atmosphere essay 200 words

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Essay on Atmosphere – Examples, 10 Lines to 1200 Words

Essay on Atmosphere: The atmosphere is a crucial component of our planet, playing a vital role in regulating temperature, weather patterns, and supporting life. In this essay, we will explore the various layers of the atmosphere, their composition, and how they interact to create the conditions we experience on Earth. From the protective ozone layer to the greenhouse effect, understanding the atmosphere is essential for addressing issues like climate change and air pollution. Join us as we delve into the fascinating world above us in this exploration of the atmosphere.

Table of Contents

Atmosphere Essay Writing Tips

1. Start by introducing the topic of atmosphere and its importance in our daily lives. You can mention how the atmosphere plays a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth by providing oxygen, regulating temperature, and protecting us from harmful radiation.

2. Provide a brief overview of the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Explain how each layer has its own unique characteristics and functions.

3. Discuss the composition of the atmosphere, highlighting the presence of gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and trace gases. Explain how these gases interact with each other to create the atmospheric conditions we experience.

4. Describe the greenhouse effect and its impact on the atmosphere. Explain how certain gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change.

5. Discuss the role of air pollution in degrading the quality of the atmosphere. Explain how human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, release harmful pollutants into the air, leading to smog, acid rain, and respiratory problems.

6. Explore the concept of ozone depletion and its effects on the atmosphere. Explain how human-made chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), have contributed to the thinning of the ozone layer, leading to increased UV radiation and health risks.

7. Discuss the importance of protecting the atmosphere through sustainable practices and policies. Highlight the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting renewable energy sources, and conserving natural resources to preserve the integrity of the atmosphere.

8. Conclude your essay by emphasizing the significance of the atmosphere in maintaining a habitable environment for all living organisms. Encourage readers to take action to protect and preserve the atmosphere for future generations.

By following these writing tips, you can create a well-structured and informative essay on the atmosphere that educates readers about its importance and challenges in today’s world.

Essay on Atmosphere in 10 Lines – Examples

1. The atmosphere is a layer of gases that surrounds the Earth and is held in place by gravity. 2. It is composed of several different gases, with nitrogen and oxygen making up the majority of the atmosphere. 3. The atmosphere plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth’s temperature by trapping heat from the sun. 4. It also protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation by absorbing and scattering it. 5. The atmosphere is divided into several layers, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. 6. Each layer has its own unique characteristics and plays a specific role in the Earth’s climate system. 7. The atmosphere is constantly in motion, with winds and weather patterns being driven by the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface. 8. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, have led to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, causing global warming. 9. The atmosphere is also home to various forms of precipitation, such as rain, snow, sleet, and hail. 10. Overall, the atmosphere is a vital component of the Earth’s ecosystem and plays a crucial role in supporting life on our planet.

Sample Essay on Atmosphere in 100-180 Words

The atmosphere is a layer of gases that surrounds the Earth and plays a crucial role in supporting life on our planet. It is composed of various gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. The atmosphere helps regulate the Earth’s temperature by trapping heat from the sun, creating a stable climate for living organisms.

Additionally, the atmosphere protects us from harmful radiation from the sun, such as ultraviolet rays, by absorbing and scattering them. It also helps distribute heat and moisture around the globe through processes like convection and wind patterns.

Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, have led to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, causing global warming and climate change. It is essential to protect and preserve the atmosphere by reducing our carbon footprint and adopting sustainable practices to ensure a healthy and habitable planet for future generations.

Short Essay on Atmosphere in 200-500 Words

The atmosphere is a vital component of Earth’s ecosystem, playing a crucial role in sustaining life on our planet. Comprising a mixture of gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, the atmosphere serves several important functions that are essential for the survival of living organisms.

One of the primary functions of the atmosphere is to protect the Earth from harmful solar radiation. The ozone layer, located in the stratosphere, absorbs and filters out the majority of the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation, preventing it from reaching the Earth’s surface. Without this protective layer, the intense UV radiation would be detrimental to all forms of life on Earth, causing skin cancer, cataracts, and other health issues.

In addition to shielding the Earth from harmful radiation, the atmosphere also helps regulate the planet’s temperature through a process known as the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the atmosphere, preventing it from escaping into space. This natural phenomenon is essential for maintaining a stable climate on Earth, as it helps to keep the planet warm enough to support life.

Furthermore, the atmosphere plays a crucial role in the water cycle, which is essential for the distribution of water across the planet. Water vapor in the atmosphere condenses to form clouds, which eventually release precipitation in the form of rain or snow. This precipitation provides the necessary water for plants to grow, animals to drink, and rivers to flow, sustaining life on Earth.

Moreover, the atmosphere is also responsible for creating weather patterns, such as winds, storms, and hurricanes. These weather phenomena are driven by the unequal heating of the Earth’s surface, which causes air masses to move and interact with each other. While these weather events can sometimes be destructive, they are essential for distributing heat and moisture around the planet, helping to maintain a balanced climate.

In conclusion, the atmosphere is a critical component of Earth’s ecosystem, providing essential functions that are vital for the survival of all living organisms. From protecting the Earth from harmful radiation to regulating the planet’s temperature and supporting the water cycle, the atmosphere plays a crucial role in maintaining a habitable environment for life to thrive. It is essential that we take steps to protect and preserve the atmosphere to ensure the continued well-being of our planet and all its inhabitants.

Essay on Atmosphere in 1000-1500 Words

The atmosphere is a complex and dynamic system that plays a crucial role in supporting life on Earth. It is a layer of gases that surrounds our planet, providing the air we breathe and regulating the climate. The atmosphere is made up of several layers, each with its own unique characteristics and functions.

The first layer of the atmosphere is the troposphere, which extends from the Earth’s surface to about 10 kilometers (6 miles) above sea level. This is where most of the Earth’s weather occurs, as it is the layer in which clouds, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure are all present. The troposphere is also where the majority of the Earth’s greenhouse gases are found, such as carbon dioxide and methane, which help to trap heat and regulate the planet’s temperature.

Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which extends from about 10 to 50 kilometers (6 to 31 miles) above sea level. This layer is characterized by the presence of the ozone layer, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The ozone layer is crucial for protecting life on Earth from the harmful effects of UV radiation, such as skin cancer and cataracts.

The mesosphere is the next layer of the atmosphere, extending from about 50 to 85 kilometers (31 to 53 miles) above sea level. This layer is where most meteors burn up upon entering the Earth’s atmosphere, creating the phenomenon known as shooting stars. The mesosphere is also where temperatures decrease with altitude, reaching as low as -90 degrees Celsius (-130 degrees Fahrenheit) at its upper boundary.

Above the mesosphere is the thermosphere, which extends from about 85 to 600 kilometers (53 to 373 miles) above sea level. This layer is characterized by extremely high temperatures, reaching up to 2,500 degrees Celsius (4,500 degrees Fahrenheit) due to the absorption of solar radiation. The thermosphere is also where the auroras occur, as charged particles from the sun interact with the Earth’s magnetic field.

The final layer of the atmosphere is the exosphere, which extends from about 600 kilometers (373 miles) to the edge of space. This layer is where the Earth’s atmosphere gradually transitions into outer space, with very low densities of gases and particles. The exosphere is where satellites and other spacecraft orbit the Earth, as there is very little atmospheric drag to slow them down.

Overall, the atmosphere plays a crucial role in supporting life on Earth by providing the air we breathe, regulating the climate, and protecting us from harmful radiation. However, human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation are causing changes to the atmosphere, leading to issues such as climate change and air pollution.

One of the most pressing issues facing the atmosphere today is climate change, which is caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun, leading to a warming of the Earth’s surface and changes in weather patterns. Climate change is already having a significant impact on the planet, with rising sea levels, more frequent and severe heatwaves, and increased extreme weather events.

Another issue facing the atmosphere is air pollution, which is caused by the release of harmful pollutants into the air. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, such as vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and wildfires. Air pollution can have serious health effects, such as respiratory problems, heart disease, and even premature death.

In order to protect the atmosphere and mitigate the effects of climate change and air pollution, it is important for individuals, governments, and businesses to take action. This can include reducing our carbon footprint by using renewable energy sources, conserving energy, and reducing waste. It also involves implementing policies and regulations to limit emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants, as well as investing in clean technologies and sustainable practices.

In conclusion, the atmosphere is a vital component of the Earth’s ecosystem that supports life on our planet. It is made up of several layers, each with its own unique characteristics and functions. However, human activities are causing changes to the atmosphere, leading to issues such as climate change and air pollution. It is crucial for us to take action to protect the atmosphere and ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.

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Essay on Atmosphere

Students are often asked to write an essay on Atmosphere in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Atmosphere

Introduction to atmosphere.

The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. It’s vital for life because it provides the air we breathe and protects us from harmful radiation.

Components of Atmosphere

The atmosphere is made up of many gases. About 78% is nitrogen, 21% is oxygen, and the rest includes gases like carbon dioxide and argon.

Atmosphere Layers

The atmosphere has five main layers. These are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Each has unique characteristics and importance.

Atmosphere’s Role

The atmosphere plays a key role in climate and weather patterns. It also helps protect Earth from meteoroids.

250 Words Essay on Atmosphere

The atmosphere, a critical component of the Earth’s system, is a thin layer of gases that envelops our planet. It functions as a protective shield, maintaining the balance of life-sustaining conditions and protecting us from harmful cosmic radiation.

Composition of the Atmosphere

Primarily composed of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), the atmosphere also contains trace amounts of other gases like argon, carbon dioxide, and neon. Water vapor and aerosols are variable constituents, influencing weather and climate patterns.

Layers of the Atmosphere

The atmosphere is stratified into five main layers based on temperature variations. The troposphere, where weather events occur, is the layer closest to Earth. Above it lies the stratosphere, home to the ozone layer. The mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere follow, each with unique characteristics.

Role in Climate Regulation

The atmosphere plays a significant role in climate regulation. It absorbs and redistribits solar energy, maintaining Earth’s temperature. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap heat, a natural process essential for life but exacerbated by human activities, leading to global warming.

Atmospheric Pollution

Human activities have led to increased atmospheric pollution. Emissions from industries, vehicles, and deforestation increase the concentration of greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change. This highlights the urgent need for sustainable practices to mitigate atmospheric damage.

500 Words Essay on Atmosphere

The atmosphere, a vital component of our planet, is a complex layer of gases that envelops the Earth, protecting life and facilitating various processes. It primarily consists of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with the remaining 1% comprising a mix of argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium, and other trace gases. The atmosphere’s importance is manifold, from providing the air we breathe to shielding us from harmful solar radiation.

The atmosphere is not a homogeneous entity but is divided into five distinct layers based on temperature variation. The closest to the Earth’s surface is the Troposphere, where weather phenomena occur. Above it lies the Stratosphere, home to the ozone layer. The Mesosphere, the third layer, is where most meteors burn up upon entry. The Thermosphere, known for its high temperatures, houses the International Space Station in its uppermost region. Lastly, the Exosphere forms the outermost layer, gradually fading into outer space.

Atmospheric Dynamics

The atmosphere and climate change.

In recent years, the atmosphere’s role in climate change has been under intense scrutiny. Human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels, have led to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, causing a rise in Earth’s average temperature, a phenomenon known as global warming. This has led to a cascade of effects, including melting polar ice, rising sea levels, and increased frequency of extreme weather events.

Conclusion: The Need for Atmospheric Conservation

In conclusion, the atmosphere is a critical component of Earth’s system, with a pivotal role in sustaining life and maintaining global processes. However, human-induced changes threaten its balance, leading to dire global consequences. Therefore, it is imperative to understand and respect the intricate dynamics of the atmosphere and strive towards its conservation. By adopting sustainable practices and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, we can ensure the preservation of this vital resource for future generations.

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Essay on Global Warming in English (100,150, 200, 250, 300, 500 Words)

Global warming means the Earth is getting hotter. This happens because of things like pollution from cars and factories. These pollutants are called greenhouse gases, and they make the Earth's air trap more heat from the sun. One major greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, which comes from burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. When trees are cut down and forests disappear, that's bad too, because trees help clean the air.

Because of global warming, some big problems are happening. Ice at the North and South Poles is melting, which causes the sea levels to rise. When the sea level goes up, it can flood coastal areas, making it hard for people to live there. Also, the Earth's weather is getting crazy. There are more hurricanes, droughts, and floods. These extreme weather events can be dangerous and damage homes and farms.

But don't worry! People all over the world are working to stop global warming. They use clean and renewable energy sources like the sun and wind instead of burning fossil fuels. They also make agreements like the Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol to help reduce pollution. These agreements are like promises between countries to protect the planet.

Understanding global warming is important because it harms the environment and makes life harder for everyone. We need to take care of our planet by using clean energy and protecting forests. It's like being a good friend to the Earth. So, let's all work together to keep the Earth cool and safe for the future.

Why is the Essay on Global Warming Important for Your Exams? 

The essay on global warming is important for your exams for several reasons. First, it helps you learn about a critical issue that affects our planet. Global warming is the increase in Earth's temperature due to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Knowing about this topic is essential because it's a significant environmental problem that impacts all of us.

Second, writing an essay on global warming can improve your research and writing skills. It teaches you how to gather information, organize your thoughts, and present them in a clear and structured way. These skills are valuable for your education and future career.

Third, understanding global warming is relevant to many subjects. It connects to science, as it involves the Earth's climate and ecosystems. It's also essential for geography, as it affects landscapes and weather patterns. In addition, it's a crucial aspect of social studies, as global warming has economic and political implications.

Fourth, addressing global warming is a global concern. International agreements like the Paris Agreement involve many countries working together to combat climate change. Knowing about these agreements and the actions taken by different nations can help you understand how the world is coming together to solve a shared problem.

Fifth, discussing global warming in your exams can demonstrate your awareness and concern for the environment. It shows that you're informed about the challenges our planet faces and that you're engaged in finding solutions.

Long and Short Essay on Global Warming

Essay on global warming 1 (100 words) .

Essay on Global Warming 2 (150 words)

Essay on Global Warming 3 (200 words) 

Essay on Global Warming 4 (250 words) 

Essay on Global Warming 5 (300 words) 

Essay on Global Warming 6 (500 words) 

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Geography Notes

Essay on the atmosphere: top 12 essays | earth | world geography.

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Here is a compilation of essays on the ‘Atmosphere’ for class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on the ‘Atmosphere’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay on the Atmosphere

Essay Contents:

• Essay on Climate Change

Essay # 1. Nature and Characteristics of Atmosphere:

The present atmosphere of the Earth is not the original one, which was formed by the release of dissolved gases during cooling of molten rocks. The original atmosphere in all probabilities had carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water. Without the presence of free oxygen, the atmosphere was therefore a reducing atmosphere. The current atmosphere contains high amount of oxygen plus inert nitrogen (neutral), and is therefore oxidizing in nature.

The main source of oxygen in the atmosphere is green plants. Plants use sunlight to transform carbon dioxide and water into organic matter, and release oxygen in the atmosphere. Oxygen is required by higher forms of life. The oxygen in our atmosphere was almost all produced by plants (cynobacteria) or, more colloquially, blue-green algae.

Green plants and rain forests have converted an envelope of carbon dioxide and nitrogen into an oxygen rich atmosphere, making this planet suitable for us to live. Nitrogen is an ingredient in building proteins and nucleic acids (DNA) and essential element for living beings. Both the elements maintain same strength despite enormous amount consumed by increasing population each day due to perfect nature’s cycle of recovery.

The atmosphere protects life on earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation and reducing temperature extreme between day and night. The atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide absorbs the infrared portion of the solar radiation. This heats up the atmosphere while allowing visible light to reflect on the Earth’s surface. There is no definite boundary between the atmosphere and the outer space. The Karman line, at 100 km (62 miles or 328,000 ft.), is considered as the boundary between atmosphere and outer space.

Essay # 2. Composition of Atmosphere:

The proportion of gases changes in the higher layers of the atmosphere in such a way that oxygen will be almost negligible at the height of 120 km. Similarly, carbon dioxide and water vapour are found only up to 90 km from the earth’s surface.

Carbon dioxide is meteorologically a very important gas as it is transparent to the incoming solar radiation but opaque to the outgoing terrestrial radiation. It absorbs a part of terrestrial radiation and reflects back some part of it towards the earth’s surface.

It is largely responsible for the greenhouse effect. The volume of other gases is constant but the volume of carbon dioxide has been rising in the past few decades mainly because of the burning of the fossil fuels. This has also increased the temperature of the air.

Ozone is another important component of the atmosphere found between 10 and 50 km above the earth’s surface and acts as a filter and absorbs the ultra-violet rays radiating from the sun and prevents them from reaching the surface of the earth.

ii. Dust Particles:

Dust particles are generally concentrated layers of the atmosphere; yet, convectional air currents may transport them to great heights. The higher concentration of dust particles is found in subtropical and temperate regions due to dry winds in comparison to equatorial and polar regions. Dust and salt particles act as hygroscopic nuclei around which water vapour condenses to produce clouds.

iii. Water Vapour :

Water vapour is also a variable gas in the atmosphere, which decreases with altitude. In the warm and wet tropics, it may account for four per cent of the air by volume, while in the dry and cold areas of desert and polar regions it may be less than one per cent of the air.

Water vapour also decreases from the equator towards the poles. Thus, it acts like a blanket allowing the earth neither to become too cold nor too hot. Water vapour also contributes to the stability and instability in the air.

ADVERTISEMENTS: (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Essay # 3. Structure of Atmosphere :

The atmosphere consists of different layers with vary­ing density and temperature. Density is highest near the surface of the earth and decreases with increasing altitude. The column of atmosphere is divided into five different layers depending upon the temperature condi­tion. They are- troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere and exosphere.

The troposphere is the lowermost layer of the atmosphere. Its average height is 13 km and extends roughly to a height of 8 km near the poles and about 18 km at the equator.

Thickness of the troposphere is greatest at the equa­tor because heat is transported to great heights by strong convectional currents. This layer contains dust particles and water vapour. All changes in climate and weather takes place in this layer. The temperature in litis layer decreases at the rate of 1°C for every 165 m of height. This is the most important layer for all biological activities.

The zone separating the tropsophere from strato­sphere is known as the tropopause. The air temperature at the tropopause is about minus 80°C over the equator and about minus 45°C over the poles. The temperature here is nearly constant, and hence, it is called the tropopause.

The stratosphere is found above the tropopause and extends up to a height of 50 km. One important feature of the stratosphere is that it contains the ozone layer. This layer absorbs ultra-violet radiation and shields life on the earth from intense, harmful form of energy.

The mesosphere lies above the stratosphere, which extends up to a height of 80 km. In this layer, once again, temperature starts decreasing with the increase in altitude and reaches up to minus 100°C at the height of 80 km. The upper limit of mesosphere is known as the mesopause.

The ionosphere is located between 80 and 400 km above the mesopause. It contains electrically charged particles known as ions, and hence, it is known as ionosphere. Radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by this layer.

Temperature here starts increasing with height. The uppermost layer of the atmosphere above the ionosphere is known as the exosphere. This is the highest layer. Whatever contents are there, these are extremely rarefied in this layer, and it gradually merges with the outer space.

Essay # 4. Heating and Cooling of Atmosphere :

The earth after being heated by insolation transmits the heat to the atmospheric layers near to the earth in the form of long wave. The air in contact with the land gets heated slowly and the upper layers in contact with the lower layers also get heated. This process is called conduction.

Conduction takes place when two bodies of unequal temperature are in contact with each other, there is a flow of energy from the warm to the cool body. The air in contact with the earth rises vertically on heating in the form of currents and further transmits the heat of the atmosphere. This process of vertical heating of the atmosphere is known as convection. The convective transfer of energy is confined only to the troposphere.

The transfer of heat through horizontal movement of air is called advection. Horizontal movement of the air is relatively more important than the vertical movement. In middle latitudes, most of dirunal (day and night) variation in daily weather is caused by advection alone. In tropical regions particularly in northern India during summer season local winds called ‘loo’ is the outcome of advection process.

Terrestrial Radiation :

The insolation received by the earth is in the form of short waves and heats up its surface. The earth after being heated itself becomes a radiating body and it radiates energy to the atmosphere in the form of long wave. This energy heats up the atmosphere from below. This process is known as terrestrial radiation.

The long wave radiation is absorbed by the atmospheric gases particularly by carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases. Thus, the atmosphere is indirectly heated by the earth’s radiation. The atmosphere in turn radiates and transmits heat to the space. Finally, the amount of heat received from the sun is returned to space, thereby maintaining constant temperature at the earth’s surface and in the atmosphere.

Heat Budget of the Planet Earth :

The earth as a whole does not accumulate or lose heat. It maintains its temperature. This can happen only if the amount of heat received in the form of insolation equals the amount lost by the earth through terrestrial radiation.

Roughly 35 units are reflected back to space even before reaching the earth’s surface. Of these, 27 units are reflected back from the top of the clouds and 2 units from the snow and ice-covered areas of the earth. The reflected amount of radiation is called the albedo of the earth.

Essay # 5. Water in the Atmosphere :

Water is present in the atmosphere in three forms namely—gaseous, liquid and solid. The moisture in the atmosphere is derived from water bodies through evaporation and from plants through transpiration. Thus, there is a continuous exchange of water between the atmosphere, the oceans and the continents through the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation and precipitation.

Water vapour present in the air is known as humidity. The actual amount of the water vapour present in the atmosphere is known as the absolute humidity. It is the weight of water vapour per unit volume of air and is expressed in terms of grams per cubic metre. The absolute humidity differs from place to place on the surface of the earth.

The percentage of moisture present in the atmosphere as compared to its full capacity at a given temperature is known as the relative humidity. The air containing moisture to its full capacity at a given temperature is said to be saturated.

It means that the air at the given temperature is incapable of holding any additional amount of moisture at that stage. The temperature at which saturation occurs in a given sample of air is known as dew point.

Evaporation and Condensation :

Evaporation is a process by which water is transformed from liquid to gaseous state. Heat is the main cause of evaporation. The temperature at which the water starts evaporating is referred to as the latent heat of vapourisation.

The transformation of water vapour into water is called condensation. Condensation is caused by the loss of heat. When moist air is cooled, it may reach a level when its capacity to hold water vapour ceases. Then, the excess water vapour condenses into liquid form. If it directly condenses into solid form, it is known as sublimation.

In free air, condensation results from cooling around very small particles termed as hygro­scopic condensation nuclei. After condensation the water vapour or the moisture in the atmosphere takes one of the following forms—dew, frost, fog and clouds.

Forms of condensation can be classified on the basis of temperature and location. Condensation takes place when the dew point is lower than the freezing point as well as higher than the freezing point.

When the moisture is deposited in the form of water droplets on cooler surfaces of solid objects (rather than nuclei in air above the surface) such as stones, grass blades and plant leaves, it is known as dew. The ideal conditions for its formation are clear sky, calm air, high relative humidity and cold and long nights. For the formation of dew, it is necessary that the dew point is above the freezing point.

Frost forms on cold surfaces when condensation takes place below freezing point (0°C), i.e. the dew point is at or below the freezing point. The ideal conditions for the formation of white frost are the same as those for the formation of dew, except that the air temperature must be at or below the freezing point.

iii. Fog and Mist :

When the temperature of an air mass containing a large quantity of water vapour falls all of a sudden, condensation takes place within itself on fine dust particles. So, the fog is a cloud with its base at or very near to the ground. Because of the fog and mist, the visibility becomes poor to zero. Such a condition when fog is mixed with smoke, is described as smog.

The only difference between the mist and fog is that mist contains more moisture than the fog. In mist each nuclei contains a thicker layer of moisture. Mists are frequent over mountains as the rising warm air up the slopes meets a cold surface.

Fogs are drier than mist and they are prevalent where warm currents of air come in contact with cold currents. Fogs are mini clouds in which condensation takes place around nuclei provided by the dust, smoke, and the salt particles.

iv. Clouds :

Cloud is a mass of minute water droplets or tiny crystals of ice formed by the condensation of the water vapour in free air at considerable elevations. As the clouds are formed at some height over the surface of the earth, they take various shapes.

According to their height, expanse, density and transparency or opaqueness clouds are grouped under four types:

(i) Cirrus;

(ii) Cumulus;

(iii) Stratus;

(iv) Nimbus.

a. Cirrus :

Cirrus clouds are formed at high altitudes (8,000-12,000 m). They are thin and detached clouds having a feathery appearance. They are always white in colour.

b. Cumulus :

Cumulus clouds look like cotton wool. They are generally formed at a height of 4,000- 7,000 m. They exist in patches and can be seen scattered here and there. They have a flat base.

c. Stratus :

As their name implies, these are layered clouds covering large portions of the sky. These clouds are generally formed either due to loss of heat or the mixing of air masses with different temperatures.

d. Nimbus :

Nimbus clouds are black or dark gray. They are formed at middle levels or very near to the sur­face of the earth. These are extremely dense and opaque to the rays of the sun. Sometimes, the clouds are so low that they seem to touch the ground. Nimbus clouds are shapeless masses of thick vapour.

A combination of these four basic types can give rise to the following types of clouds: high clouds—cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus; middle clouds—altostratus and altocumulus; low clouds— stratocumulus and nimbostratus and clouds with extensive vertical development—cumulus and cumu­lonimbus.

Essay # 6. Atmospheric Pressure :

The weight of a column of air contained in a unit area from the mean sea level to the top of the atmosphere is called the atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure is expressed in units of mb and Pascals. The widely used unit is kilo Pascal written as hPa.

At sea level the average atmospheric pressure is 1,013.2 mb or 1,013.2 hPa. Due to gravity the air at the surface is denser and hence has higher pressure. Air pressure is measured with the help of a mercury barometer or the aneroid barometer. The pressure decreases with height.

Vertical Variation of Pressure :

In the lower atmosphere the pressure decreases rapidly with height. The decrease amounts to about 1 mb for each 10 m increase in elevation. It does not always decrease at the same rate.

Horizontal Distribution of Pressure :

Small differences in pressure are highly significant in terms of the wind direction and purposes of comparison.

World Distribution of Sea Level Pressure :

Near the equator the sea level pressure is low and the area is known as equatorial low. Along 30°N and 30°S are found the high-pressure areas known as the subtropical highs. Further polewards along 60°N and 60°S, the low-pressure belts are termed as the sub-polar lows.

Near the poles the pressure is high and it is known as the polar high velocity. Horizontal distribution of pressure is studied by drawing isobars at constant levels. Isobars are lines connecting places having equal pressure. In order to eliminate the effect of altitude on pressure, it is measured at any station after being reduced to sea level.

Forces Affecting the Velocity and Direction of Wind :

The air is set in motion due to the differences in atmospheric pressure. The air in motion is called wind. The wind blows from high pressure to low pressure. The wind at the surface experiences friction. In addition, rotation of the earth also affects the wind movement. The force exerted by the rotation of the earth is known as the Coriolis force.

Coriolis Force:

The rotation of the earth about its axis affects the direction of the wind. This force is called the Coriolis force after the French physicist who described it in 1844. It deflects the wind to the right direction in the northern hemisphere and in nature.

They oscillate with the apparent movement of the sun. In the northern hemisphere in winter they move southwards and in the summer northwards. The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the angle of latitude. It is maximum at the poles and is absent at the equator.

The Coriolis force acts perpendicular to the pressure gradient force. The pressure gradient force is perpendicular to an isobar. The higher the pressure gradient force, the more is the velocity of the wind and the larger is the deflection in the direction of the wind.

At the equator, the Coriolis force is zero and the wind blows perpendicular to the isobars. The low pressure gets filled instead of getting intensified. That is the reason why tropical cyclones are not formed near the equator.

Pressure and Wind:

The velocity and direction of the wind are the net result of the wind generating forces. The winds in the upper atmosphere, 2-3 km above the surface, are free from frictional effect of the surface and are controlled by the pressure gradient and the Coriolis force. When isobars are straight and when there is no friction, the pressure gradient force is balanced by the Coriolis force and the resultant wind blows parallel to the isobar.

This wind is known as the geostrophic wind. The wind circulation around a low is called cyclonic circulation. Around a high it is called anti-cyclonic circulation. The direction of winds around such systems changes according to their location in different hemispheres.

General Circulation of the Atmospheric Pressure :

The pattern of planetary winds largely depends on:

(i) Latitudinal variation of atmospheric heating;

(ii) Emergence of pressure belts;

(iii) The migration of belts following apparent path of the sun;

(iv) The distribution of continents and oceans;

(v) The rotation of earth.

The pattern of the movement of the planetary winds is called the general circulation of the atmosphere. The general circulation of the atmosphere also sets in motion the ocean water circulation which influences the earth’s climate. The air at the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) rises because of convection caused by high insolation and a low pressure is created.

The winds from the tropics converge at this low pressure zone. The converged air rises along with the convective cell. It reaches the top of the troposphere up to an altitude of 14 km and moves towards the poles. This causes accumulation of air at about 30°N and S.

Part of the accumulated air sinks to the ground and forms a subtropical high. Another reason for sinking is the cooling of air when it reaches 30°N and S latitudes. Down below near the land surface the air flows towards the equator as the easterlies.

The easterlies from either side of the equator converge in the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Such circulations from the surface upwards and vice-versa are called cells. Such a cell in the tropics is called Hadley Cell. In the middle latitudes the circulation is that of sinking cold air that comes from the poles and the rising warm air that blows from the subtropical high.

At the surface these winds are called westerlies and the cell is known as the Ferrel Cell. At polar latitudes the cold dense air subsides near the poles and blows towards middle latitudes as the polar easterlies. This cell is called the polar cell. These three cells set the pattern for the general circulation of the atmosphere. The transfer of heat energy from lower latitudes to higher latitudes maintains the general circulation.

The general circulation of the atmosphere also affects the oceans. The large-scale winds of the atmosphere initiate large and slow-moving currents of the ocean. Oceans in turn provide input of energy and water vapour into the air. These interactions take place rather slowly over a large part of the ocean.

Air Masses:

When the air remains over a homogenous area for a sufficiently longer time, it acquires the characteristics of the area. The homogenous regions can be the vast ocean surface or vast plains. The air with distinctive characteristics in terms of temperature and humidity is called an air mass. The air masses are classified according to the source regions.

There are five major source regions. These are:

(i) Warm tropical and subtropical oceans;

(ii) The subtropical hot deserts;

(iii) The relatively cold high latitude oceans;

(iv) The very cold snow covered continents in high latitudes; and

(v) Permanently ice covered continents in the Arctic and Antarctica.

Seasonal Wind :

The pattern of wind circulation is modified in different seasons due to the shifting of regions of maximum heat, pressure and wind belts. The most pronounced effect of such a shift is noticed in the monsoon, especially over southeast Asia. The other local deviations from the general circulation system are as follows.

Local Winds :

Differences in the heating and cooling of earth surfaces and the cycles those develop daily or annually can create several common, local or regional winds.

Land and Sea Breezes :

The land and sea absorb and transfer heat differently. During the day the land heats up faster and becomes warmer than the sea. Therefore, over the land the air rises giving rise to a low pressure area, whereas the sea is relatively cool and the pressure over sea is relatively high.

Thus, pressure gradient from sea to land is created and the wind blows from sea to land as the sea breeze. In the night the reversal of condition takes place. The land loses heat faster and is cooler than the sea. The pressure gradient is from the land to the sea and hence results in land breeze.

Mountain and Valley Winds :

In mountain regions, during the day the slopes get heated up and air moves up the slope to fill the resulting gap the air from the valley blows up the valley. This wind is known as the valley breeze. During the night the slopes get cooled and the dense air descends into the valley as the mountain wind.

The cool air, of the high plateaus and ice fields draining into the valley is called katabatic wind. Another type of warm wind occurs on the leeward side of the mountain ranges. The moisture in these winds, while crossing the mountain ranges condense and precipitate. When it descends down the leeward side of the slope the dry air gets warmed up by adiabatic process.

When the front remains stationary, it is called a stationary front. When the cold air moves towards the warm air mass, its contact zone is called the cold front, whereas if the warm air mass moves towards the cold air mass, the contact zone is a warm front. If an air mass is fully lifted above the land surface, it is called the occluded front.

The fronts occur in middle latitudes and are char­acterized by steep gradient in temperature and pressure. They bring abrupt changes in temperature and cause the air to rise to form clouds and cause precipitation.

Extra Tropical Cyclones:

The systems developing in the mid and high latitude, beyond the tropics are called the middle latitude or extra tropical cyclones. The passage of front causes abrupt changes in the weather conditions over the area in the middle and high latitudes. Extra tropical cyclones are formed along the polar front. The cold front moves faster than the warm front ultimately overtaking the warm front.

The warm air is completely lifted up and the front is occluded and the cyclone dissipates. The extra tropical cyclone affects a much larger area as compared to the tropical cyclone. The wind velocity in a tropical cyclone is much higher and it is more destructive. The extra tropical cyclones move from west to east but tropical cyclones move from east to west.

Tropical Cyclones :

Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and move over to the coastal areas bringing about large scale destruction caused by violent winds, very heavy rainfall and storm surges. They are known as Cyclones in the Indian Ocean, Hurricanes in the Atlantic, Typhoons in the Western Pacific and South China Sea, and Willy- willies in the Western Australia. Tropical cyclones originate and intensify over warm tropical oceans.

The conditions favourable for the formation and intensification of tropical storms are:

(i) Large sea surface with temperature higher than 27°C;

(ii) Presence of the Coriolis force;

(iii) Small variations in the vertical wind speed;

(iv) A pre-existing weak low-pressure area or low- level-cyclonic circulation;

(v) Upper divergence above the sea level system.

A mature tropical cyclone is characterized by the strong spirally circulating wind around the centre, called the eye. The diameter of the circulating system can vary between 150 and 250 km. From the eye wall rain bands may radiate and trains of cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds may drift into the outer region.

The diameter of the storm over the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean is between 600-1200 km. The system moves slowly about 300-500 km per day. The cyclone creates storm surges and they inundate the coastal low lands.

Thunderstorms and Tornadoes :

They are of short duration, occurring over a small area but are violent. Thunderstorms are caused by intense convection on moist hot days. A thunderstorm is a well-grown cumulonimbus cloud producing thunder and lightning.

When the clouds extend-to heights where sub­zero temperature prevails, hails are formed and they come down as hailstorm. If there is insufficient moisture, a thunderstorm can generate dust-storms.

A thunderstorm is characterized by intense updraft of rising warm air, which causes the clouds to grow bigger and rise to greater height. This causes precipitation. Later, downdraft brings down to earth the cool air and the rain. From severe thunderstorms sometimes spiralling wind descends like a trunk of an elephant with great force, with very low pressure at the centre, causing massive destruction on its way. Such a phenomenon is called a tornado.

Tornadoes generally occur in middle latitudes. The tornado over the sea is called water sprout.

Essay # 7. Temperature :

The interaction of insolation with the atmosphere and the earth’s surface creates heat which is measured in terms of temperature. While heat represents the molecular movement of particles comprising a substance, the temperature is the measurement in degrees of how hot (or cold) a thing (or a place) is.

Factors Controlling Temperature Distribution :

The temperature of air at any place is influenced by: 

(i) The latitude of the place;

(ii) The altitude of the place;

(iii) Distance from the sea, the airmass circulation;

(iv) The presence of warm and cold ocean currents;

(v) Distribution of temperature;

(vi) Inversion of temperature .

(i) The Latitude:

The temperature of a place depends on the insolation received.

(ii) The Altitude:

The atmosphere is indirectly heated by terrestrial radiation from below. Therefore, the places near the sea-level record higher temperature than the places situated at higher elevations. In other words, the temperature generally decreases with increasing height. The rate of decrease of temperature with height is termed as the normal lapse rate. It is 6.5°C per 1,000 m.

(iii) Distance from the Sea:

Another factor that influences the temperature is the location of a place with respect to the sea. Compared to land, the sea gets heated slowly and loses heat slowly. Land heats up and cools down quickly. Therefore, the variation in temperature over the sea is less compared to land. The places situated near the sea comes under the moderating influence of the sea and land breezes which moderates the temperature.

(iv) Air-Mass and Ocean Currents:

Like the land and sea breezes, the passage of air masses also affects the temperature. The places, which come under the influence of warm air-masses experience higher temperature and the places that come under the influence of cold air masses experience low temperature. Similarly, the places located on the coast where the warm ocean currents flow, record higher temperature than the places located on the coast where the cold currents flow.

(v) Distribution of Temperature :

The global distribution of temperature can be well understood by studying the temperature distribution in January and July. The Isotherms are lines joining places having equal temperature. In general, the effect of the latitude on temperature is well pronounced on the map, as the isotherms are generally parallel to the latitude.

The deviation from this general trend is more pronounced in January than in July, especially in the northern hemisphere. In the northern hemisphere the land surface area is much larger than in the southern hemisphere. Hence, the effects of land mass and the ocean currents are well pronounced. In January, the isotherms deviate to the north over the ocean and to the south over the continent.

This can be seen on the North Atlantic Ocean. The presence of warm ocean currents, Gulf Stream and North Atlantic drift, make the Northern Atlantic Ocean warmer and the isotherms bend towards the north. Over the land the temperature decreases sharply and the isotherms bend towards south in Europe. It is much pronounced in the Siberian plain.

The effect of the ocean is well pronounced in the southern hemisphere. Here the isotherms are more or less parallel to the latitudes and the variation in temperature is more gradual than in the northern hemisphere.

In July the isotherms generally run parallel to the latitude. The equatorial oceans record warmer temperature, more than 27°C. Over the land more than 30°C is noticed in the subtropical continental region of Asia, along the 30°N latitude. Along the 40°N runs the isotherm of 10°C and along the 40°S the temperature is 10°C.

(vi) Inversion of Temperature :

Normally, temperature decreases with increase in eleva­tion. It is called normal lapse rate. At times, the situa­tion is reversed and the normal lapse rate is inverted. It is called Inversion of temperature. Inversion is usually of short duration but nonetheless quite common. A long winter night with clear skies and still air is ideal situation for inversion.

The heat of the day is radiated off during the night, and by early morning hours, the earth is cooler than the air above. Over polar areas, temperature inversion is normal throughout the year. Surface inversion promotes stabil­ity in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Smoke and dust particles get collected beneath the inversion layer and spread horizontally to fill the lower strata of the atmosphere.

Dense fogs in the mornings are common occurrences especially during winter season. This inver­sion commonly lasts for few hours until the sun comes up and begins to warm the earth. The inversion takes place in the hills and the mountains due to air drainage.

Cold air at the hills and mountains, produced during night, flows under the influence of gravity. Being heavy and dense, the cold air acts almost like water and moves down the slope to pile up deeply in pockets and valley bottoms with warm air above. This is called air drain­age. It protects plants from frost damage.

Essay # 8. Precipitation :

The process of continuous condensation in free air helps the condensed particles to grow in size. When the resistance of the air fails to hold them against the force of gravity, they fall on to the earth’s surface. So after the condensation of water vapour, the release of moisture is known as precipitation. This may take place in liquid or solid form.

The precipitation in the form of water is called rainfall, when the temperature is lower than the 0°C, precipitation takes place in the form of fine flakes of snow and is called snowfall. Besides rain and snow, other forms of precipitation are sleet and hail, though the latter are limited in occurrence and are sporadic in both time and space.

Sleet is frozen raindrops and refrozen melted snow-water. When a layer of air with the temperature above freezing point overlies a subfreezing layer near the ground, precipitation takes place in the form of sleet. Sometimes, drops of rain after being released by the clouds become solidified into small rounded solid pieces of ice reaching the surface of the earth are called hailstones.

Types of Rainfall :

i. Conventional Rain:

The air, on being heated, becomes light and rises up as convection currents. As it rises, it expands and loses heat and consequently condensation takes place and cumulous clouds are formed. With thunder and lightning, heavy rainfall takes place but this does not last long.

ii. Orographic Rain:

When the saturated air mass comes across a mountain, it is forced to ascend and as it rises, it expands; the temperature falls, and the moisture is condensed. The chief characteristic of this sort of rain is that the windward slopes receive greater rainfall. The area situated on the leeward side, which gets less rainfall is known as the rain-shadow area. It is also known as the relief rain.

World Distribution of Rainfall :

Different places of world receive varigated rainfall throughout the year. In general, as we proceed from equator to the poles, rainfall goes on decreasing steadily. The coastal areas of the world receive great amount of rainfall than the interior of the continents. The rainfall is more over the oceans than on the landmasses of the world because of being a great sources of water.

Between the latitudes 35 and 40 degree N and S of the equator, the rain is heavier on the eastern coasts and goes on decreasing towards the west. But, between 45 and 65 degree N and S of equator, due to the westerlies, the rainfall is first received on the western margins of the continents and it goes on decreasing towards the east. Wherever mountains run parallel to the coast, the rain is greater on the coastal plain, on the windward side and it decreases towards the leeward side.

On the basis of the total amount of annual precipitation, major precipitation regimes of the world are identified as follows:

The equatorial belt, the windward slopes of the mountains along the western coasts in the cool temperate zone and the coastal areas of the monsoon Jand receive heavy rainfall of over 200 cm per annum. Interior continental areas receive moderate rainfall varying from 100-200 cm per annum.

The coastal’ areas of the continents receive moderate amount of rainfall. The central parts of the tropical land and the eastern and interior parts of the temperate lands receive rainfall varying between 50-100 cm per annum. Areas lying in the rain shadow zone of the interior of the continents and high latitudes receive very low rainfall- less than 50 cm per annum.

Seasonal distribution of rainfall provides an important aspect to judge its effectiveness. In some regions rainfall is distributed evenly throughout the year such as in the equatorial belt and in the western parts of cool temperate regions.

Essay # 9. Solar Radiation :

The earth’s surface receives most of its energy in short wavelengths. The energy received by the earth is known as incoming solar radiation which in short is termed as insolation. On an average the earth receives 1.94 calories per sq. cm per minute at the top of its atmosphere. The solar output received at the top of the atmosphere varies slightly in a year due to the variations in the distance between the earth and the sun.

During its revolution around the sun, the earth is farthest from the sun (152 million km on 4th July). This position of the earth is called aphelion. On 3rd January, the earth is nearest to the sun (147 million km). This position is called perihelion.

herefore, the annual insolation received by the earth on 3rd January is slightly more than the amount received on 4th July. However, the effect of this variation in the solar output is masked by other factors like the distribution of land and sea and the atmospheric circulation.

Variability of Insolation at the Surface of the Earth :

The factors that cause these variations in insola­tion are:

(i) The rotation of earth on its axis;

(ii) The angle of inclination of the sun’s rays;

(iii) The length of the day;

(iv) The transparency of the atmosphere;

(v) The configuration of land in terms of its aspect.

The last two, however, have less influence. The fact that the earth’s axis makes an angle of 66V2 with the plane of its orbit around the sun has a greater influence on the amount of insolation received at different latitudes.

The second factor that determines the amount of insolation received is the angle of inclination of the rays. This depends on the latitude of a place. The higher the latitude the less is the angle they make with the surface of the earth resulting in slant sun rays. The area covered by vertical rays is always less than the slant rays.

The Passage of Solar Radiation through the Atmosphere :

The atmosphere is largely transparent to short wave solar radiation. The incoming solar radiation passes through the atmosphere before striking the earth’s surface. Within the troposphere water vapour, ozone and other gases absorb much of the near infrared radiation.

Very small-suspended particles in the troposphere scatter visible spectrum both to the space and towards the earth surface. This process adds colour to the sky. The red colour of the rising and the setting sun.

Spatial Distribution of Insolation at the Earth’s Surface :

The insolation received at the surface varies from about 320 Watt/m 2 in the tropics to about 70 Watt/m 2 in the poles. Maximum insolation is received over the subtropical deserts, where the cloudiness is the least. Equator receives comparatively less insolation than the tropics. Generally, at the same latitude the insolation is more over the continent than over the oceans. In winter, the middle and higher latitudes receive less radiation than in summer.

Essay # 10. Global Warming :

The gases that absorb long wave radiation are called greenhouse gases. The processes that warm the atmosphere are often collectively referred to as the greenhouse effect.

Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) :

The primary GHGs of today’s concern are carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and ozone (O 3 ). Some other gases such as nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) easily react with GHGs and affect their concentration in the atmosphere.

The effectiveness of any given GHG molecule will depend on the magnitude of the increase in its concentration, its life time in the atmosphere and the wavelength of radiation that it absorbs. The chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are highly effective.

Ozone which absorbs ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere is very effective in absorbing terrestrial radiation when it is present in the lower troposphere. Another important point to be noted is that the more time the GHG molecule remains in the atmosphere, the longer it will take for earth’s atmospheric system to recover from any change brought about by the latter. The largest concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide.

The emission of CO 2 comes mainly from fossil fuel combustion (oil, gas and coal). Forests and oceans are the sinks for the carbon dioxide. Forests use CO 2 in their growth. So, deforestation due to changes in land use also increases the concentration of CO 2 .

The time taken for atmospheric CO 2 to adjust to changes in sources to sinks is 20-50 years. It is rising at about 0.5 per cent annually. Doubling of concentration of CO 2 over pre-industrial level is used as an index for estimating the changes in climate, in climatic models.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are products of human activity. Ozone occurs in the stratosphere where ultraviolet rays convert oxygen into ozone. Thus, ultraviolet rays do not reach the earth’s surface. The CFCs which drift into the stratosphere destroy the ozone. Large depletion of ozone occurs over Antarctica. The depletion of ozone concentration in the stratosphere is called the ozone hole. This allows the ultraviolet rays to pass through the troposphere.

International efforts have been initiated for reducing the emission of GHGs into the atmosphere. The most important one is the Kyoto Protocol proclaimed in 1997. This protocol went into effect in 2005, ratified by 141 nations.

Kyoto Protocol bounds the 35 industrialized countries to reduce their emissions by the year 2012 to 5 per cent less than the levels prevalent in the year 1990. The increasing trend in the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere may, in the long run, warm up the earth. Once the global warming sets in, it will be difficult to reverse it.

The annual average near-surface air temperature of the world is approximately 14°C. An increasing trend in temperature was discernible in the 20th century. The greatest warming of the 20th century was during the two periods, 1901-1944 and 1977-1999.

Over each of these two periods, global temperatures rose by about 0.4°C. In between, there was a slight cooling, which was more marked in the Northern Hemisphere. The globally averaged annual mean temperature at the end of the 20th century was about 0.6°C above that recorded at the end of the 19th century.

Essay # 11. World Climate:

Three broad approaches have been adopted for classifying climate. They are empirical, genetic and applied. Empirical classification is based on observed data, particularly on temperature and precipitation. Genetic classification attempts to organize climates according to their causes. Applied classification is for specific purpose.

Koeppen’s Scheme of Classification of Climate :

The most widely used classification of climate is the empirical climate classification scheme developed by V Koeppen. Koeppen identified a close relationship between the distribution of vegetation and climate. He selected certain values of temperature and precipitation and related them to the distribution of vegetation and used these values for classifying the climates. It is an empirical classification based on mean annual and mean monthly temperature and precipitation data.

He introduced the use of capital and small letters to designate climatic groups and types. Although developed in 1918 and modified over a period of time, Koeppen’s scheme is still popular and in use. Koeppen recognized five major climatic groups four of them are based on temperature and one on precipitation. The capital letters- A, C, D and E delineate humid climates and B dry climates.

The climatic groups are subdivided into types, designated by small letters, based on seasonality of precipitation and temperature characteristics. The seasons of dryness are indicated by the small letters: f, m, w and s, where f corresponds to no dry season, m-monsoon climate, w-winter dry season and s-summer dry season.

The small letters a, b, c and d refer to the degree of severity of temperature. The B-Dry Climates are subdivided using the capital letters S for steppe or semi-arid and W for deserts.

1. Group A: Tropical Humid Climates :

Tropical humid climates exist between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. The sun being overhead throughout the year and the presence of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (INTCZ) make the climate hot and humid. Annual range of temperature is very low and annual rainfall is high.

The tropical group is divided into three types, namely (i) Af-Tropical wet climate; (ii) Am-Tropical monsoon climate; (iii) Aw-Tropical wet and dry climate:

(i) Tropical Wet Climate (Af):

Tropical wet climate is found near the equator. The major areas are the Amazon Basin in South America, western equatorial Africa and the islands of East Indies. Significant amount of rainfall occurs in every month of the year as thunder showers in the afternoon.

The temperature is uniformly high and the annual range of temperature is negligible. The maximum temperature on any day is around 30°C while the minimum temperature is around 20°C. Tropical evergreen forests with dense canopy cover and large biodiversity are found in this climate.

(ii) Tropical Monsoon Climate (Am):

Tropical monsoon climate (Am) is found over the Indian sub-continent, North Eastern part of South America and Northern Australia. Heavy rainfall occurs mostly in summer. Winter is dry.

(iii) Tropical Wet and Dry Climate (Aw):

Tropical wet and dry climate occurs north and south of Af type climatic regions. It borders with dry climate on the western part of the continent and Cf or Cw on the eastern part. Extensive Aw climate is found to the north and south of the Amazon forest in Brazil and adjoining parts of Bolivia and Paraguay in South America, Sudan and south of Central Africa.

The annual rainfall in this climate is considerably less than that in Af and Am climate types and is variable also. The wet season is shorter and the dry season is longer with the drought being more severe. Temperature is high throughout the year and diurnal ranges of temperature are the greatest in the dry season. Deciduous forest and tree-shredded grasslands occur in this climate.

2. Dry Climates-B :

Dry climates are characterized by very low rainfall that is not adequate for the growth of plants. These climates cover a very large area of the planet extending over large latitudes from 15°-60° north and south of the equator. At low latitudes, from 15°-30°, they occur in the area of subtropical high where subsidence and inversion of temperature do not produce rainfall.

On the western margin of the continents, adjoining the cold current, particularly over the west coast of South America, they extend more equatorwards and occur on the coast land. Dry climates are divided into steppe or semi-arid climate (BS) and desert climate (BW).

They are further subdivided as subtropical steppe (BSh) and subtropical desert (BWh) at latitudes from 15°-35° and mid-latitude steppe (BSk) and mid-latitude desert (BWk) at latitudes between 35°-60°.

Subtropical Steppe (BSh) and Subtropical Desert (BWh) Climates:

Subtropical steppe (BSh) and subtropical desert (BWh) have common precipitation and temperature characteristics. Located in the transition zone between humid and dry climates, subtropical steppe receives slightly more rainfall than the desert, adequate enough for the growth of sparse grasslands. The rainfall in both the climates is highly variable. Fog is common in coastal deserts bordering cold currents. Maximum temperature in the summer is very high.

3. Warm Temperate (Mid-Latitude) Climates-C:

Warm temperate (mid-latitude) climates extend from 30°-50° of latitude mainly on the eastern and western margins of the continents. These climates generally have warm summers with mild winters.

They are grouped into four types:

(i) Humid Subtropical, i.e. dry in winter and hot in summer (Cwa);

(ii) Mediterranean (Cs);

(iii) Humid Subtropical, i.e. no dry season and mild winter (Cfa);

(iv) Marine west coast climate (Cfb).

(i) Humid Subtropical Climate (Cwa):

Humid subtropi­cal climate occurs poleward of Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn, mainly in North Indian plains and South China interior plains. The climate is similar to Aw climate except that the temperature in winter is warm.

(ii) Mediterranean Climate (Cs):

As the name suggests, Mediterranean climate occurs around Mediterranean sea, along the west coast of continents in subtropical latitudes between 30° 40° latitudes e.g.—-Central California, Central Chile, along the coast in south eastern and south western Australia. These areas come under the influence of subtropical high in summer and westerly wind in winter. Hence, the climate is characterized by hot, dry summer and mild, rainy winter.

(iii) Humid Subtropical (Cfa) Climate:

Humid subtropical climate lies on the eastern parts of the continent in subtropical latitudes. In this region the air masses are generally unstable and cause rainfall throughout the year. They occur in eastern United States of America, southern and eastern China, southern Japan, northeastern Argentina, coastal South Africa and eastern coast of Australia.

(iv) Marine West Coast Climate (Cfb):

Marine west coast climate is located poleward from the Mediterranean climate on the west coast of the continents. The main areas are- North western Europe, west coast of North America, north of California, southern Chile, southeastern Australia and New Zealand. Due to marine influence, the temperature is moderate and in winter, it is warmer than for its latitude.

4. Cold Snow Forest Climates-D :

Cold snow forest climates occur in the large continental area in the northern hemisphere between 40°-70° north latitudes in Europe, Asia and North America.

Cold snow forest climates are divided into two types:

(i) Df-cold climate with humid winter;

(ii) Dw-cold climate with dry winter.

The severity of winter is more pronounced in higher latitudes.

(i) Cold Climate with Humid Winters (Df):

Cold climate with humid winter occurs poleward of marine west coast climate and mid latitude steppe. The annual ranges of temperature are large. The weather changes are abrupt and short. Poleward, the winters are more severe.

(ii) Cold Climate with Dry Winters (Dw):

Cold climate with dry winter occurs mainly over Northeastern Asia. The development of pronounced winter anti-cyclone and its weakening in summer sets in monsoon, like reversal of wind in this region. Poleward summer temperatures are lower and winter temperatures are extremely low with many locations experiencing temperatures below freezing point for up to seven months in a year. Precipitation occurs in summer.

5. Polar Climates-E :

Polar climates exist poleward beyond 70° latitude. Polar climates consist of two types:

(i) Tundra (ET)

(ii) Ice Cap (EF)

(i) Tundra Climate (ET):

The tundra climate (ET) is so called after the types of vegetation, like low growing mosses, lichens and flowering plants. This is the region of permafrost where the sub-soil is permanently frozen. The short growing season and water logging support only low growing plants. During summer, the tundra regions have very long duration of daylight.

(ii) Ice Cap Climate (EF):

The ice cap climate (EF) occurs over interior Greenland and Antartica. Even in summer, the temperature is below freezing point. This area receives very little precipitation. The snow and ice get accumulated and the mounting pressure causes the deformation of the ice sheets and they break. They move as icebergs that float in the Arctic and Antarctic waters. Plateau Station, Antarctica, 79°S, portray this climate.

6. Highland Climates-H :

Highland climates are governed by topography In high mountains, large changes in mean temperature occur over short distances. Precipitation types and intensity also vary spatially across high lands. There is vertical zonation of layering of climatic types with elevation in the mountain environment.

Essay # 12. Climate Change :

Archaeological findings show that the Rajasthan desert experienced wet and cool climate around 8,000 B.C. The period 3,000-1,700 B.C. had higher rainfall. From about 2,000-1,700 B.C., this region was the centre of the Harappan civilization.

Dry conditions accentuated since then. In the geological past, the earth was warm some 500-300 million years ago, through the Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian periods. During the Pleistocene epoch, glacial and inter-glacial periods occurred, the last major peak glacial period was about 18,000 years ago. The present inter-glacial period started 10,000 years ago.

Climate in the Recent Past :

The 1990s recorded the warmest temperature of the century and some of the worst floods around the world. The worst devastating drought in the Sahel region, south of the Sahara desert, from 1967-1977 is one such variability.

During the 1930s, severe drought occurred in south­western Great Plains of the United States, described as the dust bowl. Europe witnessed ‘Little Ice Age’ from 1550 to about 1850. From about 1885-1940 world temperature showed an upward trend. After 1940, the rate of increase in temperature slowed down.

Causes of Climate Change :

The astronomical causes are the changes in solar output associated with sunspot activities. Sunspots are dark and cooler patches on the sun which increase and decrease in a cyclic manner. According to some meteorologists, when the number of sunspots increases, cooler and wetter weather and greater storminess occur.

An another astronomical theory is Millankovitch oscillations, which infer cycles in the variations in the earth’s orbital characteristics around the sun, the wobbling of the earth and the changes in the earth’s axial tilt.

All these alter the amount of insolation received from the sun, which in turn, might have a bearing effect, on the climate. Volcanism is considered as another cause for climate change. The most important anthropogenic effect on the climate is the increasing trend in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which is likely to cause global warming.

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Essay on Climate Change for Children and Students

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Essay on Climate Change: Climate change is a significant environmental and social issue worldwide. Climate change, often referred to as global warming, is a result of increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases emitted primarily by human activities such as cars and factories that’s why we can also called it global warming essay. The consequences of climate change encompass not only global warming but also alterations in precipitation, sea level changes, and more frequent extreme weather events. These impacts have been affecting us for some time now, and they are becoming increasingly evident.

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The factors leading to climate change have raised concerns globally over the last few decades. The rising levels of carbon emissions from human activities have amplified global warming, which, in turn, leads to shifts in weather patterns and heightened occurrences of extreme weather events. Moreover, sea level changes pose a direct threat to coastal regions around the world.

One of the most alarming aspects of climate change is its adverse impact on biodiversity and the environment. It contributes to environmental degradation, with repercussions for ecosystems and species. Additionally, it places vulnerable communities at risk, potentially resulting in climate refugees as people are forced to leave their homes due to climate-related challenges.

Long and Short Essays on Climate Change/ Global Warming Essay in English

Short essays on climate change.

Here are some essay on Climate Change of short lengths to help you with the topic in your examination. You can select any climate change essay as per your need:

Climate Change Essay in 100 words

Climate change is a pressing global issue caused by various factors, including carbon emissions, volcanic eruptions, and solar radiation. Human activities like fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and vehicular pollution play a significant role. These changes have led to more frequent and severe extreme weather events and threaten biodiversity.

Forests are dwindling, and the polar regions face extinction risks. Erratic rainfall patterns result in floods and droughts, affecting water systems. Various species, from polar bears to tigers, are at risk of extinction due to shifting climates.

Mitigating climate change necessitates reducing carbon emissions, promoting sustainable practices, and adhering to international agreements like the Paris Agreement. Immediate action and global cooperation are essential to address this crisis.

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Essay on Climate Change in 150 words

Climate change is a complex global challenge driven by various factors, prominently carbon emissions, volcanic eruptions, and solar radiation. Human activities, notably fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and vehicular pollution, have intensified this issue. These changes lead to more frequent and severe extreme weather events, posing a severe threat to biodiversity.

Forests, critical for carbon absorption, are facing mass extinctions. The polar regions are particularly vulnerable, and life there is at risk. Erratic rainfall patterns result in floods and droughts, disrupting water systems. Many species, including iconic animals like polar bears and tigers, face extinction due to changing climates.

Addressing climate change requires immediate and concerted efforts. It involves reducing carbon emissions, transitioning to sustainable practices, and adhering to international agreements such as the Paris Agreement. The preservation of Earth’s climate is a collective responsibility, demanding global cooperation to ensure a sustainable future.

Climate Change Essay in 200 words

Climate change refers to alterations in the Earth’s climate patterns that can persist for several decades to centuries. These changes are driven by various factors known as forcing mechanisms, which can be either external or internal.

External forcing mechanisms encompass both natural factors, such as variations in the Earth’s orbit, changes in solar radiation, volcanic eruptions, and plate tectonics, and human-induced factors, including the emission of greenhouse gases and carbon emissions.

Internal forcing mechanisms are natural processes that occur within the climate system and include ocean-atmosphere variability and the influence of life on Earth.

The consequences of climate change are far-reaching, with negative impacts on forests, wildlife, water systems, and polar regions. Many plant and animal species have faced extinction due to these shifts in climate patterns, while others have suffered adverse effects.

Human activities, such as deforestation, land use changes, and practices that increase the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere, have played a significant role in recent climate change. It is imperative to monitor and control these activities to mitigate the effects of climate change and maintain environmental balance.

Essay on Climate Change in 250 words

Climate change represents one of the most critical global challenges of our time, driven by a complex interplay of factors, including carbon emissions, volcanic eruptions, and solar radiation. However, it’s the impact of human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and vehicular pollution, that has significantly accelerated this phenomenon. These activities have resulted in more frequent and severe extreme weather events, posing a grave threat to the planet’s biodiversity.

Forests, which play a vital role in carbon absorption, are facing the risk of mass extinctions. The polar regions, crucial for regulating Earth’s climate, are particularly vulnerable, with many species at the brink of extinction. Erratic rainfall patterns have led to catastrophic events like floods and droughts, disrupting water systems and impacting communities.

Various species, from polar bears struggling to find food due to melting ice caps to tigers facing habitat loss, are in jeopardy due to changing climates.

To address this monumental challenge, immediate and concerted efforts are paramount. It involves reducing carbon emissions through transitioning to cleaner energy sources, promoting sustainable practices in agriculture and land use, and adhering to international agreements such as the Paris Agreement.

Individuals, communities, governments, and businesses all have roles to play in combatting climate change. Raising awareness, adopting greener technologies, and advocating for responsible policies are crucial steps towards mitigating the impact of climate change. The preservation of Earth’s climate is not just an environmental imperative but a collective responsibility that requires global cooperation to ensure a sustainable and habitable future for generations to come.

Climate Change Essay in 300 words

Climate change, as its name implies, refers to significant alterations in Earth’s climatic conditions. Several factors have contributed to these changes over centuries. However, recent changes primarily resulting from human activities are having detrimental effects on the atmosphere.

Researchers continuously study climate patterns to understand both the past and future conditions. They gather and update climate records based on geological evidence, including records of flora and fauna, glacial and periglacial processes, sea level records, borehole temperature profiles, and sediment layers.

Let’s delve into the causes and effects of climate change:

Causes of Climate Change:

• Solar Radiation: The energy emitted by the Sun, which reaches Earth and is distributed across the planet by winds and ocean currents, plays a crucial role in climate change.
• Human Activities: Modern technology has significantly increased carbon emissions, contributing to adverse climate effects. The emission of carbon into the atmosphere is a major concern.
• Orbital Variations, Plate Tectonics, and Volcanic Eruptions: Natural factors like orbital variations, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions also influence climate change.

Effects of Climate Change:

Impact on Forests and Wildlife: Climate change has led to the extinction of numerous plant and animal species and threatens many others with extinction. Forests are shrinking, and some regions are experiencing mass tree extinctions.

Impact on Water: Changes in climate conditions have adverse effects on the water system. Glacier melting and unpredictable rainfall patterns disrupt environmental equilibrium.

It is imperative to address climate change seriously and take measures to control human activities that contribute to these changes. This includes reducing carbon emissions, adopting sustainable practices, and promoting environmental conservation. The preservation of Earth’s climate is a collective responsibility that requires global cooperation to ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.

Climate Change Essay in 400 words

Climate change entails a significant alteration in the distribution and patterns of average weather conditions on Earth. When such changes persist for several decades or even centuries, they are referred to as climatic changes. Multiple factors contribute to these shifts in climate, and their consequences are of paramount concern.

Factors Responsible for Climate Change:

• Solar Radiation: The Sun emits energy that reaches Earth, and this energy is subsequently released into space. It is transported across the globe via winds, ocean currents, and other mechanisms, influencing the planet’s climatic conditions.
• Volcanic Eruptions: Volcanic eruptions are relatively common on Earth and can have a profound impact on climate. The effects of a volcanic eruption can linger for several years, altering atmospheric conditions.
• Human Activities: Human activities play a significant role in climate change. The emission of carbon into the atmosphere, stemming from fossil fuel combustion, industrial waste incineration, and vehicular pollution, is a key contributor to climate change.
• Orbital Variations: Variations in the Earth’s orbit can lead to changes in the seasonal distribution of sunlight received on the planet. These variations, known as Milankovitch cycles, can have adverse effects on climate patterns.

Climate Change Effects:

• Effect on Forests: Forests are vital ecosystems, providing habitat for numerous plant and animal species while maintaining ecological balance. Unfortunately, climate change has led to the extinction of forests in many regions, threatening biodiversity.
• Effect on Water: Climate change has disrupted the planet’s water systems, leading to erratic rainfall patterns that result in extreme conditions like droughts and floods. The melting of glaciers is another consequence, contributing to rising sea levels.
• Effect on Wildlife: Climatic changes pose a severe threat to various wildlife species. Many wild animals and plants have experienced population declines, with some on the brink of extinction due to the changing climate.

Conclusion:

Climate change is a global challenge that stems from a combination of natural forces and human activities. While we cannot control natural forces, it is within our power to mitigate the impact of human activities that contribute to adverse weather patterns. Preserving environmental harmony on Earth necessitates responsible and sustainable practices, reduction of carbon emissions, and global cooperation. By taking concerted action, we can address this critical issue and secure a more sustainable future for our planet and its inhabitants.

Long Global Warming Essay on Climate Change in 500 words

Climate change denotes a transformation in the global climate pattern. Our planet has witnessed climatic variations over centuries, but the changes observed from the mid to late 20th century are particularly pronounced. The excessive increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere is a major driver of these changes. Additionally, various natural forces, such as solar radiation, orbital variations, and volcanic eruptions, have influenced Earth’s climate over time. Here, we delve into the primary causes of these climatic shifts and ways to mitigate their adverse impact.

Climate Change Causes: Numerous factors have contributed to past and ongoing weather changes. These include variations in solar energy received by Earth, volcanic eruptions, orbital alterations, and plate tectonics. Moreover, various human activities have significantly contributed to recent climate changes, often referred to as a consequence of global warming . Let’s examine each of these factors in detail:

Solar Radiation: The rate at which the Sun’s energy is received and dispersed in space determines the equilibrium temperature and climate of our planet. Winds, ocean currents, and other mechanisms distribute this energy globally, influencing the climatic conditions of different regions. Long-term and short-term changes in solar intensity can impact global climate.

Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic eruptions with emissions exceeding 100,000 tons of SO2 in the stratosphere are known to affect Earth’s climate. Such eruptions, occurring several times a century, have a cooling effect on the Earth’s atmosphere for several years, partly blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the Earth’s surface.

Orbital Variations: Even slight changes in Earth’s orbit lead to modifications in the seasonal distribution of sunlight received on its surface. Three types of orbital changes—variations in Earth’s eccentricity, precession of the Earth’s axis, and shifts in the tilt angle of the Earth’s axis of rotation—combine to create Milankovitch cycles that exert a significant influence on climate.

Plate Tectonics: The movement of tectonic plates reshapes Earth’s land and oceans over millions of years, generating topographical changes that, in turn, influence global climatic conditions.

Climate conditions are deteriorating with each passing day. While we cannot control the adverse impact on climate caused by the natural factors discussed above, we can take measures to mitigate human influences that have significantly altered the climate in recent times. Human activities leading to air, land, and water pollution, ultimately affecting the climate negatively, must be restrained. Each of us must contribute to controlling this global issue by adopting sustainable practices, reducing carbon emissions, and prioritizing environmental conservation. By collectively addressing this challenge, we can work toward a sustainable future for our planet and all its inhabitants.

Climate Change Essay in 600 words

Climate change, as the name suggests, refers to a change in the climatic conditions on Earth. While weather variations are frequent, climate change is recognized when these variations persist for several decades to centuries. Numerous factors contribute to these changes, categorized as external and internal mechanisms. Here’s a detailed examination of these factors:

External Forcing Mechanisms:

• Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic eruptions that release over 100,000 tons of SO2 into the stratosphere can induce climatic changes. These eruptions temporarily cool Earth’s atmosphere by partially blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the surface.
• Solar Output: Earth’s climate and equilibrium temperature depend on the rate at which it receives energy from the Sun and emits it back into space. Variations in solar output can influence global climate patterns.
• Plate Tectonics: Over millions of years, the motion of tectonic plates reconfigures the planet’s land and oceans, resulting in changes in topography that impact global climatic conditions.
• Orbital Variations: Changes in Earth’s orbit lead to alterations in the seasonal distribution of sunlight received on its surface. These orbital changes, including variations in eccentricity, the tilt angle of Earth’s axis of rotation, and precession, create Milankovitch cycles that significantly impact climate.
• Human Activities: Human activities, such as the combustion of fossil fuels, vehicular pollution, deforestation, animal agriculture, and land use changes, have led to an increase in CO2 emissions, contributing to climate change. These activities are crucial factors in the current climate crisis.

Internal Forcing Mechanisms:

• Life: Life on Earth influences climate through carbon emissions, water cycles, cloud formation, weathering, and evapotranspiration, among other mechanisms. The loss of biodiversity also plays a role in climate change.
• Ocean-Atmosphere Variability: Interactions between the atmosphere and ocean create internal climate changes that can persist from years to decades, impacting global surface temperatures. This variability includes phenomena like El Niño and La Niña.

Climate change has adverse effects on the Earth’s environment, including:

• Effect on Forests: Forests play a crucial role in maintaining environmental balance by absorbing carbon dioxide. However, many tree species are unable to adapt to changing climates, leading to mass extinctions and reduced biodiversity.
• Effect on Polar Regions: The polar regions, which are critical for regulating global climate, are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Continued changes could result in the extinction of life in these regions. Melting ice caps are a visible sign of these changes.
• Effect on Water: Climate change has disrupted water systems worldwide, leading to extreme rainfall patterns that cause floods and droughts in various regions. The melting of glaciers due to rising temperatures exacerbates the issue, contributing to rising sea levels.
• Effect on Wildlife: Numerous species, including tigers, African elephants, Asian rhinos, Adélie penguins, and polar bears, have seen their populations decline due to changing weather patterns. Many are on the brink of extinction as they struggle to adapt.

The environmental impacts of climate change are becoming increasingly evident. Researchers attribute much of this change to human activities over the past few decades. To mitigate climate change and maintain a healthy environment on Earth, it is imperative to control human influences. This requires a collective effort to reduce carbon emissions, adopt sustainable practices, and prioritize environmental conservation. Preserving the planet’s climate is a shared responsibility, and it is essential to work together to secure a sustainable future for our world and its inhabitants. Climate action, as outlined in the Paris Agreement , is a crucial step in addressing this global crisis.

Below are the list of related essay available at IL

Frequently Asked Questions on Climate Change

What is climate change and how is it a problem.

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns, primarily caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels. It's a problem because it leads to extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and loss of biodiversity, which can harm our environment, economy, and health.

How climate change happens?

Climate change happens due to both natural processes and human activities. The main human cause is the release of greenhouse gases like CO2 into the atmosphere, which traps heat and raises Earth's temperature.

Who first said climate change?

While the understanding of climate change spans centuries, scientist Svante Arrhenius in the late 19th century was among the first to claim that human-caused CO2 emissions could change the climate.

What is climate change risk?

Climate change risk encompasses the potential negative impacts on ecosystems, human health, and economies due to changing climate conditions.

What is the future of climate change?

If not addressed, the future of climate change includes more frequent extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and disruptions to ecosystems. However, with global cooperation, we can mitigate some of these effects.

Why is climate important to life on Earth?

Climate shapes the environment, ecosystems, and behaviors of species. It determines temperature, precipitation, and seasons, which are crucial for food production, water availability, and overall survival.

Can climate change be stopped?

While we can't completely stop climate change, with global efforts, we can significantly reduce its impact by decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to sustainable practices.

How does climate affect human life?

Climate influences food availability, water resources, infrastructure, health, and safety. Changes in climate can result in food shortages, disease outbreaks, and economic challenges.

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Atmosphere: essay on atmosphere (1560 words).

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Read this essay to learn about Atmosphere, Composition of Atmosphere and Energy Balance in Atmosphere !

Atmosphere :

Atmosphere is a multi-layered envelope of different gases (just like a protective blanket) surrounding the earth which holds up life on earth and saves it from harmful environment of outer space.

It extends to a height of about 1600 kms from the earth’s sur­face.

(A) Structure of Atmosphere :

Depending upon the physical characteristics such as tempera­ture, density etc., the atmosphere is divided into five concentric layers.

(a) Troposphere;

(b) Stratosphere;

(c) Mesosphere;

(d) Thermosphere or Ionosphere;

(e) Exosphere.

(a) Troposphere:

The lowermost layer of the atmosphere which is closest to the surface of the earth is known as tropo­sphere. All the living organisms depend upon this layer for their survival. It ranges from 8 kms. (near the pole) to 18 kms. (near the equator). This zone contains mostly nitrogen (N 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) along with traces of other inert gases.

Troposphere is characterised by a steady decrease in tempera­ture with increase in height at the rate of about 6.5 °C per km. At the uppermost layer of the troposphere, the temperature may go down to -60 °C. A thin layer at the top of troposphere whose temperature is around -60 °C and which separates troposphere from stratosphere is known as tropopause.

Some important operations taking place in this sphere are as follows:

(i) Movement of matter in between the environment and organism.

(ii) Changes in the weather and climatic conditions.

(b) Stratosphere:

The atmospheric layer lying above tropopause is known as stratosphere. The thickness of strato­sphere is about 62 kms at the equator, 72 kms at the poles and extends upto 80 kms from the surface of the earth. The tempera­ture of this layer varies between -55 ° C to 5 ° C and it increases with the increase in altitude.

This layer is devoid of any water vapour, clouds of dust; however, sometimes thin clouds com­posed of tiny ice crystals may be seen. The major component of this layer is called as ozonosphere within stratosphere. Ozone is prepared by photo-chemical reaction of oxygen as per the equa­tions given below:

O z + Solar energy → 2O

O 2 + O → O 3

The ozone layer acts as an umbrella and absorbs ultra-violet r ays of sun. Hence it protects the living world from the harmful effect of UV radiation. Indeed the reason that stratosphere becomes warmer with increasing distance from the earth is that the UV-radiation absorbed by ozone is transformed into heat.

Besides ozone, the other chemical species present within stratosphere are: nitrogen (N 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), nascent oxygen (O), etc.

(c) Mesosphere:

Mesosphere is above stratosphere and it extends up to 80-90 kms above the earth’s surface. The tempera­ture of this layer decreases with the increase in altitude and reaches the minimum of -95 °C at the highest border. The layer at which the temperature becomes -95 °C is known as mesopause. Lower temperature at mesopause is attributed to the lower mag­nitude of UV-radiation.

The chemical species present within mesosphere may be nitrogen (M 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), nitric oxide (NO) etc. This layer is also characterised by very low pressure.

(d) Ionosphere or Thermosphere:

This layer is above the mesosphere and it extends up to 500 kms above the earth’s sur­face. With increase in altitude, the temperature of this layer in­creases. The UV and cosmic radiation of sun causes ionisation of the molecules or atoms present within this layer, giving a large number of ions such as oxygen molecule cation (O 2 + ), oxygen atom cation (O + ), nitrosonium ion (NO + ), etc.

O 2 + hv → O 2 + + e

O + hv → O + + e

No + hv → No+ + e

Since this layer contains a number of ions, it is known as iono­sphere. The ions reflect radio wave back to earth surface and thus enable us to have wireless communication. Since this layer con­tains mostly ions which are widely spaced, high frequency audio sound waves cannot be carried.

(e) Exosphere:

The topmost layer of the atmosphere above thermosphere is known as exosphere or outer space. This layer extends upto 1600 kms from the earth’s surface. Since it is nearer to the sun, its temperature is very high. It contains only atoms, like hydrogen, helium etc.

(B) Composition of Atmosphere :

Atmosphere is the thick protective gaseous mantle surrounding earth which sustains life on earth and saves it from hostile environment of outer space. It is a thick layer of odourless, colourless and tasteless gases held to the earth by the force of gravity. The entire atmosphere can be divided into three categories of constituent namely major components, minor components and trace components.

According to Barry and Chorley (1976), the major components mainly contain nitrogen, oxygen and water vapours, the minor components contain argon and carbon dioxide, and trace components contain gases like neon, helium, methane, krypton, nitrous oxide, hydrogen, xenon, sulphur dioxide, ozone, ammonia, carbon monoxide, iodine etc.

The quantity of different gases vary considerably with attitude. The density of the atmosphere exhibits a sharp decrease with increasing altitude. Pressure decreases from one atmosphere at the sea level to 3 x 10 -7 atmosphere at 100 km above sea level.

Similarly temperature varies from -100°C to 1200 ° C. The total mass of the atmosphere is approximately 5x 10 15 tonnes which is nearly about one millionth of the earth’s total mass. The temperature profile of atmosphere is shown in Fig. 7.1.

Energy Balance:

The sun is the great engine (source of energy) that drives winds on the earth’s atmosphere, ocean currents, exogenetic or denudational processes and sustains life in the biosphere. The solar flux incident on earth’s upper atmosphere is 1340 watts nr 2 min -1 . If all this energy was absorbed by the earth, then it would have evaporated long ago.But there are various complex mechanisms by means of which the earth manages to maintain its energy balance within narrow limits and thereby retains optimum climatic conditions for supporting life.

The earth absorbs about 65% of the solar energy incident on it (i.e. 19.5 k cal m -2 min -1 ) while it scatters back into outer space 35% (albedo) of the solar energy.

The energy transport plays a crucial role in the earth’s radiation balance which proceeds through mainly three mechanisms:

(a) Radiation of energy in the infrared region from earth.

(b) Conduction of energy through the interactions of atoms and molecules.

(c) Convection of energy through massive air circulation.

The latter two mechanisms are responsible for loss of heat from earth’s surface through transport to cloud, and consequent radiation from the cloud. Out of the incoming shot wavelength solar radiations (100%) 35% is sent back to the outer space (27% reflected from the clouds + 2% reflected from the ground + 6% scattered from the dust particles in atmosphere and sent back to space = 35%), 51 % is absorbed by the earth’s surface (17% from diffused daylight + 34% received from direct radiation) and 14% is absorbed by the atmosphere.

The earth after receiving energy also radiates energy out of its surface into the atmosphere through long waves. Thus, 23% energy (out of 51 %) is lost through direct long wave outgoing terrestrial radiation, 9% is spent in convection and turbulence and 19% is spent through evaporation.

The atmosphere receives 14% of incoming solar radiation and 34% from earth’s surface through various processes. Thus, the total energy received by the atmosphere from the sun and earth becomes 48% which is sent back to outer space:

The earth receives energy directly from the sun but the atmosphere receives most of its heat energy from the earth’s radiation. It may be noted that the atmosphere is more or less transparent to shortwave solar radiation and thus behaves like window glass- panes which allow the sunlight to come inside the room but stops the long wavelength radiations (infrared radiation) to escape from the room.

Similarly, the atmosphere allows the solar radiation to reach earth’s surface but prevents the outflow of long wavelength terrestrial infrared radiation from the lower atmosphere. This effect of atmosphere is called green house effect which helps in maintaining the climate and temperature on the earth’s surface. The average surface temperature of the earth is maintained around 15 ° C due to the absorption of most of the infrared radiation (2-40 µ) by water vapour (4-8 µ) and carbon dioxide (12-16.3µ).

Increasing agricultural and industrial outputs can bring about a drastic change in earth’s radiation balance by changing the magnitude of sunlight reflected and scattered back to the atmosphere (albedo). Deforestation, soil erosion, etc. also contribute significantly to earth’s energy balance.

The loading of particles in the atmosphere either due to natural processes or due to anthropogenic activities lowers the atmospheric temperature through increased scattering of solar radiation. Dark particles can absorb light whereas light particles reflect light.

The former helps in the heating of the earth’s atmosphere while the latter removes heat. The autotrophs of the biosphere use only 0.02% of total energy budget of biosphere for the preparation of their food through photosynthesis. The radiation balance of the earth and its atmosphere is shown in Fig. 7.2 and a simplified global radiation/heat budget of the earth and the atmosphere is given in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1: Energy Balance in Atmosphere:

Related Articles:

• Difference between Primitive and Recent Atmosphere of the Earth
• Earth’s Atmosphere: Origin and Structure of the Atmosphere (with diagram)

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Global Warming Essay in English (100, 200, 300, 500 Words)

Global Warming is one of the biggest problems in the world. Everyone is facing some adverse effects from the increase in the temperature of the Globe worldwide. The rise in pollution and the adverse effect of the pollution disturbs the life cycle of the globe and also impacts the bad condition on the natural peace on Earth.

Hence the temperature of the globe is increasing day by day with the increase of pollution that is growing day by day. Scientists are working and researching on the project to decrease the temperature of the globe by taking some scientific steps and other eco-friendly projects and stunts that somehow help the earth reduce the temperature and decrease global warming. 

In this topic, we are going to discuss Global warming, its causes, and the preventive measures that are being used to control it.

We have covered an essay pattern of Global Warming in various paragraphs of around 100 words, 200 words, 300 words, and 500 words, respectively, that helps many of the children or students of class 2 to 12th to understand Global warming and its adverse effects if not controlled in time.

Table of Contents

Global Warming Essay 100 Words

The main phenomenon of Global Warming is that the temperature of the globe is increasing due to several problems and different issues that are responsible for warming the earth day by day. It is not an old concept, in fact, the word ‘Global Warming’ arose in the past few decades, or we can say centuries. It causes the change of the climate near the Earth’s surface and disturbs the alteration of the climatic weather because of the increase in the temperature of the globe. There are many reasons that cause Global Warming, like air, noise, or water pollution. The adverse effects of greenhouse gases cause global warming mostly. 

Global Warming Essay 200 Words

The whole world is facing enormous problems caused by global warming and the adverse effects of the unnecessary change in the climatic weather due to this problem. According to the research taken by scientists, greenhouse gases affect global warming the most. Around 90 to 95% of global warming is affected by greenhouse gases. The greenhouse gases like Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Methane, some Nitrous oxides, etc released by the burning of fossil fuels. It emits heat radiation, which increases the temperature level in the air because its function is to absorb heat from the sunlight and release more heat into the environment. 

Other ways of increasing the temperature of the globe are Deforestation, the Burning of excess Fossil fuels, Industrialization, Unnecessary agricultural activities, an increase in pollution, etc. This causes the depletion of the Ozone protective layer in the atmosphere that protects the Earth’s Surface from the UV radiation rays emitted from the sun. Agricultural malfunctioning processes due to the pollution and rise in the earth’s temperature destroy the soil nutrition and burn the sowed crops. The increased temperature of the globe causes the melting of the glaciers and ice of polar regions resulting in the increase in the water level in rivers, water bodies that cause floods and destruction, and other natural disturbances in biodiversity.

Global Warming Essay 300 Words

Everyone knows about the Global Warming effect and the fact that it causes destruction if global warming increases continuously, which badly destroys the existence of life on Earth. Global warming is a threat to every living being on planet Earth. The rise of global warming is caused due to the increase in Industrialization, Deforestation, Urbanization, and the increase in the various types of pollution on Earth. The major cause of the rise of Global warming is the increased emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere due to increased air pollutant like carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrous oxides, etc. which emits excess heat in the form of infrared radiation by absorbing the heat from the sun rays. This heat radiation, which increases the earth’s temperature in a great extinction, causes global warming. 

Global warming causes the depletion of the protective ozone layer due to excessive temperature and pollution damages the layer and causes some small holes in the ozone layer from which direct sunlight enters the Earth’s atmosphere with the UV rays and impacts major damage to the earth’s surface. Deforestation reduces trees’ existence, which absorb carbon dioxide and emits oxygen to balance greenhouse gases. Burning of the excess fossil fuels such as coal, petrol, diesel, and other fuels that produce energy burning and using personal vehicles for transportation instead of mass transportation emits an excess amount of greenhouse gases that increase global warming in a great extinction.

To prevent the existence of life on our planet, we have to take some major steps towards the benefit of the earth and to destroy the adverse effects of the monster’ Global Warming’. The damage cannot be recurred by doing anything, but we can overcome all these by not doing such thighs and mistakes that help in increasing the earth’s temperature by using preventive steps like afforestation and use of public transportation instead of personal transport, using renewable energy resources, reducing the pollution level by using the recyclable things. It is our responsibility to make our planet clean and safe.

Global Warming Essay 500 Words

Today’s generation is facing an enormous problem which is called Global Warming. Global warming is a serious and dangerous problem which means an increase in the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere. It is said that the impact of global warming on the Earth’s temperature is increased by 1 to 1.5 degrees celsius to normal temperature. The major reason for increasing the earth’s temperature is deforestation by Humans for their own benefit and due to this, the quantity of trees and forests is decreasing. The trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, but if the quantity of trees is decreasing day-by-day, then carbon dioxide will increase than normal and cause global warming in a larger quantity. The burning of fossil fuels emits an excess amount of hazardous gases such as carbon dioxide. Release of harmful gases such as CO2, CO, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, etc. emits heat radiations and toxic fumes in the atmosphere by absorbing the heat from the sunlight. 

Global warming is a major cause of the unnecessary change in the climate and due to this, the weather cycle is changing day by day randomly and the living biodiversity is adversely affected because of this problem. The protective layer of the atmosphere called the Ozone layer is getting affected and damaging slowly and the layer is also becoming thinner. The burning of fossil fuel from vehicles and Industries that emits waste smokes and harmful gases results in an increase in the pollution on Earth and affects living organisms and nature. 

Air pollution, Noise pollution, and Land and Water Pollution are such pollution from which the environment gets damaged and due to this, many kinds of environmental disasters occur such as the melting of Icebergs of glaciers, and polar regions which result in the increase of the water level of water bodies that causes floods and tsunamis. Water pollution and Noise pollution also cause the increase of the earth’s temperature which results in global warming and because of this situation, the living creatures and other species who survived on Earth may feel the consequences of global warming. 

If we, Human beings, don’t try to control this pollution from now on, then we all are going to make this place on Earth worse than hell and suffer from our upcoming generations. Due to this unnecessary pollution, many diseases are raised that we don’t even hear about and there is no treatment found yet by the medical science that is going to attack us. So it is the major responsibility of all human beings to control global warming by controlling the increase in pollution and other adverse causes that raise global warming. To reduce pollution, we have to adopt the usage of renewable energy resources and avoid using fossil fuels, use energy-efficient products and things, increase the use of sustainable transport and enhance the infrastructure, and reduce the use of personal transport. We can also use clean and renewable energy sources like wind energy, solar energy, and tidal energy to reduce the adverse effects of global warming. We have to increase tree plantation and also switch to renewable resources that help nature and reduce the Earth’s temperature. 

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Paragraph on Global Warming in English [100, 150, 200, 250 Words]

Paragraph on Global Warming in English: global warming means a gradual increase in the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere. In this article, you’re going to learn how to write a paragraph on global warming in English (100, 150, 200, and 250 words). These paragraphs are helpful for students of all classes (class 1 to class 12). So,  let’s begin.

Table of Contents

Paragraph on Global Warming: 100 Words

The globe is getting warmer. This is neither fancy nor any fantasy, but a hard reality. Science shows how the temperature of this earth is regularly increasing. Global warming means an increase in the temperature of the earth. This increase is, no doubt, slow but steady, too.

Finally, it is alarming. The present rate of increase is 3 ° Celsius. But if this goes up to 7 ° Celsius, the effect will be dreadful.  The cause of this warming is the reckless destruction of the natural environment. This is to be stopped to have a remedy against the growing danger of this global warming.

Word meanings:

• Dreadful – extremely bad, unpleasant
• Reckless –  lack of proper caution, careless

Also Read: Paragraph on pollution

Paragraph on Global Warming: 150 Words

One of the biggest challenges that the environment is facing today is global warming. It is a natural phenomenon where the average temperature increases beyond the permissible limit. A warmer and earth disrupts the balance of the ecosystem and causes a negative impact on Nature. Frequent floods, droughts, heatwaves and storms take place.

It is caused by the greenhouse effect which is the consequence of the accumulation of gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. These harmful gases cover the earth’s atmosphere like a blanket and prevent radiation of the sun rays. This trapped heat increases the temperature of the environment. Afforestation should be encouraged to prevent the rise of global warming. Solar and wind energy should also be used to protect the earth.

Word Meanings:

• Phenomenon –  fact or event
• Permissible – that can be permitted; allowable
• Consequence – the effect, result, or outcome
• Afforestation – establishment of a forest

Global Warming Paragraph: 200 Words

Global warming, meaning increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere and oceans, is one of the most serious challenges facing us today. A warmer earth may lead to changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea level owing to melting of glaciers, and a wide range of impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans. Frequent floods, droughts, heatwaves, hurricanes and tornadoes may upset the balance of the ecosystem. Crops and food supply may also be affected.

Global warming is caused by a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect that is brought about by the accumulation of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide released in the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, garbage, etc. These gases, wrapped around the planet earth, permit the sunrays in, but stop some of the heat from radiating back to space. This trapped heat in the earth’s atmosphere is the major cause of global warming.

To mitigate this problem, environmental pollution should be prevented at any cost. Planting of trees that absorb carbon dioxide from the air should be encouraged. Besides, alternative sources of energy like solar energy, wind energy, etc. should also be tapped.

• Accumulation – gathering of something
• Wrapped –  to cover or surround something
• To mitigate – to make something less severe or painful

Also Read: Paragraph on Air Pollution

Essay on Global Warming: 250 Words

The problem of Global warming, of late, has become a matter of grave concern. Our dear planet is getting warmer day by day. Never before the earth has been so warm as it has been at present. The main cause of global warming is the excessive release of greenhouse gases due to human activities. Greenhouse gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and water vapour trap heat from the sun and warm the planet. Rapid industrialization, consumption of fossil fuel for transport and cooking, thoughtless destruction of forests at large scale are at the root of this serious problem.

Due to global warming, the Earth’s average surface temperature increased by approximately 0.6°C during the 20th century. The mass of ice in the north and south pole has started melting. The source of the water of Ganges, the Gangotri glacier is reported to have been melting at a faster pace. Moreover, the water level of the seas and oceans have risen 10-25 cm over the past 100 years. Sudden flood, irregular rainfall, earthquake and tsunami are sure indications that the temperature of the earth has been increasing alarmingly. Global warming also has a significant impact on ecosystems and biodiversity. Rising temperatures are forcing many species to migrate to new areas in search of suitable conditions. This not only results in the loss of habitats but also disrupts the whole ecological process.

In order to fight the challenge of global warming all the countries must join hands and take immediate measures to check and uproot the factors responsible for global warming. There must be a global planning to create a suitable and sustainable world for us.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Due to rapid industrialization, pollution, deforestation and burning of fossil fuels, greenhouse gases like carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere. These greenhouse gasses trap the solar rays and prevent it from escaping from the surface of the earth, thus influencing the heating of the earth’s atmosphere.

Climate change, loss of biodiversity and wildlife, rising sea levels, and many more.

We have to come forward to reduce global warming. We can do it so by stop cutting trees and planting more trees, replacing fossil-based fuels, reduction of greenhouse gases and by recycling more.

Read More Paragraphs: 1. Paragraph on Noise Pollution 2. Paragraph on Importance of Trees

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Essay on Environment (200 & 500 Words)

Boost your exam readiness with our student-friendly Essay on Environment. Dive into our comprehensive essay and ace your exams with confidence.

Essay on Environment – 200 Words

The environment is the thing that surrounds us everywhere we go. We all share everyday items such as air, water, plants, animals, light, and land. These are the things that create an ecosystem where living things, including humans, can survive. Today, scientists have confirmed that Earth, indeed, is a precious planet of the universe.

Our environment acts like a protective shell that sustains all life we see today. Our world is made up of both living and nonliving things. Living things are organisms that grow or move. Air, water, and land are non-living things. Every system or mechanism in nature works in a well-coordinated manner. Humans are the most dominant creatures in the world.

We can depend on ourselves and all the natural resources that we need to survive.

Wherever we go, we can take with us all our needs. Humans are the most dominant creatures in the world. We can depend on ourselves and all the natural resources that we need to survive. Wherever we go, we can take with us all our needs. The environment includes many different layers. The atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere are the main ones.

All the water bodies on earth make up the hydrosphere. The lithosphere is the covering of land that consists of rock and soil. Life exists in the biosphere.

Essay on Environment – 500 Words

Living things, including humans, depend on the environment. The air we breathe, the water we drink, and the sunlight we need for photosynthesis all come from the background. Humans are also part of the environment — whether you live in a city or in the middle of a forest.

The environment is very fragile and needs to be protected. The only place in the universe that supports life on earth is our mother earth. If you are interested, you can read more about the environment and its importance to our lives here.

Ultimately, we still don’t fully understand the environment. But we can still learn a lot from it. We can use the environment as a baseline for many things, including keeping living creatures in good health.

Environmental issues are becoming a matter of growing concern. Gases and pollutants emitted by automobiles cause massive pollution in the atmosphere affecting the ecological balance that maintains life. This leads to an increase in temperature and global warming that affects lives adversely.

People could only live on earth; our entire survival entirely depends on the environment. The environment also helps maintain the life cycles of the plants and animals that we need to live.

The natural world is not just a pretty spot to take pictures. Rivers, waterfalls, and other beautiful wild places offer human beings the opportunity to relax and play, a chance to think clearly, and are necessary for maintaining physical health and mental well-being.

Benefits of the Environment

Trees provide many benefits, such as clean air, and a home for millions of species is invaluable. However, wood products such as paper, lumber, and paper products continue to grow worldwide. This has led to deforestation, which threatens endangered species, ecosystems, and the oxygen-producing capabilities of trees.

Plants and trees are responsible for benefitting us in multiple ways. They carry out photosynthesis, which provides us with oxygen, absorbs harmful gases from the atmosphere, purifies water, and reduces the chances of flooding.

Moreover, we would like to add that the institution makes sure that the environment remains in its current state of existence. Every procedure and operation that the institution undertakes must be done with an eye on how it will affect the ecosystem. Besides, their idea of maintaining a healthy ecosystem dovetails seamlessly with our vision of preserving the beauty and quality of life on earth.

Cause of Environmental Degradation

The leading cause of environmental degradation has been human activities. Human beings do not hesitate to put the environment at risk just for the sake of material gain.

Pollution is a human activity that has caused a considerable amount of damage to the planet and its natural resources. It can be anything from biochemical wastes, oil spills, mining cycle wastes, atmosphere pollution, plastic wastes, and radioactive materials.

Due to environmental pollution and degradation, the world’s twelve life zones will face a threat of extinction. A massive chunk of arable land is devoted to producing crops, and most of it is getting destroyed because of industrialization and urbanization. The rate at which the soil is wasted since the advent of neem-coated urea2 will increase if we continue to use urea in excess.

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Sana Mursleen is a student studying English Literature at Lahore Garrison University (LGU). With her love for writing and humor, she writes essays for Top Study World. Sana is an avid reader and has a passion for history, politics, and social issues.

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Short Essay on 'Atmosphere' (200 Words)

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14 comments.

Thanku Very much

i love all of it

good good `

yes it is very important to keep atmosphere clean by plantation

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How long is 200 words? A 200-word text is perfect for conveying concise and focused thoughts on a topic. It takes less than one double-spaced or 0.4 single-spaced pages , so it requires you to prioritize the most crucial points while preserving clarity and consistency. This word count is typical for abstracts, annotated bibliography entries, discussion board posts, position papers, and book reports.

In this article, we will discuss how to structure a 200-word essay to make it compelling and engaging. As a bonus, you will also receive a list of interesting topics, writing prompts, and practical samples. You can check out IvyPanda free essays for more inspiration!

• 🔝 Best Essay Topics
• 📝 Obesity Essay Examples
• 💡 Essay about Myself
• 🤰 Pregnancy Essay Examples
• ✍️ How to Write a 200-Word Essay
• ⚡ Alternative Energy Essay
• 📱 Social Media Prompts
• 🖊️ Essay Examples on Life after Covid-19
• 📋 Sample Essay Prompts
• 🖥️ Essay about ICT: Samples

🔝 Best 200 Words Essay Topics

• Why is it important to recycle?
• The significance of education in society.
• How does social media influence teenagers’ mental health?
• My role model for my career.
• What are the benefits of being bilingual?
• Effective ways to decrease depression among youth.
• My first trip abroad.
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• How does fashion impact self-expression?
• Teenage abortion: for or against.
• The value of time management.
• Gambling should be banned in the United States.
• Why is it crucial to forgive?
• The benefits of a positive mindset.

📝 Causes and Effects of Obesity Essay 200 Words: Examples

• Management of Obesity and Social Issues That Emerge With Its Development The article by Omole focuses on recent shift in the management of obesity and the social issues that emerge with its development, namely, the culture of fat-shaming, by considering some of the alternatives toward evaluating […]
• “Childhood and Adolescent Obesity”: Article Review In the article “Childhood and adolescent obesity: A review,” the authors examine the different treatment options for obesity and argue that current medication is the most effective approach to addressing this issue.
• “Obesity, Physical Activity, and the Urban Environment” by Lopez Additionally, the study had proved that suburban areas’ features could not be connected to the higher risks of obesity since the inner-city population has higher rates of illness.
• Disseminating Evidence: Childhood Obesity The attendees at the meeting will also publish the proposed solutions and results of the research study. It is also vital to mention that researchers of the study will be expecting feedback after the convention.
• Obesity Among the Elderly People in Warren Township Obesity among the elderly people living in Warren Township could be a result of different measures of socioeconomic status which may include; the family, cultural factors, biological pathways as well as ethical and sociopolitical factors […]

💡 Prompts for a 200 Words Essay about Myself

Here are some helpful 200-word essay example prompts that you can use to reveal your personality or talk about your life experience:

• Autobiography about yourself 200 words. In your essay, you can describe your place of birth, childhood, or major life events that have shaped your worldview.
• Who am I: essay 200 words. Write about your bad and good habits, values, and hobbies. Also, you can describe your personality traits and preferences.
• 200-word essay about the importance of research to you as a student. Provide the benefits you get from conducting research. Examples include acquiring new knowledge, clarifying complicated concepts, understanding research methods , and balancing between collaborative and individual work.
• How will counseling help you get through with your problems: 200 words essay. Discuss how counseling may be a beneficial resource in dealing with personal issues that prevent you from achieving your ambitions.
• My first job essay — 200 words. Describe your first employment, the lessons you learned from it, and how it shaped your outlook on work and responsibilities.

🤰 Adult & Teenage Pregnancy Essay 200 Words Examples

• Adolescent Pregnancy and School Dropout After COVID-19 in Kenya The article of Zulaika presents the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on adolescent pregnancy and school dropout among secondary school girls in Kenya.
• The National Campaign End Teenage Pregnancy in Ohio The dream of most parents is to ensure their children lead to a successful future which may be affected by the occurrence of unplanned teenage birth.

✍️ How to Write a 200 Word Essay

Writing an essay in 200 words may be difficult since you must present a logical and convincing point in a limited number of words. It requires you to be precise and selective in choosing the information you want to cover, making every word count.

In the following paragraphs, we will discuss the structure of a 200-word essay in detail!

What Does 200 Words Look Like?

A 200-word essay usually consists of 3 parts:

• Introduction (2-3 sentences)
• Main body (4-5 sentences)
• Conclusion (2-3 sentences)

A 200-word essay’s main body should be focused and clearly address your chosen topic. Each sentence should efficiently express your point of view while staying within the word limit.

Try our outline generator to create a compelling 200-words example outline!

200 Word Essay Introduction

The introductory paragraph of a 200-word essay is about 50 words in length. Since the paper is short, you can begin your opening paragraph with a strong thesis statement. After the thesis, summarize the points you want to reveal in the body paragraph.

To make the process of writing the introduction easier, use our hook sentence generator , thesis statement tool , and research introduction maker .

200 Word Essay Conclusion

The conclusion of the 200-word article, like the introduction, should be about 50 words. It must briefly outline the main thoughts and restate the thesis statement. Also, the last paragraph should provide the reader with a sense of closure and emphasize the importance of the topic.

We also recommend you use our concluding sentence generator to write your essay’s conclusion quickly and effectively!

How Many References in a 200 Word Essay?

The number of sources depends on the type of work and your teacher’s requirements. On average, for 150 words, you need to include 1 reference. As a result, for a 200-words paragraph, you will need 1-2 sources.

Our citation generator is a helpful online tool that can assist you in creating the reference list for your essay within several seconds.

⚡ Alternative Sources of Energy Essay 200 Words: Examples

• Energy: Types and Conversion Process This process is called energy conversion, and it is one of the most important concepts in understanding energy. An example of energy conversion in daily activities is the shift from electric energy to heat in […]
• The Nuclear Power Passages: Rhetorical Analysis At that, the writer also provides some data utilized by the former vice president and some information to show the negative side of power plants.
• Technology and Wind Energy Efforts by the elite members of the society enlightened the global countries about the benefits of renewable energy sources in conserving the environment prompting the need to consider wind energy.
• Non-Renewable Energy and Gross Domestic Product of China The use of non-renewable energy in China has the negative impact on the GDP, as indicated by the negative values of DOLS and CCR coefficients. The generation of renewable energy has a negligible negative impact […]
• Building Energy Assessment and Rating Tools Houses are rated prior to building them or after building them and the rating depends on the dwelling’s plan; the erection of its roof, walls, windows and floor; and the direction of its windows relative […]

📱 Essay of 200 Words on Social Media: Prompts

Writing an essay on social media? We have prepared for you good writing prompts that can be helpful when crafting a 200-word paragraph on social media. Find a suitable 200-words sample prompt below:

• The advantages and disadvantages of Facebook: paragraph 200 words. Discuss the pros and cons of Facebook. Its benefits can include networking, access to new information, and dating. Among the disadvantages are privacy issues , addiction, unnecessary criticism, etc.
• The impact of social media on mental health: essay 200 words. Explore how social media might damage mental health. You can also come up with possible solutions.
• Impact of social media on youth: essay 200 words. Investigate the effects of social media on young people, emphasizing the benefits and risks social platforms may have for teenagers’ behavior and development.
• Facebook should be banned: essay 200 words. Provide arguments for or against banning Facebook. Support your opinion by sharing your experience using this social media platform.
• 200 words essay on social media addiction. In your essay, you can focus on a specific aspect of social media addiction . For example, you can dwell on its major signs, risks of developing, or ways to deal with it.
• Virtual life and real-life paragraph 200 words. Compare and contrast virtual life with real life, highlighting differences and possible intersections. Discuss how virtual life can make you less social.

🖊️ Essay on Life after COVID-19: 200 Words Examples

• Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Policy Changes The case of COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the necessity for governments to institute new policies swiftly in order to address the spread of infections.
• The Healing Wings Project After COVID-19 The pandemic of COVID-19 did not only pose a threat to the physical health of the population but also put many people in a position in which they had to deal with the loss of […]
• The Issue of Gender Inequality After Covid-19 To date, the role of women in society has increased many times over, both in the economic, social, and political spheres of public life.
• World Medical Relief After COVID-19 In conclusion, patients’ needs for healthcare equipment and supplies are critical, and the failure to receive the appropriate medication might be life-threatening.
• Future of Public Health After the COVID-19 The pandemic acted as a detonator of the problems of the key sphere of life support of the population. In my opinion, public medical institutions will improve themselves under the influence of factors such as […]
• Digital Economy After the COVID-19 Pandemic With the spread of COVID-19 in the world, more and more people work remotely using video conferencing services and instant messengers.

📋 Essay 200 Words: Sample Prompts

Check our writing prompts for a 200-word essay now to receive some more fresh ideas:

• Online classes vs traditional classes essay 200 words. In your 200-words text, you can provide several reasons why online courses can be better than traditional ones. Support your opinion with a real-life example.
• Should smoking be banned: essay 200 words. Examine both sides of the issue while discussing the health, economic, and societal effects of smoking prohibition .
• Essay on Pythagoras in 200 words. You can start by providing a biography of Pythagoras and the most memorable events of his life. Then, dwell on the contribution he made to the philosophy.
• Coping with stress: essay 200 words. Discuss ideas and strategies for efficiently managing stress and preserving mental well-being.
• A trip to Mars essay 200 words. You can describe the fictitious expedition to Mars. Try to provide details about preparation, challenges you may face, and your emotions about such an experience.
• Outdoor activities essay 200 words. Emphasize the physical and mental advantages of participating in outdoor activities and spending time in nature. Then, write more about your favorite outdoor activity.
• You are what you eat: essay 200 words. Discuss how food choices affect general health and well-being. You can also highlight the importance of nutrition in daily life.

🖥️ Essay about ICT 200 Words: Best Samples

• Health Information Technology: The Main Benefits The promising functionality of HIT has attracted media attention, but its eventual implementation faced obstacles such as a lack of technological resources or inability to understand which types of HIT must be used. Thus, HIT […]
• How My Organization Uses Technologies for Communication In addition, new forms of communication are constantly being improved, enhanced, and updated, allowing one to optimize the existing work in the right direction.
• Evaluation of Health Information Technology Since most data will be categorical, this can be a terrifically effective technique of analyzing data because it will also be immensely useful to this project.

📌 200 Word Essay: Answers to the Most Pressing Questions

📌 how many pages is 200 words double spaced.

How many pages are 200 words of academic text? According to the guidelines of all the key citation styles, one page should contain approximately 250 words (12-point Times New Roman, double-spaced). If you follow these guidelines, your 200-word essay will be one page. If you make it single-spaced, it will take half a page.

📌 How Much Is 200 Words in Paragraphs?

How many paragraphs is a 200-word essay? Since a typical paragraph in academic writing contains 50-100 words, an essay of 200 words will consist of 2 to 4 paragraphs.

📌 How Many Sentences Is 200 Words?

How many sentences is a 200-word essay? A typical sentence in academic writing consists of 15-20 words. So, 200 words are not less than 10-13 sentences.

📌 How to Outline a 200-Word Essay?

When you write a 200-word essay, proper planning is the key to success. Such a short piece will consist of three to five concise paragraphs. A 200-word paper outline can contain a short introduction with background information, 1-3 body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

📌 How Long Does It Take to Write 200 Words?

How long does it take to write a 200-word essay? It will take you 4-8 minutes to type 200 words on your keyboard (the total time will depend on your typing speed). Writing an academic paper will take more time because you’ll have to research, make an outline, write, format, and edit your text. It would be best if you planned to spend not less than 40 minutes for a 200-word paper.

📌 How to Reduce Word Count in a 200-Word Essay?

The easiest way to do that is to get rid of the less important arguments you consider in your 200-word essay. Rank your arguments and eliminate those weaker. Another idea is to edit your paper in order to make sentences shorter. For instance, you can remove some of the adverbs.

How to Write a 200-Word Essay: Length, Prompts, & Example

Have you ever had to work on a 200-word paper? Although it may seem easy, writing a short essay can be more challenging than coming up with 1000+ words. It’s similar to trying to retell your life story in 20 seconds. Short essays require you to be precise and convey your message without being wordy.

In this article, we’ll discuss the structure of a 200-word paper and provide the best essay topics and writing prompts that can come in handy. Keep reading to find out more!

📃 200 Word Essay Length

• 💭 How to Write a 200-Word Essay
• 📝 Writing Prompts
• 🧑‍💻 Essay on Career Goals: Examples
• 📚 More Essay Topics

🔗 References

First, let’s talk about the essay’s length. With standard formatting guidelines (1-inch margins, 12-point Arial font, and an A4 page size), 200 words take 0.4 single-spaced or 0.8 double-spaced pages . If you write your essay by hand, it will take approximately 0.8 handwritten pages , but the actual length will depend on your handwriting style.

In paragraphs and sentences, the length of a 200-word essay will look as shown below.

If you wonder how many lines a 200-word essay has, consider that one line is ten words on average. So, 200 words will take about 20 lines . This information may come in handy during exams when you’re tasked with writing an essay within a strict word limit, and time is of the essence.

What about delivering a 200-word speech? With an average speech rate of 150 words per minute, you can comfortably present 200 words in just 1.5 minutes .

💭 How to Write a 200-word Essay

When writing a 200-word essay, it’s essential to carefully choose each word because you have limited space to express your ideas. Creating a clear structure is crucial for this type of writing. In the following paragraphs, we will explore each section of the 200-word essay, offering helpful tips and advice.

Introduction

An engaging opening paragraph is vital when writing a 200-word essay. It should be concise, consisting of around 50 words that capture the essence of your topic. Avoid starting with trivial information, as it leaves little room for crucial details.

The introduction should include the following:

• A hook to captivate readers
• Background information to provide context
• A thesis statement to convey the main idea

While this framework is not obligatory, it can assist you in organizing your thoughts effectively within the limited word count.

The body of a 200-word essay usually consists of 1-2 paragraphs that develop and support the thesis statement. To assist you in this process, we have prepared a mini guide. Follow these steps when writing the main body of your essay:

• Craft a topic sentence . This sentence should reinforce the thesis statement and ensure a seamless transition from the introduction to the body.
• Present the evidence. Including strong evidence will help persuade your reader of your perspective.
• Add a transition sentence. Following the previous steps, guide your reader toward the conclusion smoothly.

The last part of your essay is the conclusion. Even though it is concise, it plays a crucial role in leaving a lasting impression. In a short piece of writing, a detailed recap is unnecessary. Instead, focus on two key elements:

• Restate the core message. Rephrase your thesis statement, reinforcing the main idea of your essay.
• Provide closure. Craft a single sentence that brings your readers to an end, leaving them with a sense of completion.

200-Word Essay: Writing Tips

Good writing skills, understanding of the topic, and attention to detail are paramount when crafting a compelling 200-word essay. Here are some helpful tips to enhance your essay-writing experience.

📝 Essay 200 Words: Writing Prompts

Are you in search of suitable topics for your 200-word essay? Don’t worry—we are 100% sure that our writing prompts on various subjects will be helpful to you!

📃 Time Management Essay: 200 Words

Mastery of time management skills helps professionals complete their daily tasks promptly and effectively. In your 200-word essay on this topic, you can highlight the following problems:

• Low motivation.
• Procrastination.
• Multitasking.
• Inadequate rest periods.
• The influence of distractions like social media.
• Non-essential tasks.

📃 Abortion Essay: 200 Words

Abortion, while highly debated and sensitive, remains a relevant and widely discussed topic. In your essay, you can raise such questions:

• Why should abortions be legal around the world?
• What measures should be taken to prevent teenage pregnancy ?
• Why are medical abortions not supported by science?
• What are the potential complications and risks associated with abortion?
• What is the role of healthcare providers in the abortion process?

📃 Global Warming Essay: 200 Words

Climate change is a global problem affecting our planet from the Arctic to the Antarctic, so it warrants our attention. By crafting essays on this pressing issue, we can effectively increase awareness of the environmental crisis. When exploring the topic of climate change , consider the following approaches:

• Investigate the environmental impact of floods and their potential consequences.
• Highlight the various forms of pollution and effective measures to prevent them.
• Delve into climate change’s primary causes and drivers.

📃 Describe Yourself in 200 Words Essay

Writing is a helpful tool for personal growth, yet creating self-reflective topics can be challenging. Consider these questions to come up with ideas:

• What is one of your most notable qualities?
• How has your hometown changed you as a person?
• What was the worst day of your life?
• Who is your role model , and what distinguishing characteristics do they possess?
• Do you believe in love and friendship?

📃 Why This College Essay: 200 Words

When answering the question, “Why This College?” for your college application essay, you should showcase that you’re a good fit for the institution and that your goals align with its offers. Consider addressing these questions in your response:

• What sets this college apart from others?
• How will this college support your aspirations and career objectives?
• In what ways can you contribute to and thrive within the campus community?
• What personal connections or experiences make you feel a sense of belonging to this college?

🧑‍💻 200 Word Essay on Career Goals: Examples

If you’re tasked with writing a 200-word essay on your career goals, you can follow these steps:

• Reflect on your motivation. Instead of starting with a generic statement, show your creativity by sharing a specific story that inspired your career choice.
• Outline short-term goals. Identify the skills required to achieve your short-term goals and explain how they contribute to your career trajectory.
• Envision long-term impact. Focus on the long-term goals you aspire to achieve. If you’re uncertain about specific objectives, emphasize the broader positive influence you hope to have on society.
• Summarize effectively . Use the final paragraph to recap the main points covered in your essay. For added creativity, consider ending with a thought-provoking question or providing fresh insights for your readers.

200 Word Essay Example

Look at our 200-word essay on “Why I Want to Be a Nurse” example below and see how everything works in practice!

Like many of us, I chose nursing as a career in early childhood. During one of my hospital visits to get a vaccination as a child, I witnessed a nurse’s unwavering passion and kindness. At that moment, I realized that nursing was my calling. The first step I need to take toward my dream is passing my school exams and entering a medical university. It will require a lot of hard work, effort, and knowledge. Yet, these efforts will mold me into an accomplished healthcare professional. My long-term goal is to work in one of the best private hospitals in the US. There, I can serve patients while honing my abilities and expanding my expertise in the medical field. Interacting with individuals from diverse backgrounds will boost my confidence and reaffirm my purpose. Nursing encompasses both a profession and a compassionate duty. I will do my best to become a professional. Even though working as a nurse may not always be easy, I embrace the opportunity to make a meaningful impact on people’s lives. I believe every act of kindness is significant in any profession, no matter how big or small.

📚 200 Words Essay Topics

• Fast fashion in the modern world.
• The effect of fast food on kids and their diet.
• The problem of drunk driving.
• What are the benefits of school uniforms?
• Positive effects of working out.
• How does reading affect critical thinking ?
• Social media in everyday life.
• The importance of freedom of speech.
• The influence of literature on society.
• A history of in-yer-face theatre.
• Communication: language and symbols.
• Is graffiti art or an act of vandalism?
• How does cultural diversity affect an organization’s success?
• Ezra Pound and his contribution to imagism.
• The importance of teamwork.
• Animal testing: the question of ethics.
• The benefits of starting your own business.
• The value of family.
• Is fasting healthy?
• Are kids more depressed than they used to be?
• Religious beliefs in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
• Professional networking: advantages and disadvantages.
• Non-literal language understanding: the Sally-Anne task.
• Nietzsche’s philosophy: nihilism and slave morality.
• Texas political events: Woodlands incorporation issue.
• Sustainability in business and the stakeholder model.
• Philosophy: the problem of personal identity.
• The concept of resilience in the workplace.
• Flexibility in design instructions.
• Nursing theory and practice.
• The art of dancing: public education.
• Why is Baroque Suite an international music genre?
• Celebrities as good role models.
• Constructive criticism in public administration.
• Graduate nursing role and leadership skills.
• The importance of hygiene in gynecology.
• The teenage pregnancy problem in the US.
• Food safety issues in modern agriculture.
• Self-management support in primary care nursing.
• China’s tourism takes on a new direction this spring.
• The Cold War’s history and consequences.
• American Nurses Association: code of ethics.
• What are the main features of the Homeric worldview?
• Three technological innovations.
• Alternative medicine in cancer pain management.
• Netflix case study: the firing machine.
• Globalization and the geographic information system.
• Attachment theory and the cycle of violence.
• Chapter 9 of The Archetypes of Wisdom by Soccio.
• Biostatistics and public health study evidence.
• The current breadth of Apple’s product line.
• Changing Claude Monet’s “The Truth of Nature.”
• Concept of educational inequality.
• Opioids and alternative treatments of chronic pain.
• Statistics: dependent and independent variables.
• Wolfgang Mozart and Lorenzo Da Ponte: the winning duo.
• Analytic philosophy and its conceptual differences.
• Vietnam’s emerging market potential.
• The main features of Homeric worldview – Greek mythology.
• Discussion of respiratory acidosis.
• Social media for fitness trackers.
• “Closer”: drama film by Mike Nichols.
• Postmodern criminology: the violence of the language.

❓200 Words: FAQ

What does a 200-word essay look like.

A 200-word essay typically consists of 3-4 paragraphs, each containing around 50 words. Despite the limited word count, the paper should adhere to a standard structure, including an introduction, a main body, and a conclusion. Each paragraph should be focused and concise, effectively conveying the central message and presenting the supporting arguments.

How Long Is a 200-Word Essay?

If you type a 200-word essay using standard formatting guidelines (1-inch margins, 12 pt. Arial font, and an A4 page size), it will take 0.4 single-spaced or 0.8 double-spaced pages. If you write it by hand, it will take roughly 0.8 handwritten pages, depending on your handwriting style.

How Many Paragraphs Is a 200-Word Essay?

A 200-word essay has 3-4 paragraphs , divided into three parts:

• Introduction : 1 paragraph (3 sentences)
• Main Body : 1-2 body paragraphs (3-5 sentences per paragraph)
• Conclusion : 1 paragraph (3 sentences)
• Essay Structure | Harvard College
• What Is an Essay Structure? (With 4 Types and Tips) | Indeed.com
• Essay Structure: The 3 Main Parts of an Essay | Grammarly Blog
• Conclusions | The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• Transitional Words and Phrases | The Writing Center, UW–Madison
• Creating a Thesis Statement, Thesis Statement Tips | Purdue OWL, Purdue University
• How to Make Your Writing Captivating with One Simple Technique | Nicole Bianchi

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