business plan apa reference

Business Plan Research: APA Style - 7th Edition

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American Psychological Association's APA Style 7th Edition is widely used by students and researchers in the social and behavioral sciences.

Citation Guide

APA Reference Examples

• APA Common Reference Examples APA's common reference examples.
• Sample APA Student and Professional papers Purdue OWL has provided both student and professional paper samples. The "track changes" features is used to make comments in the margins that explain the formatting and directions for writing an APA paper.

Research Citation Management

For more information, see the Zotero Research Guide . 

A Step-by-Step Guide for APA Style Student Papers

Academic Writer Tutorial: Basics of 7th Edition APA Style

• Academic Writer Tutorial: Basics of Seventh Edition APA Style "This tutorial is designed for writers new to APA Style. Learn the basics of seventh edition APA Style, including paper elements, format, and organization; academic writing style; grammar and usage; bias-free language; mechanics of style; tables and figures; in-text citations, paraphrasing, and quotations; and reference list format and order."

APA 7th Edition Changes

Credit: Scribbr (2019)

Intro - 0:00 ​

1. citing sources - 0:25 ​, 2. inclusive & bias-free language - 2:01 ​, 3. apa paper format - 2:52 ​, 4. mechanics of style - 3:56 ​, 5. when to start using the apa 7th edition - 4:11, formatting the reference page.

Credit: Scribbr (2020)

Intro to the reference page - 00:00 ​

Font, line spacing, margins - 00:35 ​, creating references - 1:16 ​, hanging indent - 1:59 ​, annotated bibliography - 2:43, reference list.

Arrange references alphabetically by the author's last name.

Double space the entire reference list.

Begin each entry on the left margin and indent a 1/2 inch from  the second line  onwards.

• Hanging indent in Google Docs
• Hanging indent in Microsoft Word
• Hanging indent in Word Online

See  APA  Publication Manual 7th  Edition ,  pages 39-40 .

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Introduction

Direct quotations & paraphrasing, basic citation styles, books (print & online), journal articles (print & online), audiovisual media, other online sources, how to cite chatgpt in apa style.

• Questions? Ask a Librarian!

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association provides detailed guidelines for using APA style. The current edition (7th edition) of the APA Publication Manual , published in November of 2019 is  kept at the Reference Desk.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association . (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Copies are available for use at the library circulation desk.

• The Basics of APA Style A free tutorial for those who are new to APA style
• Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University
• APA style guide from U of North Carolina
• Sample APA 7 paper (pdf via Purdue U Online Writing Lab)
• How to Cite a Webpage or Piece of Online Content in APA 7 format (from Purdue Online Writing Lab)

In-Text Citations

APA Style uses parenthetical, author-date citations. After a quote, add parentheses containing the author's name, the year of publication, and the page number of the work.

Example: "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" (Seuss, 2007, pp. 7-8).

If you use more than one work by the same author, use the letters a, b, etc., after the year.

Example: "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" (Seuss, 2007a, pp. 7-8).

If more than one author has the same last name, add their first initial.

Example: "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" (D. Seuss, 2007, pp. 7-8).

If two or more authors wrote the work, see the chart below.

If using the author's name in your text, do not include it in the parentheses.

Example: In his scholarly study, Dr. Seuss observed that "the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" (2007, pp. 7-8). Example: In 2007, Dr. Seuss suggested that "the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" (pp. 7-8).

If no author name is available, use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title). Use quotation marks around titles of articles or web pages and italicize titles of books, periodicals, etc.

Example: "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" ( Fox in Socks , 2007).

If no pagination information is available, use paragraph numbers instead.

Example: "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" (Seuss, 2007, para. 5).

Note: When paraphrasing or mentioning another work, it is helpful to still provide pagination information if the source text is long or difficult, or if it would help the reader find the text being paraphrased.

Source: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, D.C.: Author.

• How to cite ChatGPT "If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response."
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How to Cite a Strategic Plan in APA Style

A strategic plan is a document that is used to define an organization’s process of achieving a long-term goal. Citing a strategic plan in a research paper can provide support to the argument you're making. But if you use a strategic plan as a resource in a research paper, you must cite it correctly to give your research credibility. The American Psychological Association, or APA, has formats for citing such documents.

In-Text Citation

According to the sixth edition of the "American Psychological Association Manual," in-text citations require that you include the author's last name (followed by a comma) and the year of publication in parenthesis.

For example: (Smith, 2004)

If the author’s name is not identified in the strategic plan, provide the title of the plan (in italics) and the year of publication.

For example:

( Business Plan to Increase Production , 2004)

References Citation

For the references citation, place the entry in alphabetical order according to the author’s last name or the organization’s name if no author is provided. Begin the entry with the author's last name, if available, or the name of the organization that published the plan. Next provide the year of publication in parenthesis, the title of the strategic plan in italics, the report or volume number in parenthesis and the location and name of the publisher if it is a printed source. If it is an online source, include the retrieval date and identify the publisher in a retrieval address.

Smith, John. (2004). Business plan to increase production (Vol.3). 12 March 2007. Retrieved from http://www.businesplansarchives.com

• Purdue OWL: APA Formatting and Style Guide
• YouTube: How to Cite a Strategic Plan in APA Style
• American Psychological Association: APA Style

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

In-Text Citations

Resources on using in-text citations in APA style

Reference List

Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats

Other APA Resources

APA Style (7th ed.)

• Getting Started
• Formatting Your Paper
• Elements of Citation
• In-Text Citations
• Reference List
• Annotated Bibliographies
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Generated Text

Business Sources

• Government Documents
• Journal Articles
• Lecture Notes, PowerPoint Slides, Handouts
• Media Kits, Press Releases
• Newspapers & Magazines
• Personal Communication
• Oral Communications with Indigenous Elders & Knowledge Keepers
• Social Media
• Software & Computer Code
• Tables & Figures
• Videos & Film
• APA Resources

The APA Style Guide for business information has been modified from the APA Manual of Style (7th ed.) for Sheridan's Pilon School of Business students. Your professor may have different citing expectations than the rules outlined below. Always check at the beginning of term and before starting assignments that the citing rules you are using are appropriate for your class.

Where did you find the information?

• Citation examples: databases A-B
• Website examples
• Common APA Terms & Tips

Academic Search Complete

Skillport (formerly books24x7database), business ebook collection database , business source complete, business source complete- business searching interface, culturegrams, emarketer pro, euromonitor international's passport database, gale onefile: business, gale onefile: economics and theory, gartner research, ibis world , linkedin learning, mergent online, mtm- media technology monitor.

Referencing a Report  

PrivCo . (n.d.).  McCain Foods Limited .   https://system-privco-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/company/mccain-foods-limited/  

In-text paraphrase

Note:  If you are citing more than one report from the same year, see the  Tips  page for help. 

ProQuest Business Collection

Referencing a journal article

Harris, R. (2013). All jacked... down?  Canadian Grocer , 127 (3), 18-19. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1355505126?accountid=3455

Saunders, D. (2015, August 25). China's fever, everyone's disease. The Globe and Mail , p. A12. http://search.proquest.com/ docview /1706394434? accountid =34 55

Hoover's Company Records. (2020). Shoppers food warehouse corp . ProQuest Central. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1860782660?accountid=3455

SimplyAnalytics

SimplyAnalytics. (2019). Total Population in Toronto Metro Census 2019[Data set]. Environics. http://app.simplyanalytics.com  

SimplyAnalytics. (2019). [Map of Toronto metro census with family income $200,000 and over]. Environics.  http://app.simplyanalytics.com  

For more information and examples, see: How do I cite SimplyMap data?

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. (May 27, 2020). Agri-food and seafood imports from Canada to China from 2015 to 2019 (in billion Canadian dollars) [Graph]. Statista . https://www-statista-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/statistics/659940/china-agri-food-imports-from-canada/

Statistics Canada Citation Guide

How to cite a table in Statistics Canada

Statistics Canada. (2020). Labour force characteristics, monthly, seasonally adjusted and trend-cycle, last 5 months (StatscanTable: 14-10-0287-01). Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1410028701

Click "save my customization" to generate a URL that you can use in your reference, shown as below screenshot.

Thomson One

Zekauskas, J. (2020, March 10). Albemarle Corporation: J.P. Morgan conference takeaways [Analyst report]. Thomson ONE. https://www.refinitiv.com/en

Vividata (previously called PMB)

Vividata . (2020). [Candy/snacks – chewing gum – prsnlly chewed past 6 mths, age 14+ by generation] [Data set]. Retrieved August 13, 2020 from https://vividata.dapresy.com

• Include the category where your information was retrieved (e.g. Cat Litter).
• Include the date as the categories may change yearly.
• If you are retrieving information from the "graph it" feature, include the form of the data after the title. Example: Personally used in past 30 days, yes. [Graph].

Rais T., Arakji T. (2020). Nestlé Fitness: Keep Going. WARC. https://www-warc-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/content/article/warc-prize-mena/nestle-fitness-keep-going/132606

Loblaw Companies Limited. (2019). 2019 Annual report.  https://s1.q4cdn.com/326961052/files/doc_financials/2019/ar/6573_LCL_ENG_AR2019_Complete_AODA.pdf

Loblaw Companies Limited. (2016). Purpose & values. https://www.loblaw.ca/en/about-us/mission---values.html 

To see many more examples, and to get more help, please refer to one of the official APA Style websites below.

• Citing websites. apa.org
• A tale of two reference formats
• Webpage on a website
• Reference List: Electronic Sources

Common Terms

APA  - American Psychological Association.   APA style guide .

Annotated Bibliography

A bibliography with a brief description and/or evaluation of each source listed. See   Purdue OWL   for more information and help.

Cite/Citing

Giving credit or referencing the sources of information that have contributed to your work. Any ideas that are quoted, summarized, paraphrased must be cited, and any images, charts, graphics, tables. etc.

Corporate author

A web site, article or other information source published by an organization or corporation, with no individual author (writer) name provided.

A form of permanent link (see above) a "digital object identifier" which points to an online book, article, etc. If available, the DOI will be provided with the article or information source. Example, DOI: 10.1177/2329488414560107. See   APA Style   for more information.

In-text citation

A   brief notation within the text that leads the reader to the complete documentation, in your References, of the source used. See   APA Style   for more information.

A periodical covering topics of interest to specific industries or professions (example:   Journal of Business and Accounting ).

          See APA Style for more information.

A series of publication published with a fixed interval between the issues or number. Journals, newspapers and magazines are all types of periodicals.

Permalink / Permanent Link

A URL or web address that will consistently point to a specific information source in a database.Permanent Links are provided by databases including ProQuest, Business Source Complete, and LexisNexis

Publication title

The name of a periodical, journal, newspaper or magazine, e.g.  Wall Street Journal, Globe & Mail, Journal of Business Case Studies.

The organization who publishes a journal, newspaper, periodical, book or magazine title, e.g.  Harvard University Press, Fast Company, Inc., Rogers Media Inc.

           More information can be found in APA Style and Purdue OWL.

References 

A list of sources that you you cited (using in-text citations) during in your research, and containing the information needed to locate the exact item. See APA Style for more information.  http://www.apastyle.org/learn/quick-guide-on-references.aspx

Scholarly/peer reviewed journal/article

An article in a scholarly journal (published by university or academic, research or professional organizations) which has been reviewed and evaluated by experts in the subject. See   this page   for more information.

            More information can be found in Purdue OWL .

Title or Document Title

The name of an article or report, contained in a periodical, e.g. "Barrick scraps co-president model as top miner retires", an article in the Globe and Mail newspaper.

How to Cite Direct Quotations

How to Cite long Quotation

Citing Works With the Same Author and Date

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This section provides examples of how to cite information obtained from subscription-based databases and that are not articles in magazines, newspapers, trade journals, or scholarly journals. The APA Publication Manual, 7th ed. says that the database should included in the reference, and in italics, if a reader needs to retrieve the work cited in that specific source (p. 296), or when the work is proprietary to that database (p. 297). That is the case in the examples provided in this section. Consequently, the database names are included in the examples used in this portion of the guide.

For a database that requires login, use the database URL or that of the login page. 

In addition, when you know the information cited won't be available in the future in a particular database, the retrieval date of the report should be included:

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of work. Retrieved Month day, year, from Name of database . URL.

Or if there is no author:

Title of work. (Date). Retrieved Month day, year, from Name of database . URL.

The general formats for in text-citations are:

Parenthetical citation: (Last name of author, year)

Narrative citation: Last name of author (year)

If you are including a direct quote, you need to include the page number. If a document doesn't have a page number you can use the paragraph number or an abbreviated heading name (along with the paragraph #) under which it falls.

In-text example for a direct quote: (Smith, 2018, p. 50)

In-text cite example if pages are not included: (Smith, 2018, para. 3)

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How to Cite Sources in a Business Plan

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How to Convert a Table to Elegant Style With Word

How to internally cite websites, how to remove all of the metadata from excel spreadsheets.

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A business plan provides potential investors with detailed information on all facets of a company's present-day operations and future projections. The best practice is to support the forecasts presented in a business plan with information provided by credible sources, such as government agencies, industry and trade publications, and authoritative books. It is important to cite the sources of information used in a business plan.

Choose a Style

There are many options available when deciding how to cite sources in a business plan. The three most common academic citation styles are APA, MLA and Chicago. APA style is mostly used for scientific and technical subjects, whereas MLA style is typically used for the humanities fields. Chicago style, also preferred for the humanities, is a documentation style that uses footnotes or endnotes. Whichever option you choose, remain consistent throughout the entire document and properly format each external source of information. Each style offers both online and printed manuals for users.

• U.S. Small Business Administration: How to Write a Business Plan
• University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Cite Your Sources

Originally from New Orleans, Louisiana, GeAndra Imoudu began her website development and technical writing career in 2003 after graduating from Stanford University with a BS in science, technology and society. She holds a MS in engineering from Tulane University and enjoys hosting technology training workshops in her community.

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APA Style (7th ed.)

• Cite: Why? When?
• Book, eBook, Dissertation
• Article or Report

Business Sources

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools

In-Text Citation

• Format Your Paper

Prefer a video tutorial?

Click below to watch: .

Basic structure for most business databases: 

Author, a. a., & author, b. b. (year).  title of page in italics (number if available) [descriptive text if needed]. database name. https://www.databasehomepage.com.

Many business sources contain tables, charts, data sets, and other non-standard types of information. General guidelines:

• If no author , use a corporate author (e.g. company, association, or group responsible for the content).
• If no publication date , use the abbreviation (n.d.) -- both in your References and your in-text citation -- for "no date."
• Retrieval dates are only needed in two circumstances: if the content is unarchived AND is designed to change (e.g. financial data updated quarterly or yearly).
• If the information is from a free website (such as a .gov website, i.e. not a subscription database) and the URL appears stable, include that.
• If it is from a subscription database , it is probably not a stable URL, so (usually) include the database name and the homepage of the database itself. The exception is if the content is easily accessible from multiple sources -- e.g., press releases, stock quotes, and the like -- which needs no database retrieval information at all. 

Because the APA style manual does not provide examples for every single type of resource,  these examples have been adapted for common business resources .  If you are unsure of how to cite a source,  ask your business librarian . 

Jump to more specific examples by using the table below: 

Ad Age / Ad Age Datacenter

In-text Citation

Parenthetical Citation : McDonald's and Burger King in Brazil were among the first companies to use AI in an advertising campaign (Rittenhouse, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to Rittenhouse (2023), McDonald's and Burger King in Brazil were among the first companies to use AI in an advertising campaign.

Datacenter content

Parenthetical Citation : In 2022, Amazon spent 20.6 billion dollars on advertising and promotion (Ad Age Datacenter, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to Ad Age Datacenter (2023), Amazon spent 20.6 billion dollars on advertising and promotion. 

Return to table of contents

Business Source Complete - SWOT Analysis

Marketline is the author of most of the SWOTs in our subscription. For SWOTs that may come from other databases, most often you are looking for a corporate/organization author.

Parenthetical Citation : Cisco's declining cash reserves in the last couple of years may be an indication of the company's inability to acquire sufficient capital (MarketLine, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to a MarketLine (2023) report, Cisco's declining cash reserves may be an indicator of the company's inability to acquire sufficient capital.

Census Data

Data tables.

Parenthetical Citation : In the United States the number of real estate firms increased by over 12,000 between 2020 and 2021 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2021).

Narrative Citation : According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2021), the number of real estate firms in the United States increased by over 12,000 between 2020 and 2021.

Census Business Builder

Parenthetical Citation : There are 301 establishments in Milwaukee county which exclusively sell alcohol (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : According to the U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.), there are 301 establishments in Milwaukee county which exclusively sell alcohol.

Quick Facts tables

Parenthetical Citation : The median gross rent in Whitewater, WI is only 1% more than in Stevens Point, WI (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : According to the U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.) the median gross rent in Whitewater, WI is only 1% more than the median gross rent in Stevens Point, WI.

Global Road Warrior

Report with author.

Some Global Road Warrior report pages have a Writer listed at the bottom of the page. If none listed, use Global Road Warrior as an Author, and no need to repeat it in the Source position.

Parenthetical Citation : The varying tropical climate of the Democratic Republic of Congo dictates the type of attire worn by business travelers to the country (Myers, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : Myers (n.d.) explains that the varying tropical climate of the Democratic Republic of Congo dictates the type of attire worn by business travelers to the country.

However, some subsections may be reprints from other sources -- e.g.,  the Human Rights Reports section is reprinted from the U.S. Department of State report:

Reprinted from elsewhere

Parenthetical Citation : Unlike the United States, the government of Australia prohibits sympathy strikes by unions (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor & World Trade Press, 2022).

Narrative Citation : According to the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor and the World Trade Press (2022), the government of Australia prohibits sympathy strikes by unions. 

Hoovers Company Profiles

Parenthetical Citation : FUBU is a privately owned corporation which specializes in producing hip-hop influenced sportswear (D&B Hoovers, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to D&B Hoovers (2023), FUBU is a privately owned corporation which specializes in producing hip-hop influenced sportswear. 

Report with author

Parenthetical Citation : Millennials are more willing to spend on premium care for their pets since they view them as a part of their family (Brocker, 2023)

Narrative Citation : Brocker (2023) states that Millennials are more willing to spend on premium care for their pets since they view them as a part of their family. 

Parenthetical Citation : Increase in federal funding for medicare and medicaid has lowered industry risk for dentists in the United States (IBISWorld, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to IBISWorld (2023) an increase in federal funding for medicare and medicaid has lowered industry risk for dentists in the United States.

ISO Standards

Parenthetical Citation : Leadership and employee involvement are important to the management of occupational health and safety risks (International Organization for Standardization [ISO], 2023).

Narrative Citation : The International Organization for Standardization (ISO, 2023) stresses the importance of leadership and employee involvement in the management of occupational health and safety risks.

OSHA Standards

Parenthetical Citation : The minimum required distance between two containers holding flammable liquids such as petroleum is three feet (Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA], 1970).

Narrative Citation : According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, 2023) the minimum required distance between two containers holding flammable liquids such as petroleum is three feet.

Note: If the abbreviation of a group author is well-know, or will appear in the paper at least times, include the abbreviation in square brackets in the parenthetical citation, and with the date element in the narrative citation.

Reference Solutions (formerly Reference USA)

Company profile.

Include retrieval dates since profiles are regularly updated. Look in the Business Demographics section of a company profile for the Last Updated On: date.

If the company's name is sufficiently unique to identify that company (i.e., there is only one of that company in that city/state), then that is all you need for the Title. If there are multiple companies with that name and that location, then include the exact address in parentheses as a unique identifier, as below.

Parenthetical Citation : The two main competitors of the Sage and Oats Trading Post are located in neighboring Idaho (Data Axel, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to Data Axel (2023), the two main competitors of the Sage and Oats Trading Post are located in neighboring Idaho. 

List of companies or people

For creating a list of companies or people with certain criteria, the Excel or PDF format list has no real title. So create a description, in [square brackets], of what criteria you applied to get your list, so that someone else could retrieve the same (or similar) data. Include retrieval date because the list would probably be different at a later date. 

Parenthetical Citation : 22 businesses located in the Janesville metro area are owned by veterans (Data Axel, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : According to Data Axel (n.d.) 22 businesses located in the Janesville metro area are owned by veterans. 

Sage Data (formerly Data Planet)

Parenthetical Citation : Approximately 10,00 flights were cancelled in one day in the United States on March 29th, 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 lock-down measures (Bureau of Transportation Statistics [BTS], 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS, 2023) approximately 10,000 flights were cancelled in one day in the United States on March 29th, 2020 as a result of COVID-19 lock-down measures.

SEC filings 

All SEC filings are publicly available on the web. So, no matter where you accessed it from, there's really no need to include database information, though you can include a freely-accessible web link to make it easier for your reader to retrieve it if you wish. 

Parenthetical Citation : The risk of credit losses from corporate debt securities held by East West Bank are likely to be low since their credit profiles are strong with expectations of on-time contractual payments (East West Bancorp, Inc., 2021)

Narrative Citation : East West Bancorp, Inc. (2021) state in their annual report that risk of credit losses on their corporate debt securities are likely to be low since their credit profiles are strong with expectations of on-time contractual payments. 

Simmons Insights

The Title is the dataset used, which also provides you with a Date. However, that doesn't tell your reader what exact data you were using. So create a description after the title, in [square brackets], of what criteria you applied to get your list, so that someone else could retrieve the same (or similar) data. 

Cross tab data

Parenthetical Citation : There are approximately 7 million customers in the United States who use hand and body creams, lotions or oils (MRI-Simmons, 2021).

Narrative Citation : According to MRI-Simmons (2021) there are approximately 7 million customers in the United States who use hand and body creams, lotions, or oils. 

Quick report profile

Parenthetical Citation : 52% of college students in the United States accessed Instagram through a mobile device in 2021 (MRI-Simmons, 2021).

Narrative Citation : According to MRI-Simmons (2021) 52% of college students in the United States accessed Instagram through a mobile devise in 2021.

SRDS Media Solutions

For the profiles of any type of Publication, Radio, TV/Cable, Out-of-home, or Hispanic media with a profile in SRDS, include retrieval date as these are updated regularly.

Parenthetical Citation : The Beloit Daily News boasts a circulation of over 10,000 subscribers (SRDS Media Solutions, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : According to SRDS Media Solutions (n.d.) the Beloit Daily News boasts a circulation of over 10,000 subscribers. 

DMA & MSA Maps

Parenthetical Citation : Media outlets in Sheboygan WI may charge higher advertising rates since they fall under Milwaukee's designated market area (DMA) (SRDS Media Solutions, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : According to SRDS Media Solutions (n.d.) media outlets in Sheboygan, WI may charge higher advertising rates since they fall under Milwaukee's designated market area (DMA).

Look in the “Source” box to the right of Statista's charts for most of the citation information. Sometimes there are multiple sources for one chart; if so, treat it just like you would a normal multiple-author situation on an article . For date, check the Release Info or Source Link boxes (see right); but if not listed, use (n.d.) for No Date.

Parenthetical Citation : 48% of global cybersecurity professionals think that deep learning for detecting malware in encrypted traffic may be the most promising emerging machine learning trend in 2023 (Nguyen, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to Nguyen (2023), 48% of global cybersecurity professional thin that deep learning for detecting malware in encrypted traffic may be the most promising emerging machine learning trend in 2023.

No named author

Parenthetical Citation : Crude oil prices hit an all time high at over $109 per barrel in 2012 (Statista, 2024).

Narrative Citation : According to Statista (2024), crude oil prices hit an all time high at over $109 per barrel in 2012.

Value Line 

If there is no PDF, then it is unarchived, so use (n.d.) and include a retrieval date. 

Parenthetical Citation : Johnson Controls’ international growth in 2023 has helped to offset its weak performance in North America (Value Line, 2024).

Narrative Citation : According to Value Line (2024) Johnson Controls’ international grown in 2023 has helped to offset its weak performance in North America.

Website:  Data Set

Named author.

Parenthetical Citation : The Nicoya region in Costa Rica is prone to frequent earthquakes (Dixon & Protti, 2007-2023).

Narrative Citation : The data gathered by Dixon & Protti (2007-2023) shows that the Nicoya region in Costa Rica is prone to frequent earthquakes.

Corporate author

Parenthetical Citation : There were no reported bank failures reported in 2021 and 2022 (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation [FDIC], 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC, 2023) there were reported bank failures in 2021 and 2022. 

Wharton Research Data Services -- Compustat, CRSP, etc. 

With datasets acquired through WRDS such as Compustat or CRSP, the author can mention that the data was collected from these sources in the methodology section or at the end of the paper. 

For example:

“4.1 Data and methods

We retrieve the sample of banks from COMPUSTAT's bank file. Following Akhigbe and Martin (2006), we include in the sample all commercial banks (SIC code 602X) and savings institutions (SIC code 603X). To be included in the sample the bank must have continuous returns on CRSP in the 365 day period prior to the analyst's recommendation. For each sample bank, we obtain all of their analyst recommendations that are reported on the Thomson Financial's Institutional Brokers Estimate (I/B/E/S) U.S. Detail File in the time period 1994–2012" (Premti et al, 2017).

Premti, A., Garcia-Feijoo, L., & Madura, J. (2017). Information content of analyst recommendations in the banking industry. International Review of Financial Analysis 49 , 35-47.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2016.11.005  

Winmo  

Parenthetical Citation : Equalpride’s media spending in 2022 was down by 77% since the previous year (Winmo, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : According to Winmo (n.d.), Equalpride’s media spending in 2022 was down by 77% since the previous year.

More questions? Check out the authoritative source: APA style blog

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Important note about citing business resources

Business source premier - reports, referenceusa, simmons insights, sports business research network (sbrnet), thomson one, web-based data sets (census, imf, federal reserve, etc.), wharton research data services (wrds), general notes about citing business sources.

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Questions about citing business sources using APA 7th edition? Email Chelsea at [email protected] 

Business Citations - APA 7th Edition

Important note on citing business resources:.

Although the APA provides clear instructions on how to cite standard publication types, some business-specific resources include unique information that doesn't directly match APA instructions. Because of that, some of the examples and instructions on this page represent the WVU Libraries' interpretation of APA rules. The American Psychological Association maintains a Style Blog that addresses many frequently asked questions. 

For citing resources in standard article databases including: ABI/INFORM, Factiva, and Business Source Premier, please consult the Journal Articles or Magazine & News Articles  tabs.

If you have questions about citing your specific source, please contact the WVU Libraries.

MarketLine. (2018, November). Wine in North America: MarketLine  Industry Profile (Reference Code: 0205-0800) [Industry profile]. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database. 

Diment, D. (2019, December). Corporate wellness services (OD4621) [U.S. specialized industry report] . IBISWorld . https://www.ibisworld.com/

Mergent. (n.d.). Hain Celestial Group [Company profile]. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://www.mergentonline.com/login.php  

Mergent. (n.d.). Hain Celestial Group: R. Dean Hollis [Executive bio]. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://www.mergentonline.com/login.php  

Dun & Bradstreet. (2019, May 27). Automotive repair & maintenance services [Industry profile]. 

NOTE:   Dun & Bradstreet reports seem to be available in multiple databases, so in such cases APA says not to include the database name or URL.

Failla, J. (2020, April). Quick service restaurants - US . Mintel. https://reports.mintel.com/display/986928/#  

Mintel. (n.d.). Shampoo & conditioners: Retail market segmentation by values . Retrieved May 28, 2020, from https://marketsizes.mintel.com/  

Company dossier

LexisNexis. (n.d.). Ford Motor Company [Company profile]. Retrieved May 28, 2020, from https://www.lexisnexis.com/

Executive biographies

The Who's Who of Company Directors. (2017, April 6). H. Jay Sarles. NexisUni. https://www.lexisnexis.com

Company information

Zoom Company Information. (2020, May). Ernst & Young Global Limited. NexisUni. https://www.lexisnexis.com

Company lists or directories

LexisNexis. (n.d.) [List of automobile companies in Germany, over $200M in sales]. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from

https://www.lexisnexis.com

NOTE: Since there is no official title, create a description in square brackets, non-italicized, to describe how you compiled this data. See section 9.22 in the Manual. The square brackets in this case indicate that somebody else searching the resource cannot use these exact words to search for it; but they could figure out what you did.

SWOT Analysis 

MarketLine. (2020, January 13). Ford Motor Company [SWOT analysis]. NexisUni. https://www.lexisnexis.com

Company profiles

PrivCo. (n.d.). PopSockets [Company profile]. Retrieved May 26, 2020, from https://system.privco.com/auth/login  

PrivCo. (n.d.). [List of VC-backed companies in the Boulder, CO, area with up to $500M in revenue]. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://system.privco.com/auth/login  

Infogroup. (2020, June). Jackson Hewitt Tax Svc-Walmart, Kenai, AK [Company profile]. ReferenceUSA. Retrieved June 26, 2020, from https://www.referenceusa.com  

NOTE:   If the title of the company profile is sufficiently unique to identify the company profile (i.e. there is only one of that company in that city & state), then the company name with city is the title.

Infogroup. (2020, June). Jackson Hewitt Tax Svc-Walmart (3101 A. St, Anchorage, AK) [Company profile]. ReferenceUSA. Retrieved June 26, 2020, from https://www.referenceusa.com  

NOTE:   If there are multiple locations of that business in that city/state, include the exact address in parentheses as a form of unique number identifier.

Infogroup. (n.d.). [List of companies in Walworth county, Wisconsin with 5 or more employees]. ReferenceUSA. Retrieved May 26, 2020, from https://www.referenceusa.com  

NOTE: Since there is no official title, create a description in square brackets, non-italicized, to describe how you compiled this data. See secti on 9.22 in the Manual. The square brackets in this case indicate that somebody else searching the resource cannot use these exact words to se arch for it; but they could figure out what you did.

MRI-Simmons. (2017). Spring 2017 NHCS adult study 12 month [Cell phones / smartphones brands owned by consumer demographics - age, gender, household income] [Data set]. https://simmonsinsights.com/  

MRI-Simmons. (2017). Spring 2017 NHCS adult study 6 month [Computer software types owned by age] [Data set]. https://simmonsinsights.com/  

NOTE: Since the title of the dataset is not very descriptive of your particular data retrieved, include a description of the variables you used so that somebody else could figure out what you did. 

SBRnet. (n.d.). Basketball: College fan market summary . Sports Market Analytics. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://sportsmarketanalytics.com/home.aspx

​ Statistics, dossiers, and reports

Daniel Research Group. (2019, September). Unit shipments of mobile personal computers (PCs) and laptops in the

United States, from 2013 to 2023 (in millions) [Chart]. Statista.  https://www.statista.com/  

NOTE: Look under the Source section fo r “Survey by” -- tha t is the author.

Statista. (2020, May). Laptops & tablets [Consumer market outlook]. https://www.statista.com/  

NOTE: Anything without a named author, should cite Statista at the corporate author.

Infographics

Armstrong, M. (2020, June 4). UK government approval on the slide [Infographic] . Statista. https://www.statista.com/  

Zekauskas, J. (2020, March 10). Albemarle Corporation: J.P. Morgan conference takeaways [Analyst report]. Thomson ONE. https://www.refinitiv.com/en

United States

U.S. Census Bureau. (2017). Construction: Summary statistics for the US, states, and selected geographies (Table EC1723BASIC) [Data set]. U.S. Department of Commerce. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ECNBASIC2017.EC1723BASIC&t=Employment%3ANew%20Housing%20%28Construction%20and%20Sales%29&vintage=2017&hidePreview=false

U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). QuickFacts: Madison city, Wisconsin . U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved June 18, 2020, from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/madisoncitywisconsin/LND110210

U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). Census business builder: Small business edition - 3.0.1 [Map showing restaurants in the Dane County, WI area and surrounding counties].  U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved June 18, 2020, from https://cbb.census.gov/sbe/#

Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2020, May 28). Price indexes for personal consumption expenditures by major type of product and by major function . (Table 2.3.4U) [Data set]. United States Department of Commerce. https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=19&step=3&isuri=1&nipa_table_list=2013&categories=underlying  

International

International Financial Statistics. (2020). Government finance: Japan 2013-2020 [Data set] . International Monetary Fund.

https://www.imf.org  

World Health Organization. (2020, June 2). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Situation report - 134.

https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200602-covid-19-sitrep-134.pdf?sfvrsn=cc95e5d5_2

Eurostat. (2020). Area under organic farming [Data set] . https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/sdg_02_40

Standard & Poor’s. (n.d.). Compustat daily updates - fundamentals annual [ Microsoft Corporation: Income statement items - January 2015 to January 2020 ] [Data set] . Capital IQ. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://wrds-www.wharton.upenn.edu/  

The Center for Research in Security Prices. (n.d.). CRSP daily stock [Tesla Motors stock prices from 2007 to 2020] [Data set]. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://wrds-www.wharton.upenn.ed u/

• If there’s no DOI and it’s widely available from a number of academic research databases, then use no URL or database information at all -- thus, many periodical articles without DOIs will look like a print article citation.
• No database information needed if it’s something widely available from multiple sources (e.g. press releases, stock info, etc.)
• Some individual schools may wish to include the proxied-login link if that is what their professors prefer; if the work is being shared only with other people who are part of the campus community who would also have access to the content behind the login, one could make the argument that the URL would resolve for that audience. But for the examples in this document, the homepage URL has been used
• “If the URL requires a login or is session-specific (meaning it will not resolve for readers), provide the URL of the database or archive home page or login page instead of the URL for the work.” 
• “The name of the database or archive is provided in the source element (in title case without italics), the same as a publisher name, and followed by a period.”
• Read the full page on database information in references for more detail.  

The citation examples on this webpage come from: Schemm, N., Dellenbach, M., Grisham, Z., Hageman, M., Tingle, N., Trowbridge, M., & Wheatley, A. (2020). APA 7th ed. citation for business sources . https://bit.ly/APA7business  

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Quick Guide to APA Citation (6th ed.) | In-Text Citation & Reference List

APA style is one of the most common formats for citing sources Other well known citation styles include  MLA and Chicago .

APA Style citations consist of two parts:

• In-text citation : A brief citation in parentheses when you mention a source, citing the author’s last name and the year of publication, e.g. (Smith, 2019) . It identifies the full source in the reference list.
• Reference list entry : Full publication details listed on the reference page , which appears at the end of your paper. The reference provides all the information needed to find the source, e.g. Smith, P. (2019, April 18). Citing Sources in APA Format. Retrieved April 21, 2019, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/

This citation guide is based on the 6th edition of the APA Manual. The latest edition, published in October 2019, is not yet supported, but we have compiled a quick guide to the most important 7th edition changes . You can also use our free APA Citation Generator to automatically create accurate citations.

Table of contents

In-text citations, reference list, apa formatting for papers.

An in-text citation is a concise way to show the reader where the original idea came from and to give credit to the original author. Use one every time you quote or paraphrase a source.

Include the author’s last name and the year of publication. When quoting a source, it’s also necessary to include the page number(s) of the quote.

• An earlier study in which X and Y were compared revealed that … (Smith, 2017) .
• Smith (2017) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with …

When there are two authors, separate their last names with an ampersand (&), or with the word ‘and’ when they appear in the running text.

• Research shows that there is a great need for … (Reynolds & Thomas, 2014) .
• Reynolds and Thomas (2014) write that there is a great need for …

3-5 authors

When there are three or more authors, separate their last names using commas . The last two authors’ last names should be separated by both a comma and an ampersand.

• Recent research suggests that there is … (McGuire, Morrison, Reynolds, & Thomas, 2014) .
• McGuire, Morrison, Reynolds, and Thomas (2014) argue that …

If you cite the same source again, to save space, you shorten the citation. Instead of including all the authors’ names, include only the first author, followed by “ et al. ” (meaning “and others”).

• In this research, many participants made use of … (McGuire et al., 2014) .
• McGuire et al. (2014) noticed that …

6 or more authors

If a source has six or more authors, use the shortened version from the first citation.

• Lunott et al. (2015) discuss the …

Organization as author

When a source does not list an individual author, it can often be attributed to an organization instead.

• According to new research … (Microsoft, 2014) .

When you quote a source , you also have to add the page number to the in-text citation.

• According to the company’s business plan, “making an APA Citation Generator is a lot of work, but many students benefit from it” (Swan, 2014, p. 5) .

Multiple sources in one citation

Sometimes, it’s necessary to cite multiple sources in one sentence. You can combine them into one set of parentheses, separated by semicolons .

• Various studies show that … ( Docker & Vagrant, 2002 ; Porter, 1997 ; Lima, Swan, & Corrieri, 2012 ).

Full in-text citation guide

Scribbr Citation Checker New

The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

• Missing commas and periods
• Incorrect usage of “et al.”
• Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
• Missing reference entries

Every source cited in the text must also appear in your reference list .

The format differs depending on the source type, but every reference begins in the same way: with the author’s last name and initials, the publication year or date, and the title of the source.

Book citations

Note: Book titles should be italicized .

• Format Last Name, Initials. (Year). Book title (edition). City, State/Country: Publisher.
• Example Porter, M. E. (1998). Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.

Journal article citations

Note: The journal title and volume number should be italicized .

• Format Last Name, Initials., & Last Name, Initials. (Year). Article title. Journal Name , Volume (Issue), Page Number(s). https://doi.org/DoiNumber
• Example Andreff, W., & Staudohar, P. D. (2000). The evolving European model of professional sports finance. Journal of Sports Economics , 1 (3), 257–276. https://doi.org./10.1177/152700250000100304

Website citations

• Format Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Page title [OptionalType]. Retrieved from http://webaddress
• Example Worland, J. (2015, July 27). U.S. flood risk could be worse than we thought. Retrieved from http://time.com/3973256/flooding-risk-coastal-cities

Report citations

Note: The title should be italicized .

• Format Organization Name or Author Last Name, Initials. (Year). Report title . Retrieved from http://webaddress
• Example Royal Bank of Scotland. (2015). Annual report and accounts 2014 . Retrieved from http://investors.rbs.com/~/media/Files/R/RBS-IR/2014-reports/annual-report-2014.pdf

More APA Style examples

Do you want to cite an image , interview , YouTube video , movie , or another source type that is not on this list? We have many more APA Style examples to help you cite correctly.

Sorting the reference list

Sort the references in alphabetical order based on the author’s last name. If you cite multiple sources by the same author, then sort them by publication year.

When you use the APA Citation Generator , your reference list is alphabetized automatically.

Full reference list guide

There are certain formatting rules you must adhere to when writing a paper in APA format .

The basic requirements are:

• Times New Roman 12 pt
• Double line spacing
• One-inch (2.54 cm) margins
• Left-aligned running head with a shortened title and page number

In addition to these general rules, there are more specific requirements for formatting the title page , running head , abstract , reference page , and headings and subheadings .

Is this article helpful?

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How to Cite Sources in a Business Plan

by Evangeline Marzec

Published on 26 Sep 2017

A business plan must be grounded in solid research that is verifiable by the lenders and investors who will read it. Additionally, you’ll often use the process of writing the business plan as a tool to help you better understand your own business and product. Citing your sources is critical to establishing your credibility and for remembering how you arrived at the conclusions and figures you present in your plan.

Select reputable sources for your research. Whenever possible, use government agencies, universities, authoritative books and articles, and primary sources such as interviews with experts or direct research of your customers. Websites you use should end in .gov, .edu or occasionally .org if the organization is well respected. If you’re forced to get information from sources of questionable reliability, make sure you specify in the text of your plan that the information is an estimate at best. It's generally not a good idea to use Wikipedia as a source, so investigate the citations used on the Wikipedia article. Unless the work is considered a business classic, avoid sources over 10 years old.

Include summaries of the raw data of your research. When you’ve conducted customer research or done an analysis on market trends, include a summary of your raw data in the appendices of your business plan, and inform your audience how they can access the full raw data.

Pick an academic citation style appropriate to your business. APA style tends to be preferred for technical and scientific presentations, MLA for less technical subjects and various specific legal citation styles for law or government practices. Each style you choose will require that you list the author, title, copyright date, publisher and city, issue number, volume, page number and URL if applicable, so be sure to keep track of this information during your research.

Format citations correctly. Place citations in the bibliography section of your business plan and be sure to format them consistently. For example, a book in MLA style would be cited as follows: Ferguson, Niall. The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World. New York: Penguin Press, 2009. Cite a website following APA style, as follows: Hammock, Ann. (2009, December 30). The future of brain-controlled devices. CNN.com. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/12/30/brain.controlled.computers/index.html. In the text of your plan, refer to your cited sources by referencing the author or article title, such as "Michael Porter, in his 2008 article "The Seven Things That Surprise New CEOs," claims..."

Be consistent. Which style you choose is a matter of preference rather than a specific prescription, but once you’ve chosen it be sure to maintain it throughout your business plan. If possible, maintain it for all the documentation that you’ll be presenting to your lender or investor.

Never plagiarize. If you’re quoting someone else’s research, make sure that the quotation is cited in text (at the end of the quote or paraphrased information), in the footnotes for that page or section (footnotes are optional) and in the bibliography.

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Ericson, T.J. Alsop, R., Nicholson, P., & Miller, J. (2009). Gen Y in the workplace. Harvard Business Review, 87(2), 43-49.

Ericson, T.J. Alsop, R., Nicholson, P., & Miller, J. (2009). Gen Y in the workplace. Harvard Business Review , 87(2), 43-49. Retrieved February 10, 2009 from Business Source Premier database.

Twenge, J.M. & Campbell S.M (2009). Generational differences in psychological traits and their impact on the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 862-877.doi:10.1108/02683940810904367

Conniff, R. (2005). The ape in the corner office: Understanding the workplace beast in all of us. New York: Crown Business.

Mintel. (2009). Ice Cream and Frozen Novelties – US – May 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2011 from Mintel Oxygen database.

Euromonitor International Inc. (2012, June 27). Apparel in Chile: Industry Overview. Retrieved from Passport GMID database.

Euromonitor International Inc. (2012, September 28). Digital Life and Consumers (replacing Web 2.0 and Consumers.) Retrieved from Passport GMID database.

Euromonitor International. (2011, March 29). Income and Expenditure: Brazil. Country Briefing. Retrieved from Passport GMID database.

Zwolak, Roman. (2010). IBISWorld Industry Report 71395. Bowling Alleys in the US. Retrieved August 6, 2010 from IBISWorld database.

Kessler, S.H. (2008, September 25). Computers: Consumer services and the Internet. Standard & Poor's Industry Surveys. Retrieved January 10, 2009 from Standard & Poor's NetAdvantage database.

Standard & Poor's. (2009). Google Inc 'A'. Company Profile. Retrieved March 4, 2009 from Standard & Poor's NetAdvantage database.

Datamonitor. (2009, January 29). Goya Foods, Inc. Company Profile. Retrieved February 1, 2009 from Business Source Premier database.

U.S. Department of Commerce. (2009, March 31). Doing Business in Argentina: 2009 country commercial guide for U.S. companies. Retrieved October 12, 2009 from Export.gov.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2008). 2008 Zip Code Business Patterns (NAICS). Retrieved February 21, 2011 http://censtats.census.gov/cbpnaic/cbpnaic.shtml .

National Restaurant Association (2008, November 14). Restaurant industry at a glance. Retrieved December 10, 2008 from http://www.restaurant.org/research/ind_glance.cfm .

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An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.

It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.

Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.

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College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.

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Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:

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In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).

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Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:

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• MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
• Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
• Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.

MyBib supports the following for APA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.