teaching students to write an essay

Provides practical advice on commenting on student writing effectively and efficiently.

Provides guidance on creating carefully crafted and explicit paper assignments that encourage students to write better papers.

Suggests a consistent vocabulary for discussing the major components of an academic paper. This is the vocabulary used in the College's Expos 20 courses.

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Essay Papers Writing Online

Mastering the art of teaching essay writing – strategies, tips, and techniques for educators.

Instructors constantly strive to deliver exemplary teaching that not only provides students with the necessary knowledge but also equips them with skills essential for success in their academic and professional lives. One crucial skill that students need to develop is essay writing, as it is directly linked to effective communication and critical thinking.

Engaging Students in the Process: To encourage students’ active participation, instructors can adopt various strategies such as incorporating real-life examples or current events into essay prompts. By giving students a chance to express their opinions on topics that matter to them, instructors create a sense of relevance and foster deeper engagement.

Promoting Structure and Organization: One key aspect of effective essay writing is the ability to structure thoughts and ideas in a coherent manner. Instructors can guide students in outlining their essays, emphasizing the importance of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Establishing this foundation helps students convey their arguments systematically and persuasively.

Define the Purpose and Audience

In order to write an effective essay, it is important to first define the purpose and audience. The purpose of an essay is the main goal or objective that the writer wants to achieve with their writing, while the audience refers to the specific group of people for whom the essay is intended. Both the purpose and audience play a crucial role in shaping the content, tone, and style of the essay.

When defining the purpose of an essay, writers need to consider what they want to accomplish with their writing. Do they want to inform, persuade, entertain, or argue? The purpose will depend on the topic, the writer’s own intentions, and the desired outcome. For instance, a writer may want to inform their audience about a specific topic, or they may want to persuade readers to adopt a certain viewpoint. By clearly defining the purpose, writers can focus their efforts on achieving their desired outcome.

Equally important is identifying the target audience for the essay. The audience may vary depending on the type of essay and its intended purpose. Is the essay meant for a general audience, or is it targeted toward a specific group of people with a particular interest or knowledge? Understanding the audience allows the writer to tailor their language, examples, and arguments to better connect with and engage the intended readers. It also helps to determine the appropriate level of complexity and detail that should be included in the essay.

Once the purpose and audience have been defined, writers can then proceed with planning and crafting their essay. By having a clear understanding of the intended goal and the specific readers, writers can create content that is relevant, compelling, and impactful. So, before diving into the writing process, take the time to define the purpose and audience to lay a strong foundation for an effective essay.

Teach Proper Essay Structure

In order to effectively guide students in their essay writing, it is important to teach them the proper structure that essays should follow. By providing a clear and organized framework, students will be able to craft well-structured and coherent essays.

One key element of teaching proper essay structure is introducing students to the concept of an introduction. The introduction serves as the opening paragraph of an essay and should grab the reader’s attention while providing a brief overview of the topic. Encouraging students to begin their essay with a strong hook or an interesting fact can help captivate the reader from the start.

Another crucial aspect of essay structure is the body paragraphs. The body paragraphs should present the main ideas and arguments of the essay in a logical and coherent manner. Each paragraph should focus on a single idea or argument and be supported by evidence or examples. Teaching students how to effectively transition between paragraphs and connect their ideas can enhance the overall flow and cohesiveness of their essays.

Finally, it is important to teach students how to craft a strong conclusion for their essays. The conclusion should summarize the main points of the essay and provide a sense of closure. Encouraging students to end their essays with a thought-provoking statement or a call to action can leave a lasting impression on the reader.

By teaching proper essay structure, educators can equip students with the necessary tools to effectively communicate their ideas and arguments in a clear and organized manner. This not only improves their writing skills, but also enhances their ability to think critically and develop well-supported arguments.

Encourage Brainstorming and Outlining

One effective approach to improving essay writing is to encourage students to engage in brainstorming and outlining activities before they begin their first draft. By providing students with a structured framework for organizing their thoughts, they can better develop their ideas and create a coherent and well-structured essay.

When students brainstorm, they generate a variety of ideas related to the essay prompt or topic. This process allows them to explore different perspectives, consider different arguments or examples, and think critically about the subject matter. Brainstorming helps students to expand their thinking and gather a wide range of potential content to include in their essay.

Once students have generated their ideas through brainstorming, it is important to guide them through the outlining process. Outlining provides students with a roadmap for their essay, helping them to organize their thoughts and create a logical flow of ideas. By outlining, students can see the connections between their main points and how they support their thesis statement. This process helps to ensure that their essay is well-structured and cohesive.

Teachers can encourage students to brainstorm and outline by providing them with specific prompts or questions to consider. This can help to focus their thinking and guide them towards developing strong arguments and supporting evidence. Additionally, teachers can provide examples of effective outlines to model the process for students. By demonstrating the benefits of brainstorming and outlining, students are more likely to engage in these activities and ultimately produce higher quality essays.

Incorporating brainstorming and outlining as regular components of the essay writing process can significantly improve students’ writing skills. These activities encourage critical thinking, strengthen organizational skills, and promote thoroughness and clarity in writing. By teaching students to brainstorm and outline effectively, educators can empower them to communicate their ideas more clearly and convincingly in their essays.

Teach Effective Research Techniques

In order to enhance students’ ability to write high-quality essays, it is vital to teach them effective research techniques. By providing students with the skills and knowledge required to conduct thorough research, they will be better equipped to gather relevant and reliable information for their essays.

One key aspect of teaching effective research techniques is teaching students how to differentiate between credible and non-credible sources. It is important to emphasize the importance of using reputable sources such as scholarly articles, academic journals, and books. Students should be encouraged to critically evaluate the information they find and consider the author’s credentials, the publication’s credibility, and any potential biases.

Another crucial component of effective research is teaching students how to effectively use search engines and databases. Students should learn how to use search operators and filters to refine their search results, as well as how to use advanced search techniques to locate specific information within a source. By teaching students these skills, they will be able to efficiently navigate through the vast amount of information available online and find the most relevant sources for their essays.

Furthermore, students should be taught how to properly cite their sources and avoid plagiarism. It is important for students to understand the different citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, and how to correctly format their references and in-text citations. By teaching students the importance of giving credit to the original authors and avoiding plagiarism, they will develop a strong sense of academic integrity and ethical writing practices.

Lastly, it is important to teach students how to effectively organize and manage their research materials. Students should learn how to create annotated bibliographies, take effective notes, and develop a systematic approach to organizing their research. By teaching students these skills, they will be able to easily access and reference their sources when writing their essays, resulting in more coherent and well-structured papers.

In conclusion, teaching effective research techniques is a vital component of essay writing instruction. By providing students with the skills and knowledge necessary to conduct thorough research, differentiate between credible and non-credible sources, effectively use search engines and databases, properly cite sources, and organize their research materials, students will be better equipped to write high-quality essays that are well-supported and well-evidenced.

Provide Feedback and Revision Strategies

Enhancing the quality of students’ essays involves an ongoing process of feedback and revision. This section explores effective strategies for providing feedback and guiding students through the revision process to improve their essay writing skills.

• Constructive Feedback: Rather than focusing solely on mistakes or shortcomings, it is important to provide students with constructive feedback that highlights both their strengths and areas for improvement. This type of feedback encourages students to continue developing their writing abilities.
• Specific Feedback: Instead of offering general comments, it is beneficial to provide specific feedback that addresses particular aspects of the essay. This could include suggestions for improving the organization, clarity of arguments, or use of evidence. Specific feedback helps students understand where they need to focus their revision efforts.
• Guided Revision Process: To support students in their revision process, educators can provide step-by-step guidance on how to revise their essays effectively. This could include breaking down the revision process into smaller tasks, such as reviewing the thesis statement, strengthening topic sentences, or checking for grammatical errors.
• Peer Feedback: Encouraging students to share their essays with their peers and provide feedback can be a valuable learning experience. Peer feedback allows students to benefit from multiple perspectives and receive input from their classmates. It also fosters collaboration and promotes a sense of community within the classroom.
• Encouraging Self-Reflection: In addition to external feedback, it is essential to promote self-reflection in the revision process. By asking students to critically analyze their own writing, they can identify areas for improvement and develop a stronger sense of self-awareness as writers.
• Revision Checklist: Providing students with a revision checklist can be a helpful tool to guide their revision process. This checklist could include prompts or questions related to the core components of essays, such as thesis statements, evidence, organization, and coherence.
• Revision Workshops: Organizing revision workshops can create a supportive and collaborative environment for students to work on their essays. These workshops can include activities such as peer review, group discussions, or one-on-one conferences with the instructor to offer personalized feedback.

By implementing these feedback and revision strategies, educators can empower students to refine their essay writing skills and achieve greater levels of clarity, coherence, and persuasive effectiveness in their work.

Develop Strong Thesis Statements

Crafting a persuasive and coherent thesis statement is essential for any essay. The thesis statement serves as the foundation for the entire argument, setting the tone and direction of the piece. A strong thesis statement concisely conveys the main idea of the essay, while also indicating the writer’s stance on the topic.

Teach Clear and Concise Writing Style

One essential aspect of effective essay writing is teaching students how to develop a clear and concise writing style. This style involves using precise language and avoiding unnecessary words or phrases. By teaching students to write in a clear and concise manner, they can effectively communicate their ideas and arguments to their readers.

When students are able to write with clarity and conciseness, they are more likely to engage and hold their reader’s attention. Clear and concise writing allows the reader to understand the main points and arguments without getting lost in unnecessary details or confusing language. By teaching this writing style, students can craft essays that are easy to read and understand.

One way to teach clear and concise writing is by emphasizing the use of precise language. Encourage students to choose words that accurately convey their intended meaning and avoid using vague or general terms. By using specific and descriptive language, students can paint a clear picture for their readers and make their writing more engaging.

Another strategy is to teach students how to avoid unnecessary words or phrases. Help them understand that brevity can enhance their writing and make it more concise. Encourage them to eliminate redundant phrases, remove filler words, and trim unnecessary information. By doing so, their writing will become more focused and impactful.

In addition, it is important to teach students how to structure their sentences and paragraphs in a clear and concise manner. Emphasize the use of concise sentences that contain one main idea and are free of unnecessary details. Teach them to use transitions effectively to guide their readers smoothly from one idea to the next. Encourage them to organize their paragraphs logically, with each paragraph focusing on a specific point or argument.

Overall, by teaching students to write in a clear and concise style, you are equipping them with a valuable skill that can be applied not only in essay writing but also in various professional and academic settings. Clear and concise writing allows ideas to be communicated effectively and leaves a lasting impact on the reader.

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How to Teach Essay Writing

A guide on how to teach essay writing skills from the ground up

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As ESL students become more fluent, it's time to focus on how to use that fluency in specific tasks, such as making a presentation or writing an essay. The advanced topics you choose should depend upon what your students have planned for the future. In classes with mixed objectives, there's a need for balance to make sure that students who don't necessarily need the task at hand still profit from the lesson.

This is never truer than when teaching essay writing skills. Classes that are preparing for academic English objectives require the skills while " business English ," or English for specific purposes classes, might find the entire exercise a waste of their time. Chances are, you have a mixed class, so it is recommended to tie essay writing skills to other important skills — such as using equivalencies, the proper use of linking language, and sequencing in writing. Students not interested in essay writing skills will gain valuable experience in developing these skills regardless of the task.

Build Toward Essay Writing Skills

Start by modeling clear writing at the sentence level. The best way to approach essay writing skills is to start at the sentence level. Once students have learned to compose simple, compound, and complex sentences, they will have the tools necessary to write longer documents such as essays, business reports , formal emails, and so on. All students will find this help invaluable.

Focus on Equivalencies

I find the best place to start is with equivalencies. Before moving on, make sure students understand sentence types by writing a simple, compound, and complex sentence on the board.

Simple sentence: Mr. Smith visited Washington three years ago.

Compound sentence: Anna advised him against the idea, but he decided to go nonetheless.

Complex sentence: Since he was in Washington, he took the time to visit the Smithsonian.

Build up students' knowledge of equivalencies by beginning with FANBOYS ( coordinating conjunctions ), moving on to subordinating conjunctions, and finishing with other equivalencies, such as preposition and conjunctive adverbs.

Focus on Linking Language

Next, students will need to link their language, creating organization through the use of linking language, including sequencing. It helps to write out processes at this point. Ask students to think of some process, then use sequencing language to connect the dots. It's a good idea to ask students to use both numberings in a sequence of steps and linking through time words.

Writing Essay Practice

Now that students understand how to combine sentences into larger structures, it's time to move on to writing essays. Provide a simple essay to students and ask them to identify various structures and written objectives:

• Underline linking language
• Find examples of FANBOYS, subordinating conjunctions , conjunctive adverbs, etc.
• What is the main idea of the essay?
• How does the essay seem to be organized?
• Essays generally contain an introduction, body, and conclusion. Can you identify each?

I like to help students by first explaining that an essay is like a hamburger. It's certainly a crude analogy, but students seem to get the idea of the intro and conclusion being like the buns, while the content is the good stuff.

Essay Writing Lesson Plans

There are a number of lesson plans and resources on this site that help with the many steps involved in developing the necessary writing skills. To focus on combining simple sentences into more compound structures, use a ​simple-to-compound sentence worksheet. Once students are comfortable at the sentence level, proceed from brainstorming through outlining to final essay production.

Challenges With Teaching Essay Writing

As previously stated, the main issue with essay writing is that it is not really necessary for every student. Another issue is that traditional five-paragraph essays are certainly a little old school. However, I still feel that understanding the structure of your basic hamburger essay will serve students well when putting together future written work.

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Efficient Ways to Improve Student Writing

Strategies, Ideas, and Recommendations from the faculty Development Literature

General Strategies

• View the improvement of students’ writing as your responsibility. Teaching writing is not only the job of the English department alone.  Writing is an essential tool for learning a discipline and helping students improve their writing skills is a responsibility for all faculty.
• Let students know that you value good writing. Stress the importance of clear, thoughtful writing. Faculty who tell students that good writing will be rewarded and poor writing will be penalized receive better essays than instructors who don't make such demands. In the syllabus, on the first day, and throughout the term, remind students that they must make their best effort in expressing themselves on paper. Back up your statements with comments on early assignments that show you really mean it, and your students will respond.
• Regularly assign brief writing exercises in your classes. To vary the pace of a lecture course, ask students to write a few minutes during class. Some mixture of in-class writing, outside writing assignments, and exams with open-ended questions will give students the practice they need to improve their skills.
• Provide guidance throughout the writing process. After you have made the assignment, discuss the value of outlines and notes, explain how to select and narrow a topic, and critique the first draft, define plagiarism as well.
• Don't feel as though you have to read and grade every piece of your students' writing. Ask students to analyze each other's work during class, or ask them to critique their work in small groups. Students will learn that they are writing in order to think more clearly, not obtain a grade. Keep in mind, you can collect students' papers and skim their work.
• Find other faculty members who are trying to use writing more effectively in their courses. Pool ideas about ways in which writing can help students learn more about the subject matter. See if there is sufficient interest in your discipline to warrant drawing up guidelines. Students welcome handouts that give them specific instructions on how to write papers for a particular course or in a particular subject area.

Teaching Writing When You Are Not an English Teacher

• Remind students that writing is a process that helps us clarify ideas. Tell students that writing is a way of learning, not an end in itself. Also let them know that writing is a complicated, messy, nonlinear process filled with false starts. Help them to identify the writer's key activities:
• Developing ideas
• Finding a focus and a thesis
• Composing a draft
• Getting feedback and comments from others
• Revising the draft by expanding ideas, clarifying meaning, reorganizing
• Presenting the finished work to readers
• Explain that writing is hard work. Share with your class your own struggles in grappling with difficult topics. If they know that writing takes effort, they won't be discouraged by their own pace or progress. One faculty member shared with students their notebook that contained the chronology of one of his published articles: first ideas, successive drafts, submitted manuscript, reviewers' suggested changes, revised version, galley proofs, and published article.
• Give students opportunities to talk about their writing. Students need to talk about papers in progress so that they can formulate their thoughts, generate ideas, and focus their topics. Take five or ten minutes of class time for students to read their writing to each other in small groups or pairs. It's important for students to hear what their peers have written.
• Encourage students to revise their work. Provide formal steps for revision by asking students to submit first drafts of papers for your review or for peer critique. You can also give your students the option of revising and rewriting one assignment during the semester for a higher grade. Faculty report that 10 to 40 percent of the students take advantage of this option.
• Explain thesis statements. A thesis statement makes an assertion about some issue. A common student problem is to write papers that present overviews of facts with no thesis statement or that have a diffuse thesis statement.
• Stress clarity and specificity. The more the abstract and difficult the topic, the more concrete the student's language should be. Inflated language and academic jargon camouflage rather than clarify their point.
• Explain the importance of grammar and sentence structure, as well as content. Students shouldn't think that English teachers are the only judges of grammar and style. Tell your students that you will be looking at both quality of their writing and the content.
• Distribute bibliographies and tip sheets on good writing practices. Check with your English department or writing center to identify materials that can be easily distributed to students. Consider giving your students a bibliography of writing guides, for example:

Crews, F.C. Random House Handbook. (6th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.

A classic comprehensive textbook for college students. Well written and well worth reading.

Lanham, R.A. Revising Prose . (3rd ed.) New York: Scribner's, 1991. Techniques for eliminating

bureaucratese and restoring energy to tired prose.

Tollefson, S. K. Grammar Grams and Grammar Grams II . New York: HarperCollins, 1989,

1992. Two short, witty guides that answer common questions about grammar, style, and usage. Both are fun to read.

• Science and Engineering Barrass, R. Scientists Must Write. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1978. Biddle, A. W., and Bean, D. J. Writer's Guide: Life Sciences. Lexington, Mass.: Heath, 1987.
• Arts and Humanities Barnet, S. A Short Guide to Writing About Art . Boston: Little, Brown, 1989. Goldman, B. Reading and Writing in the Arts. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1978.
• Social Sciences Biddle, A. W., Fulwiler, T., and Holland, K.M. Writer's Guide: Psychology . Lexington, Mass,:

Heath, 1987. McCloskey, D. N. The Writing of Economics . New York: Macmillan, 1987.

• Ask a composition instructor to give a presentation to your students. Invite a guest speaker from the composition department or student learning center to talk to your students about effective writing and common writing problems. Faculty who have invited these experts report that such presentations reinforce the values of the importance of writing.
• Let students know about available tutoring services. Individual or group tutoring in writing is available on most campuses. Ask someone from the tutoring center to give a demonstration in your class.
• Use computers to help students write better. Locally developed and commercially available software are now being used by faculty to help students plan, write, and revise their written work. Some software available allows instructors to monitor students' work in progress and lets students collaborate with their classmates.

Assigning In-Class Writing Activities

• Ask students to write what they know about a topic before you discuss it. Ask your students to write a brief summary of what they already know or what opinions they hold regarding the subject you are about to discuss. The purpose of this is to focus the students' attention, there is no need to collect the summaries.
• Ask students to respond in writing to questions you pose during class. Prior to class starting, list two or three short-answer questions on the board and ask your students to write down their responses. Your questions might call for a review of material you have already discussed or recalling information from assigned readings.
• Ask students to write from a pro or con position. When presenting an argument, stop and ask your students to write down all the reasons and evidence they can think of that supports one side or the other. These statements can be used as the basis for discussion.
• During class, pause for a three-minute write. Periodically ask students to write freely for three minutes on a specific question or topic. They should write whatever pops into their mind without worrying about grammar, spelling, phrasing, or organization. This kind of free writing, according to writing experts, helps students synthesize diverse ideas and identify points they may not understand. There is no need to collect these exercises.
• Have students write a brief summary at the end of class. At the end of the class period, give your students index cards to jot down the key themes, major points, or general principles of the day's discussion. You can easily collect the index cards and review them to see whether the class understood the discussion.
• Have one student keep minutes to be read at the next class meeting. By taking minutes, students get a chance to develop their listening, synthesizing, and writing skills. Boris (1983) suggests the following:
• Prepare your students by having everyone take careful notes for the class period, go home and rework them into minutes, and hand them in for comments. It can be the students' discretion whether the minutes are in outline or narrative form.
• Decide on one to two good models to read or distribute to the class.
• At the beginning of each of the following classes, assign one student to take minutes for the period.
• Give a piece of carbon paper to the student who is taking minutes so that you can have a rough copy. The student then takes the original home and revises it in time to read it aloud at the next class meeting.
• After the student has read their minutes, ask other students to comment on their accuracy and quality. If necessary, the student will revise the minutes and turn in two copies, one for grading and one for your files.
• Structure small group discussion around a writing task. For example, have your students pick three words that are of major importance to the day's session. Ask your class to write freely for two to three minutes on just one of the words. Next, give the students five to ten minutes to meet in groups to share what they have written and generate questions to ask in class.
• Use peer response groups. Divide your class into groups of three or four, no larger. Ask your students to bring to class enough copies of a rough draft of a paper for each person in their group. Give your students guidelines for critiquing the drafts. In any response task, the most important step is for the reader to note the part of the paper that is the strongest and describe to the writer why it worked so well. The following instructions can also be given to the reader:
• State the main point of the paper in a single sentence
• List the major subtopics
• Identify confusing sections of the paper
• Decide whether each section of the paper has enough detail, evidence, and information
• Indicate whether the paper's points follow one another in sequence
• Judge the appropriateness of the opening and concluding paragraphs
• Identify the strengths of the paper

Written critiques done as homework are likely to be more thoughtful, but critiques may also be done during the class period.

• Use read-around groups. Read-around groups are a technique used with short assignments (two to four pages) which allows everyone to read everyone else's paper. Divide the class into groups no larger than four students and divide the papers (coded for anonymity) into as many sets as there are groups. Give each group a set and ask the students to read each paper silently and decide on the best paper in the set. Each group should discuss their choices and come to a consensus on the best paper. The paper's code number is recorded by the group, and the same process is repeated with a new set of papers. After all the groups have read all the sets of papers, someone from each group writes on the board the code number from the best paper in each set. The recurring numbers are circled. Generally, one to three papers stand out.
• Ask students to identify the characteristics of effective writing. After completing the read-around activity, ask your students to reconsider those papers which were voted as excellent by the entire class and to write down features that made each paper outstanding. Write their comments on the board, asking for elaboration and probing vague generalities. In pairs, the students discuss the comments on the board and try to put them into categories such as organization, awareness of audience, thoroughness of detail, etc. You might need to help your students arrange the characteristics into meaningful categories.

The Strategies, Ideas and Recommendations Here Come Primarily From:

Gross Davis, B. Tools for Teaching . San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1993.

And These Additional Sources…

Boris, E. Z. "Classroom Minutes: A Valuable Teaching Device." Improving College and

University Teaching, 1983,31(2), 70-73.

Elbow, P. "Using Writing to Teach Something Else." Unpublished paper, 1987.

Hawisher, G. E., and Selfe, C. L. (eds.). Critical Perspectives on Computers and

Composition Instruction.  New York:  Teachers College Press, 1989.

Holdstein, D. H., and Selfe, C. L. (eds.). Computers and Writing: Theory, Research,

Practice. New York: Modern Language Association, 1990.

Lowman, J. Mastering the Techniques of Teaching . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1984.

Petersen, B. T. "Additional Resources in the Practice of Writing Across the Disciplines."

In C. W. Griffin (ed.), Teaching Writing in All Disciplines . New Directions in Teaching and Learning, no. 12. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1982.

Professional and Organizational Development Network in Higher Education.

Bright Idea Network , 1989. (For information contact David Graf, Iowa State University, Ames.)

Pytlik, B. P. "Teaching Teachers of Writing: Workshops on Writing as a Collaborative

Process." College Teaching , 1989, 37(1), 12-14.

Tollefson, S. K. Encouraging Student Writing . Berkeley: Office of Educational

Development, University of California, 1988.

Walvoord, B. F. Helping Students Write Well: A Guide for Teachers in All Disciplines.

(2nd ed.) New York: Modern Language Association, 1986.

Watkins, B. T. "More and More Professors in Many Academic Disciplines Routinely

Require Students to Do Extensive Writing." Chronicle of Higher Education, 1990, 36(44), pp. A13-14, A16.

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How to Teach Essay Writing to ESL Students Better

23 December 2020 Guest posts

Teaching essay writing to ESL students is no easy feat. There's a lot of things to consider, such as making sure the language is correct, of course, as well things like structure, accurate covering of the topic, the context of the essay, and how well the points are represented.

Throughout this guide, I'm going to detail some of the ways you can make every essay writing task as beneficial as possible. Your students can take on board these tips with the aim of making their essays better than ever before.

There are lots of tips and advice I could share, but today I'm going to focus on the most important, hopefully giving you a great place to get started when it comes to improving your students essay writing abilities

Start with the Basics

The absolute first place you want to start is with improving your student's sentence structure since sentences, after all, are what go into making an essay what it is. You'll want to start with teaching your students about basic sentences and then move onto compound and then complex.

Build it up slowly and highlight the key differences between each sentence type and why they would be used and what effect each sentence type has.

There's plenty of information online on how you can approach the basics of essay writing, such as on websites like Revieweal , Boomessays , Studydemic , Ukservicesreviews , and Assignment writing service , or you can simply ask a question you may have in your preferred search engine.

Understanding the Topic

A student will not be able to write a proper essay if they don't truly understand the topic they're writing about. Whether your students get to choose their topics or not, it's important that you explain that they should take their time to research and have a proper grasp on the topic they're writing about.

"It's important to remember that you can also suggest topics if the students are struggling to think of their own, ones that you believe will play to their strengths. Remember, essay writing within the ESL community is all about building confidence. If the students believe they can do a task, then they will be able to do it," explains Fergie Marie, a writer at Ukwritings and Custom Writing .

It's all about overcoming that first hurdle.

Break the Essay Down

Most essays are written in the same way, very similar to how stories are written. They have a start, a middle, and an end, and highlighting this structure form is a great way to make essays seem a little less daunting.

After all, being tasked with a 1,000-word essay can feel overwhelming at first, but when you break it down into three main sections that can be focused on individually, the task seems a little more manageable.

Of course, each section of the essay has a specific purpose. The introduction is meant to grab the reader, hook them into the writing, and sets the tone for the essay ahead. The middle is for laying down and explaining the points that would answer the question of whatever the essay topic is about.

Finally, you have the conclusion, which wraps everything up, answers any questions that were asked, and rounds off the essay nicely. Focusing on these points can help massively when it comes to writing an essay because there's less thought needed on what you need to write and more focus on what the actual writing will be.

Practice, Practice, Practice

"It might seem a bit mean to set regular essays all the time, and you don't want to be that kind of teacher, but the best way to get better at essay writing, as with everything else in life, is to practice. This means giving your students essay tasks to complete, and then reviewing the mistakes and highlighting what they did well," shares Duncan Turner, an educator at Assignment Help and Essayroo .

And that's the important bit. Not only do you want to highlight the areas where your students can improve or perhaps correcting mistakes they made, you always want to make sure you're showcasing what they did well and congratulating them on the bits they got right.

This inspires confidence and will encourage your students to keep trying, keep writing, and keep getting better.

Katherine Rundell is a book writer at Essay Writing Service and BigAssignments . She writes about teaching and helping ESL students make the most of their educational efforts. Also, she is a proof-reader at Essay writing services reviews .

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The Ultimate Guide to Opinion Writing for Students and Teachers

The Importance of Opinion Writing

Encouraging our students to express their personal opinions is an important part of the learning process; healthy even. To do this effectively, it is equally important that we help them acquire the necessary skills to express these opinions in a reasoned and coherent manner when teaching opinion writing.

Writing is one of the best possible vehicles for our students not only to express their opinions but to explore the strength and validity of those opinions.

CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY

For our students to competently express their opinions in writing, they must first understand the specific requirements of the type of question they are answering. Of course, there are many types of questions and fun opinion writing prompts that are geared towards coaxing personal opinions from a student and each will require its own specific tailored response.

It’s clear that personal opinions permeate a wide range of genres and media. We find opinions everywhere from hotel reviews and infomercials to political commentary and newspaper editorials. But, despite the diversity of forms opinion writing can take, we can helpfully identify some general criteria that will assist our students in navigating the challenge of most opinion writing prompts and questions.

Let’s take a look at some of these criteria in more detail.

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OPINION WRITING CRITERIA TO ADDRESS

1. identify the audience: speak clearly.

Writing is about language and language is about communication; students should understand that we do not write in a vacuum. The purpose of an essay, letter, or any other form of writing we care to name, is ultimately to be read.

This means that it is essential that consideration be given to the character of the intended audience. Also, remind students that when they are writing, the reader is not privy to the inner workings of the writer’s mind. They must make their thoughts explicit in their writing and ensure that these thoughts are expressed in a coherent manner.

The student writer should always avoid making the assumption that the reader knows things that are not expressed explicitly in the writing.

2. Take a Stance: Stand Firm

From the very outset, the student should state their position boldly. More than that, they must stand firm in that opinion throughout the entirety of the piece.

Opinion writing is not about communicating a series of pros and cons or discussing at length the various related advantages and disadvantages, the place for that is not here. The opinion piece should open with a bold statement of opinion that is clearly expressed, and that opinion should be held unwaveringly and reinforced constantly throughout the text.

As with many other writing genres , employing a hook to grab the reader’s attention is good practice too. This hook can take the form of a quotation, an anecdote, a statistic, or even a joke. Whatever form the hook takes, it should reveal the writer’s take on things too.

To summarize, whatever the topic and however the student opens their opinion piece, they should ensure they express their opinion immediately and coherently. There should be no doubt in the reader’s mind as to where the student-writer stands on the issue.

3. Choose Appropriate Evidence: Back It Up

There is no doubt that subjectivity is an important aspect of opinion writing in general. That does not mean, however, that opinions do not need to be substantiated.

Your students will need to recognize that each and every statement of opinion will need to be supported by appropriate evidence. This will also help students to develop their critical reading skills as they will be able to better recognize when unsubstantiated claims are made by other writers. Opinions backed up with evidence help lead the reader along the writer’s pathways of thought; making the writing more convincing as a whole.

This evidence can take a wide variety of forms, ranging from personal anecdotes and quotations to statistics and references to scientific studies. Students should also always be encouraged to choose evidence that is broadly suited to the subject they are writing about.

4. Draw Conclusions: Wrap It Up

In the well-organized piece of opinion writing, as with many other types of extended writing, the writing should be structured in paragraphs. Paragraphs are essential elements of good writing organization.

Generally speaking, an opening paragraph gives way to body paragraphs. These body paragraphs, or development paragraphs, describe in more detail the ideas laid out in the initial opening paragraph by further exploring, explaining, and providing supporting evidence for each point.

The final concluding paragraph serves to close the circle by restating the central points in a closing endeavor to drive home the writer’s opinion.

5. A Word on Words

Writing is an art form. Attention to detail is important. But, it isn’t only important to look at the big picture things like structure, students should be encouraged to shift their focus from the text level down to the word and sentence levels too. In an opinion piece, strong, forceful verbs should be the order of the day. There is little space for passive forms when engaged in the construction of convincing arguments.

Things should be kept interesting too. Students should vary their sentence structures grammatically and in length. Variety is key.

 As always in writing, editing should be emphasized. The editing process polishes the well-wrought opinion piece by putting the final gloss on the student’s work.

The OREO Opinion Writing Process Explained

As with all genres, there’s a lot to remember here and acronyms are a helpful way to commit these important things to memory. Luckily, few things can be easier to commit to memory than the name of a delicious cookie:

O – Opinion

R – Reasons

E – Evidence or Examples

O – Opinion (restated)

This memorable acronym will help students remember some of the main elements of opinion writing as outlined above. But, sometimes the hardest thing for students to do is to get the writing ball rolling.

Opinionated Sentence Starters

Sentence starters provide students with great ways to kick-start their writing. Reminding students of simple ways of introducing opinion sentences can be helpful. Here are a few for ‘starters’ for starters:

●     In my opinion…

●     I think that…

●     It seems to me that…

●     It appears to me…

●     I feel that…

Once the student-writer has effectively expressed their opinion on a matter, they then will need to provide the reader with the reasons for why they think what they think. In an essay, these reasons will usually be found in the body paragraphs or development paragraphs. Normally, these paragraphs will explore a single reason each.

Some helpful sentence starters for introducing these reasons include:

●     One reason I feel this way is…

●     Evidence to support this can be found in…

●     I believe this to evident in…

Opinion Writing Activities for Students

Students will certainly need practice completing sustained pieces of opinion writing, but some of the most valuable activities to help students evolve their opinion writing abilities barely require a pen to be put to paper.

While the following two activities do not require students to engage in extended pieces of writing, the activities below will assist students in grasping some essential concepts. These activities demonstrate good practice through modelling and also encourage dialogue, discussion, and debate as a means to strengthen opinion writing.

Activity 1: Opinion Writing – What Is It?

This exercise is a good follow-up to introductory work outlining the criteria of opinion writing as described above.

●     Start by passing out copies of a piece of opinion writing you have selected to read with the class. Read the text aloud as the students follow along with their copy. The opinion text chosen can come from a wide range of genres, including advertisements, letters, editorials, essays, articles, or reviews.

●     Assign students a talking partner and instruct students to take five minutes to identify the various criteria employed in the text. Encourage students to mark and annotate their copies of the text accordingly. You may even wish to supply students with a checklist compiled from the criteria mentioned previously in this article.

●     As a whole class, discuss how successfully the text fulfills the criteria. What did the writer do well? What could they have done better? You can record their responses on the whiteboard.

The aim of this exercise is for students to hone their critical faculties while internalizing the criteria. This will reap rewards when the students later engage in their own extended opinion writing.

Activity 2: The Collaborative Case

This activity employs collaboration to help students build a stronger case for their opinion on a divisive issue.

●     First, define the parameters of the exercise by presenting an either/or conundrum to the class. This doesn’t have to be overly controversial in nature, just stated in such a way that it forces the students to take one side or another. This could be stated simply as a choice, e.g. Dogs or cats? City or countryside? Beach or Mountains? Sweet or savory?

●     Students then divide into two groups according to their stated preferences. In their groups, they then discuss and compile as many supporting reasons for their choice as they can come up with. As a group, they will discuss the relative merits of each reason, before agreeing on their top five.

●     The groups then share their reasons in a debate format, using arguments and counter-arguments, leading into an open, free-ranging discussion.

The value of this exercise lies in the collaborative and ‘combative’ natures of the exercises. Just as our physical muscles can grow through resistance, so too can the strength and resilience of our opinions and arguments.

This activity can also be used as a lead-in to opinion writing as it works well as a prewriting preparation exercise. The complexity of the issue to be discussed and debated can easily be modified to suit the abilities of the students too.

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OPINION WRITING VIDEO TUTORIALS

These videos from teaching without frills are an excellent starting point for opinion writing. You can view the entire collection here.

  The Wrap Up

Opinion writing is a higher-level skill that makes many demands on our students. It will challenge them to move beyond parroting the facts and figures they have acquired in their learning to formulate their own thoughts on topics they have learned about in class, or in the wider world beyond the school gates.

It will make demands on their skill as writers too. Our students must learn to mold and mechanically manipulate the language on the page to express their beliefs persuasively and effectively. To do this successfully, they will need ample opportunities to practice their writing craft. Once a firm understanding of the structures involved has been established, the student can become more fluid in their expression. They will add art and flair to their craft. But first, they must build on these firm foundations.

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Teaching Writing to ESL/EFL Students: Tips and Activities for Any Level

• Linda D'Argenio
• August 19, 2022

Teaching writing to non-native speakers of a language presents a plethora of unique challenges and can feel overwhelming for new and seasoned teachers alike. However, teaching writing to ESL students can be dynamic and meaningful when approached with a bit of ingenuity.

If you’re new to teaching, you’ll want to get initial training and qualification with a TEFL certificate . You can explore our online TEFL courses to get started!

Why is it important to teach writing to ESL students?

In order to effectively participate as contributing members of society, individuals need to be able to communicate their thoughts in written form, whether they are using the English language as their vehicle or not.

Writing is an essential component of productive language, and ELs will need to demonstrate their ability to write in English if they hope to be competitive in a globalized world . Building competency in English-language writing supports reading comprehension, vocabulary expansion, and oral fluency , so there’s so much to be gained. And even if your students don’t plan to use the lingua franca on a regular basis, the skills gleaned from learning to write in another language transfer to all facets of life, making students more aware and more effective communicators in their native language(s) .

Teaching ESL writing aids in self-expression , which might be particularly meaningful for individuals who are hesitant to express themselves verbally. You might have the next Henry David Thoreau or Gabriel García Márquez in your class!

Why do ESL students struggle with writing?

Writing in another language is no easy feat, so it’s only natural that your ESL/ EFL students encounter difficulties when asked to do so.

First, it’s essential to recognize that writing conventions differ from one language group to another . Students from various linguistic backgrounds might declare that writing in English (particularly in an academic setting) is “boring,” something they perceive as formulaic. Often, these students come from backgrounds that value writing in a way that might seem “tangential” to native English readers.

In “Cultural thought patterns in inter-cultural education,” Robert B. Kaplan (1966) put forth a model for examining written discourse patterns, which illustrates how different thought patterns influence how speakers of other languages express themselves in written form.

You can observe that English is illustrated as being very straightforward, which aligns with the directness of spoken English. Kaplan poses here that other language groups tend to branch off in different directions in written form, pulling in supporting elements that might not be directly correlated to the main idea and that present as “off-topic” for native English speakers.

Secondly, it’s crucial to keep in mind that writing requires a vocabulary lexicon that can adequately support sharing . Often, even the most proficient English learners struggle to select the language they need to convey their point. When tackling writing instruction, make sure to consider how you’re supporting vocabulary development to support the conventions you’re teaching.

Lastly (and perhaps most importantly), writing is a form of self-expression, and self-expression through writing isn’t valued the same way in all cultures . There is a great deal of value placed on sharing one’s opinions in the U.S., for example, but this is not the reality all over the world. Some of your students might have been taught that they receive and process information, but that they are not in the position to make statements of their own or have the authority to teach others. Therefore, putting their thoughts down on paper might feel formal, high-stakes even, for your students.

What are some tips for teaching ESL writing?

Regardless of the age and proficiency level of your students, or whether you’re teaching writing in an ESL or EFL classroom, there is a myriad of strategies that you have at your disposal.

Don’t underestimate the value of conducting needs assessments

When it comes down to how to teach writing skills, even if you are teaching a group that is considered a certain proficiency level, recognize that there is always going to be a range of experience and ability present. Spend time getting to know what your students have been exposed to and in what ways before deciding on your approach. Teach to the middle to ensure no one is left behind.

Check out the following sample needs assessment to get started:

Think about how you can lower learners’ affective filters

A large portion of all successful teaching comes from relationship-building. In addition to getting a true sense of your learners’ experience and abilities, try to understand their attitudes towards writing as a process and any challenges that might be borne from those attitudes. How can you increase your students’ comfort level? How can you engage the individuals sitting in front of you?

Check out these 5 ways to build rapport with your students when teaching English.

Think about how the writing task can act as a building block for other assignments

Learning how to write in another language can be intimidating, and even more so if your students don’t enjoy writing in the first place. When wondering how to teach writing to ESL/EFL students, think about how you can integrate writing more often and more seamlessly into your lesson plans. Instead of approaching writing in isolation, teach writing skills alongside other “more engaging” activities that students tend to enjoy more. Have your students participate in role-playing and storytelling activities that require writing but don’t make writing the focus of the activity. This is your chance to be sneaky and get your students to build their writing skills without even knowing!

Present opportunities to examine authentic, written language

Providing students with examples of the target language is non-negotiable, but challenge yourself to move beyond the sample texts in your curriculum where possible. Students might feel bored by the selected works in their textbooks – they need to recognize that written language is all around them. Pull from authentic texts that cover an array of topics that you know matter to your students to keep them enticed.

Try incorporating pop culture into your ESL classroom to spice up writing activities!

Lead with function over form in instruction, and then alter your focus

Students can be discouraged to find their paper covered with red ink, highlighting their fallacies. While it is important to provide corrective feedback, consider the purpose of the assignment before marking up the composition. Was the output comprehensible? Did it touch upon everything that you asked for? Focusing on both function (the purpose of the assignment) and the accuracy in form simultaneously can feel overwhelming. Choose your objectives carefully, make them known to the learners, and provide corrective feedback accordingly .

Choose writing activities that pertain to your students’ learning goals. For example, the following clip, from a BridgeUniverse Expert Series webinar , covers how to teach Business English students to write an email in English:

Consider formative assessment and reflective strategies

Whenever possible, assess student work periodically, examining the process with various checkpoints and iterations throughout, instead of just evaluating the final product. Writing is an iterative process, and students benefit greatly when offered opportunities to reflect on their process. Create opportunities for students to participate in self- and peer-revision processes, which in turn will result in more conscientious and focused writers.

What are some ESL writing activities and lesson plans for beginners?

It can feel challenging to come up with writing activities for learners with beginner proficiency, but with proper scaffolding , writing can be inclusive and participatory.

Try group writing processes in class to get students comfortable

Writers with beginner proficiency might default to a deficit mindset, believing that writing is inaccessible for them due to a dearth of vocabulary or experience, so when you start to look at how to teach writing in the ESL/EFL classroom, your first job is to inspire confidence and get students into a growth mindset. To get them comfortable with the writing process, engage them in group writing activities.

• Choose a familiar topic (or have your students choose a topic together), and explain that you are going to “group-author” a paragraph.
• Have the students share what they know about the topic, and you, as the teacher, act as the scribe, jotting down their thoughts in a central location.
• Continue gathering their ideas until everyone has shared, remembering to emphasize that this is a process and that there is no wrong contribution.
• Examine the individual contributions and note overlap: How can a few thoughts be grouped together? In the process, ask students to elaborate on what they meant and provide examples.
• Organize these preliminary thoughts to the best of your ability, involving the students and getting them to notice organizational structures and decipher between the main idea and details.
• After celebrating what you can refer to as the “first draft,” provide specific and limited ways to improve the piece. Did they include everything they thought was relevant to the topic? Could the paragraph benefit from additional cohesive devices? Do the subjects and verbs agree? Provide ample support in the form of examples, formulas, and sentence frames alongside the piece. Invite students to examine the paragraph and seek out these common mistakes (in partners or individually).
• Create your “final draft” together, and ensure that it’s displayed prominently in the space.

By engaging them in the writing process in this way, you are instilling habits that will aid them in writing autonomously when the time comes.

Make the most of brainstorming – both individually and with others

Have you ever had students tell you that they don’t know what to write? Students, particularly those at the beginner level, need ample time to think about the content before diving into the actual writing process . Emphasize the importance of brainstorming as a way to collect their thoughts and aid them in their writing. Engage students in different kinds of brainstorming activities, going beyond “write down what comes to mind.”

Consider Think-Pair-Share as a framework for brainstorming, where students take time to think independently about the topic, share their ideas with their peers, and then share aloud to a larger group. Typically, the sharing is done orally, but you could also consider the independent writing portion of the activity as “sharing” with a larger audience, just in written form.

What are some ESL writing activities and lesson plans for intermediate and advanced students?

Facilitate a two-way journal experience with your students.

Create a way for individual students to exchange their ideas with you in an informal way with a two-way journal . Have the students maintain a writing journal that you periodically collect to write comments and ask questions. The objective of this exchange is not to formally evaluate your students’ writing, but to gather intel about your students’ progress and connect with them as individuals. Within these exchanges, not only are you building and sustaining rapport, but you are also augmenting critical thinking and meta-cognitive skills with strategies like noticing and annotation.

Cultivate peer revision routines

Learning to write in a non-native language is as much a social process as it is a cognitive process. Involving students in peer revision activities can be incredibly beneficial in that students can learn from their peers (potentially those who are stronger writers than themselves) and develop the ability to think more critically about their own writing. While getting students to effectively participate in peer revision activities requires a lot of frontloading and the establishing of routine, it is the gift that keeps on giving. If you’re interested in facilitating peer revision with your students, consider the following as general guidelines:

• Start by determining your focus for the activity. What are you asking the students to do? Make it clear to the students what you’re looking for, and provide supports that they can use in the process (e.g., a checklist or rubric).
• Demonstrate how students would use the rubric, and go through the revision process as a group.
• Provide sample pieces to examine, and engage the students in discussion around the samples.
• Make sure that students are aware of what is considered appropriate and useful feedback through modeling. Have them practice, and give them feedback on their feedback.
• Monitor the peer review sessions and jump in as needed, ensuring the quality of feedback for all involved parties.
• Reflect on the peer feedback activity in whole-group format, asking students to share what they got from reading their peers’ work, defining areas that they excelled in and areas for improvement.

Timed writing

Once your students feel comfortable with the writing process and the structure at hand, consider different contexts that they’ll be writing in. Perhaps they are planning to take the TOEFL or the Pearson Test of English (PTE) and hope to study abroad, or maybe they’re about to enter the workforce and work collaboratively with others.

In either case, your students will need to demonstrate their ability to communicate their ideas in written form while adhering to time constraints . Plan timed writing activities for your students on a variety of topics and with different parameters. In a standardized test prep context, have students write under the same conditions as the test that they’re preparing to sit for.

Take a Micro-credential course in Teaching TOEFL Test Prep or Teaching PTE Test Prep to help students ace these high-stakes exams.

In a workforce development setting, illustrate a scenario in which an email from management warrants an urgent (and polished) response. In either context, examine the output and discuss strategies that the students used. Student output from timed activities provides fertile ground for examining accuracy in form. Walk students through noticing activities, and challenge them to remember their tendencies in subsequent timed writing tasks.

Teaching writing to ESL/EFL students requires commitment and perhaps a bit of innovation on the part of the teacher, but if done well, it can prove immensely useful in a globalized world, aiding individuals in self-expression and beyond.

In addition to writing, there’s another subject that can sometimes fill teachers with dread: grammar! Here are 7 simple strategies for teaching grammar to English language learners , so you can tackle this topic with confidence .

Linda D'Argenio

Linda D'Argenio is a native of Naples, Italy. She is a world language teacher (English, Italian, and Mandarin Chinese,) translator, and writer. She has studied and worked in Italy, Germany, China, and the U.S. In 2003, Linda earned her doctoral degree in Classical Chinese Literature from Columbia University. She has taught students at both the school and college levels. Linda lives in Brooklyn, NY.

How to Teach Essay Writing – to ESL Students

Let’s face it, having to write an essay for most people is a daunting prospect, even if it’s in your first language, let alone trying to write one in your second language.

There are a number of barriers for ESL students to overcome that native speakers don’t have to deal with when it comes to essay writing.

• Most ESL students are far better at speaking than writing because they have a lot more opportunities to engage in conversation. As a result, they know they lack ability in writing and are afraid to expose this to others.
• Their first language, to a greater or lesser extent depending on the student, will impede their ability to successfully write using their second language.
• ESL students don’t have a fully developed lexicon. This means that they will find it hard to write in a clear, appropriate, or nuanced way.
• Essay writing is a skill that they can’t improve on their own because they don’t have an instinct for the language. They need instructions and feedback from a teacher in order to progress.

Given these barriers to learning, good TESOL teachers will ensure they have a very clear lesson plan when teaching essay writing.

I recommend that you start by giving your students a clear and defined process to follow – one that will work for whatever essay topic they need to answer. My process is called ‘The 3 Ps’ – Planning, Paragraphs, and Polishing .

My first writing professor in college told me that there are two unbreakable rules in essay writing. The first of these was…

‘What you leave out is more important than what you leave in.’

What he meant by that is that any essay writer will only mention 0.00000000001% of information that can be written on any given topic. This concept is especially salient for ESL writers.

When considering an essay topic, ask your students to brainstorm every point they can think of and then put them into two categories – important and less important.

Explain that they should focus on the most compelling ones – and leave out minor ideas or things that are too difficult to explain because of language issues.

Now let me share with you a maxim that I teach my students…

‘Essay writing is essentially about making assertions and then backing them up with evidence (reasons, examples, statistics, reliable news sources and expert opinion).’

The key pieces of evidence are reasons and examples. When they choose the most important points to write about, make sure they add reasons or examples for each point before they start writing.

The second unbreakable rule my writing professor taught me was…

‘When you’re writing, imagine your readers are idiots.’

Often when I read an essay written by an ESL student, there are logic gaps – missing links in chains of reasoning.

Students sometimes mistakenly believe that the thinking behind their writing is self-evident, so some links are quickly glossed over or not mentioned at all. If this is the case, I tell them it’s necessary for them to very carefully explain every single link in all chains of reasoning – like their readers are idiots.

Many ESL students are prone to having a breakdown in communication between what goes on in their minds and what they end up writing in their paragraphs.

This is because of their lack of practice in developing this skill.

I impress upon my students that…

‘Writing is the evidence of your thinking.’

I tell them that there needs to be a well-constructed bridge between their mind and their hands when writing their paragraphs.

The better the bridge, the less chance there will be a disconnect between their thinking and writing, resulting in them displaying their writing skills at their optimum level.

Have you ever heard of the expression, ‘putting lipstick on a pig’? Let me explain…

Polishing an essay is overrated. As an Academic Director at various Language Schools and Universities, I have seen some TESOL teachers who think that all that writing teachers need to do is to make as many corrections in red pen as possible.

Yes, proof reading an essay for spelling, grammar and punctuation needs to be done. But there is little point if the planning and paragraphs are substandard.

‘Polishing an essay that fails in the planning and paragraph stages is like putting lipstick on a pig.’

Or to put it another way, a hard, dry, crumbly cake with delicious icing is still a cake fail.

My teaching experience with ESL students has shown me that the vast majority of them have reached or are close to reaching their CURRENT potential with regard to spelling, grammar and punctuation.

They are usually a long way from reaching their CURRENT critical thinking potential.

By all means, spend some time on polishing techniques. However, it’s imperative that English Language Teachers create essay writing lesson plans that emphasise developing critical thinking in the planning and paragraph stages.

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How to Write an Essay

Use the links below to jump directly to any section of this guide:

Essay Writing Fundamentals

How to prepare to write an essay, how to edit an essay, how to share and publish your essays, how to get essay writing help, how to find essay writing inspiration, resources for teaching essay writing.

Essays, short prose compositions on a particular theme or topic, are the bread and butter of academic life. You write them in class, for homework, and on standardized tests to show what you know. Unlike other kinds of academic writing (like the research paper) and creative writing (like short stories and poems), essays allow you to develop your original thoughts on a prompt or question. Essays come in many varieties: they can be expository (fleshing out an idea or claim), descriptive, (explaining a person, place, or thing), narrative (relating a personal experience), or persuasive (attempting to win over a reader). This guide is a collection of dozens of links about academic essay writing that we have researched, categorized, and annotated in order to help you improve your essay writing. 

Essays are different from other forms of writing; in turn, there are different kinds of essays. This section contains general resources for getting to know the essay and its variants. These resources introduce and define the essay as a genre, and will teach you what to expect from essay-based assessments.

Purdue OWL Online Writing Lab

One of the most trusted academic writing sites, Purdue OWL provides a concise introduction to the four most common types of academic essays.

"The Essay: History and Definition" (ThoughtCo)

This snappy article from ThoughtCo talks about the origins of the essay and different kinds of essays you might be asked to write. 

"What Is An Essay?" Video Lecture (Coursera)

The University of California at Irvine's free video lecture, available on Coursera, tells  you everything you need to know about the essay.

Wikipedia Article on the "Essay"

Wikipedia's article on the essay is comprehensive, providing both English-language and global perspectives on the essay form. Learn about the essay's history, forms, and styles.

"Understanding College and Academic Writing" (Aims Online Writing Lab)

This list of common academic writing assignments (including types of essay prompts) will help you know what to expect from essay-based assessments.

Before you start writing your essay, you need to figure out who you're writing for (audience), what you're writing about (topic/theme), and what you're going to say (argument and thesis). This section contains links to handouts, chapters, videos and more to help you prepare to write an essay.

How to Identify Your Audience

"Audience" (Univ. of North Carolina Writing Center)

This handout provides questions you can ask yourself to determine the audience for an academic writing assignment. It also suggests strategies for fitting your paper to your intended audience.

"Purpose, Audience, Tone, and Content" (Univ. of Minnesota Libraries)

This extensive book chapter from Writing for Success , available online through Minnesota Libraries Publishing, is followed by exercises to try out your new pre-writing skills.

"Determining Audience" (Aims Online Writing Lab)

This guide from a community college's writing center shows you how to know your audience, and how to incorporate that knowledge in your thesis statement.

"Know Your Audience" ( Paper Rater Blog)

This short blog post uses examples to show how implied audiences for essays differ. It reminds you to think of your instructor as an observer, who will know only the information you pass along.

How to Choose a Theme or Topic

"Research Tutorial: Developing Your Topic" (YouTube)

Take a look at this short video tutorial from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill to understand the basics of developing a writing topic.

"How to Choose a Paper Topic" (WikiHow)

This simple, step-by-step guide (with pictures!) walks you through choosing a paper topic. It starts with a detailed description of brainstorming and ends with strategies to refine your broad topic.

"How to Read an Assignment: Moving From Assignment to Topic" (Harvard College Writing Center)

Did your teacher give you a prompt or other instructions? This guide helps you understand the relationship between an essay assignment and your essay's topic.

"Guidelines for Choosing a Topic" (CliffsNotes)

This study guide from CliffsNotes both discusses how to choose a topic and makes a useful distinction between "topic" and "thesis."

How to Come Up with an Argument

"Argument" (Univ. of North Carolina Writing Center)

Not sure what "argument" means in the context of academic writing? This page from the University of North Carolina is a good place to start.

"The Essay Guide: Finding an Argument" (Study Hub)

This handout explains why it's important to have an argument when beginning your essay, and provides tools to help you choose a viable argument.

"Writing a Thesis and Making an Argument" (University of Iowa)

This page from the University of Iowa's Writing Center contains exercises through which you can develop and refine your argument and thesis statement.

"Developing a Thesis" (Harvard College Writing Center)

This page from Harvard's Writing Center collates some helpful dos and don'ts of argumentative writing, from steps in constructing a thesis to avoiding vague and confrontational thesis statements.

"Suggestions for Developing Argumentative Essays" (Berkeley Student Learning Center)

This page offers concrete suggestions for each stage of the essay writing process, from topic selection to drafting and editing. 

How to Outline your Essay

"Outlines" (Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill via YouTube)

This short video tutorial from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill shows how to group your ideas into paragraphs or sections to begin the outlining process.

"Essay Outline" (Univ. of Washington Tacoma)

This two-page handout by a university professor simply defines the parts of an essay and then organizes them into an example outline.

"Types of Outlines and Samples" (Purdue OWL Online Writing Lab)

Purdue OWL gives examples of diverse outline strategies on this page, including the alphanumeric, full sentence, and decimal styles. 

"Outlining" (Harvard College Writing Center)

Once you have an argument, according to this handout, there are only three steps in the outline process: generalizing, ordering, and putting it all together. Then you're ready to write!

"Writing Essays" (Plymouth Univ.)

This packet, part of Plymouth University's Learning Development series, contains descriptions and diagrams relating to the outlining process.

"How to Write A Good Argumentative Essay: Logical Structure" (Criticalthinkingtutorials.com via YouTube)

This longer video tutorial gives an overview of how to structure your essay in order to support your argument or thesis. It is part of a longer course on academic writing hosted on Udemy.

Now that you've chosen and refined your topic and created an outline, use these resources to complete the writing process. Most essays contain introductions (which articulate your thesis statement), body paragraphs, and conclusions. Transitions facilitate the flow from one paragraph to the next so that support for your thesis builds throughout the essay. Sources and citations show where you got the evidence to support your thesis, which ensures that you avoid plagiarism. 

How to Write an Introduction

"Introductions" (Univ. of North Carolina Writing Center)

This page identifies the role of the introduction in any successful paper, suggests strategies for writing introductions, and warns against less effective introductions.

"How to Write A Good Introduction" (Michigan State Writing Center)

Beginning with the most common missteps in writing introductions, this guide condenses the essentials of introduction composition into seven points.

"The Introductory Paragraph" (ThoughtCo)

This blog post from academic advisor and college enrollment counselor Grace Fleming focuses on ways to grab your reader's attention at the beginning of your essay.

"Introductions and Conclusions" (Univ. of Toronto)

This guide from the University of Toronto gives advice that applies to writing both introductions and conclusions, including dos and don'ts.

"How to Write Better Essays: No One Does Introductions Properly" ( The Guardian )

This news article interviews UK professors on student essay writing; they point to introductions as the area that needs the most improvement.

How to Write a Thesis Statement

"Writing an Effective Thesis Statement" (YouTube)

This short, simple video tutorial from a college composition instructor at Tulsa Community College explains what a thesis statement is and what it does. 

"Thesis Statement: Four Steps to a Great Essay" (YouTube)

This fantastic tutorial walks you through drafting a thesis, using an essay prompt on Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter as an example.

"How to Write a Thesis Statement" (WikiHow)

This step-by-step guide (with pictures!) walks you through coming up with, writing, and editing a thesis statement. It invites you think of your statement as a "working thesis" that can change.

"How to Write a Thesis Statement" (Univ. of Indiana Bloomington)

Ask yourself the questions on this page, part of Indiana Bloomington's Writing Tutorial Services, when you're writing and refining your thesis statement.

"Writing Tips: Thesis Statements" (Univ. of Illinois Center for Writing Studies)

This page gives plentiful examples of good to great thesis statements, and offers questions to ask yourself when formulating a thesis statement.

How to Write Body Paragraphs

"Body Paragraph" (Brightstorm)

This module of a free online course introduces you to the components of a body paragraph. These include the topic sentence, information, evidence, and analysis.

"Strong Body Paragraphs" (Washington Univ.)

This handout from Washington's Writing and Research Center offers in-depth descriptions of the parts of a successful body paragraph.

"Guide to Paragraph Structure" (Deakin Univ.)

This handout is notable for color-coding example body paragraphs to help you identify the functions various sentences perform.

"Writing Body Paragraphs" (Univ. of Minnesota Libraries)

The exercises in this section of Writing for Success  will help you practice writing good body paragraphs. It includes guidance on selecting primary support for your thesis.

"The Writing Process—Body Paragraphs" (Aims Online Writing Lab)

The information and exercises on this page will familiarize you with outlining and writing body paragraphs, and includes links to more information on topic sentences and transitions.

"The Five-Paragraph Essay" (ThoughtCo)

This blog post discusses body paragraphs in the context of one of the most common academic essay types in secondary schools.

How to Use Transitions

"Transitions" (Univ. of North Carolina Writing Center)

This page from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill explains what a transition is, and how to know if you need to improve your transitions.

"Using Transitions Effectively" (Washington Univ.)

This handout defines transitions, offers tips for using them, and contains a useful list of common transitional words and phrases grouped by function.

"Transitions" (Aims Online Writing Lab)

This page compares paragraphs without transitions to paragraphs with transitions, and in doing so shows how important these connective words and phrases are.

"Transitions in Academic Essays" (Scribbr)

This page lists four techniques that will help you make sure your reader follows your train of thought, including grouping similar information and using transition words.

"Transitions" (El Paso Community College)

This handout shows example transitions within paragraphs for context, and explains how transitions improve your essay's flow and voice.

"Make Your Paragraphs Flow to Improve Writing" (ThoughtCo)

This blog post, another from academic advisor and college enrollment counselor Grace Fleming, talks about transitions and other strategies to improve your essay's overall flow.

"Transition Words" (smartwords.org)

This handy word bank will help you find transition words when you're feeling stuck. It's grouped by the transition's function, whether that is to show agreement, opposition, condition, or consequence.

How to Write a Conclusion

"Parts of An Essay: Conclusions" (Brightstorm)

This module of a free online course explains how to conclude an academic essay. It suggests thinking about the "3Rs": return to hook, restate your thesis, and relate to the reader.

"Essay Conclusions" (Univ. of Maryland University College)

This overview of the academic essay conclusion contains helpful examples and links to further resources for writing good conclusions.

"How to End An Essay" (WikiHow)

This step-by-step guide (with pictures!) by an English Ph.D. walks you through writing a conclusion, from brainstorming to ending with a flourish.

"Ending the Essay: Conclusions" (Harvard College Writing Center)

This page collates useful strategies for writing an effective conclusion, and reminds you to "close the discussion without closing it off" to further conversation.

How to Include Sources and Citations

"Research and Citation Resources" (Purdue OWL Online Writing Lab)

Purdue OWL streamlines information about the three most common referencing styles (MLA, Chicago, and APA) and provides examples of how to cite different resources in each system.

EasyBib: Free Bibliography Generator

This online tool allows you to input information about your source and automatically generate citations in any style. Be sure to select your resource type before clicking the "cite it" button.

CitationMachine

Like EasyBib, this online tool allows you to input information about your source and automatically generate citations in any style. 

Modern Language Association Handbook (MLA)

Here, you'll find the definitive and up-to-date record of MLA referencing rules. Order through the link above, or check to see if your library has a copy.

Chicago Manual of Style

Here, you'll find the definitive and up-to-date record of Chicago referencing rules. You can take a look at the table of contents, then choose to subscribe or start a free trial.

How to Avoid Plagiarism

"What is Plagiarism?" (plagiarism.org)

This nonprofit website contains numerous resources for identifying and avoiding plagiarism, and reminds you that even common activities like copying images from another website to your own site may constitute plagiarism.

"Plagiarism" (University of Oxford)

This interactive page from the University of Oxford helps you check for plagiarism in your work, making it clear how to avoid citing another person's work without full acknowledgement.

"Avoiding Plagiarism" (MIT Comparative Media Studies)

This quick guide explains what plagiarism is, what its consequences are, and how to avoid it. It starts by defining three words—quotation, paraphrase, and summary—that all constitute citation.

"Harvard Guide to Using Sources" (Harvard Extension School)

This comprehensive website from Harvard brings together articles, videos, and handouts about referencing, citation, and plagiarism. 

Grammarly contains tons of helpful grammar and writing resources, including a free tool to automatically scan your essay to check for close affinities to published work. 

Noplag is another popular online tool that automatically scans your essay to check for signs of plagiarism. Simply copy and paste your essay into the box and click "start checking."

Once you've written your essay, you'll want to edit (improve content), proofread (check for spelling and grammar mistakes), and finalize your work until you're ready to hand it in. This section brings together tips and resources for navigating the editing process. 

"Writing a First Draft" (Academic Help)

This is an introduction to the drafting process from the site Academic Help, with tips for getting your ideas on paper before editing begins.

"Editing and Proofreading" (Univ. of North Carolina Writing Center)

This page provides general strategies for revising your writing. They've intentionally left seven errors in the handout, to give you practice in spotting them.

"How to Proofread Effectively" (ThoughtCo)

This article from ThoughtCo, along with those linked at the bottom, help describe common mistakes to check for when proofreading.

"7 Simple Edits That Make Your Writing 100% More Powerful" (SmartBlogger)

This blog post emphasizes the importance of powerful, concise language, and reminds you that even your personal writing heroes create clunky first drafts.

"Editing Tips for Effective Writing" (Univ. of Pennsylvania)

On this page from Penn's International Relations department, you'll find tips for effective prose, errors to watch out for, and reminders about formatting.

"Editing the Essay" (Harvard College Writing Center)

This article, the first of two parts, gives you applicable strategies for the editing process. It suggests reading your essay aloud, removing any jargon, and being unafraid to remove even "dazzling" sentences that don't belong.

"Guide to Editing and Proofreading" (Oxford Learning Institute)

This handout from Oxford covers the basics of editing and proofreading, and reminds you that neither task should be rushed. 

In addition to plagiarism-checkers, Grammarly has a plug-in for your web browser that checks your writing for common mistakes.

After you've prepared, written, and edited your essay, you might want to share it outside the classroom. This section alerts you to print and web opportunities to share your essays with the wider world, from online writing communities and blogs to published journals geared toward young writers.

Sharing Your Essays Online

Go Teen Writers

Go Teen Writers is an online community for writers aged 13 - 19. It was founded by Stephanie Morrill, an author of contemporary young adult novels. 

Tumblr is a blogging website where you can share your writing and interact with other writers online. It's easy to add photos, links, audio, and video components.

Writersky provides an online platform for publishing and reading other youth writers' work. Its current content is mostly devoted to fiction.

Publishing Your Essays Online

This teen literary journal publishes in print, on the web, and (more frequently), on a blog. It is committed to ensuring that "teens see their authentic experience reflected on its pages."

The Matador Review

This youth writing platform celebrates "alternative," unconventional writing. The link above will take you directly to the site's "submissions" page.

Teen Ink has a website, monthly newsprint magazine, and quarterly poetry magazine promoting the work of young writers.

The largest online reading platform, Wattpad enables you to publish your work and read others' work. Its inline commenting feature allows you to share thoughts as you read along.

Publishing Your Essays in Print

Canvas Teen Literary Journal

This quarterly literary magazine is published for young writers by young writers. They accept many kinds of writing, including essays.

The Claremont Review

This biannual international magazine, first published in 1992, publishes poetry, essays, and short stories from writers aged 13 - 19.

Skipping Stones

This young writers magazine, founded in 1988, celebrates themes relating to ecological and cultural diversity. It publishes poems, photos, articles, and stories.

The Telling Room

This nonprofit writing center based in Maine publishes children's work on their website and in book form. The link above directs you to the site's submissions page.

Essay Contests

Scholastic Arts and Writing Awards

This prestigious international writing contest for students in grades 7 - 12 has been committed to "supporting the future of creativity since 1923."

Society of Professional Journalists High School Essay Contest

An annual essay contest on the theme of journalism and media, the Society of Professional Journalists High School Essay Contest awards scholarships up to $1,000.

National YoungArts Foundation

Here, you'll find information on a government-sponsored writing competition for writers aged 15 - 18. The foundation welcomes submissions of creative nonfiction, novels, scripts, poetry, short story and spoken word.

Signet Classics Student Scholarship Essay Contest

With prompts on a different literary work each year, this competition from Signet Classics awards college scholarships up to $1,000.

"The Ultimate Guide to High School Essay Contests" (CollegeVine)

See this handy guide from CollegeVine for a list of more competitions you can enter with your academic essay, from the National Council of Teachers of English Achievement Awards to the National High School Essay Contest by the U.S. Institute of Peace.

Whether you're struggling to write academic essays or you think you're a pro, there are workshops and online tools that can help you become an even better writer. Even the most seasoned writers encounter writer's block, so be proactive and look through our curated list of resources to combat this common frustration.

Online Essay-writing Classes and Workshops

"Getting Started with Essay Writing" (Coursera)

Coursera offers lots of free, high-quality online classes taught by college professors. Here's one example, taught by instructors from the University of California Irvine.

"Writing and English" (Brightstorm)

Brightstorm's free video lectures are easy to navigate by topic. This unit on the parts of an essay features content on the essay hook, thesis, supporting evidence, and more.

"How to Write an Essay" (EdX)

EdX is another open online university course website with several two- to five-week courses on the essay. This one is geared toward English language learners.

Writer's Digest University

This renowned writers' website offers online workshops and interactive tutorials. The courses offered cover everything from how to get started through how to get published.

Writing.com

Signing up for this online writer's community gives you access to helpful resources as well as an international community of writers.

How to Overcome Writer's Block

"Symptoms and Cures for Writer's Block" (Purdue OWL)

Purdue OWL offers a list of signs you might have writer's block, along with ways to overcome it. Consider trying out some "invention strategies" or ways to curb writing anxiety.

"Overcoming Writer's Block: Three Tips" ( The Guardian )

These tips, geared toward academic writing specifically, are practical and effective. The authors advocate setting realistic goals, creating dedicated writing time, and participating in social writing.

"Writing Tips: Strategies for Overcoming Writer's Block" (Univ. of Illinois)

This page from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Center for Writing Studies acquaints you with strategies that do and do not work to overcome writer's block.

"Writer's Block" (Univ. of Toronto)

Ask yourself the questions on this page; if the answer is "yes," try out some of the article's strategies. Each question is accompanied by at least two possible solutions.

If you have essays to write but are short on ideas, this section's links to prompts, example student essays, and celebrated essays by professional writers might help. You'll find writing prompts from a variety of sources, student essays to inspire you, and a number of essay writing collections.

Essay Writing Prompts

"50 Argumentative Essay Topics" (ThoughtCo)

Take a look at this list and the others ThoughtCo has curated for different kinds of essays. As the author notes, "a number of these topics are controversial and that's the point."

"401 Prompts for Argumentative Writing" ( New York Times )

This list (and the linked lists to persuasive and narrative writing prompts), besides being impressive in length, is put together by actual high school English teachers.

"SAT Sample Essay Prompts" (College Board)

If you're a student in the U.S., your classroom essay prompts are likely modeled on the prompts in U.S. college entrance exams. Take a look at these official examples from the SAT.

"Popular College Application Essay Topics" (Princeton Review)

This page from the Princeton Review dissects recent Common Application essay topics and discusses strategies for answering them.

Example Student Essays

"501 Writing Prompts" (DePaul Univ.)

This nearly 200-page packet, compiled by the LearningExpress Skill Builder in Focus Writing Team, is stuffed with writing prompts, example essays, and commentary.

"Topics in English" (Kibin)

Kibin is a for-pay essay help website, but its example essays (organized by topic) are available for free. You'll find essays on everything from  A Christmas Carol  to perseverance.

"Student Writing Models" (Thoughtful Learning)

Thoughtful Learning, a website that offers a variety of teaching materials, provides sample student essays on various topics and organizes them by grade level.

"Five-Paragraph Essay" (ThoughtCo)

In this blog post by a former professor of English and rhetoric, ThoughtCo brings together examples of five-paragraph essays and commentary on the form.

The Best Essay Writing Collections

The Best American Essays of the Century by Joyce Carol Oates (Amazon)

This collection of American essays spanning the twentieth century was compiled by award winning author and Princeton professor Joyce Carol Oates.

The Best American Essays 2017 by Leslie Jamison (Amazon)

Leslie Jamison, the celebrated author of essay collection  The Empathy Exams , collects recent, high-profile essays into a single volume.

The Art of the Personal Essay by Phillip Lopate (Amazon)

Documentary writer Phillip Lopate curates this historical overview of the personal essay's development, from the classical era to the present.

The White Album by Joan Didion (Amazon)

This seminal essay collection was authored by one of the most acclaimed personal essayists of all time, American journalist Joan Didion.

Consider the Lobster by David Foster Wallace (Amazon)

Read this famous essay collection by David Foster Wallace, who is known for his experimentation with the essay form. He pushed the boundaries of personal essay, reportage, and political polemic.

"50 Successful Harvard Application Essays" (Staff of the The Harvard Crimson )

If you're looking for examples of exceptional college application essays, this volume from Harvard's daily student newspaper is one of the best collections on the market.

Are you an instructor looking for the best resources for teaching essay writing? This section contains resources for developing in-class activities and student homework assignments. You'll find content from both well-known university writing centers and online writing labs.

Essay Writing Classroom Activities for Students

"In-class Writing Exercises" (Univ. of North Carolina Writing Center)

This page lists exercises related to brainstorming, organizing, drafting, and revising. It also contains suggestions for how to implement the suggested exercises.

"Teaching with Writing" (Univ. of Minnesota Center for Writing)

Instructions and encouragement for using "freewriting," one-minute papers, logbooks, and other write-to-learn activities in the classroom can be found here.

"Writing Worksheets" (Berkeley Student Learning Center)

Berkeley offers this bank of writing worksheets to use in class. They are nested under headings for "Prewriting," "Revision," "Research Papers" and more.

"Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism" (DePaul University)

Use these activities and worksheets from DePaul's Teaching Commons when instructing students on proper academic citation practices.

Essay Writing Homework Activities for Students

"Grammar and Punctuation Exercises" (Aims Online Writing Lab)

These five interactive online activities allow students to practice editing and proofreading. They'll hone their skills in correcting comma splices and run-ons, identifying fragments, using correct pronoun agreement, and comma usage.

"Student Interactives" (Read Write Think)

Read Write Think hosts interactive tools, games, and videos for developing writing skills. They can practice organizing and summarizing, writing poetry, and developing lines of inquiry and analysis.

This free website offers writing and grammar activities for all grade levels. The lessons are designed to be used both for large classes and smaller groups.

"Writing Activities and Lessons for Every Grade" (Education World)

Education World's page on writing activities and lessons links you to more free, online resources for learning how to "W.R.I.T.E.": write, revise, inform, think, and edit.

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To help students become motivated writers, give them an audience

If students have specific readers or a purpose in mind, they’re more likely to enjoy and engage in writing assignments, an education professor suggests.

Dive Brief:

Writing for an audience — even just a single reader — can have a positive impact on students’ motivation and enjoyment when completing writing assignments, particularly if they have someone in mind while writing.

By thinking about who may be reading what they’re writing, students will consider how they craft an assignment, whether that's jotting down thoughts in a journal, finishing an essay that will be read by their teacher, or creating materials shared with peers, said Steve Graham, regents’ professor and Mary Emily Warner professor at Arizona State University’s Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College. 

The key is making sure students understand there is an audience, and who that may be. “You’re more likely to write if you’re writing for someone and they like what you write,” Graham said. “And you’re likely to persist more when things get hard in the writing.”

Dive Insight:

The antithesis to writing for a reader, Graham said, is the classic assignment where students are told to write a letter that is never sent, or when they're asked to complete essays or short pieces for state or district assessments.

However, Graham said, an audience doesn’t need to be an entity or person outside of the school — the reader students are writing for can be their own peers, with pieces displayed on schoolroom walls or published within a class anthology.

“It’s important to realize an audience can be the classroom,” Graham said.

Graham suggests that educators consider a potential motivating factor for why a student is writing. These can be internal or intrinsic motivations, like feeling a need to get a story out, or external motivations such as applying for a prize or using writing “to self-regulate, because we’re bored,” Graham said.

“It’s important to have them engaged in tasks with a real purpose with a real audience,” Graham said.

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What Could a Theologian Have to Say About Good Writing?

Just like those in other disciplines, we must persuade students of its value and help them cultivate ways to enhance clarity of expression and style, writes James Ball.

By  James Ball

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If you want to ask someone about good writing or the latest innovation in writing instruction, you would naturally call a professor of English or composition. Or, as a result of the trend of writing across the curriculum , you might speak with a sociologist or historian. The odds are you would not look up your local theologian. Of course, many institutions of higher education don’t employ theologians, but I suspect there is more to it than that.

Some people may assume that the idea of God, of ultimate reality, is too impenetrable or amorphous to speak intelligibly about, much less yield insights on the craft of writing. There is some truth and wisdom in this. No less than the fifth-century theologian and bishop Augustine of Hippo, himself a prolific writer, once observed, “Since it is God we are speaking of, you do not understand. If you could understand it, it would not be God.”

Nevertheless, academic theologians like me find ourselves standing in front of students—most of whom are in our class to fulfill a core curriculum requirement—and charged with the responsibility to promote reasoned discourse about the problem of God, religious experience and theological ethics. We face much the same challenge our colleagues in other disciplines do: persuading others of the value of good writing in life and helping them cultivate some of the tools to enhance clarity of expression and style.

I typically assign essay papers that prompt critical reflection on a theological text in the light of the student’s own life experience, values and worldview. The assignment’s guidelines require an understanding of the work in question and an evaluation of the concerns and claims within the text. The guidelines clarify that personal faith and/or religious affiliation are not presupposed or required to carry out the assignment. Students find this approach to theological and religious questions novel and liberating, but what they really need help with is improving their use of the English language and their knowledge of what analytical and persuasive writing requires for success.

Students being taught grammar sometimes take this in a moralistic way, as if they were being made to feel guilty for being poor writers. Therefore, the first thing I jokingly say is that while students struggle with writing for many reasons, the good news is that most of those reasons are not their fault. For one thing, many students come from homes where English is not the primary language—which, of course, is natural and not a matter of fault at all. What’s more, primary, intermediate and secondary schools are frequently underfunded. Writing might not have been prioritized in them, and, after all, at those ages (and even now) many different good things compete for our attention.

I could hardly say everything that could be said about good writing, so what does my experience tell me they could not do without? If I could somehow fit it on a PowerPoint slide, we might have something the students would listen to and remember.

Writing is not talking: This is the most important thing they need to know. Talking is the verbalization of your largely unfiltered stream of consciousness. It serves its purpose, but writing, and certainly writing a college paper, is another matter entirely. You must step back from your prose and scrutinize it from a third-party perspective. Am I coming across the way I want to? Am I communicating what I think I’m communicating? It’s like a different language from everyday speech.

Writing is not a transcript of your thoughts, I tell my students. Rather, it’s more like the careful, creative, trial-and-error process of craftsmanship or artistic expression. To accomplished writers, that is self-evident; to some first-year students, it’s a revelation. All this sounds harder than talking, and it is. But it also means that nobody has to be—or could be—a perfect writer, a liberating message.

“Because”—this is a powerful word and should be used often. It tells me that my student is not simply making an assertion or venting, but she’s also offering a reason for what she states. It signals there is an attempt to explain and justify what is asserted. She is taking the reader and her own work seriously. There are other words that accomplish the same thing, but it helps to make my point with the most basic term. Instructors are used to seeing red flags that announce the paper is headed in the wrong direction; “because” declares the opposite. Not every reason is persuasive or even plausible, but the habit of attempting it must be established.

“For example.” This is another piece of the English language I confess to enjoy seeing, and I tell my students that. Giving an example of what one thinks is important slows the paper down and makes concrete what can easily remain abstract or theoretical. In a given case, the example might be a particular personal experience or Pope Francis commenting on climate change, but the point being driven home becomes more vivid by way of an example. Things never get worse with a good example.

After quoting, “This means that …” students sometimes think that if they quote a source or text, their work is done, but it is far from done. I tell them not to assume the meaning of the text is self-evident or that I will understand it because I am the professor. Rather, they need to interpret the text just quoted and also explain how the quotation is relevant to the argument they themselves have been making in their paper. How might the quoted material support or challenge their position? When the students write, “This means that,” they are not simply mimicking me; they are telegraphing they get what engaging the thought of another writer is all about and making that happen.

“1→2.” As I explain to my students, this is my own code for shortening your sentences and paragraphs. Most students err on the side of excessively long, unwieldy sentences, whether or not they are technically run-on sentences. Excited about having a number of things to say, they try to jam a host of ideas into one sentence. The impulse to connect ideas is good, but the execution is bad.

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As a corrective, I encourage them to “go from one to two”—to take two sentences to say what they would have said in one. The same advice holds for paragraphs. Learning to start a new paragraph helps the writer organize one’s thoughts in a manageable and coherent way. Not every long sentence or paragraph is ill-advised, but students first need to practice shortening them.

Don’t write “indeed.” I first learned this tip from my middle school–aged daughter, and I tell my students how this came about. One day she asked me to read a paper she had written. I thought it was good work, but asked her why she had used the word “indeed.” She replied that she had done some serious research in her paper and wanted the teacher to take her, and her work, seriously.

I gave her a different view. I told her it was likely to leave the opposite impression—however inaccurate—that she wrote “indeed” to impress him and cover up superficial aspects of the paper. The message to my students is not so much about the word “indeed,” which after all has its rightful place in English usage. The larger point is that they should write in their own voice and let their material speak for itself without affectation or trying to sound good.

I don’t know whether my writing tips will become second nature to my students over time, but I can report seeing “because” and “for example” more frequently of late. Developing my short list of tips has reminded me that good writing in the theology classroom looks a lot like good writing in an English or history class. In theology parlance, God is known as “mystery,” but that’s not a license for theologians and their students to write in obscure or mystifying ways. If it were, who would listen?

James Ball is associate professor of theology at Saint Mary’s University in San Antonio.

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54 Excellent, Low-Stakes Writing Prompts

Across grade levels, engaging and creative writing prompts encourage kids to explore their opinions, reflect on experiences, and build strong arguments.

Routine low-stakes writing should be part of every student’s literacy diet. Ungraded and low-pressure, this type of writing improves kids’ writing stamina and builds language fluency, says Rebecca Alber , an instructor at UCLA’s Graduate School of Education.

Under the right conditions, students can get ideas about a question or concept down quickly and with few parameters, then “share those thoughts, and feel just as successful as everyone else in the room,” Alber says. The goal is to help students feel empowered to communicate ideas clearly and convincingly, while increasing their confidence as writers in preparation for longer, higher-stakes writing. 

Prompts are an excellent starting point—but not all prompts are created equal, writes Todd Finley , a professor of English Education at East Carolina University. Superficially clever prompts may get pencils moving but often result in writing that’s neither valuable nor memorable. To improve the quality of students’ output and their level of investment, present them with prompts that require persuasive, opinion, informative, or even creative responses—and consider incorporating some student choice in the process. 

As a wrap-up, students can share their work with a partner, in small groups, or even aloud to the class. To allow everyone to fully participate in the messy work of writing and occasionally “let their scraggly emotions run free,” Finley suggests offering the option to write “personal” at the top of pages they prefer to keep private.  

We combed through dozens of lists of teacher-tested prompts to find 54 thought-provoking ones that will get students—from elementary through middle and high school—thinking, reflecting, and engaging in meaningful writing. 

Elementary School Prompts

• I wish my teachers knew that… 
• What things do all kids know that adults do not? 
• Describe a routine that you often or always do (in the morning, when you get home, Friday nights, before a game, etc.). 
• You wake up tomorrow with a silly superpower that makes you famous. What is that silly power? How does it lead to you becoming an international superstar? 
• What are examples of things you want versus things you need? 
• Describe something that you saw in the news recently and how it made you feel.
• What is one thing you would do to make your school, town, or city a better place?
• What can we do to help people with different opinions get along better?
• If you met an alien, what three questions would you ask them?
• Which skill would you like to be good at in the future?
• You’re on a quest through a hidden underground world that no one has ever seen. What magical creatures do you come across? What do they look like, and how do they act? 
• You’re the first person to ever set foot on Mars. What is it like? What do you explore first? 
• I will never forget the day… 
• Pretend you can trade places with someone real or imaginary, from the past or present. Describe who that person is and why you would like to trade places. Write about what you would do as that person for the day and how you would feel about it.
• Write about the kind of job you think you might like to do someday. Be sure to explain what you know about that job and why you think it would be a good fit for you. 
• Would a robot make a good friend? Think about all the good and bad aspects of having a mechanical buddy. Explain why you would or would not want a robot for a friend.
• Write a story about something that happened at school one day that you want to remember for the rest of your life.
• Describe a person who influenced your life in a positive way, someone who has made a difference in your life. Explain what this person did and how it made your life different. 

Middle School Prompts

• How can you tell when someone your age is feeling insecure? Are most people more insecure or anxious than they let on?
• If you starred in a television show about your life, what would the show be called? What genre would it be? (Examples: comedy, drama, thriller, romance, action-adventure, fantasy, superhero, soap opera, reality, game show, space adventure, Western, tragedy, etc.) Summarize the plot of an episode. 
• Is your ethnicity an important part of your identity? How so? 
• You have been selected to be principal of your school. What are five rules that every kid should follow at your school, and what do you think should happen if those rules are broken? 
• What do the friends you hang out with most have in common? How are you most like them? How are you different from them?
• What contributes to someone becoming a bully? What can help stop someone from bullying?
• Should we fear failure? Explain.
• Choose an event in your life, and write about it from the perspective of someone else who was there.
• Describe a flavor (salty, sweet, bitter, etc.) to someone who has never tasted it before.
• Glass half-full/half-empty: Write about an event or situation with a positive outlook. Then write about it with a negative outlook.
• Write a texting conversation between two friends who speak every day and know each other better than anyone.
• After home and school, where do you find the strongest feeling of community?
• Should governments do more to discourage people from smoking and vaping?
• Sixth grade is a time of many changes. Describe the changes that have taken place in your life since you started sixth grade. For example, you could write about school, friends, family, or other changes. ( Teachers: Change the grade level as necessary.) 
• You have a computer that can be programmed to do any of the activities you’re normally responsible for. Explain the activities you would or would not assign to the machine, and why. 
• Some say the legal driving age should be lowered from 16 to 14, and some say it should be raised to 18. Explain why you think the legal driving age should be lowered to 14, raised to 18, or left as it is at 16. 
• A door in your school has always been kept locked. One day, as you walk past, you discover the door is open. Write a story about what happens next. 
• What would you like to tell adults in the future about being a young person during this time period?

High School Prompts

• A nonprofit hires you as a consultant to determine how best to use $20 billion to save the world. What’s your plan?
• What’s the worst thing about the internet? 
• How much control over your life do you have? What makes you say that? 
• Describe your ideal life 15 years from now. What is something you can do every day to reach that goal?
• What things do you conscientiously do to feed your brain?
• What are three of your most profound learning experiences? Where and when did they occur?
• Write about your day in five acts, like a Shakespearean play. If your day were a play, what would be the introduction, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution?
• You have a difficult decision to make. Describe a conversation you might have with yourself about it.
• Which beliefs and values do you think define American culture? 
• Should everyone go to college?
• What’s more important, practice or performance?
• Is it my job or the teacher’s job to motivate me?
• What is the best measure of human growth?
• Pick two characters from different books you’ve read this year and have them get in an argument about something.
• Which animal would judge us the most? Write a scene (based on truth or fiction) where two or more people are doing something and being observed and criticized by animals.
• Imagine that someone says to you, “Because that’s how we’ve always done it!” Write this out as a scene. (Think: Who said it, what were the circumstances, how did you respond, etc.)
• Is voting too hard in the United States?
• Should politicians be on social media? 

(Sourced from Todd Finley , We Are Teachers , TeachThought , Scholastic , Birmingham City Schools , College Transitions , The New York Times , Monte Syrie , Texthelp , and PBS/KQED’s Above the Noise )

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Writing Support Services

Writing Support Services offers a supportive atmosphere for confidential dialog about the writing process. Our consultants are engaged in students' writing, and offer a non-directive, responsive approach to providing students with the strategies needed to learn productive habits in all stages of writing. Services offered include:

• Free individual consulting sessions
• Writing workshops: download Fall 2024 flyer
• In collaboration with Warner’s Career Services , Writing Support Services is pleased to offer two workshops on how to write resumes and cover letters: download resume & cover letter flyer
• Writing resources

Scheduling Information

For the first two weeks of the fall and spring semesters, Writing Support Services offers limited individual consulting hours. Starting from the third week of each semester, the Writing Support Services will offer regular consulting hours. Visit our scheduling system for information. If all appointments are taken or if none of the available hours work for you, please email the WSS Coordinator .

How to Schedule and Prepare for an Appointment

• Go to our  scheduling system .
• Use your Active Directory ID and password.
• Once you are logged in to the scheduling system, the calendar will display available appointments.
• Select an open time to make an appointment.  After you make the appointment, you will receive a confirmation email, informing you of the place and time to meet your consultant. Each person is limited to one appointment per week.
• At least 24 hours before your appointment, email a draft of your paper as an attachment to  [email protected]  and/or your consultant's email address. In your email, list two or three aspects of your paper that you would like to focus on during your appointment.
• If an appointment is listed as a “Drop-in” appointment, you do not need to make an appointment.  But you must sign up to reserve the drop-in slot for that particular day. A physical sign-up sheet will be available 30 minutes in advance of the Drop-in Consultations outside of rooms LeChase 207 and 209.

Frequently Asked Questions

What support is offered.

Writing Support Services offers assistance to Warner students in many areas of writing. Students are expected to take responsibility for their choices about their own writing. We encourage students to take notes during consultation sessions. Among the services offered, we:

• Review your paper before a scheduled session and prepare questions that other readers may ask.
• Answer your questions and try to respond to your concerns about your paper.
• Direct your attention to resources that might prove useful.
• Suggest strategies, offer encouragement, and provide information to help you move forward with your work.
• Help you set priorities based on your needs, identifying points of revision that are possible within a particular timeframe.
• Help you clarify the point of a section or the whole paper by asking questions and listening to your answers.
• Indicate patterns in your writing that you may wish to modify: organization of points, sentence patterns, word choice, tone, grammar, etc.

What support is not provided?

Although we try to meet many needs of students, we cannot:

• Proofread or edit drafts of papers
• Address every strength and weakness in the draft, or point out every issue related to sentence structure, grammar, or mechanics.
• Promise that your paper will be finished when you leave the consultation; in all likelihood you will leave with work to do.
• Guarantee a one-to-one correlation between your consultation and better grades. Nor will we discuss grades during sessions.
• Guarantee that our interpretation of an instructor’s assignment will be accurate.

 Students who want proofreading assistance will find a list of independent proofreaders who offer their services for a fee. 

What takes place during a session and how long do they last?

A typical session will address one or more of the following concerns: focus, organization/structure, audience, transitions, paragraph unity, and grammar/syntax. Sessions will be 50 minutes long, with an additional 5 to 10 minutes for wrap-up and evaluation. For papers longer than 15 pages, you may want to make several appointments during your writing process. Because of high demand, each student may only schedule one consultation per week.

Can I get help on take-home or comprehensive exams?

If you have questions about whether it is appropriate to get feedback from the Writing Support Services on take-home exams or comprehensive exams, please ask your instructor or advisor before bringing in your paper. Teaching and Curriculum doctoral students may not use Writing Support Services for help with their comprehensive exams, unless they are users of English as an additional language. Support for comprehensive examinations will be limited to two appointments per examination. Students may also bring revised comprehensive examinations for writing support (for an additional two appointments).

When should I schedule an appointment?

The earlier in the writing process you use Writing Support Services, the more helpful the consultants can be. Keep in mind that scheduling an appointment for the day before a paper is due will most likely be more stressful than helpful. Please allow at least three to four days for revision between your appointment and the assignment due date.   When you schedule a session you will receive a confirmation email stating the location of your consultation—there is no longer an office available for WSS consultations.

However, if you cancel within three hours of your appointment time, you will be considered a “no show.” Students who are “no shows” for three appointments during one semester will be blocked from appointments for the rest of the semester.

How can I get the most out of a session?

No less than 24 hours before your appointment, please e-mail the following to: [email protected] :

• The writing prompt or assignment from the instructor.
• Your paper, double-spaced. If it is a long text, either send a section or note which section you want to receive support on. (If you have not started to write your paper, bring your notes and ideas about it.)
• A statement in your e-mail that identifies two or three areas that you would like to focus on during the session (e.g., your argument, organization, clarity, APA style, etc.).

If your text is not ready 24 hours in advance, you may still bring content and ideas for discussion; however, the consultant will not prepare in advance. Consultants are not available to go over the specifics of an assignment; please contact the instructor with these questions.

What should I do if I can't get a consulting session appointment right away?

Drop-in writing support sessions offer you an opportunity to discuss academic writing questions face-to-face with a writing consultant, without scheduling an appointment in advance. Drop-in sessions are available  only  when not all of the regularly scheduled appointments have been reserved.

• To find out if Drop-in appointments will be available on a particular day, visit our scheduling system on that same day and look for appointment hours labeled ‘Drop in’. These appointments are automatically made available on our webpage on a rolling basis, 24hours before an open appointment slot.
•  Drop-in sessions are available on a first-come, first-served basis.
• A physical sign-up sheet will be available 30 minutes in advance of the Drop-in Consultations outside of LeChase room 370. You must go to the room at that time and sign up to reserve the drop-in slot for that particular day.
•  You may use as many drop-in appointments as are available, but you must sign up for each one separately.
•  Using a drop-in appointment will not prevent you from being allowed to sign up for a full writing consultation appointment during the same week.
•  Drop-in consulting sessions are an experiment of the Writing Support Services. This service may be discontinued if it is not used. We welcome your feedback on our experiment! To give feedback or for more information, please  email the WSS Coordinator .

Need Writing Assistance?

Fall 2024 writing workshops.

Attend workshops via Zoom, access workshop recordings, and request accommodations: here

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9/14 - Critical Reading of Academic Texts

Saturday, Sept. 14, 10:45 a.m.-12:15 p.m., LeChase 481

This workshop will focus on how to read academic journal articles and other texts efficiently and rhetorically. Participants will practice deconstructing academic texts by identifying arguments, pinpointing the author’s position, evaluating evidence, asking questions, and taking notes. 

NOTE: This is NOT a speed-reading course, but rather the first step to unpacking academic writing.

9/20 - Incorporating Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism

Friday, Sept. 20, 4:15 p.m.-5:45 p.m., LeChase 481

This workshop will discuss common pitfalls that constitute plagiarism in academic writing. Participants will learn how to enter academic conversations efficiently by re-using ideas from and citing sources. We will practice approaches related to ‘textual borrowing,’ including paraphrasing, quoting, and summarizing.

10/5 - Constructing an Argument in Academic Writing

Saturday, Oct. 5, 10:45 a.m.-12:15 p.m., LeChase 481

Making arguments is a core function of many types of academic writing, from reading responses to critical commentaries, proposals, and longer texts such as theses and dissertations. This workshop will discuss how to develop an argument drawing on your ideas and research and other evidence.

10/11 - APA Style and Format

Friday, Oct. 11, 4:15 p.m.-5:45 p.m., LeChase 481

This workshop will explore features of the APA Publication Manual style. Participants will gain hands-on experience with formatting citations, references, and other paper elements, creating headings for different sections of an academic text, and reducing bias in the academic language. To get the most out of this workshop, have available your APA Publication Manual (7th ed.) 

10/18 - Target Your Resume or CV to Get the Results You Want

Friday, Oct. 18, 4:15 p.m.-5:15 p.m., LeChase 481

Resumes and CVs are both marketing tools aimed at persuading decision-makers to offer you an interview for the positions you apply to, but their structure, composition, and use are distinctly different. Each document should tell your story in a way that differentiates you so that you rise to the top of the applicant pool. In this workshop, we will look at examples of both resumes and CVs and address questions about writing them. Time will be allocated to answering your requests for advice on works in progress.

10/25 - Cover Letters Are Not about You: A Guide to Writing a Persuasive Argument to Get an Interview

Friday, Oct. 25, 4:15 p.m.-5:15 p.m., LeChase 481

Many job seekers don’t know what to say in cover letters, so opt to repeat the information included on their resume or CV. Instead, the purpose of a cover letter is to make a persuasive argument for you to be selected for an interview for the position for which you’re applying. Thus, filling in the blanks of a generic cover letter template is not likely to be persuasive. 

A persuasive argument in a cover letter grows out of the research you’ve conducted about the organization and the requirements of the position. It focuses on the audience rather than you, the applicant, and includes vivid, specific examples of your competencies for the job. 

A good cover letter illustrates the aspects of your background, values, and knowledge that align with the position and appeal to the organization. It closes by asking explicitly for an interview.

Consultants

Onesmo Mushi

Onesmo is a PhD student in the Teaching and Curriculum program at the Warner School of Education. He has a master's degree in Teaching English to Speakers of Second Languages (TESOL) from the Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA, under the Fulbright scholarship and a Bachelor of Education in Special Needs from the University of Dodoma, Tanzania. Before joining graduate school, he taught English to secondary school students for five years in Tanzania. He also spent a year learning the Chinese language at the Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics in China. His research interests include Academic and Professional Writing, Transnational Literacy, and Curriculum Reform.

Xiatinghan Xu

Xiatinghan is a PhD candidate in Teaching and Curriculum at the Warner School and coordinator of the Writing Support Services. She holds a BA in English from Sichuan University and a MA in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) from the University of Southern California. Before coming to Rochester, she worked as an ESL teacher at LA Technology Center, where she finished her case study of immigrant adult English learning. She also has years of experience teaching TOEFL reading and writing. Her current research interests focus on multilingual writers’ research and publishing practices.

Sieun is a PhD candidate in Teaching and Curriculum at the Warner School. She holds a BA degree in elementary and music education and worked as a public school teacher in South Korea for 10 years. She has a master’s degree in Aesthetics, a branch of philosophy concerning human desires, emotions, and the arts. She has led an English academic writing peer review group for the past 5 years, with approximately 80 international students from various fields. Building on her expertise in Self-Determination Theory, her research interests focus on the psychology and philosophy of human flourishing, development, perception, processes of self-integration, emotion regulation, and valuing.

Xinyue Wang 

Xinyue is an EdD student in the Counseling and Counselor Education program at the Warner School of Education. She has a BA degree in Communication Studies and English from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and a MA degree in Education Psychology, with a focus on Counseling and Student Personnel Psychology from the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities. She has been working with international students in higher education settings, providing them with academic and social-emotional support for the past seven years. She is interested in understanding international students' experiences and fostering optimal development, well-being, and a sense of belonging for the student population in higher education settings. 

ABIGAIL ZANG HOFFMAN

Abby is a PhD student in Human Development at the Warner School. She earned a BA from Cornell University, and she earned both a Master of Divinity and master’s degree in social work from the University of Chicago. For the past 18 years, she has been a Pastor serving in congregations in Upstate NY. Her research interests include well-being, social connection, and community-based efforts to address the epidemic of loneliness.

Dardan Shabani

Dardan is a PhD student in Teaching and Curriculum at the Warner Graduate School of Education. He has a master’s degree in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) from the same school. He has been working as an English teacher for 11 years in different educational institutions, such as English language centers, public schools, and higher education, and in various geolinguistic contexts, including Kosovo, United States, and France. He has taught courses such as English for Academic Purposes, Business English, and introductory course in linguistics at Université Lumière and Université Jean Moulin in Lyon, France. His research interests lie in the field of TESOL and English teacher identity.

Email non-appointment inquiries to:

[email protected] . 

Accommodations

For accommodations related to writing, contact Mary Judge at:

 (585) 273-1838 or  [email protected]

Learn strategies to help your child write their college essay

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From: Early Childhood Education Initiatives

Do you have a child who's preparing to apply for college?

Join Early Childhood Education Initiatives (ECEI) for "Creating the Best Narrative: Tips on College Essays & Short Answers," an informative Zoom seminar on Tuesday, Aug. 13, from 1-2 p.m., featuring Jarrid Dulaney, transfer coordinator and interim associate director.  

In this seminar, parents of high school seniors preparing college applications will learn strategies that can help them write compelling essays and short answers.

Register here .

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Picture Prompts

142 Picture Prompts to Inspire Student Writing

A school year’s worth of short, accessible image-driven posts that invite a variety of kinds of writing.

By The Learning Network

We’ve been publishing our Picture Prompts series four days a week since 2016. Below, we’ve rounded up all the prompts we published for the 2023-24 school year.

These short, accessible, image-driven prompts invite students to pen short stories, poems and memoirs; share experiences from their lives; analyze illustrations, graphs and charts; and tell us their opinions on hot-button issues.

You can find even more in our roundups for the 2022-23 , 2021-22 and 2020-21 school years, as well as in our collections of 125 picture prompts for creative and narrative writing and 25 spooky images for writing scary stories .

To learn how you can use Picture Prompts to build literacy skills, promote critical thinking, inspire discussion and foster creativity in your classroom, watch our three-minute tutorial video or our on-demand webinar . For dozens more ideas, see our lesson plan “ How to Teach With Our Picture Prompts (and Other Times Images) .”

If you use this feature with your students, or if you have other ideas for how to use photos, illustrations and graphics to encourage writing, let us know in the comments.

Share experiences from your own life.

Boys and Cologne Soapbox Derby Graphs Old and Young 2,000 Bags Spring Holidays Baking Spring ‘Floor Person’ Checking Your Watch ‘Wild’ Ice Skating Lunar New Year Hot Pot Distracted Walking Breakfast Wild Weather Maps Healthy Habits Holiday Classics Compliments Family Drama Thanksgiving Dinner Libraries Scary Movies Carving Pumpkins Fall Friday the 13th Our Own Language Skydiving Lazy Days Back to School

What story does this image inspire for you?

Falling Into a Hole Friends? Up, Up and Away! Pet Alligator Shadowy Figures Help Fishing in a Stream Tiny House Rats on a Dog Walking Away Public Selfies Hidden Doorway Playing Dominoes Point of No Return Sunset by the Water Valentines Biking Climbing a Ladder Reflections Happy Creatures Snowfall Blindfolded The Red Planet Dog TV Walking Through Town People and Penguins Witches on the Water Spying Show Time! A Wave Goodbye Ancient Arrow A Hand Up Darkened Library The Concert

What do you think this image, chart or cartoon is saying?

Pink Head, Green Check City Street Lapel Buttons One Seat Underwear on a Statue Justices An Elevator Filled With Robots Flying Plastic In a Box Watching Snacks and Drinks Tree Stump Behind Columns Lying in Bed Soccer and Dollars Two People Sitting Package and Globe Hot-Air Balloon Civil Conversation Raking A Shadow Parent and Child Atop a Cellphone The Super Wealthy Brick Wall Eagle and Ropes Painting Blank Space Exercise Football and Bag of Money Worm in an Apple Head in the Clouds

What’s your opinion on this issue?

‘Cowboy Carter’ New Stamp Design Prizewinning Miniature Poodle Cicadas for Dinner Met Gala Student Orchestra Tech in the Classroom Salt Movie Memorabilia 100 Years of Furniture March Madness Texting Styles Concerts Leap Day Broadway Shows Ice Cream Celebrity Feuds A.I.-Generated Faces World’s Largest Cruise Ship Your Energy Playlist Taylor Swift and the N.F.L. In-and-Out Lists Contenders Coveted Cup Your 2024 Most-Anticipated List 2023 in Pictures Style in 2023 $700 Million Deal Dream Décor Skipping School Giving Tuesday Pop-Tart Critic Time Change Pink Jersey Floating Home The Mall Breaking Police Robot Celebrity Relationships Fall Music New iPhone Tiny Homes Floods in Libya Football Season Land, Man and Sky Fall Video Games

Students 13 and older in the United States and Britain, and 16 and older elsewhere, are invited to comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff, but please keep in mind that once your comment is accepted, it will be made public and may appear in print.

Find more Picture Prompts here.