part of speech in english and yoruba

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PARTS OF SPEECH WITH EXAMPLES

Yoruba Library in her unrelenting efforts to make Yoruba Language available to the nooks and crannies, and make it a world-class language has created yet another comprehensive explainer video titled “List and Usage of Parts of Speech”. This video will explain everything you need to know about different parts of speech, right usage, examples and so on. For easier access, it is watchable online. If you have any question or observation, do notify us by using comment box below. Also, do you want us to cover or write a detailed article on a particular topic that really interests you? Have your say here ! Finally, learning never stops. Check out other interesting  videos brought to you from the stable of Yoruba Library such as History of Nigerian Currency , Classes of Food , Yoruba Alphabets etc.

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• Parts of Speech in Yoruba

In English language, there are eight parts of speech namely: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. In Yorùbá language, there are also eight parts of speech namely: 1. Nouns Oro oruko 2. Pronouns 3. Verbs Oro Ise 4. Adjectives 5. Adverbs 6. Conjunctions Oro asopo (e.g. ati, abi, sugbon) 7. Prepositions 8. Pronominal Both languages have seven similar parts of speech. The only difference is that English language has interjection while Yorùbá language has pronominal.

Nouns in Yoruba

Pronouns in yoruba.

• Verbs in Yoruba

Adverbs in Yoruba

Adjectives in yoruba, click here to share this on facebook.

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Yoruba Grammar

Welcome to the 8th lesson about Yoruba grammar . We will first learn about prepositions , negation , questions , adverbs , and pronouns including: personal, object and possessive pronouns.

We will start with prepositions . In general, they are used to link words to other words. For example: I speak Yoruba and English the preposition is [ and ] because it connects both words Yoruba and English . The following is a list of the most used prepositions in Yoruba.

Preposition Grammar Rules

The following examples use prepositions in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a sentence.

Negation in Yoruba

Now let's learn how to make a negative sentence ( negation ). For example: Saying no , I can't , I don't ... The following examples use negation in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a sentence.

Questions in Yoruba

Now let's learn how to ask questions ( interrogative ). Such as: what , why , can you ...? Here are some common examples:

More of the interrogative form, now in a sentence:

Adverbs in Yoruba

It's time to learn the adverbs in Yoruba. But what is an adverb? In general, adverbs modify verbs and adjectives. For example: You speak fast . The adverb is [ fast ] because it describes the verb and answers the question how do you speak? . Here is a list of the most common ones:

The following examples use the adverbs in different ways and places to demonstrate how it behaves in a sentence.

Pronouns in Yoruba

We're almost done! This time we will learn the pronouns in Yoruba. In general, a pronoun can be used instead of a noun. For example instead of saying my teacher speaks 3 languages , you can use the pronoun he , and say he speaks 3 languages . Here is a list of the most common ones:

I think it's better to put the above example in a sentence to better assist you. The following examples use pronouns in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a sentence. We will start with the personal pronouns.

The object pronoun is used as a target by a verb, and usually come after that verb. For example: I gave him my book . The object pronoun here is him . Here are more examples:

One more thing you need to know is the demonstrative pronouns . They're very easy to learn.

I hope you learned a lot about the Yoruba grammar in this lesson. Please check out our main menu here for more lessons: homepage . The next lesson is below, have fun!

Global Yoruba Lexical Database v. 1.0

Introduction.

The Global Yoruba Lexical Database v. 1.0 is a set of related dictionaries providing definitions and translations for over 450,000 words from the Yoruba language and its variants: Standard Yoruba (over 368,000 words), Gullah (over 3,600 words), Lucumí (over 8,000 words) and Trinidadian (over 1,000 words).

Yoruba is a Niger-Congo language (sub classification: Kwa > Yoruboid) spoken natively by nearly 20 million people, the vast majority of them in southwestern Nigeria. There are also approximately a half million Yoruba speakers in Benin, as well as speakers in Togo and Ghana and among the emigrant populations in the United States and the United Kingdom. In addition, roughly two million people in Nigeria speak Yoruba as a second language.

The Yoruba language diaspora is wide, stretching from southwestern Nigeria and Benin westward to the Caribbean and islands along the southeastern United States coast. Yoruba and other African dialects arrived in the Americas and the Caribbean as a consequence of the Atlantic slave trade. Throughout the region, Yoruba dialects blended with each other and with languages like Spanish and French to form a variety of creoles such as Gullah in the United States and Nagô in Brazil. Many of those creoles have become the language of liturgy and music in Cuba, Brazil, Argentina, Trinidad, Jamaica and parts of the United States and Canada. The ultimate goal of this dictionary is to provide coverage for all Yoruba dialects across the globe. For that reason, it will continue to be a work in progress.

The current standard orthography is tone-driven. Yoruba has three tones: a high tone, a middle tone and a low tone. Each syllable in a Yoruban word must have at least one tone and long vowels may have two tones. While there are no explicit rising or falling tones, combinations of the languages three basic tones may produce the same effect. Grammatically, Yoruba is a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) language. Verbs have no infinitive forms, past or present tense and typically have only a single syllable. Discrete auxiliary words provide information on the verb tense. Nor do Yoruba nouns have plural or singular form their number derives from the context in which the word occurs.

The Yoruba dialect continuum consists of over fifteen varieties, with considerable phonological and lexical differences among them and some grammatical ones as well. Peripheral areas of dialectal regions often have some similarities to adjoining dialects. Standard Yoruba is a koine used for education, writing, broadcasting, and contact between speakers of different dialects. It is also called Literary Yoruba, common Yoruba, or simply Yoruba without qualification. Though in large part based on the Ò?yò? and Ibadan dialects, it incorporates several features from other dialects and has a simplified vowel harmony system and some other features not found in other Yoruba dialects.

This release encompasses the following languages and dialects:

The dictionaries in this publication are presented in two formats, Toolbox databases and XML. Short for The Field Linguists Toolbox, Toolbox is a lexicographical database system published by SIL . SIL makes Toolbox freely available for download . In order to use the Global Yoruba Lexical Database v. 1.0, Toolbox must first be installed on the users local computer.

The orthography of the text in the databases conforms to that presented to students in the Nigerian school system. The basic Yoruba alphabet is:

a b d e e? f g gb h i j k l m n o o? p r s s? t u w y

The letter g b is a digraph, two letters that combine to form a single phoneme. In written Yoruba, gb functions as a single letter. In the Toolbox presentation, this has been taken into account and the software sorts the words accordingly in all functions. The XML presentation has been sorted according to the above alphabet but is a static, flat file. For that reason, developers creating applications from the XML files will need to take into account the digraph when writing searching and reporting functions. As Yoruba is a tonal language, the written language uses additional diacritic marks to denote tones. The orthography uses three tones:

• Low: denoted with a grave symbol ( ) as in à
• Mid: plain letter without diacritics
• High: denoted with an acute ( ´ ) symbol as in á

Both the Toolbox and XML presentations encode the text in Unicode UTF-8 using normalized form C . Unicode normalized forms govern the order in which letters and characters are composed and processed by software systems. Normalized form C is the standard form used by most web systems and is a W3C standard for the web. The Toolbox presentation uses the Aria Unicode MS font for display. The Tahoma and Lucida Grande fonts will also display the Yoruba alphabet under UTF-8 encoding. Since XML only provides information about document structure, fonts are not specified in the XML versions of the dictionaries.

Displaying non-Western letters: Windows users will need to install and configure their computers for Extended Language support. To do this, open the Windows Control Panel and click the Regional and Language Options icon. In the Regional and Language Options window that opens, select the Languages pane. Under the Supplemental Language Support section, check both check boxes and click okay. Windows will as for your install disc and will install the modules needed to properly display complex and non Western letters. If users do not have their Windows install disc, they should contact their local system administrator to install Extended Language Support.

For an example of the data in this database, please review this sample entry (jpg) from the Yoruba-English Lexicon.

Yoruba Grammar

The Yoruba grammar allows you to manipulate the vocabulary to obtain multiple forms of a word. The grammatical rules below are the most important in Yoruba and help connect words or shape the structure. We start with the prepositions:

Questions and Adverbs

To ask questions, use the following:

Some of the most important time adverbs:

Most commonly used pronouns in Yoruba:

To express the possession of something [possessive form]:

Grammar in a sentence

Some random verbs to show how it's being used:

Some extra grammatical structures:

The above Yoruba grammar can provide tools to use in coordination with the Yoruba vocabulary to obtain some popular Yoruba phrases .

Yoruba/Adverbs

Yoruba adverbs are part of speech. Generally they're words that modify any part of language other than a noun. Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences and other adverbs. Here are some examples:

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English to Yoruba short message service speech and text translator for android phones

• Published: 31 May 2021
• Volume 24 , pages 979–991, ( 2021 )

Cite this article

• Akinbowale Nathaniel Babatunde 1 ,
• Christiana Oluwakemi Abikoye 2 ,
• Abdulkarim Ayopo Oloyede 2 ,
• Roseline Oluwaseun Ogundokun   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2592-2824 3 ,
• Afeez Adeshina Oke 4 &
• Hafsat Omolola Olawuyi 1  

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Machine language translation (MLT) has acquired a substantial quantity of investigation consideration in Europe and Asia, but works on African languages, especially the Yoruba language, are rare. There is, however, a communication barrier between the people who solely speak Yoruba and foreign visitors and places where the language is not being said or understood. There is a necessity to focus on the glitches of English to Yoruba machine translations to bridge the communication gap. This study, therefore, implemented the rule-based machine translation technique. The method used involved formulating 20 computational rules for the translation process. Offline Android-based English to Yoruba short message service application was developed using the Android Studio IDE and the some of the available inbuilt android plugins alongside a locally produced bilingual dictionary. This paper also examined translations done by the developed mobile app contrary to human translation to explore why machine translation systems still give faults in interpreting natural human language. A questionnaire was designed for the translations; they were distributed to one hundred individuals. Eighty-one participants gave their feedbacks. The responses were dispensed to statistical examination using SPSS. Discoveries showed that human translation handled best-concerning precision and eloquence, which are knowledgeable by the quality and the quantity of the computational rules formulated.

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Kwara State University, Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria

Akinbowale Nathaniel Babatunde & Hafsat Omolola Olawuyi

University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Christiana Oluwakemi Abikoye & Abdulkarim Ayopo Oloyede

Department of Computer Science, Landmark University, Omu Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria

Roseline Oluwaseun Ogundokun

Summit University, Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria

Afeez Adeshina Oke

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Babatunde, A.N., Abikoye, C.O., Oloyede, A.A. et al. English to Yoruba short message service speech and text translator for android phones. Int J Speech Technol 24 , 979–991 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10772-021-09852-w

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Received : 28 August 2020

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Published : 31 May 2021

Issue Date : December 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10772-021-09852-w

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Part-of-Speech tagging of Yoruba Standard, Language of Niger-Congo family

International Journal of Computer and Information Sciences

The utilization of corpora is a critical phase of systems of Natural Language Processing (NLP) based on statistical methods. This point is crucial for less equipped and less computerized languages like African languages. This paper aimed to design a yoruba corpus. Yoruba is an African language of Niger-Congo family. It is spoken by more than thirty million people around the world and particularly in Nigeria and Benin. The main motivation of this work was to obtain training data for PoS taggers and to provide applications of Yoruba Language Processing (YLP) with a basic tool. The tagging was performed with SVMTool one of the Part-of-Speech taggers widely used. The preprocessing of the text general outline has been ensured by Perl scripts. The corpus with 312,562 words, formed from the Web, was annotated with an accuracy of 98.04%. This annotated corpus might be used in translation system.

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Part-of-speech (POS) tagging is a well-established technology for most Western European languages and a few other world languages, but it has not been evaluated on Igbo, an agglutinative African language. This article presents POS tagging experiments conducted using an Igbo corpus as a test bed for identifying the POS taggers and the Machine Learning (ML) methods that can achieve a good performance with the small dataset available for the language. Experiments have been conducted using different well-known POS taggers developed for English or European languages, and different training data styles and sizes. Igbo has a number of language-specific characteristics that present a challenge for effective POS tagging. One interesting case is the wide use of verbs (and nominalizations thereof) that have an inherent noun complement , which form “linked pairs” in the POS tagging scheme, but which may appear discontinuously. Another issue is Igbo’s highly productive agglutinative morphology, ...

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Igbo is a resource-scarce Nigerian African language of Bantu language phylum, lacking elctronic linguistic resources in sufficient quantity and quality for the development of human language technologies. Developing Natural Language Processing (NLP) pipeline tools for such a language could be challenging, due to the need to balance the linguistics semantics robustness of the tool with computational parsimony. A Part-ofSpeech (POS) tagger is a challenging NLP tool to develop for the language because of its morphological richness poses computational linguistics challenge that could affect the effectiveness of the entire NLP system. In this paper, the experience in developing a POS tagger for the language using the Hidden Markov Model (HMM is presented. It is an on-going project, developed using a small corpus. The results give an approximate accuracy score of 73%, which needs to be improved upon.

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This project aims to develop linguistic resources to support computational NLP research on the Igbo language. The starting point for this project is the development of a new part-of-speech tagging scheme based on the EAGLES tagset guidelines, adapted to incorporate additional language internal features. The tags are currently being used in a part-of-speech annotation task for the development of POS tagged Igbo corpus. The proposed tagset has 59 tags.

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A UB psychologist is part of a global research team that has identified specific acoustic relationships that distinguish speech, song and instrumental music across cultures.

The study published in the journal Science Advances , which involved experts in ethnomusicology, music psychology, linguistics and evolutionary biology, compared instrumental melodies along with songs, lyrics and speech in 55 languages. The findings provide an international perspective supporting ideas about how the world’s music and languages evolved into their current states.

“There are many ways to look at the acoustic features of singing versus speaking, but we found the same three significant features across all the cultures we examined that distinguish song from speech,” says Peter Pfordresher, professor of psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, and one of the 75 contributors to a unique project that involved the researchers assuming the dual roles of investigator and participant.

The three features are:

• Singing tends to be slower than speaking across all the cultures studied.
• People tend to produce more stable pitches when singing as opposed to speaking.
• Overall, singing pitch is higher than spoken pitch.

The exact evolutionary pressures responsible for shaping human behaviors are difficult to identify, but the new paper provides insights regarding the shared, cross-cultural similarities and differences in language and music — both of which are found in highly diverse forms across every human culture.

Pfordresher says the leading theory, advanced by the paper’s senior author, Patrick Savage, senior research fellow at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, is that music evolved to promote social bonding .

“When people make music, and this is the case around the world, they tend to do so collectively. They synchronize and harmonize with each other,” says Pfordresher. “The features we found that distinguish music from speech fit well with that theory.”

Think about tempo as a mechanism to encourage music’s social aspects. Being in sync becomes more difficult as tempo increases. When the tempo slows, the rhythm becomes predictable and easier to follow. Music becomes a more social enterprise.

It’s the same with pitch stability, according to Pfordresher.

“It’s much easier to match a stable pitch with someone else, to be in sync with the collective, than is the case when a pitch is wavering,” he says.

Similarly, it’s possible that the higher pitches found in singing happen as a byproduct of songs being produced at a slower rate.

“Slower production rates require a greater volume of air in the lungs,” explains Pfordresher. “Greater air pressure in the vocal system increases pitch.”

Conversational speech, in contrast, is not synchronized. Conversations generally alternate between people.

“I would speculate that conversational speech is faster than song because people want to hold on to the stage. They don’t want to provide false cues that they’ve finished, in essence handing the conversation off to another speaker,” says Pfordresher. “Pausing in a conversation or speaking slowly often indicates that it’s another person’s turn to speak.”

The study’s novel structure, with its investigators as participants, is part of the increasingly global nature of music cognition research. Savage and Yuto Ozaki, the lead author from Keio University in Japan, recruited researchers from Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe and the Pacific, who spoke languages that included Yoruba, Mandarin, Hindi, Hebrew, Arabic, Ukrainian, Russian, Balinese, Cherokee, Kannada, Spanish, Aynu, English and dozens more .

“First, we used this structure to counteract the unfortunate tradition of extractive research in cross-cultural musical studies in which researchers from the developed world collect, or extract, data from a culture in the developing world, and use the data to promote their own success,” says Pfordresher.

The second reason has more to do with the validity of the data.

“Our analyses require annotation of syllable and note onsets in songs and speech from around the world,” Pfordresher says. “No single investigator knows all of these languages. By having each investigator participate and thus check their own annotations, we add additional validity to our study.”

Each investigator-participant chose a song of national significance from their culture. Pfordresher selected “America the Beautiful.” Savage chose “Scarborough Fair.” Ozaki sang the Japanese folk song “Ōmori Jinku.”

Participants sang the song first, performed an instrumental version next on an instrument of their choice and then recited the lyrics. They also provided an explanation for their choice as a free-form speech condition of the study. All four conditions were recorded and then segmented.

To avoid the possibility of bias creeping into the data, Pfordresher explains that not all investigators were involved in generating the study’s initial set of hypotheses. All of the authors looked at the data but did so to make sure there were no differences between the initial group and those others.

“We do hope to follow up this study with other research that has authors from around the world sample data from within their cultures,” says Pfordresher.

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• Novel global study using investigators as participants finds shared acoustic relationships among the world’s languages and music

Novel global study using investigators as participants finds shared acoustic relationships among the world’s languages and music

By Bert Gambini

Release Date: May 15, 2024

BUFFALO, N.Y. – A University at Buffalo psychologist is part of a global research team that has identified specific acoustic relationships that distinguish speech, song and instrumental music across cultures.

The study published in the journal Science Advances , which involved experts in ethnomusicology, music psychology, linguistics and evolutionary biology, compared instrumental melodies along with songs, lyrics and speech in 55 languages. The findings provide an international perspective supporting ideas about how the world’s music and languages evolved into their current states.

“There are many ways to look at the acoustic features of singing versus speaking, but we found the same three significant features across all the cultures we examined that distinguish song from speech,” said Peter Pfordresher, PhD , a professor of psychology in the UB College of Arts and Sciences, and one of the 75 contributors to a unique project that involved the researchers assuming the dual roles of investigator and participant.

The three features are:

• Singing tends to be slower than speaking across all the cultures studied.
• People tend to produce more stable pitches when singing as opposed to speaking.
• Overall, singing pitch is higher than spoken pitch.

The exact evolutionary pressures responsible for shaping human behaviors are difficult to identify, but the new paper provides insights regarding the shared, cross-cultural similarities and differences in language and music − both of which are found in highly diverse forms across every human culture.

Pfordresher says the leading theory, advanced by the paper’s senior author, Patrick Savage, PhD, senior research fellow at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, is that music evolved to promote social bonding .

“When people make music, and this is the case around the world, they tend to do so collectively. They synchronize and harmonize with each other,” says Pfordresher. “The features we found that distinguish music from speech fit well with that theory.”

Think about tempo as a mechanism to encourage music’s social aspects. Being in sync becomes more difficult as tempo increases. When the tempo slows, the rhythm becomes predictable and easier to follow. Music becomes a more social enterprise.

It’s the same with pitch stability, according to Pfordresher.

“It’s much easier to match a stable pitch with someone else, to be in sync with the collective, than is the case when a pitch is wavering,” he says.

Similarly, it’s possible that the higher pitches found in singing happen as a byproduct of songs being produced at a slower rate.

“Slower production rates require a greater volume of air in the lungs,” explains Pfordresher. “Greater air pressure in the vocal system increases pitch.”

Conversational speech, in contrast, is not synchronized. Conversations generally alternate between people.

“I would speculate that conversational speech is faster than song because people want to hold on to the stage. They don’t want to provide false cues that they’ve finished, in essence handing the conversation off to another speaker,” says Pfordresher. “Pausing in a conversation or speaking slowly often indicates that it’s another person’s turn to speak.”

The study’s novel structure, with its investigators as participants, is part of the increasingly global nature of music cognition research. Savage and Yuto Ozaki, PhD, the lead author from Keio University in Japan, recruited researchers from Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe and the Pacific, who spoke languages that included Yoruba, Mandarin, Hindi, Hebrew, Arabic, Ukrainian, Russian, Balinese, Cherokee, Kannada, Spanish, Aynu, English and dozens more .

“First, we used this structure to counteract the unfortunate tradition of extractive research in cross-cultural musical studies in which researchers from the developed world collect, or extract, data from a culture in the developing world, and use the data to promote their own success,” says Pfordresher.

The second reason has more to do with the validity of the data.

“Our analyses require annotation of syllable and note onsets in songs and speech from around the world,” says Pfordresher. “No single investigator knows all of these languages. By having each investigator participate and thus check their own annotations, we add additional validity to our study.”

Each investigator-participant chose a song of national significance from their culture. Pfordresher selected “America the Beautiful.” Savage chose “Scarborough Fair.” Ozaki sang the Japanese folk song “Ōmori Jinku.”

Participants sang the song first; performed an instrumental version next on an instrument of their choice; and then recited the lyrics. They also provided an explanation for their choice as a free-form speech condition of the study. All four conditions were recorded and then segmented.

To avoid the possibility of bias creeping into the data, Pfordresher explained that not all investigators were involved in generating the study’s initial set of hypotheses. All of the authors looked at the data, but did so to make sure there were no differences between the initial group and those others.

“We do hope to follow up this study with other research that has authors from around the world sample data from within their cultures,” says Pfordresher.

Media Contact Information

Bert Gambini News Content Manager Humanities, Economics, Social Sciences, Social Work, Libraries Tel: 716-645-5334 [email protected]

More From Forbes

The complex connection between music and language around the world.

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In two recent studies, researchers have found clues to suggest that the link between music and language is not entirely straightforward.

New research is revealing more connections between music and language but shows that it's a complex ... [+] relationship

A research article published today in Science Advances compared songs and speech from different global cultures. Yuto Ozaki and Patrick Savage from Keio University in Japan collaborated with a large international research team to analyze recordings of songs, melodies and speech from over 50 languages around the world.

By considering many different languages and music cultures, they could study how features of speech and music compare regardless of differences between languages or music styles. Across the board, they found that songs and instrumental melodies were slower and higher pitched than speech. Why this is the case is not yet clear, but Savage suspects that one of the reasons music is more predictable and regular than speech could be because it could act as a social bonding method.

In total, 75 researchers were involved in this study, who each contributed audio of them speaking and singing (or otherwise making music). Savage didn’t have much trouble convincing his music researcher colleagues to sing. Most of them had fun in the process, and Savage enjoyed going through this unusual set of research data. “I have downloaded all of their singing and speaking onto my phone,” he says. “And sometimes I just put it on shuffle as I’m walking around. I really love listening to their songs.”

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Savage himself represented the English language with the song “Scarborough Fair”, while Ozaki sang “Ōmori Jinku”, a Japanese folk song from the Tokyo area. The many other researchers involved in the study contributed recordings in Māori, Yoruba, Cherokee, Hebrew, Mandarin, Arabic and several other languages.

Even though the study was very broad in its coverage, it wasn’t possible to include more than a few samples per language or music culture, so more in-depth studies are still needed.

Meanwhile, Savage was also involved in a research project with Sam Passmore of the Australian National University (ANU) and others, in which they used the “Global Jukebox”. This is a database of over five thousand songs, each annotated with information about music style as well as geographic information. They compared data from the Global Jukebox with databases that record genetic diversity or diversity in languages over different regions.

Genetics and language analysis are often used to study how human societies evolved and spread across the world. For example, cultures that diverged more recently will have languages that are more similar to each other than cultures that split from each other much longer ago.

But music evolves over time as well, just like languages and genes do. By analyzing the Global Jukebox database, lead researcher Passmore was hoping to find out if musical evolution aligns with that of language and genetics. “What we learned is that musical history often diverges from language and genetic history and that it may be more aligned with other markers such as social organization,” Passmore said in a statement to ANU .

Together, these two new studies are starting to reveal how music plays a part in cultures around the world, and where it overlaps with or differs from languages. It’s clearly a complex relationship.

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• International

Slovakia's prime minister expected to survive after shooting

By Elise Hammond, Maureen Chowdhury, Adrienne Vogt and Tori B. Powell, CNN

Slovakian deputy prime minister believes Fico will survive the assassination attempt

From CNN’s Zahid Mahmood

Slovakian Deputy Prime Minister Tomáš Taraba said he believes Prime Minister Robert Fico will survive Wednesday's assassination attempt and is “not in a life-threatening situation at this moment.”

“Fortunately, as far as I know, the operation went well and I guess in the end he will survive,” Taraba said in an interview with the BBC’s Newshour program.

Taraba said the prime minister “was heavily injured" with one bullet entering his stomach and another hitting the joints.

"Immediately he was transported to the hospital and then to the operation,” he said.

Video appears to show the moment Slovakia’s prime minister was shot

From CNN’s Eve Brennan

A video circulating on social media appears to show the moment Slovakia’s Prime Minister Robert Fico was shot in the town of Handlova on Wednesday.

The footage appears to show Fico, surrounded by a team of at least four security guards in dark suits, walking toward a crowd of people standing behind metal barriers. 

A man in the crowd behind the barriers is seen lunging toward Fico with what appears to be a gun, which he is pointing at the prime minister.

Five shots are heard in the video. People in the crowd don't appear to know what is happening.

Fico falls to the ground and the man with the weapon is apprehended and pushed to the ground by the men in dark suits. Other men are seen running in Fico's direction.

Robert Kaliňák, Slovakia's minister of defense, said that Fico "suffered multiple injuries," but did not provide any details when reporters asked if the prime minister was shot in the stomach.

Analysis: Prime Minister Robert Fico is a divisive politician in a divided country

From CNN's Ivana Kottasova

Slovaks have been deeply divided over the country's direction and position in the world since Prime Minister Robert Fico was reelected last year. Supporters see Fico as a caring leader who has their interests at heart while critics say he is a populist whose pro-Russian leanings pose major risks for the country.

Since taking the top job in October, Fico has brought about a major pivot in Slovakia's foreign policy and its previously staunch support for Ukraine. He pledged an immediate end to military support for Kyiv against the Russian invasion and promised to block Ukraine’s ambitions of joining NATO.

Domestically, his coalition government is also pushing controversial reforms that have led to weeks of large-scale peaceful protests. Attempts to overhaul the criminal justice system have been particularly controversial as the government seeks to reduce penalties for corruption. It has already abolished Slovakia's special prosecutor’s office, which was tasked with investigating serious and politically sensitive corruption cases, including some that involved people connected to Fico and his party SMER ("Direction – Social Democracy").

The Slovakian government is also trying to shut down public service broadcaster RTVS, planning to replace it with a new national broadcaster that would be under tighter government control.

Before his stunning political comeback last year, Fico had spent more than a decade as prime minister. He was forced to resign in March 2018 after weeks of mass protests sparked by the murders of investigative journalist Jan Kuciak and his fiancée Martina Kušnírová. Kuciak had reported on corruption among the country’s elite.

This year's tightly contested presidential election saw Fico cement his grip on power as his ally Peter Pellegrini was elected into the role.

What we know about the assassination attempt on Slovakia's prime minister

From CNN staff

Slovakian Prime Minister Robert Fico is undergoing surgery after being shot five times Wednesday in an assassination attempt, according to officials.

The gunman  is in custody  and no one else was injured in the attack, they said.

Fico  won a third term as Slovakian prime minister  last October after running a campaign that criticized Western support for Ukraine.

Here's what we know:

• What happened: The shooting took place after an off-site government meeting in the central Slovak town of Handlova. The suspected gunman was among a small crowd of people waiting to greet the prime minister on the street outside the cultural center where the meeting took place, local media reported.
• His condition: Fico is “ still fighting for his life ,” according to Robert Kaliňák, Slovakia's minister of defense. Kaliňák said Fico "suffered multiple injuries," but did not provide any details when reporters asked if the prime minister was shot in the stomach.
• Politically motivated: Based on “initial interviews with the suspect,"  Interior Minister Matúš Šutaj Eštok said the assassination attempt was politically motivated . He said the suspect decided to carry out the attack after the presidential election. The ministers, Eštok and Kaliňák, blamed rising hate speech and division for the political atmosphere in the country.
• Reaction: Slovakia’s President Zuzana Caputova said the assassination attempt was “also an attack on democracy " and an opposition member of Slovakia’s parliament, Maria Kolikova, called it “an attack on the internal security ” of the country. US President Joe Biden expressed alarm at the attempted assassination, calling it a “ horrific act of violence .” Various other NATO and European Union leaders , as well as Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, also condemned the attack.
• Tie to Russia: Russian President Vladimir Putin called the attack a “monstrous crime.” Fico is known to be a Kremlin sympathizer. He had previously blamed “Ukrainian Nazis and fascists” for provoking Putin into launching the invasion of Ukraine.

Putin calls Fico’s assassination attempt a "monstrous crime”

From CNN’s Mariya Knight

Russian President Vladimir Putin called the assassination attempt on Slovakian Prime Minister Robert Fico a “monstrous crime.”

“There can be no justification for this monstrous crime,” Putin said in a message sent to Slovakia's President Zuzana Caputova.

The Russian leader also said he knows Fico as “a courageous and strong-willed man,” the qualities that Putin hopes will help Fico overcome “this difficult situation.”

Some context: Fico is known to be a Kremlin sympathizer. He had previously blamed “Ukrainian Nazis and fascists” for provoking Putin into launching the invasion of Ukraine, repeating the false narrative Russia’s president has used to justify his invasion.

Slovakian ministers blame rising hate speech and division for atmosphere that led to attack on prime minister

From CNN’s Ivana Kottasova

Slovakia’s defense and interior minister blamed rising hate speech and division for the political atmosphere in the country, which they said led to the assassination attempt on Prime Minister Robert Fico. 

Speaking to reporters outside the hospital where Fico is being treated, Defense Minister Robert Kaliňák said: “This needs to stop immediately. I beg you, please. Hate is not an answer to hate.”

Visibly shaken and struggling for words during the news conference, Kaliňák said it was “time for some people to have a hard look into the mirror.” 

“There is no question that this was politically motivated. The inability to accept the choice of people, which some may not like … it leads to this,” he said. 

Interior Minister Matúš Šutaj Eštok said “everyone needs to calm down.” 

“Those who are endorsing this attack as well as those who are calling for some sort of a revenge. And I am asking you, the media too, please, use your power, your influence. Because until now, it was some of you who sow the hate,” he said.

Fico's assassination attempt was politically motivated, interior minister says

The assassination attempt of Slovakia's Prime Minister Robert Fico was politically motivated, the country's interior minister said, adding the information is based on “initial interviews with the suspect.”

“This assassination attempt was politically motivated and the suspect made the decision to do it shortly after the presidential election,” Interior Minister Matúš Šutaj Eštok told a news conference outside the hospital in Banská Bystrica, where the prime minister is being treated.

“It is clear this was politically motivated,” Defense Minister Robert Kaliňák said, speaking alongside Eštok.

Kaliňák said Fico "suffered multiple injuries," but did not provide any details when reporters asked if the prime minister was shot in the stomach.

This post has been updated with additional comments from the defense minister.

Prime Minister Fico was shot five times, interior minister says

From CNN’s Ivana Kottasova in London

Prime Minister Robert Fico was shot five times, Interior Minister Matúš Šutaj Eštok said.

“The perpetrator shot five times. The prime minister is in a critical condition, still on the operating table. We will do everything we can to investigate this,” Eštok said at a news conference.

The perpetrator has been arrested, he added.

Slovakia's prime minister "still fighting for his life," defense minister says

Prime Minister Robert Fico is “still fighting for his life,” Robert Kaliňák, Slovakia's minister of defense, said in a press conference in the hospital where Fico is being treated.

“We are singularly focused on the health of Robert Fico. And we are hoping he will be strong enough to pull through,” Kaliňák said.

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