C. Worrell (Eds.), (pp. 345–359). American Psychological Association.
Parenthetical citation: (Aron et al., 2019)
Narrative citation: Aron et al. (2019)
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Culture. In . Retrieved September 9, 2019, from |
Parenthetical citation: (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
Narrative citation: Merriam-Webster (n.d.)
National Cancer Institute. (2019). (NIH Publication No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. |
Parenthetical citation: (National Cancer Institute, 2019)
Narrative citation: National Cancer Institute (2019)
The specific agency responsible for the report appears as the author. The names of parent agencies not present in the group author name appear in the source element as the publisher. This creates concise in-text citations and complete reference list entries.
Harvard University. (2019, August 28). [Video]. YouTube. |
Parenthetical citation: (Harvard University, 2019)
Narrative citation: Harvard University (2019)
APA Databases [@APA_Databases]. (2019, September 5). [Tweet]. Twitter. Gates, B. [@BillGates]. (2019, September 7). [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. |
Parenthetical citations: (APA Databases, 2019; Gates, 2019)
Narrative citations: APA Databases (2019) and Gates (2019)
News From Science. (2019, June 21). [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. |
Parenthetical citation: (News From Science, 2019)
Narrative citation: News From Science (2019)
Fagan, J. (2019, March 25). . OER Commons. Retrieved September 17, 2019, from National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Woodyatt, A. (2019, September 10). . CNN. World Health Organization. (2018, May 24). . |
Parenthetical citations: (Fagan, 2019; National Institute of Mental Health, 2018; Woodyatt, 2019; World Health Organization, 2018)
Narrative citations: Fagan (2019), National Institute of Mental Health (2018), Woodyatt (2019), and World Health Organization (2018)
The following supplemental example references are mention in the Publication Manual:
Archival document and collections are not presented in the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition . This content is available only on the APA Style website . This guidance has been expanded from the 6th edition.
Archival sources include letters, unpublished manuscripts, limited-circulation brochures and pamphlets, in-house institutional and corporate documents, clippings, and other documents, as well as such nontextual materials as photographs and apparatus, that are in the personal possession of an author, form part of an institutional collection, or are stored in an archive such as the Archives of the History of American Psychology at the University of Akron or the APA Archives. For any documents like these that are available on the open web or via a database (subscription or nonsubscription), follow the reference templates shown in Chapter 10 of the Publication Manual.
The general format for the reference for an archival work includes the author, date, title, and source. The reference examples shown on this page may be modified for collections requiring more or less specific information to locate materials, for different types of collections, or for additional descriptive information (e.g., a translation of a letter). Authors may choose to list correspondence from their own personal collections, but correspondence from other private collections should be listed only with the permission of the collector.
Keep in mind the following principles when creating references to archival documents and collections:
Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M. Ogden]. Rockefeller Archive Center (GEB Series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877), Tarrytown, NY, United States.
Zacharius, G. P. (1953, August 15). [Letter to William Rickel (W. Rickel, Trans.)]. Copy in possession of Hendrika Vande Kemp.
Allport, G. W. (1930–1967). Correspondence. Gordon W. Allport Papers (HUG 4118.10), Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA, United States.
To cite specific letters in the text, provide the author and range of years as shown in the reference list entry, plus details about who wrote the specific letter to whom and when the specific letter was written.
Berliner, A. (1959). Notes for a lecture on reminiscences of Wundt and Leipzig. Anna Berliner Memoirs (Box M50), Archives of the History of American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, United States.
Allport, A. (presumed). (ca. 1937). Marion Taylor today—by the biographer [Unpublished manuscript]. Marion Taylor Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, MA, United States.
Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs. (1949, November 5–6). Meeting of Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs. David Shakow Papers (M1360), Archives of the History of American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, United States.
Smith, M. B. (1989, August 12). Interview by C. A. Kiesler [Tape recording]. President’s Oral History Project, American Psychological Association, APA Archives, Washington, DC, United States.
Sparkman, C. F. (1973). An oral history with Dr. Colley F. Sparkman/Interviewer: Orley B. Caudill. Mississippi Oral History Program (Vol. 289), University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States.
Psychoanalysis institute to open. (1948, September 18). [Clipping from an unidentified Dayton, OH, United States, newspaper]. Copy in possession of author.
Sci-Art Publishers. (1935). Sci-Art publications [Brochure]. Roback Papers (HUGFP 104.50, Box 2, Folder “Miscellaneous Psychological Materials”), Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA, United States.
[Photographs of Robert M. Yerkes]. (ca. 1917–1954). Robert Mearns Yerkes Papers (Box 137, Folder 2292), Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT, United States.
U.S. Census Bureau. (1880). 1880 U.S. census: Defective, dependent, and delinquent classes schedule: Virginia [Microfilm]. NARA Microfilm Publication T1132 (Rolls 33–34), National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC, United States.
Read the full APA guidelines on citing ChatGPT
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.
Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.
Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.
The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.
Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.
Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).
The DOI or URL is the final component of a reference list entry. Because so much scholarship is available and/or retrieved online, most reference list entries end with either a DOI or a URL.
Follow these guidelines for including DOIs and URLs in references:
Follow these guidelines to format DOIs and URLs:
https://doi.org/ xxxxx
When a DOI or URL is long or complex, you may use shortDOIs or shortened URLs if desired.
Apa 7th edition, what is the purpose, quick links.
This guide is designed to support the citation and reference needs of USC students, staff, and faculty. The 7th edition of the manual does make distinctions between formatting certain components for academic use over publication. This guide will distinguish student/academic formatting where applicable.
This guide is designed as a "quick" reference to common APA citation, reference and formatting criteria. When in doubt, we encourage users to consult with the APA publication manual or APA website for further clarification as the authority on formatting.
Attribution for guide: Adapted from American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
What is the purpose of citations?
Citations help readers locate your sources. They help to continue the scholarly conversation. To learn more about how citations can help you avoid plagiarism, view this interactive tutorial:
USC Library Lessons: Avoiding Plagiarism through Citations
When considering citations and references for your papers, you can ask yourself, "could someone find this information in the future?"
A client's personal file would not need a citation because your reader cannot go find that information again. Census statistics would require a citation because your reader could go locate that information again.
APA requires FOUR ELEMENTS of every citation:
If any of the elements listed above are unavailable, check out "Missing Reference Information" from APA for more information.
See also.....
The authors of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2020) advise writers to:
For more detailed information, please see Publication manual of the American Psychological Association : the official guide to APA style . (Seventh edition.). (2020). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, Chapters 8-10.
This guide provides templates as well as examples for citing different types of sources in APA . Use the tabs at the top of this guide to find general guidance and examples for:
A one-hour step-by-step tutorial in citation from APA . The annotated handouts are available here.
Introduction to Citation Styles: APA 7 th , by CSUDH University Library, is licensed under CC BY.
What is grey literature, referencing formats.
Grey literature is defined by GreyNet International (2019) as "multiple document types produced on all levels of government, academics, business, and organization in electronic and print formats not controlled by commercial publishing i.e. where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body" ("GreyNet's business report" section, para. 2).
Grey literature includes a variety of different reports, including government, technical and research reports, as well as press releases, codes of ethics, grants, and policy and issues briefs (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 329).
The basics of a reference list entry for a report:
Example:
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Childhood education and care (No. 4402.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected] /Lookup/4402.0Main+Features1June%202017?OpenDocument
Material Type | In-Text Example | Reference List Example | |
---|---|---|---|
| …population growth (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017). According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2017) … | (No. 4402.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/ 4402.0Main+Features1June%202017?OpenDocument | |
| …laws relating to children (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2018). When citing from a report more than once, in the first citation provide the full name of the organisation, along with the abbreviation in [square brackets], as above. In subsequent citations use the abbreviated organisational title. e.g. …administered by the States and Territories (AIHW, 2018). | . https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/d1a8d479-a39a-48c1-bbe2-4b27c7a321e0/aihw-fdv-02.pdf.aspx?inline=true
| |
…listen to women and girls from these communities (Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet [PM&C], 2017). | . Australian Government. https://pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/publications/factsheet-supporting-indigenous-women-girls.pdf
Titles of reports are in italics. Capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns. | ||
Report: Individual Authors at a Government Agency or other Organisation |
| . Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. https://doi.org/10.25919/5d28d8ba0fad5 | |
Report by a task force, working group or other group | The Mental Health Integration Taskforce (2019) noted that "services are provided by dedicated, hard-working and skilled staff" (p. 26).
"Services are provided by dedicated, hard-working and skilled staff" (Mental Health Integration Taskforce, 2019, p. 26). | . Mental Health, Alcohol and Drug Directorate, Department of Health, Tasmanian Government. https://www.dhhs.tas.gov.au/news/2019/mental_health_integration_taskforce_report
| |
Annual Report
| (Telstra, 2022) | . https://www.telstra.com.au/content/dam/tcom/about-us/investors/pdf-g/TEL-AR-2022-Spreads-FINAL.pdf
| |
(Coles Group, 2022) | https://www.colesgroup.com.au/sustainability/?page=sustainability-report | ||
(Orbis, 2022) | [Company profile]. https://www.bvdinfo.com/en-gb/our-products/data/international/orbis
| ||
(Datastream, 2022) | [Dataset]. https://www.refinitiv.com/en/products/datastream-macroeconomic-analysis
| ||
(Euromonitor Passport, 2021) | . (2022). [Industry briefing]. Passport. https://www.portal.euromonitor.com/portal/magazine/homemain/
| ||
(Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [CSIRO], 2007) | [Press release]. http://www.csiro.au/news/ps2wj.html
Prime Minister of Australia. (2010, July 7). [Press release]. AGPS. |
UPDATE: The Library building has reopened. Please check the Library hours schedule for information.> Library Support and Services During Summer Closure .
From the american psychological association.
APA is most often used in the social sciences. It is similar in some ways to the MLA style but highlights the currency of the work in question so is often recommended by librarians to students in the sciences and engineering who are familiar with MLA but want to use a style more appropriate for their discipline.
References list.
Three components are required:
*Include a page number if you're directly quoting a work or discussing an observation from the work, but if you're speaking more generally about the gist of the work, page numbers are not needed.
For short quotations or paraphrases , works can be cited in-text in two ways, always within the punctuation (that is, before the period):
"one study found that small children are enraptured by fried potatoes and would eat as many as allowed ( orlofsky , 2013 , p. 23 ) .".
For quotations longer than 40 words , the text must be block-indented and the parenthetical citation must come after the sentence's punctuation.
In 2008, Burhans noted that:
As more and more Florida potato farms are lost to development, recent events in potato breeding may reduce chippers’ dependence on early Florida potatoes. At the time of this writing, new varieties, such as Dakota Pearl and Glacier Chips, have been successfully stored into June, well past the April date when storage potatoes are usually giving out. According to some, these varieties will be able to tolerate storage temperature fluctuations as great as ten to twenty degrees without turning to sugar, chipping white the whole time. (p. 9)
Capitalize titles: If citing a title in-text, capitalize the key words (unlike the Reference list, in which only the first word of a title is capitalized)
You refer only to authors by their last name , either in the use of the author's name in the text itself or in the parentheses. Use a page number if what you're citing is directly from a page (a quote or observation), but do not if you're speaking more generally about the gist of the work. The last of multiple authors is marked with an ampersand in parentheses, but spell out "and" if used in text.
Two or more works in the same parentheses.
For answers to other author questions, see In-Text Citations: Author/Authors (Purdue OWL) .
Section format.
Author(s) . (year, month day) . Title of article . Journal Title , volume (number) , page number-page number . DOI or URL.
Author, A. A. (Year of publication) . Title of work: Subtitle of work . Publisher Name.
For more help:
Write all author names, starting with the listed first author, as Last name, First initial. Second initial (if applicable). (example: Orlofsky, V. L.). The last of multiple authors is marked with an ampersand unless there are more than 20 authors (see example below).
More than 20 authors.
For answers to other author questions, see Reference List: Author/Authors (Purdue OWL) .
From a newspaper.
Garrett-Scott, S. (2019). Banking on freedom: Black women in U.S. finance before the New Deal . Columbia University Press.
Evans, S. Y., Domingue, A. D., & Mitchell, T. D. (2019). Black women and social justice education: Legacies and lessons . SUNY Press.
Cobb, C. E. Who Is Fannie Lou Hamer? A movement veteran reflects on teaching civil rights history. In H.K. Jeffries (Ed.), Understanding and teaching the Civil Rights Movement (pp. 13-21). University of Wisconsin Press.
Per the Purdue OWL APA guide : "It is not necessary to note that you have used an eBook or audiobook when the content is the same as a physical book. However, you should distinguish between the eBook or audiobook and the print version if the content is different or abridged, or if you would like to cite the narrator of an audiobook."
For example:
Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book . Publisher. URL
Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book [ebook edition]. Publisher. URL
When citing a review of a work (music recording, film, artwork, book, etc.), it's important to include the name of the work being reviewed as well as citation information about the review itself.
Page from a website, named author:.
Note : you can determine who to name as the author of the page by looking to the website's footer for the copyright notice. That will also tell you the year of publication, if you haven't found that info elsewhere on the site.
Wildland Tours [@WildlandsOceans]. (2020, August 21). Had a wonderful morning picking blueberries along the East Coast Trail in Petty Harbour! #berrypicking #blueberries #pettyharbour #EastCoastTrail #Hiking #locallove [Video attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/WildlandsOceans/status/1296816254406328320
Refer to the author of the tweet in text by name, not their Twitter account.
Emojis and hashtags count as words toward the 20-word total for the tweet title.
For more on citing tweets, see Twitter References (APA Style blog).
National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time: Support for people with cancer (NIH Publication No. 18-2059) . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/takingtime.pdf
Example taken from Report by a Government Agency References (APA Style blog) .
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml
Example taken from Webpage on a Website References (APA Style blog).
Note: If there is no author name listed, use the agency. Parent agencies should be listed in the reference citation, but not in-text.
1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 201.216.5200
201-216-5200
Staff Directory
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This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.
Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.
Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here .
Media Files: APA Sample Student Paper , APA Sample Professional Paper
This resource is enhanced by Acrobat PDF files. Download the free Acrobat Reader
Note: The APA Publication Manual, 7 th Edition specifies different formatting conventions for student and professional papers (i.e., papers written for credit in a course and papers intended for scholarly publication). These differences mostly extend to the title page and running head. Crucially, citation practices do not differ between the two styles of paper.
However, for your convenience, we have provided two versions of our APA 7 sample paper below: one in student style and one in professional style.
Note: For accessibility purposes, we have used "Track Changes" to make comments along the margins of these samples. Those authored by [AF] denote explanations of formatting and [AWC] denote directions for writing and citing in APA 7.
Apa 7 professional paper:.
Published on December 21, 2020 by Pritha Bhandari . Revised on January 17, 2024.
The results section of a quantitative research paper is where you summarize your data and report the findings of any relevant statistical analyses.
The APA manual provides rigorous guidelines for what to report in quantitative research papers in the fields of psychology, education, and other social sciences.
Use these standards to answer your research questions and report your data analyses in a complete and transparent way.
Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes
What goes in your results section, introduce your data, summarize your data, report statistical results, presenting numbers effectively, what doesn’t belong in your results section, frequently asked questions about results in apa.
In APA style, the results section includes preliminary information about the participants and data, descriptive and inferential statistics, and the results of any exploratory analyses.
Include these in your results section:
Write up the results in the past tense because you’re describing the outcomes of a completed research study.
The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:
Before diving into your research findings, first describe the flow of participants at every stage of your study and whether any data were excluded from the final analysis.
It’s necessary to report any attrition, which is the decline in participants at every sequential stage of a study. That’s because an uneven number of participants across groups sometimes threatens internal validity and makes it difficult to compare groups. Be sure to also state all reasons for attrition.
If your study has multiple stages (e.g., pre-test, intervention, and post-test) and groups (e.g., experimental and control groups), a flow chart is the best way to report the number of participants in each group per stage and reasons for attrition.
Also report the dates for when you recruited participants or performed follow-up sessions.
Another key issue is the completeness of your dataset. It’s necessary to report both the amount and reasons for data that was missing or excluded.
Data can become unusable due to equipment malfunctions, improper storage, unexpected events, participant ineligibility, and so on. For each case, state the reason why the data were unusable.
Some data points may be removed from the final analysis because they are outliers—but you must be able to justify how you decided what to exclude.
If you applied any techniques for overcoming or compensating for lost data, report those as well.
For clinical studies, report all events with serious consequences or any side effects that occured.
Descriptive statistics summarize your data for the reader. Present descriptive statistics for each primary, secondary, and subgroup analysis.
Don’t provide formulas or citations for commonly used statistics (e.g., standard deviation) – but do provide them for new or rare equations.
The exact descriptive statistics that you report depends on the types of data in your study. Categorical variables can be reported using proportions, while quantitative data can be reported using means and standard deviations . For a large set of numbers, a table is the most effective presentation format.
Include sample sizes (overall and for each group) as well as appropriate measures of central tendency and variability for the outcomes in your results section. For every point estimate , add a clearly labelled measure of variability as well.
Be sure to note how you combined data to come up with variables of interest. For every variable of interest, explain how you operationalized it.
According to APA journal standards, it’s necessary to report all relevant hypothesis tests performed, estimates of effect sizes, and confidence intervals.
When reporting statistical results, you should first address primary research questions before moving onto secondary research questions and any exploratory or subgroup analyses.
Present the results of tests in the order that you performed them—report the outcomes of main tests before post-hoc tests, for example. Don’t leave out any relevant results, even if they don’t support your hypothesis.
For each statistical test performed, first restate the hypothesis , then state whether your hypothesis was supported and provide the outcomes that led you to that conclusion.
Report the following for each hypothesis test:
When reporting complex data analyses, such as factor analysis or multivariate analysis, present the models estimated in detail, and state the statistical software used. Make sure to report any violations of statistical assumptions or problems with estimation.
For each hypothesis test performed, you should present confidence intervals and estimates of effect sizes .
Confidence intervals are useful for showing the variability around point estimates. They should be included whenever you report population parameter estimates.
Effect sizes indicate how impactful the outcomes of a study are. But since they are estimates, it’s recommended that you also provide confidence intervals of effect sizes.
Briefly report the results of any other planned or exploratory analyses you performed. These may include subgroup analyses as well.
Subgroup analyses come with a high chance of false positive results, because performing a large number of comparison or correlation tests increases the chances of finding significant results.
If you find significant results in these analyses, make sure to appropriately report them as exploratory (rather than confirmatory) results to avoid overstating their importance.
While these analyses can be reported in less detail in the main text, you can provide the full analyses in supplementary materials.
To effectively present numbers, use a mix of text, tables , and figures where appropriate:
Since these are general guidelines, use your own judgment and feedback from others for effective presentation of numbers.
Tables and figures should be numbered and have titles, along with relevant notes. Make sure to present data only once throughout the paper and refer to any tables and figures in the text.
It’s important to follow capitalization , italicization, and abbreviation rules when referring to statistics in your paper. There are specific format guidelines for reporting statistics in APA , as well as general rules about writing numbers .
If you are unsure of how to present specific symbols, look up the detailed APA guidelines or other papers in your field.
It’s important to provide a complete picture of your data analyses and outcomes in a concise way. For that reason, raw data and any interpretations of your results are not included in the results section.
It’s rarely appropriate to include raw data in your results section. Instead, you should always save the raw data securely and make them available and accessible to any other researchers who request them.
Making scientific research available to others is a key part of academic integrity and open science.
This belongs in your discussion section. Your results section is where you objectively report all relevant findings and leave them open for interpretation by readers.
While you should state whether the findings of statistical tests lend support to your hypotheses, refrain from forming conclusions to your research questions in the results section.
For the sake of concise writing, you can safely assume that readers of your paper have professional knowledge of how statistical inferences work.
In an APA results section , you should generally report the following:
According to the APA guidelines, you should report enough detail on inferential statistics so that your readers understand your analyses.
You should also present confidence intervals and estimates of effect sizes where relevant.
In APA style, statistics can be presented in the main text or as tables or figures . To decide how to present numbers, you can follow APA guidelines:
Results are usually written in the past tense , because they are describing the outcome of completed actions.
The results chapter or section simply and objectively reports what you found, without speculating on why you found these results. The discussion interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in context, and explains why they matter.
In qualitative research , results and discussion are sometimes combined. But in quantitative research , it’s considered important to separate the objective results from your interpretation of them.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Bhandari, P. (2024, January 17). Reporting Research Results in APA Style | Tips & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/results-section/
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In scholarly writing, it is essential to acknowledge how others contributed to your work. By following the principles of proper citation, writers ensure that readers understand their contribution in the context of the existing literature—how they are building on, critically examining, or otherwise engaging the work that has come before.
APA Style provides guidelines to help writers determine the appropriate level of citation and how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism.
We also provide specific guidance for in-text citation, including formats for interviews, classroom and intranet sources, and personal communications; in-text citations in general; and paraphrases and direct quotations.
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Pro Tip : Job ads often disappear from the internet. Save the full text and citation information of ads as soon as you begin your research. Screenshot or copy and paste into a document; name these documents carefully so you can find them later.
General Rules: Citing Job Ads
In-text Citation: Information to Include
In-text citations and signal phrases can be woven into sentences and paragraphs in multiple ways, and what you emphasize depends on what information will be most relevant and/or persuasive to your reader. However, the following information should always be included:
Reference Citation: Information to Include
Employer. (Year, Month Day). Job posting title in sentence case [Job ad]. URL_but_not_active_hyperlink
Specific Example: Job Ad from an Aggregator Website, such as Handshake, Indeed, CareerBuilder, etc.
In-text Citation Options
The first item listed under “Primary Duties” in the job advertisement for a zookeeper at Sarasota Jungle Gardens (2019) is “Communicate to Department Manager/Supervisor/Lead on a daily basis.”
Zookeepers’ responsibilities include responding to visitors’ questions (Sarasota Jungle Gardens, 2019).
References Page Entry
Sarasota Jungle Gardens. (2019). Zookeeper [Job ad]. https://www.indeed.com/jobs?q=zookeeper&l&advn=4272541034509908&vjk=be5c2aef 289e9379
Specific Example: Job Ad from a Company Website
A job ad for a graphic artist at HBO (2019) required candidates to have “good inter- and intra-group relations skills.”
Graphic artists at HBO participate in “conceptual brainstorming and collaboration with VPs, Creative Directors and Producers” (HBO, 2019).
References Page Entry
HBO. (2019, August 15). Graphic artist—creative services [Job ad]. https://www.hbocareers.com/job/171902BR
Explanation of Reference Citation Information
Employer/Company. (Year, Month Day). Job posting title in sentence case [Job ad]. URL_but_not_active_hyperlink
Specific Example: Job Ad from a Professional Organization Website
At the Cook Museum of Natural Science (2019), animal care associates must be “ detail oriented, able to multitask” and possess “excellent communication skills, both written and verbal.”
A job ad posted on the website of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums showed that although animal care professionals work primarily to keep animals safe and clean, they are also responsible for writing detailed reports (Cook Museum of Natural Science, 2019).
Cook Museum of Natural Science. (2019, August 26). Animal care associate [Job ad]. https://www.aza.org/jobs?job=17269
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How to Cite a Report in APA Style | Format & Examples
Data & Reports - APA 7th Edition Citation Style Guide
How to Cite a Report in APA
APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) - Purdue OWL
Technical + Research Reports - APA 7th Edition Citation ...
How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition) | Guide & Generator
Report - APA 7th referencing style - UQ Library Guide
APA Style 7th Edition: Citing Your Sources - Research Guides
Article or Report - APA Style (7th ed.)
APA Style, 7th Edition - Format Your Paper & Cite Your Sources
Report with individual authors references - APA Style
Reports & grey literature - APA 7th Referencing Style Guide
Parenthetical citation: (National Cancer Institute, 2019) Narrative citation: National Cancer Institute (2019) The specific agency responsible for the report appears as the author. The names of parent agencies not present in the group author name appear in the source element as the publisher. This creates concise in-text citations and complete ...
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association by American Psychological Association The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, it is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and ...
Use the author-date system to cite references. This means that works used in a paper have in-text citations and a corresponding reference list entry at the end of the paper. The in-text citation appears in the body of the paper (including a table, figure, footnote, or appendix) and identifies the cited work by its author and publication date.
In-Text Citations: The Basics - Purdue OWL
APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.) - Scribbr
APA 7th Referencing: Reports & Grey Literature - Library Guides
How to Cite. For short quotations or paraphrases, works can be cited in-text in two ways, always within the punctuation (that is, before the period): Using the author's name in the text itself, known as a "signal phrase": " Orlofsky discovered the powerful effects of fried potatoes on small children (2013, p. 23)."
Report by a Government Agency References - APA Style
This guide to APA citation follows the 7 th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. It begins with principles, tips, and explanations to help you better understand the rules of correct attribution and citation. Then we provide examples of how to cite a variety of sources both in text and on the References page.
Student Paper Setup Guide, APA Style 7th Edition
APA Sample Paper - Purdue OWL
Cite government publications as a book, report, or website as appropriate. If there is no named author on the cover or title page, use the agency or department as the author. If the document is a report or publication, include the report number or other identifier after the title. If citing a website, include the entire URL.
Citation Generators - Problems & Limitations ; Date Retrieved for Website Reference Entries & When to Use "n.d." (no date) Differentiating between Sources with the Same Author and Date ; Hyperlinks & Attribution: "Citation" for Digital Documents ; Identifying & Citing Content Marketing
Reporting Research Results in APA Style | Tips & Examples
In-text citations - APA Style
Animal therapy has an extended history of existence in clinical settings and literature and, in more recent times, seems to be gaining a level of acceptance within the dominant understandings or "assemblage" of health. That is, within a framework of understanding health as being focused on pathology and illness, where the responses are expert-driven, and dominated by pharmaceutical and ...
Save the full text and citation information of ads as soon as you begin your research. Screenshot or copy and paste into a document; name these documents carefully so you can find them later. General Rules: Citing Job Ads. In-text Citation: Information to Include ... they are also responsible for writing detailed reports (Cook Museum of Natural ...
1. Introduction. The rapidly growing field of government studies on public services offers the potential for significant new theories to emerge to advance the understanding of justice and equity (Tokovska et al., Citation 2023).Along with advances in this field, the cutting edge of public service delivery has shifted from customer satisfaction to the application of fairness in processes and ...