federal agencies. Not all Scopus publications have funding information available, and coverage has evolved with time. For more information, see Figure SPBS-1 . For a breakdown of federally funded papers by funding agency, see Table SPBS-90 .

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics; Science-Metrix; Elsevier, Scopus abstract and citation database, accessed April 2023.

Figure PBS-A tracks the growth of federally funded publications relative to the total research production in the United States. Other than a small downturn from 2021 to 2022, every year has seen an increase from the previous year in the number of publications that acknowledge funding support from federal agencies. The most comprehensive data from the past 4 years show variation among subject areas in the percentage of publications that acknowledge federal support. Table PBS-A shows number and share of publications appearing between 2018 and 2022 that acknowledged funding from federal sources and those acknowledging funding from other sources. During this time, more than 50% of publications in the following subject fields acknowledged federal funding support: chemistry (55% of publications), biological and biomedical sciences (53%), astronomy and astrophysics (53%), and physics (52%). Only two subject areas have less than 30% of publications with federal funding acknowledged: agricultural sciences (28%), and social sciences (15%). Otherwise, all other fields had between 30% and 50% of their publications acknowledging federal funding.

U.S. S&E publications, by U.S. federal funding status and field: 2018–22

In conclusion, federal funding plays an important role in the current research environment in the United States. Of the 606,144 articles published in journals and conference proceedings in 2022, 35% acknowledged support from federal agencies ( Figure PBS-A ). Ultimately, acknowledgment of federal funding can help show trends in the conversion of grants into published research over time and show variation at the subject or field level.

* Missing data in funding fields in a Scopus entry may mean that the research did not receive funding, the authors did not cite any funding despite receiving it, or the algorithm was unable to extract the acknowledgment. Of the articles from 2003 that had an entry for funding acknowledgment (27% had text in the funding field in Scopus), around 76% acknowledged a federal funding source. Comparatively, of the publications in 2022 with indexed funding information (68%), 52% acknowledged a federal source. The growth of coverage of funding not being tied to federal funding acknowledgments provides evidence that the data source has become more dependable over time. Data for the percentage of publications with indexed funding sources by year and field can be found in Figure SPBS-1 .

† Table SPBS-90 displays the number of articles and conference proceedings acknowledging federal funding at the agency level and sub-agency level. These counts represent the number of supported articles as acknowledged and attributed in Scopus from 2003 to 2022.

Output and Open Access

There is growing support for the availability of S&E publications through OA sources among government and private funders, institutions, and scientists themselves. Some of these funders have imposed requirements on their grantees to publish their research results in OA journals. In the United States, the Office of Science and Technology Policy announced that all federal agencies should update their public access policies as soon as possible to ensure that results of their funded research are publicly available, with full implementation of these policies by the end of 2025 (Brainard and Kaiser 2022). Meanwhile, restricted access to scientific literature may impede researchers’ ability to stay informed (Larivière and Sugimoto 2018; Piwowar et al. 2018). As alternatives to traditional closed-access journals (where readers must subscribe to gain access or pay per article), articles may be made OA through several avenues, with different levels of availability and durability.

There are four commonly defined types of OA: Gold, Hybrid, Bronze, and Green. Gold OA denotes articles published in journals that are entirely OA as a matter of journal policy. Hybrid OA denotes articles for which the authors have elected to pay a fee for publication as OA rather than as closed access. Bronze OA denotes articles that appear as OA after an embargo period of closed access or articles that appear available as OA despite lacking license information to guarantee OA in the long term. Green OA denotes articles that are self-archived by authors in OA repositories, which are often maintained, curated, and administered by universities or other institutions. The Hybrid and Bronze categories have been combined as Other Journal-Based OA in this report because of their similar structure as journal-hosted types of OA that allow only conditional—and potentially revocable—OA.

The number of articles published annually in closed-access journals increased by 112% between 2003 and 2022 ( Figure PBS-8 ). Over the same period, annual publishing of Green OA articles increased by 228%, while Other Journal-Based OA articles (Hybrid and Bronze OA) increased by 198%. Gold OA articles (which are published in OA journals with no restrictions) had the largest percentage growth, from 19,089 articles in 2003 to 991,805 articles in 2022, an increase of over 5,000%. Hence, although the majority (77%) of S&E articles in 2003 whose access status is known were published in closed-access journals, fewer than half (49%) were in closed-access journals in 2022.

S&E publications, by publication access type: 2003–22

OA = open access.

Articles refer to publications from a selection of conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals in S&E fields from Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication. OA types are mutually exclusive. For articles published under multiple OA types, the article will be counted as part of only the first type it matches in this list: Gold OA, Other Journal-Based OA, or Green OA. Summing all OA and closed-access article counts results in a smaller number of articles than for all S&E because the access status of some articles (e.g., those without digital object identifiers) cannot be reliably ascertained. Green articles are published in toll-access journals but archived in an OA archive, or "repository." These repositories may be discipline specific (like arXiv) or institutional repositories operated by universities or other institutions. Green articles may be published versions or preprints and can have any license or no license. Bronze (Other Journal-Based OA) articles are free to read on the publisher's website, without a license that grants any other rights. There may be a delay between publication and availability to read, and often articles can be removed unilaterally by the publisher. Hybrid (Other Journal-Based OA) articles are free to read at the time of publication, with an open license. These are usually published in exchange for an article processing charge. Gold articles have all the same characteristics as Hybrid articles but are published in all-OA journals, which are in turn called "Gold journals" or just "OA journals."

To conclude this section, the findings of the output analysis reveal the growth in scientific publications over time, with upper-middle-income economies exhibiting particularly large percentage increases. Meanwhile, the distribution of publications across scientific fields shows that life sciences dominated in the United States, Europe, and Japan, whereas publications in engineering and computer sciences dominated in China and India. In OA, the dramatic growth of Gold OA publications and the steady growth of publications in other OA categories show an increased shift toward open science. However, OA can impede the dissemination of some scientific research. Publishing research as OA often requires authors to pay article processing fees, which may be prohibitive for scientists in less-developed nations or whose funders do not subsidize those fees. https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/pricing . Wiley APCs are at https://authorservices.wiley.com/author-resources/Journal-Authors/open-access/article-publication-charges.html . Springer Nature APCs are at https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/journals-books/journals ." data-bs-content="Many publishers make their article processing charges (APCs) known publicly. For example, a list of Elsevier APCs can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/pricing . Wiley APCs are at https://authorservices.wiley.com/author-resources/Journal-Authors/open-access/article-publication-charges.html . Springer Nature APCs are at https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/journals-books/journals ." data-endnote-uuid="9a612a36-466d-4d60-af1a-57e93bd50e76"> Many publishers make their article processing charges (APCs) known publicly. For example, a list of Elsevier APCs can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/pricing . Wiley APCs are at https://authorservices.wiley.com/author-resources/Journal-Authors/open-access/article-publication-charges.html . Springer Nature APCs are at https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/journals-books/journals . The fees can be seen as shifting the costs of accessing research from readers and libraries to authors (Larivière and Sugimoto 2018).