AuthorLastname, F. N. (Year). . Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxxx
AuthorLastname, F. N. (Year). . doi:xxxxx
Gutman, R. W. (1999). . New York: Harcourt Brace.
Gutman, R. W. (1999). . Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/dxeprint/index.asp
Gutman, R. W. (1999). [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi:10.1036/0034586772
Hock, R., & Price, G. (2004). Medford: CyberAge Books.
Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), (Fall 2007 ed.). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism
Trebuchet. (2009). In (11th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.merriam -webster.com/dictionary/trebuchet
. (2000). Indianapolis: JIST Works.
Wright, Sewell. (1968-1978). . (Vols. 1-4). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wright, Sewell. (1969). . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Willson, Jr., R. F. (2005). William Shakespeare's theater. In J. Rosenblum (Ed.), (pp. 47-64). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
AuthorLastname, F. I. (Date). Article title. , , pages. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx ( Include the digital object identifier (DOI) if one is assigned. If you retrieved the article online and no DOI is available, include the journal's home page URL.) | |
| Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. , 225-229. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225 |
Graham, S. (2006). Impossible to hold: Women and culture in the 1960s. , , 156-159. Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. (2), 38-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap | |
| Simmons, C., & Becker-Olsen, K. (2006). Achieving marketing objectives through social sponsorships. , (4), 154-169. |
| Reed, S. (2006, August 21). Seeing past the war. , (4), 35-36. |
Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back about the misuse of research. (6). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/ | |
| Seward, Z. (2006, December 14). Colleges expand early admissions. (Eastern ed.), pp. D1-D2. |
Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. . Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com |
The Beatles. (1967). [Record]. United States: Capitol Records. | |
| Glover, Frank. (2009). One way ticket. On [CD]. n.l.: Owl Studios. |
Goodenough, J. B. (1982). Tails and trotters [Recorded by G. Bok, A. Mayo, & E. Trickett]. On [CD]. Sharon, CT: Folk-Legacy Records. (1990) | |
| Darling, S. (Speaker). (1988). (Cassette). United States: Recorded Books. |
| Beethoven, Ludwig van. (1932). . Boston: Oliver Ditson. |
Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/ | |
Spielberg, S. (Director). (1982). [Motion picture]. United States: Universal Pictures. | |
Ryan, K. O., & Schrank, L. (Writers). (2008). [DVD]. Available from http://www.learningseed.com/ | |
David, L., & Seinfeld, J. (Writers). (1995). The soup nazi [Television series episode]. In . New York: NBC. | |
Organization Name or Last Name, First Name. (Year). Title of graphic. Website name. Link Note: If you use an image, table, or figure (or some data in a table or figure) from another source, then you must acknowledge your source in a note below the table or figure. | |
Lewis County Geographic Information Systems (Cartographer). (2002). Population density, 2000 U.S. Census [Demographic map]. Retrieved from http://www.co.lewis.wa.us/publicworks/maps/Demographics/census-pop-dens_2000.pdf |
Lastname, F. I. (Year, Month Day). Title of post [Description of form]. Retrieved from http://www.xxxx ( : If only author's screen name is available, use that for the author's name.) | |
Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL ( : If the Facebook post includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate that information in brackets after the content description. Also attempt to replicate emojis if possible.) | |
Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL | |
Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL | |
Last Name, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words[Tweet]. Site Name. URL ( : If the tweet includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate that information in brackets after the content description. Also attempt to replicate emojis if possible.) | |
Last Name, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL. | |
| It is sufficient to give the website address in the text (in parentheses). |
| Rampersad, T. (2005, June 8). Traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions [Online forum comment]. Retreived from http://www.wipo.int/roller/comments/ipisforum/Weblog/theme_eight_how_can_cultural#comments |
Smith, S. (2006, January 5). Re: Disputed estimates of IQ [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/ForensicNetwork/message/670 ( "Listserv" is a trademarked name for a specific software program, so use "electronic mailing list" instead.) | |
| MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php ( "MiddleKid" is a screen name, which the author used when posting to this blog.) |
Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Date). Title of episode (No. if provided) [Audio podcast episode]. In Name of podcast. Publisher. URL | |
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. TED. URL Username. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. YouTube. URL ( : If the video is from YouTube.) | |
Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of video [Video]. Streaming Service. URL ( : The person or group who uploaded the video is considered the author. If the author’s name is the same as the username, you can omit the [Username].) | |
Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of program/source code (Code version) [Type]. URL ( : type examples include [computer program] or [source code]) |
A strategic plan is a document that is used to define an organization’s process of achieving a long-term goal. Citing a strategic plan in a research paper can provide support to the argument you're making. But if you use a strategic plan as a resource in a research paper, you must cite it correctly to give your research credibility. The American Psychological Association, or APA, has formats for citing such documents.
According to the sixth edition of the "American Psychological Association Manual," in-text citations require that you include the author's last name (followed by a comma) and the year of publication in parenthesis.
For example: (Smith, 2004)
If the author’s name is not identified in the strategic plan, provide the title of the plan (in italics) and the year of publication.
For example:
( Business Plan to Increase Production , 2004)
For the references citation, place the entry in alphabetical order according to the author’s last name or the organization’s name if no author is provided. Begin the entry with the author's last name, if available, or the name of the organization that published the plan. Next provide the year of publication in parenthesis, the title of the strategic plan in italics, the report or volume number in parenthesis and the location and name of the publisher if it is a printed source. If it is an online source, include the retrieval date and identify the publisher in a retrieval address.
Smith, John. (2004). Business plan to increase production (Vol.3). 12 March 2007. Retrieved from http://www.businesplansarchives.com
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Resources on using in-text citations in APA style
Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats
The APA Style Guide for business information has been modified from the APA Manual of Style (7th ed.) for Sheridan's Pilon School of Business students. Your professor may have different citing expectations than the rules outlined below. Always check at the beginning of term and before starting assignments that the citing rules you are using are appropriate for your class.
Skillport (formerly books24x7database), business ebook collection database , business source complete, business source complete- business searching interface, culturegrams, emarketer pro, euromonitor international's passport database, gale onefile: business, gale onefile: economics and theory, gartner research, ibis world , linkedin learning, mergent online, mtm- media technology monitor.
Referencing a Report
PrivCo . (n.d.). McCain Foods Limited . https://system-privco-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/company/mccain-foods-limited/
In-text paraphrase
Note: If you are citing more than one report from the same year, see the Tips page for help.
Referencing a journal article
Harris, R. (2013). All jacked... down? Canadian Grocer , 127 (3), 18-19. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1355505126?accountid=3455
Saunders, D. (2015, August 25). China's fever, everyone's disease. The Globe and Mail , p. A12. http://search.proquest.com/ docview /1706394434? accountid =34 55
Hoover's Company Records. (2020). Shoppers food warehouse corp . ProQuest Central. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1860782660?accountid=3455
SimplyAnalytics. (2019). Total Population in Toronto Metro Census 2019[Data set]. Environics. http://app.simplyanalytics.com
SimplyAnalytics. (2019). [Map of Toronto metro census with family income $200,000 and over]. Environics. http://app.simplyanalytics.com
For more information and examples, see: How do I cite SimplyMap data?
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. (May 27, 2020). Agri-food and seafood imports from Canada to China from 2015 to 2019 (in billion Canadian dollars) [Graph]. Statista . https://www-statista-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/statistics/659940/china-agri-food-imports-from-canada/
How to cite a table in Statistics Canada
Statistics Canada. (2020). Labour force characteristics, monthly, seasonally adjusted and trend-cycle, last 5 months (StatscanTable: 14-10-0287-01). Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1410028701
Click "save my customization" to generate a URL that you can use in your reference, shown as below screenshot.
Zekauskas, J. (2020, March 10). Albemarle Corporation: J.P. Morgan conference takeaways [Analyst report]. Thomson ONE. https://www.refinitiv.com/en
Vividata . (2020). [Candy/snacks – chewing gum – prsnlly chewed past 6 mths, age 14+ by generation] [Data set]. Retrieved August 13, 2020 from https://vividata.dapresy.com
Rais T., Arakji T. (2020). Nestlé Fitness: Keep Going. WARC. https://www-warc-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/content/article/warc-prize-mena/nestle-fitness-keep-going/132606
Loblaw Companies Limited. (2019). 2019 Annual report. https://s1.q4cdn.com/326961052/files/doc_financials/2019/ar/6573_LCL_ENG_AR2019_Complete_AODA.pdf
Loblaw Companies Limited. (2016). Purpose & values. https://www.loblaw.ca/en/about-us/mission---values.html
To see many more examples, and to get more help, please refer to one of the official APA Style websites below.
Common Terms
APA - American Psychological Association. APA style guide .
Annotated Bibliography
A bibliography with a brief description and/or evaluation of each source listed. See Purdue OWL for more information and help.
Cite/Citing
Giving credit or referencing the sources of information that have contributed to your work. Any ideas that are quoted, summarized, paraphrased must be cited, and any images, charts, graphics, tables. etc.
Corporate author
A web site, article or other information source published by an organization or corporation, with no individual author (writer) name provided.
A form of permanent link (see above) a "digital object identifier" which points to an online book, article, etc. If available, the DOI will be provided with the article or information source. Example, DOI: 10.1177/2329488414560107. See APA Style for more information.
In-text citation
A brief notation within the text that leads the reader to the complete documentation, in your References, of the source used. See APA Style for more information.
A periodical covering topics of interest to specific industries or professions (example: Journal of Business and Accounting ).
See APA Style for more information.
A series of publication published with a fixed interval between the issues or number. Journals, newspapers and magazines are all types of periodicals.
Permalink / Permanent Link
A URL or web address that will consistently point to a specific information source in a database.Permanent Links are provided by databases including ProQuest, Business Source Complete, and LexisNexis
Publication title
The name of a periodical, journal, newspaper or magazine, e.g. Wall Street Journal, Globe & Mail, Journal of Business Case Studies.
The organization who publishes a journal, newspaper, periodical, book or magazine title, e.g. Harvard University Press, Fast Company, Inc., Rogers Media Inc.
More information can be found in APA Style and Purdue OWL.
References
A list of sources that you you cited (using in-text citations) during in your research, and containing the information needed to locate the exact item. See APA Style for more information. http://www.apastyle.org/learn/quick-guide-on-references.aspx
Scholarly/peer reviewed journal/article
An article in a scholarly journal (published by university or academic, research or professional organizations) which has been reviewed and evaluated by experts in the subject. See this page for more information.
More information can be found in Purdue OWL .
Title or Document Title
The name of an article or report, contained in a periodical, e.g. "Barrick scraps co-president model as top miner retires", an article in the Globe and Mail newspaper.
How to Cite Direct Quotations
How to Cite long Quotation
Citing Works With the Same Author and Date
University libraries, research guides, business plan research, introduction.
This section provides examples of how to cite information obtained from subscription-based databases and that are not articles in magazines, newspapers, trade journals, or scholarly journals. The APA Publication Manual, 7th ed. says that the database should included in the reference, and in italics, if a reader needs to retrieve the work cited in that specific source (p. 296), or when the work is proprietary to that database (p. 297). That is the case in the examples provided in this section. Consequently, the database names are included in the examples used in this portion of the guide.
For a database that requires login, use the database URL or that of the login page.
In addition, when you know the information cited won't be available in the future in a particular database, the retrieval date of the report should be included:
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of work. Retrieved Month day, year, from Name of database . URL.
Or if there is no author:
Title of work. (Date). Retrieved Month day, year, from Name of database . URL.
The general formats for in text-citations are:
Parenthetical citation: (Last name of author, year)
Narrative citation: Last name of author (year)
If you are including a direct quote, you need to include the page number. If a document doesn't have a page number you can use the paragraph number or an abbreviated heading name (along with the paragraph #) under which it falls.
In-text example for a direct quote: (Smith, 2018, p. 50)
In-text cite example if pages are not included: (Smith, 2018, para. 3)
How to internally cite websites, how to remove all of the metadata from excel spreadsheets.
A business plan provides potential investors with detailed information on all facets of a company's present-day operations and future projections. The best practice is to support the forecasts presented in a business plan with information provided by credible sources, such as government agencies, industry and trade publications, and authoritative books. It is important to cite the sources of information used in a business plan.
There are many options available when deciding how to cite sources in a business plan. The three most common academic citation styles are APA, MLA and Chicago. APA style is mostly used for scientific and technical subjects, whereas MLA style is typically used for the humanities fields. Chicago style, also preferred for the humanities, is a documentation style that uses footnotes or endnotes. Whichever option you choose, remain consistent throughout the entire document and properly format each external source of information. Each style offers both online and printed manuals for users.
Originally from New Orleans, Louisiana, GeAndra Imoudu began her website development and technical writing career in 2003 after graduating from Stanford University with a BS in science, technology and society. She holds a MS in engineering from Tulane University and enjoys hosting technology training workshops in her community.
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Author, a. a., & author, b. b. (year). title of page in italics (number if available) [descriptive text if needed]. database name. https://www.databasehomepage.com.
Many business sources contain tables, charts, data sets, and other non-standard types of information. General guidelines:
Because the APA style manual does not provide examples for every single type of resource, these examples have been adapted for common business resources . If you are unsure of how to cite a source, ask your business librarian .
Jump to more specific examples by using the table below:
Parenthetical Citation : McDonald's and Burger King in Brazil were among the first companies to use AI in an advertising campaign (Rittenhouse, 2023).
Narrative Citation : According to Rittenhouse (2023), McDonald's and Burger King in Brazil were among the first companies to use AI in an advertising campaign.
Parenthetical Citation : In 2022, Amazon spent 20.6 billion dollars on advertising and promotion (Ad Age Datacenter, 2023).
Narrative Citation : According to Ad Age Datacenter (2023), Amazon spent 20.6 billion dollars on advertising and promotion.
Return to table of contents
Marketline is the author of most of the SWOTs in our subscription. For SWOTs that may come from other databases, most often you are looking for a corporate/organization author.
Parenthetical Citation : Cisco's declining cash reserves in the last couple of years may be an indication of the company's inability to acquire sufficient capital (MarketLine, 2023).
Narrative Citation : According to a MarketLine (2023) report, Cisco's declining cash reserves may be an indicator of the company's inability to acquire sufficient capital.
Data tables.
Parenthetical Citation : In the United States the number of real estate firms increased by over 12,000 between 2020 and 2021 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2021).
Narrative Citation : According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2021), the number of real estate firms in the United States increased by over 12,000 between 2020 and 2021.
Parenthetical Citation : There are 301 establishments in Milwaukee county which exclusively sell alcohol (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.).
Narrative Citation : According to the U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.), there are 301 establishments in Milwaukee county which exclusively sell alcohol.
Parenthetical Citation : The median gross rent in Whitewater, WI is only 1% more than in Stevens Point, WI (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.).
Narrative Citation : According to the U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.) the median gross rent in Whitewater, WI is only 1% more than the median gross rent in Stevens Point, WI.
Report with author.
Some Global Road Warrior report pages have a Writer listed at the bottom of the page. If none listed, use Global Road Warrior as an Author, and no need to repeat it in the Source position.
Parenthetical Citation : The varying tropical climate of the Democratic Republic of Congo dictates the type of attire worn by business travelers to the country (Myers, n.d.).
Narrative Citation : Myers (n.d.) explains that the varying tropical climate of the Democratic Republic of Congo dictates the type of attire worn by business travelers to the country.
However, some subsections may be reprints from other sources -- e.g., the Human Rights Reports section is reprinted from the U.S. Department of State report:
Parenthetical Citation : Unlike the United States, the government of Australia prohibits sympathy strikes by unions (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor & World Trade Press, 2022).
Narrative Citation : According to the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor and the World Trade Press (2022), the government of Australia prohibits sympathy strikes by unions.
Parenthetical Citation : FUBU is a privately owned corporation which specializes in producing hip-hop influenced sportswear (D&B Hoovers, 2023).
Narrative Citation : According to D&B Hoovers (2023), FUBU is a privately owned corporation which specializes in producing hip-hop influenced sportswear.
Parenthetical Citation : Millennials are more willing to spend on premium care for their pets since they view them as a part of their family (Brocker, 2023)
Narrative Citation : Brocker (2023) states that Millennials are more willing to spend on premium care for their pets since they view them as a part of their family.
Parenthetical Citation : Increase in federal funding for medicare and medicaid has lowered industry risk for dentists in the United States (IBISWorld, 2023).
Narrative Citation : According to IBISWorld (2023) an increase in federal funding for medicare and medicaid has lowered industry risk for dentists in the United States.
Parenthetical Citation : Leadership and employee involvement are important to the management of occupational health and safety risks (International Organization for Standardization [ISO], 2023).
Narrative Citation : The International Organization for Standardization (ISO, 2023) stresses the importance of leadership and employee involvement in the management of occupational health and safety risks.
Parenthetical Citation : The minimum required distance between two containers holding flammable liquids such as petroleum is three feet (Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA], 1970).
Narrative Citation : According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, 2023) the minimum required distance between two containers holding flammable liquids such as petroleum is three feet.
Note: If the abbreviation of a group author is well-know, or will appear in the paper at least times, include the abbreviation in square brackets in the parenthetical citation, and with the date element in the narrative citation.
Company profile.
Include retrieval dates since profiles are regularly updated. Look in the Business Demographics section of a company profile for the Last Updated On: date.
If the company's name is sufficiently unique to identify that company (i.e., there is only one of that company in that city/state), then that is all you need for the Title. If there are multiple companies with that name and that location, then include the exact address in parentheses as a unique identifier, as below.
Parenthetical Citation : The two main competitors of the Sage and Oats Trading Post are located in neighboring Idaho (Data Axel, 2023).
Narrative Citation : According to Data Axel (2023), the two main competitors of the Sage and Oats Trading Post are located in neighboring Idaho.
For creating a list of companies or people with certain criteria, the Excel or PDF format list has no real title. So create a description, in [square brackets], of what criteria you applied to get your list, so that someone else could retrieve the same (or similar) data. Include retrieval date because the list would probably be different at a later date.
Parenthetical Citation : 22 businesses located in the Janesville metro area are owned by veterans (Data Axel, n.d.).
Narrative Citation : According to Data Axel (n.d.) 22 businesses located in the Janesville metro area are owned by veterans.
Parenthetical Citation : Approximately 10,00 flights were cancelled in one day in the United States on March 29th, 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 lock-down measures (Bureau of Transportation Statistics [BTS], 2023).
Narrative Citation : According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS, 2023) approximately 10,000 flights were cancelled in one day in the United States on March 29th, 2020 as a result of COVID-19 lock-down measures.
All SEC filings are publicly available on the web. So, no matter where you accessed it from, there's really no need to include database information, though you can include a freely-accessible web link to make it easier for your reader to retrieve it if you wish.
Parenthetical Citation : The risk of credit losses from corporate debt securities held by East West Bank are likely to be low since their credit profiles are strong with expectations of on-time contractual payments (East West Bancorp, Inc., 2021)
Narrative Citation : East West Bancorp, Inc. (2021) state in their annual report that risk of credit losses on their corporate debt securities are likely to be low since their credit profiles are strong with expectations of on-time contractual payments.
The Title is the dataset used, which also provides you with a Date. However, that doesn't tell your reader what exact data you were using. So create a description after the title, in [square brackets], of what criteria you applied to get your list, so that someone else could retrieve the same (or similar) data.
Parenthetical Citation : There are approximately 7 million customers in the United States who use hand and body creams, lotions or oils (MRI-Simmons, 2021).
Narrative Citation : According to MRI-Simmons (2021) there are approximately 7 million customers in the United States who use hand and body creams, lotions, or oils.
Parenthetical Citation : 52% of college students in the United States accessed Instagram through a mobile device in 2021 (MRI-Simmons, 2021).
Narrative Citation : According to MRI-Simmons (2021) 52% of college students in the United States accessed Instagram through a mobile devise in 2021.
For the profiles of any type of Publication, Radio, TV/Cable, Out-of-home, or Hispanic media with a profile in SRDS, include retrieval date as these are updated regularly.
Parenthetical Citation : The Beloit Daily News boasts a circulation of over 10,000 subscribers (SRDS Media Solutions, n.d.).
Narrative Citation : According to SRDS Media Solutions (n.d.) the Beloit Daily News boasts a circulation of over 10,000 subscribers.
Parenthetical Citation : Media outlets in Sheboygan WI may charge higher advertising rates since they fall under Milwaukee's designated market area (DMA) (SRDS Media Solutions, n.d.).
Narrative Citation : According to SRDS Media Solutions (n.d.) media outlets in Sheboygan, WI may charge higher advertising rates since they fall under Milwaukee's designated market area (DMA).
Look in the “Source” box to the right of Statista's charts for most of the citation information. Sometimes there are multiple sources for one chart; if so, treat it just like you would a normal multiple-author situation on an article . For date, check the Release Info or Source Link boxes (see right); but if not listed, use (n.d.) for No Date.
Parenthetical Citation : 48% of global cybersecurity professionals think that deep learning for detecting malware in encrypted traffic may be the most promising emerging machine learning trend in 2023 (Nguyen, 2023).
Narrative Citation : According to Nguyen (2023), 48% of global cybersecurity professional thin that deep learning for detecting malware in encrypted traffic may be the most promising emerging machine learning trend in 2023.
Parenthetical Citation : Crude oil prices hit an all time high at over $109 per barrel in 2012 (Statista, 2024).
Narrative Citation : According to Statista (2024), crude oil prices hit an all time high at over $109 per barrel in 2012.
If there is no PDF, then it is unarchived, so use (n.d.) and include a retrieval date.
Parenthetical Citation : Johnson Controls’ international growth in 2023 has helped to offset its weak performance in North America (Value Line, 2024).
Narrative Citation : According to Value Line (2024) Johnson Controls’ international grown in 2023 has helped to offset its weak performance in North America.
Named author.
Parenthetical Citation : The Nicoya region in Costa Rica is prone to frequent earthquakes (Dixon & Protti, 2007-2023).
Narrative Citation : The data gathered by Dixon & Protti (2007-2023) shows that the Nicoya region in Costa Rica is prone to frequent earthquakes.
Parenthetical Citation : There were no reported bank failures reported in 2021 and 2022 (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation [FDIC], 2023).
Narrative Citation : According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC, 2023) there were reported bank failures in 2021 and 2022.
With datasets acquired through WRDS such as Compustat or CRSP, the author can mention that the data was collected from these sources in the methodology section or at the end of the paper.
For example:
“4.1 Data and methods
We retrieve the sample of banks from COMPUSTAT's bank file. Following Akhigbe and Martin (2006), we include in the sample all commercial banks (SIC code 602X) and savings institutions (SIC code 603X). To be included in the sample the bank must have continuous returns on CRSP in the 365 day period prior to the analyst's recommendation. For each sample bank, we obtain all of their analyst recommendations that are reported on the Thomson Financial's Institutional Brokers Estimate (I/B/E/S) U.S. Detail File in the time period 1994–2012" (Premti et al, 2017).
Premti, A., Garcia-Feijoo, L., & Madura, J. (2017). Information content of analyst recommendations in the banking industry. International Review of Financial Analysis 49 , 35-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2016.11.005
Parenthetical Citation : Equalpride’s media spending in 2022 was down by 77% since the previous year (Winmo, n.d.).
Narrative Citation : According to Winmo (n.d.), Equalpride’s media spending in 2022 was down by 77% since the previous year.
Business source premier - reports, referenceusa, simmons insights, sports business research network (sbrnet), thomson one, web-based data sets (census, imf, federal reserve, etc.), wharton research data services (wrds), general notes about citing business sources.
Questions about citing business sources using APA 7th edition? Email Chelsea at [email protected]
Important note on citing business resources:.
Although the APA provides clear instructions on how to cite standard publication types, some business-specific resources include unique information that doesn't directly match APA instructions. Because of that, some of the examples and instructions on this page represent the WVU Libraries' interpretation of APA rules. The American Psychological Association maintains a Style Blog that addresses many frequently asked questions.
For citing resources in standard article databases including: ABI/INFORM, Factiva, and Business Source Premier, please consult the Journal Articles or Magazine & News Articles tabs.
If you have questions about citing your specific source, please contact the WVU Libraries.
MarketLine. (2018, November). Wine in North America: MarketLine Industry Profile (Reference Code: 0205-0800) [Industry profile]. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.
Diment, D. (2019, December). Corporate wellness services (OD4621) [U.S. specialized industry report] . IBISWorld . https://www.ibisworld.com/
Mergent. (n.d.). Hain Celestial Group [Company profile]. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://www.mergentonline.com/login.php
Mergent. (n.d.). Hain Celestial Group: R. Dean Hollis [Executive bio]. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://www.mergentonline.com/login.php
Dun & Bradstreet. (2019, May 27). Automotive repair & maintenance services [Industry profile].
NOTE: Dun & Bradstreet reports seem to be available in multiple databases, so in such cases APA says not to include the database name or URL.
Failla, J. (2020, April). Quick service restaurants - US . Mintel. https://reports.mintel.com/display/986928/#
Mintel. (n.d.). Shampoo & conditioners: Retail market segmentation by values . Retrieved May 28, 2020, from https://marketsizes.mintel.com/
Company dossier
LexisNexis. (n.d.). Ford Motor Company [Company profile]. Retrieved May 28, 2020, from https://www.lexisnexis.com/
Executive biographies
The Who's Who of Company Directors. (2017, April 6). H. Jay Sarles. NexisUni. https://www.lexisnexis.com
Company information
Zoom Company Information. (2020, May). Ernst & Young Global Limited. NexisUni. https://www.lexisnexis.com
Company lists or directories
LexisNexis. (n.d.) [List of automobile companies in Germany, over $200M in sales]. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from
https://www.lexisnexis.com
NOTE: Since there is no official title, create a description in square brackets, non-italicized, to describe how you compiled this data. See section 9.22 in the Manual. The square brackets in this case indicate that somebody else searching the resource cannot use these exact words to search for it; but they could figure out what you did.
SWOT Analysis
MarketLine. (2020, January 13). Ford Motor Company [SWOT analysis]. NexisUni. https://www.lexisnexis.com
Company profiles
PrivCo. (n.d.). PopSockets [Company profile]. Retrieved May 26, 2020, from https://system.privco.com/auth/login
PrivCo. (n.d.). [List of VC-backed companies in the Boulder, CO, area with up to $500M in revenue]. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://system.privco.com/auth/login
Infogroup. (2020, June). Jackson Hewitt Tax Svc-Walmart, Kenai, AK [Company profile]. ReferenceUSA. Retrieved June 26, 2020, from https://www.referenceusa.com
NOTE: If the title of the company profile is sufficiently unique to identify the company profile (i.e. there is only one of that company in that city & state), then the company name with city is the title.
Infogroup. (2020, June). Jackson Hewitt Tax Svc-Walmart (3101 A. St, Anchorage, AK) [Company profile]. ReferenceUSA. Retrieved June 26, 2020, from https://www.referenceusa.com
NOTE: If there are multiple locations of that business in that city/state, include the exact address in parentheses as a form of unique number identifier.
Infogroup. (n.d.). [List of companies in Walworth county, Wisconsin with 5 or more employees]. ReferenceUSA. Retrieved May 26, 2020, from https://www.referenceusa.com
NOTE: Since there is no official title, create a description in square brackets, non-italicized, to describe how you compiled this data. See secti on 9.22 in the Manual. The square brackets in this case indicate that somebody else searching the resource cannot use these exact words to se arch for it; but they could figure out what you did.
MRI-Simmons. (2017). Spring 2017 NHCS adult study 12 month [Cell phones / smartphones brands owned by consumer demographics - age, gender, household income] [Data set]. https://simmonsinsights.com/
MRI-Simmons. (2017). Spring 2017 NHCS adult study 6 month [Computer software types owned by age] [Data set]. https://simmonsinsights.com/
NOTE: Since the title of the dataset is not very descriptive of your particular data retrieved, include a description of the variables you used so that somebody else could figure out what you did.
SBRnet. (n.d.). Basketball: College fan market summary . Sports Market Analytics. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://sportsmarketanalytics.com/home.aspx
Statistics, dossiers, and reports
Daniel Research Group. (2019, September). Unit shipments of mobile personal computers (PCs) and laptops in the
United States, from 2013 to 2023 (in millions) [Chart]. Statista. https://www.statista.com/
NOTE: Look under the Source section fo r “Survey by” -- tha t is the author.
Statista. (2020, May). Laptops & tablets [Consumer market outlook]. https://www.statista.com/
NOTE: Anything without a named author, should cite Statista at the corporate author.
Infographics
Armstrong, M. (2020, June 4). UK government approval on the slide [Infographic] . Statista. https://www.statista.com/
Zekauskas, J. (2020, March 10). Albemarle Corporation: J.P. Morgan conference takeaways [Analyst report]. Thomson ONE. https://www.refinitiv.com/en
United States
U.S. Census Bureau. (2017). Construction: Summary statistics for the US, states, and selected geographies (Table EC1723BASIC) [Data set]. U.S. Department of Commerce. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ECNBASIC2017.EC1723BASIC&t=Employment%3ANew%20Housing%20%28Construction%20and%20Sales%29&vintage=2017&hidePreview=false
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). QuickFacts: Madison city, Wisconsin . U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved June 18, 2020, from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/madisoncitywisconsin/LND110210
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). Census business builder: Small business edition - 3.0.1 [Map showing restaurants in the Dane County, WI area and surrounding counties]. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved June 18, 2020, from https://cbb.census.gov/sbe/#
Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2020, May 28). Price indexes for personal consumption expenditures by major type of product and by major function . (Table 2.3.4U) [Data set]. United States Department of Commerce. https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=19&step=3&isuri=1&nipa_table_list=2013&categories=underlying
International
International Financial Statistics. (2020). Government finance: Japan 2013-2020 [Data set] . International Monetary Fund.
https://www.imf.org
World Health Organization. (2020, June 2). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Situation report - 134.
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200602-covid-19-sitrep-134.pdf?sfvrsn=cc95e5d5_2
Eurostat. (2020). Area under organic farming [Data set] . https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/sdg_02_40
Standard & Poor’s. (n.d.). Compustat daily updates - fundamentals annual [ Microsoft Corporation: Income statement items - January 2015 to January 2020 ] [Data set] . Capital IQ. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://wrds-www.wharton.upenn.edu/
The Center for Research in Security Prices. (n.d.). CRSP daily stock [Tesla Motors stock prices from 2007 to 2020] [Data set]. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://wrds-www.wharton.upenn.ed u/
The citation examples on this webpage come from: Schemm, N., Dellenbach, M., Grisham, Z., Hageman, M., Tingle, N., Trowbridge, M., & Wheatley, A. (2020). APA 7th ed. citation for business sources . https://bit.ly/APA7business
APA style is one of the most common formats for citing sources Other well known citation styles include MLA and Chicago .
APA Style citations consist of two parts:
This citation guide is based on the 6th edition of the APA Manual. The latest edition, published in October 2019, is not yet supported, but we have compiled a quick guide to the most important 7th edition changes . You can also use our free APA Citation Generator to automatically create accurate citations.
In-text citations, reference list, apa formatting for papers.
An in-text citation is a concise way to show the reader where the original idea came from and to give credit to the original author. Use one every time you quote or paraphrase a source.
Include the author’s last name and the year of publication. When quoting a source, it’s also necessary to include the page number(s) of the quote.
When there are two authors, separate their last names with an ampersand (&), or with the word ‘and’ when they appear in the running text.
When there are three or more authors, separate their last names using commas . The last two authors’ last names should be separated by both a comma and an ampersand.
If you cite the same source again, to save space, you shorten the citation. Instead of including all the authors’ names, include only the first author, followed by “ et al. ” (meaning “and others”).
If a source has six or more authors, use the shortened version from the first citation.
When a source does not list an individual author, it can often be attributed to an organization instead.
When you quote a source , you also have to add the page number to the in-text citation.
Sometimes, it’s necessary to cite multiple sources in one sentence. You can combine them into one set of parentheses, separated by semicolons .
Full in-text citation guide
The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:
Every source cited in the text must also appear in your reference list .
The format differs depending on the source type, but every reference begins in the same way: with the author’s last name and initials, the publication year or date, and the title of the source.
Note: Book titles should be italicized .
Note: The journal title and volume number should be italicized .
Note: The title should be italicized .
Do you want to cite an image , interview , YouTube video , movie , or another source type that is not on this list? We have many more APA Style examples to help you cite correctly.
Sort the references in alphabetical order based on the author’s last name. If you cite multiple sources by the same author, then sort them by publication year.
When you use the APA Citation Generator , your reference list is alphabetized automatically.
Full reference list guide
There are certain formatting rules you must adhere to when writing a paper in APA format .
The basic requirements are:
In addition to these general rules, there are more specific requirements for formatting the title page , running head , abstract , reference page , and headings and subheadings .
More interesting articles.
An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!
by Evangeline Marzec
Published on 26 Sep 2017
A business plan must be grounded in solid research that is verifiable by the lenders and investors who will read it. Additionally, you’ll often use the process of writing the business plan as a tool to help you better understand your own business and product. Citing your sources is critical to establishing your credibility and for remembering how you arrived at the conclusions and figures you present in your plan.
Select reputable sources for your research. Whenever possible, use government agencies, universities, authoritative books and articles, and primary sources such as interviews with experts or direct research of your customers. Websites you use should end in .gov, .edu or occasionally .org if the organization is well respected. If you’re forced to get information from sources of questionable reliability, make sure you specify in the text of your plan that the information is an estimate at best. It's generally not a good idea to use Wikipedia as a source, so investigate the citations used on the Wikipedia article. Unless the work is considered a business classic, avoid sources over 10 years old.
Include summaries of the raw data of your research. When you’ve conducted customer research or done an analysis on market trends, include a summary of your raw data in the appendices of your business plan, and inform your audience how they can access the full raw data.
Pick an academic citation style appropriate to your business. APA style tends to be preferred for technical and scientific presentations, MLA for less technical subjects and various specific legal citation styles for law or government practices. Each style you choose will require that you list the author, title, copyright date, publisher and city, issue number, volume, page number and URL if applicable, so be sure to keep track of this information during your research.
Format citations correctly. Place citations in the bibliography section of your business plan and be sure to format them consistently. For example, a book in MLA style would be cited as follows: Ferguson, Niall. The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World. New York: Penguin Press, 2009. Cite a website following APA style, as follows: Hammock, Ann. (2009, December 30). The future of brain-controlled devices. CNN.com. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/12/30/brain.controlled.computers/index.html. In the text of your plan, refer to your cited sources by referencing the author or article title, such as "Michael Porter, in his 2008 article "The Seven Things That Surprise New CEOs," claims..."
Be consistent. Which style you choose is a matter of preference rather than a specific prescription, but once you’ve chosen it be sure to maintain it throughout your business plan. If possible, maintain it for all the documentation that you’ll be presenting to your lender or investor.
Never plagiarize. If you’re quoting someone else’s research, make sure that the quotation is cited in text (at the end of the quote or paraphrased information), in the footnotes for that page or section (footnotes are optional) and in the bibliography.
Article from database without doi, article from database with doi, passport gmid, standard & poor's netadvantage, business source premier, u.s. census bureau, citation management tools, best apa guides, library chat.
Chat service is intended for CSU, Chico affiliated users.
Ericson, T.J. Alsop, R., Nicholson, P., & Miller, J. (2009). Gen Y in the workplace. Harvard Business Review, 87(2), 43-49.
Ericson, T.J. Alsop, R., Nicholson, P., & Miller, J. (2009). Gen Y in the workplace. Harvard Business Review , 87(2), 43-49. Retrieved February 10, 2009 from Business Source Premier database.
Twenge, J.M. & Campbell S.M (2009). Generational differences in psychological traits and their impact on the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 862-877.doi:10.1108/02683940810904367
Conniff, R. (2005). The ape in the corner office: Understanding the workplace beast in all of us. New York: Crown Business.
Mintel. (2009). Ice Cream and Frozen Novelties – US – May 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2011 from Mintel Oxygen database.
Euromonitor International Inc. (2012, June 27). Apparel in Chile: Industry Overview. Retrieved from Passport GMID database.
Euromonitor International Inc. (2012, September 28). Digital Life and Consumers (replacing Web 2.0 and Consumers.) Retrieved from Passport GMID database.
Euromonitor International. (2011, March 29). Income and Expenditure: Brazil. Country Briefing. Retrieved from Passport GMID database.
Zwolak, Roman. (2010). IBISWorld Industry Report 71395. Bowling Alleys in the US. Retrieved August 6, 2010 from IBISWorld database.
Kessler, S.H. (2008, September 25). Computers: Consumer services and the Internet. Standard & Poor's Industry Surveys. Retrieved January 10, 2009 from Standard & Poor's NetAdvantage database.
Standard & Poor's. (2009). Google Inc 'A'. Company Profile. Retrieved March 4, 2009 from Standard & Poor's NetAdvantage database.
Datamonitor. (2009, January 29). Goya Foods, Inc. Company Profile. Retrieved February 1, 2009 from Business Source Premier database.
U.S. Department of Commerce. (2009, March 31). Doing Business in Argentina: 2009 country commercial guide for U.S. companies. Retrieved October 12, 2009 from Export.gov.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2008). 2008 Zip Code Business Patterns (NAICS). Retrieved February 21, 2011 http://censtats.census.gov/cbpnaic/cbpnaic.shtml .
National Restaurant Association (2008, November 14). Restaurant industry at a glance. Retrieved December 10, 2008 from http://www.restaurant.org/research/ind_glance.cfm .
Meriam Library | CSU, Chico
Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!
An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.
It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.
Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.
College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.
Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:
In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).
Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:
MyBib supports the following for APA style:
⚙️ Styles | APA 6 & APA 7 |
---|---|
📚 Sources | Websites, books, journals, newspapers |
🔎 Autocite | Yes |
📥 Download to | Microsoft Word, Google Docs |
Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
IMAGES
VIDEO
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APA Guidelines - 7th Edition by Kaitlyn McNamee. Quick reference guide to the 7th edition of the American Psychological Association's publication manual for rules of punctuation, reference citation, structure and format in 6 laminated handy pages filled with the answers you need for these commonly used guidelines. Publication Date: 2020-05-01.
In-Text Citations. APA Style uses parenthetical, author-date citations. After a quote, add parentheses containing the author's name, the year of publication, and the page number of the work. Example: "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" (Seuss, 2007, pp. 7-8).
For the references citation, place the entry in alphabetical order according to the author's last name or the organization's name if no author is provided. Begin the entry with the author's last name, if available, or the name of the organization that published the plan. Next provide the year of publication in parenthesis, the title of the ...
Format the business proposal in APA style. Insert the main section headings, including Abstract or Business Proposal Summary, Introduction, and headings for the body of the proposal, ending with the References (which should start on a separate page). This way, you've created a kind of template to facilitate the writing phase.
Reference List. Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats. Basic Rules Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list ...
The APA Style Guide for business information has been modified from the APA Manual of Style (7th ed.) for Sheridan's Pilon School of Business students. Your professor may have different citing expectations than the rules outlined below. Always check at the beginning of term and before starting assignments that the citing rules you are using are ...
APA Style and Grammar Guidelines. Paper Format (Font, Headings, Line Spacing, Margins, Title Page Setup…) In-Text Citations Basics of Citation, Paraphrasing, Plagiarism, Quotations, Secondary Sources…) Mechanics of Style (Capitalization, Italics and Quotation Marks, Punctuation…)
The APA Publication Manual, 7th ed. says that the database should included in the reference, and in italics, if a reader needs to retrieve the work cited in that specific source (p. 296), or when the work is proprietary to that database (p. 297). That is the case in the examples provided in this section.
sources. This handout, based on APA style, is intended to provide specific examples of how to format in-text references/citations in a reference list for the kinds of resources frequently used by Business students and faculty. Every Business assignment (e.g., report/paper) must include references that have TWO parts: 1.
Choose a Style. There are many options available when deciding how to cite sources in a business plan. The three most common academic citation styles are APA, MLA and Chicago. APA style is mostly ...
EndNote & EndNote Web. Members of the HPU community have access to EndNote, a robust citation tool that is available in desktop and cloud-based forms and contains over 5000 citation styles. EndNote also comes with a plugin for Word that allows you to insert citations from your EndNote library as you write. Follow the instructions on this guide ...
Because the APA style manual does not provide examples for every single type of resource, these examples have been adapted for common business resources. If you are unsure of how to cite a source, ask your business librarian. Jump to more specific examples by using the table below: Ad Age DataCenter: Business Source Complete SWOT Analysis ...
This guide is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed., and gives citation examples for various sources commonly used in business. All page and section numbers refer to this manual. For in-depth APA paper and citation formatting (books, articles, websites etc...) see Citation Guide: APA Guide.
Company lists or directories. Infogroup. (n.d.). [List of companies in Walworth county, Wisconsin with 5 or more employees]. ReferenceUSA. Retrieved May 26, 2020, from https://www.referenceusa.com . NOTE: Since there is no official title, create a description in square brackets, non-italicized, to describe how you compiled this data.
APA citations consist of the in-text citation and the reference list entry. Check out our examples for websites, books, articles, and more! FAQ ... According to the company's business plan, "making an APA Citation Generator is a lot of work, but many students benefit from it" (Swan, 2014, p. 5).
A business plan must be grounded in solid research that is verifiable by the lenders and investors who will read it. Additionally, you'll often use the process of writing the business plan as a tool to help you better understand your own business and product. ... Cite a website following APA style, as follows: Hammock, Ann. (2009, December 30 ...
♦ APA citation page title: Reference List (centered) ♦ Double-space citations on Reference List page. ♦ Hanging indentation: If a Reference List entry continues to a second line, indent all subsequent lines 5-7 spaces. ... The definitive business plan: The fast track to intelligent planning for executives and entrepreneurs (3rd. ed.).
Special Note About the Examples Below: The examples provided on this guide follow the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition.While the APA provides clear instructions for most standard publication types, some business resources have unique elements that make the guidelines open to interpretation.
marks around the heading, reference. APA recommends using either a sans serif font such as 11-point Calibri, 11 point Arial, or 10 point Lucida Sans Unicode, or a serif font such as 12-point. Times New Roman or 11-point Georgi. . All entries must be double-spaced. The first line of each reference is set flush le.
Harvard Business Review, 87(2), 43-49. Retrieved February 10, 2009 from Business Source Premier database. Retrieved February 10, 2009 from Business Source Premier database. Article from database with DOI
Students should follow the APA guidelines to write their business plan: Set 1" margins: On all four sides (Top, Bottom, Left, Right) One of the following fonts: Times New Roman 12pt. Calibri 11pt. Arial 11pt. Lucida Sans Unicode 10pt. Georgia 11pt. Computer Modern 10pt.
An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style. It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official ...
If you plan on using a free APA citation tool, like the one at CitationMachine.com, the names of the authors will format properly for you. ###No authors If the source lacks an author, place the title in the first position in the reference (Section 9.12 of the Publication manual ).
The easiest, quickest way to create a paraphrase is to use a free paraphrase generator like the one at the top of this page. To use this paraphrasing tool, paste in your source text, then click the "Paraphrase it" button.If you'd like to write a paraphrase from scratch, first read the original text closely.
Cineworld has confirmed six cinemas will close as part of plans to cut jobs and save money, as the company struggles with debt. The cinemas will shut in "late September 2024" if the cost-cutting ...
Measurement-based care (MBC) is an underutilized evidence-based practice, and current implementation efforts demonstrate limited success in increasing MBC use. A better understanding of MBC implementation determinants is needed to improve these efforts, particularly from studies examining the full range of MBC practices and that span multiple samples of diverse providers using different MBC ...
Plan, organise, direct, control and coordinate operations of governments, enterprises and other organisations and organisational units within them. Managers have a high level of responsibility, accountability and knowledge within the organisational hierarchy and will typically have responsibility for and make decisions about the overall strategic and operational direction of the business ...
In a report commissioned by the U.S.-China Business Council, Oxford Economics found in November that ending permanent normal trade relations with China would cost the U.S. economy $1.6 trillion ...