omit the page number.
If the author of a source is unknown, try to determine if there is an organization or government responsible for creating the content. If so, include its name in the in-text citation (and reference entry).
Alternatively, use the source title in place of the author. Italicize the title if it’s italicized in the reference entry (except for court cases , which are italicized in the in-text citation but not the reference entry). Otherwise, enclose it in double quotation marks.
Apply title case capitalization, and shorten long titles. The first word of the title should always be included so readers can easily locate the corresponding reference entry.
If the publication date is unknown, write “n.d.” (no date) in the in-text citation.
Page numbers are only required with direct quotes in APA . If you are quoting from a work that does not have page numbers (e.g., webpages or YouTube videos ), you can use an alternative locator, such as:
Note that Bible citations always use chapter and verse numbers, even when page numbers are available:
If a statement is supported by multiple sources, the in-text citations can be combined in one parenthesis. Order the sources alphabetically, and separate them with a semicolon.
When citing multiple works from the same author, list the years of publication separated by a comma.
When in-text citations are ambiguous because they correspond to multiple reference entries, apply the solutions outlined in the table below.
Situation | Solution | In-text citation |
---|---|---|
Multiple works by the same author in the same year. | Add a lowercase letter after the year. | (Cooper, 2018a) (Cooper, 2018b) |
Different authors with the same last name. | Include the authors’ initials. | (H. Taylor, 2019) (B. J. Taylor, 2016) |
Multiple works with 3+ authors that shorten to the same form (i.e., same first author(s) and date). | Include as many names as needed to distinguish the citations. | (Cooper, Lee, et al., 2015) (Cooper, Ross, et al., 2015) |
If you want to refer to a source that you have found in another source, you should always try to access the original or primary source .
However, if you cannot find the original source , you should cite it through the secondary source that led you to it, using the phrase “as cited in”.
If the publication date of the primary source is unknown, include only the year of publication of the secondary source.
Only include a reference entry for the secondary source, not the primary source.
Personal communications , such as phone calls, emails, and interviews, are not included in the reference list because readers can’t access them. The in-text citation is also formatted slightly differently.
Include the initials and last name of the person you communicated with, the words “personal communication,” and the exact date in parentheses.
General mentions of a website or software don’t have to be cited with an in-text citation or entry in the reference list. Instead, incorporate relevant information into the running text.
When citing a webpage or online article , the APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and year of publication. For example: (Worland & Williams, 2015). Note that the author can also be an organization. For example: (American Psychological Association, 2019).
If you’re quoting you should also include a locator. Since web pages don’t have page numbers, you can use one of the following options:
Instead of the author’s name, include the first few words of the work’s title in the in-text citation. Enclose the title in double quotation marks when citing an article, web page or book chapter. Italicize the title of periodicals, books, and reports.
If the publication date is unknown , use “n.d.” (no date) instead. For example: (Johnson, n.d.).
The abbreviation “ et al. ” (meaning “and others”) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors . Here’s how it works:
Only include the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”, a comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018).
Always include page numbers in the APA in-text citation when quoting a source . Don’t include page numbers when referring to a work as a whole – for example, an entire book or journal article.
If your source does not have page numbers, you can use an alternative locator such as a timestamp, chapter heading or paragraph number.
If you cite several sources by the same author or group of authors, you’ll distinguish between them in your APA in-text citations using the year of publication.
If you cite multiple sources by the same author(s) at the same point , you can just write the author name(s) once and separate the different years with commas, e.g., (Smith, 2020, 2021).
To distinguish between sources with the same author(s) and the same publication year, add a different lowercase letter after the year for each source, e.g., (Smith, 2020, 2021a, 2021b). Add the same letters to the corresponding reference entries .
In an APA in-text citation , you use the phrase “ as cited in ” if you want to cite a source indirectly (i.e., if you cannot find the original source).
Parenthetical citation: (Brown, 1829, as cited in Mahone, 2018) Narrative citation: Brown (1829, as cited in Mahone, 2018) states that…
On the reference page , you only include the secondary source (Mahone, 2018).
An APA in-text citation is placed before the final punctuation mark in a sentence.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Streefkerk, R. (2022, September 30). APA In-Text Citations (7th Ed.) | Multiple Authors & Missing Info. Scribbr. Retrieved August 21, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/in-text-citation/
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Sample papers, reference list formatting.
General Guidelines
PLEASE NOTE : If the appendix consists of a single table or figure and no other elements, then the appendix label and title are also used as the figure label without the word figure or table preceding it. Example: Appendix B: Births in Connecticut, 2021-2024
For an example of a reference list, please visit:
This handout focuses on how to format in-text citations in APA.
Proper citation of sources is a two-part process . You must first cite each source in the body of your essay; these citations within the essay are called in-text citations . You MUST cite all quoted, paraphrased, or summarized words, ideas, and facts from sources. Without in-text citations, you are technically in danger of plagiarism, even if you have listed your sources at the end of the essay.
In-text citations point the reader to the sources’ information on the references page. The in-text citation typically includes the author's last name and the year of publication. If you use a direct quote, the page number is also provided.
More information can be found on p. 253 of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
Direct quotation with the author named in the text.
Heinze and Lu (2017) stated, “The NFL shifted its responses to institutional change around concussions significantly as the field itself evolved” (p. 509).
Note: The year of publication is listed in parenthesis after the names of the authors, and the page number is listed in parenthesis at the end of the quote.
As the NFL developed as an organization, it “shifted its responses to institutional change around concussions significantly” (Heinze & Lu, 2017, p. 509).
Note: At the end of the quote, the names of the authors, year of publication, and page number are listed in parenthesis.
As the NFL developed as an organization, its reactions toward concussions also transformed (Heinze & Lu, 2017).
Note: For paraphrases, page numbers are encouraged but not required.
To work toward solving the issue of violence in prisons begins with determining aspects that might connect with prisoners' violent conduct (Thomson et al., 2019).
The findings were astonishing "in a recent study of parent and adult child relationships" ("Parents and Their Children," 2007, p. 2).
Note: Since the author of the text is not stated, a shortened version of the title is used instead.
When using secondary sources, use the phrase "as cited in" and cite the secondary source on the References page.
In 1936, Keynes said, “governments should run deficits when the economy is slow to avoid unemployment” (as cited in Richardson, 2008, p. 257).
When using direct quotations of 40 or more words, indent five spaces from the left margin without using quotation marks. The final period should come before the parenthetical citation.
At Meramec, an English department policy states:
To honor and protect their own work and that of others, all students must give credit to proprietary sources that are used for course work. It is assumed that any information that is not documented is either common knowledge in that field or the original work of that student. (St. Louis Community College, 2001, p. 1)
If citing a specific web document without a page number, include the name of the author, date, title of the section, and paragraph number in parentheses:
In America, “Two out of five deaths among U.S. teens are the result of a motor vehicle crash” (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2004, Overview section, para. 1).
Here is a print-friendly version of this content.
Learn more about the APA References page by reviewing this handout .
For information on STLCC's academic integrity policy, check out this webpage .
For additional information on APA, check out STLCC's LibGuide on APA .
A sample APA essay is available at this link .
Fast and free citation generator APA 6th and 7th ed. • MLA 8th ed. • Chicago 16th ed.
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Copy the information below in your paper according to the Guide on the right. Use your own page numbers.
In-text citations are required when you use someone else's ideas, theories or research in your paper.
Examples: (choose depending if author and/or date is mentioned in text)
Quotation :
Paraphrase :
Note: APA style encourages the inclusion of page numbers for paraphrases, but it is not mandatory. Include page or paragraph numbers if it will help reader find the information.
No authors : Use the title in place of author. Shorten title if needed. Use double quotation marks for title of an article, a chapter, or a web page. Use italics for title of a periodical, a book, a brochure or a report.
Two authors : Within the text use the word and . If the authors' names are within parentheses use the & symbol.
Three or more authors: Include only the last name of the first author followed by "et al."
(Wasserstein et al., 2017)
Spell out the name in full the first time and abbreviate subsequent times only if abbreviation is well known.
When quoting always provide author, year and specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated material.
If the quotation is less than 40 words incorporate it into the text and enclose the quotation with quotation marks. Cite the source immediately after the close of the quotation marks.
If the authors are named in the text, they do not have to be used in the citation.
In fact, "a neurosis is characterized by anxiety" (Kristen & Warb, 2012, p. 157).
"A neurosis is characterized by anxiety," according to Kristen and Warb's (2012, p. 157) longitudinal study.
If the quotation is over 40 words, you must indent the entire quotation and start the quotation on a new line. No quotation marks are required. Cite the quoted source after the final punctuation mark.
Alberta is occasionally divided into two regions, Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta. The majority of Alberta's population is located in large urban cities, mostly located in the South. Alberta is Canada's most populous province of all three Canadian Prairie provinces. Edmonton is the Capital of Alberta. (Hern, 1996, p. 22)
APA style encourages the inclusion of page numbers, but it is not mandatory. Include page or paragraph numbers if it will help reader find the information.
If the document does not contain page numbers, include paragraph numbers.
If neither is available omit page and paragraph numbers. Do not count paragraph numbers.
When paraphrasing from multiple sources, include all authors name in parentheses in alphabetical order.
Note: APA style encourages the inclusion of page numbers for paraphrases, but it is not mandatory. Include page or paragraph numbers if it will help reader find the information.)
Two or more authors : Within the text use the word and . If the authors' names are within parentheses use the & symbol.
Three to five authors : Include all authors' last names the first time the citation is used. If you use the same citation again within the same paragraph, use only the first last name followed by 'et al'. If you used the citation again omit the year.
Six or more authors: Include only the last name of the first author followed by "et al."
(Wasserstein et al., 2010)
Alberta is occasionally divided into two regions, Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta. The majority of Alberta's population is located in large urban cities, mostly located in the South. Alberta is Canada's most populous Province of all three Canadian prairie provinces. Edmonton is the Capital of Alberta. (Hern, 1996, p. 22)
In-text citations are called parenthetical references in MLA. This involves placing information about the source in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase. The information in the parenthetical references must match the corresponding information in the list of works cited.
The purpose of parenthetical references is to indicate to readers not only what works you used, but what you used from each source and where in the source you found the material. This can be done by inserting a parenthetical reference in your text at the spot where you have used the source's ideas or words.
You should keep parenthetical references as brief and as few as clarity and accuracy permit.
Alberta is occasionally divided into two regions, Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta. The majority of Alberta's population is located in large urban cities, mostly located in the South. Alberta is Canada's most populous Province of all three Canadian prairie provinces. Edmonton is the Capital of Alberta. (Herick 22)
Example: Cole found that "The bones were very fragile" (33-34). 1
Each superscript then refers to a numbered citation in the footnotes or endnotes.
Footnotes/endnotes:
The first time the in-text reference is cited you must include, author's first name, author's last name, title, place of publication, publisher name, year and referenced pages. e.g.
1. James Smith, The first and last war , (New York, Hamilton, 2003), 2.
If the citation has already been cited it may be shortened to author's last name, shortened title, and page referenced number. e.g.
2. Smith, The first , 220-221.
If the citation has been referenced immediately prior, the note may be shortened even further to ibid with the page number. e.g.
3. Ibid., 786.
For each author-date citation in the text, there must be a corresponding entry in the reference list under the same name and date.
An author-date citation in running text or at the end of a block quotation consists of the last (family) name of the author, followed by the year of publication of the work in question. In this context, author may refer not only to one or more authors or an institution but also to one or more editors, translators, or compilers. No punctuation appears between author and date. Abbreviations such as ed. or trans. are omitted.
(Woodward 1987)
(Schuman and Scott 1987)
When a specific page, section, equation, or other division of the work is cited, it follows the date, preceded by a comma. When a volume as a whole is referred to, without a page number, vol. is used. For volume plus page, only a colon is needed. The n in the Fischer and Siple example below indicates "note" (see 14.164 ). The last example shows how one might cite a section of a work that contains no page or section numbers or other numerical signposts—the case for some electronic documents (see 15.8 ).
(Piaget 1980, 74)
(LaFree 2010, 413, 417–18)
(Johnson 1979, sec. 24)
Fowler and Hoyle 1965, eq. 87)
(García 1987, vol. 2)
(García 1987, 2:345)
(Barnes 1998, 2:354–55, 3:29)
(Fischer and Siple 1990, 212n3)
(Hellman 1998, under "The Battleground")
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American Psychological Association (APA) style is commonly used for citing references in student papers in science, medical, public health, health sciences and nursing as well as the social science.
The purpose of documentation is to:
This guide is based on the APA Manual (7th ed.) that was published in 2019.
What is a DOI? A DOI ( digital object identifier ) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency (the International DOI Foundation) to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet.
NOTE: It is regarded as the most important part of the citation because it will accurately direct users to the specific article.
Think of it as a "digital fingerprint" or an article's DNA!
The rules for DOIs have been updated in the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. They should be included as URLs, rather than just the alphanumeric string.
Correct:
Incorrect:
We would like to thank the Himmelfarb Heath Sciences Library at George Washington University for letting UWF Libraries reuse and remix their guide on APA Citation Style.
Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, a comprehensive guide to apa citations and format, overview of this guide:.
This page provides you with an overview of APA format, 7th edition. Included is information about referencing, various citation formats with examples for each source type, and other helpful information.
If you’re looking for MLA format , check out the Citation Machine MLA Guide. Also, visit the Citation Machine homepage to use the APA formatter, which is an APA citation generator, and to see more styles .
When you’re writing a research paper or creating a research project, you will probably use another individual’s work to help develop your own assignment. A good researcher or scholar uses another individual’s work in a responsible way. This involves indicating that the work of other individuals is included in your project (i.e., citing), which is one way to prevent plagiarism.
The word plagiarism is derived from the Latin word, plagiare , which means “to kidnap.” The term has evolved over the years to now mean the act of taking another individual’s work and using it as your own, without acknowledging the original author (American Psychological Association, 2020 p. 21). Plagiarism can be illegal and there can be serious ramifications for plagiarizing someone else’s work. Thankfully, plagiarism can be prevented. One way it can be prevented is by including citations and references in your research project. Want to make them quickly and easily? Try the Citation Machine citation generator, which is found on our homepage.
Citations and references should be included anytime you use another individual’s work in your own assignment. When including a quote, paraphrased information, images, or any other piece of information from another’s work, you need to show where you found it by including a citation and a reference. This guide explains how to make them.
APA style citations are added in the body of a research paper or project and references are added to the last page.
Citations , which are called in-text citations, are included when you’re adding information from another individual’s work into your own project. When you add text word-for-word from another source into your project, or take information from another source and place it in your own words and writing style (known as paraphrasing), you create an in-text citation. These citations are short in length and are placed in the main part of your project, directly after the borrowed information.
References are found at the end of your research project, usually on the last page. Included on this reference list page is the full information for any in-text citations found in the body of the project. These references are listed in alphabetical order by the author's last name.
An APA in-text citation includes only three items: the last name(s) of the author(s), the year the source was published, and sometimes the page or location of the information. References include more information such as the name of the author(s), the year the source was published, the full title of the source, and the URL or page range.
Including APA citations and references in your research projects is a very important component of the research process. When you include citations, you’re being a responsible researcher. You’re showing readers that you were able to find valuable, high-quality information from other sources, place them into your project where appropriate, all while acknowledging the original authors and their work.
Believe it or not, there are instances when you could attempt to include in-text and full references in the appropriate places, but still accidentally plagiarize. Here are some common mistakes to be aware of:
Mistake #1 - Misquoting sources: If you plan to use a direct quote, make sure you copy it exactly as is. Sure, you can use part of the full quote or sentence, but if you decide to put quotation marks around any words, those words should match exactly what was found in the original source. Here’s a line from The Little Prince , by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry:
“Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves, and it is tiresome for children to be always and forever explaining things to them.”
Here’s an acceptable option:
“Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves,” stated de Saint-Exupéry (1943, p. 3).
Here’s a misquote:
“Grown-ups barely ever understand anything by themselves,” stated de Saint-Exupéry (1943, p. 3).
Notice the slight change in the words. The incorrect phrasing is an instance of accidental plagiarism.
Mistake #2 - Problems with paraphrasing: When we paraphrase, we restate information using our own words and writing style. It’s not acceptable to substitute words from the original source with synonyms.
Let’s use the same sentence from The Little Prince .
A correct paraphrase could be:
de Saint-Exupéry (1943) shares various ways adults frustrate children. One of the biggest being that kids have to explain everything. It’s too bad adults are unable to comprehend anything on their own (p. 3).
An incorrect paraphrase would be:
de Saint-Exupéry (1943) shares that adults never understand anything by themselves, and it is exhausting for kids to be always and forever clarifying things to them (p.3).
Notice how close the incorrect paraphrase is from the original. This is an instance of accidental plagiarism.
Make sure you quote and paraphrase properly in order to prevent accidental plagiarism.
If you’re having a difficult time paraphrasing properly, it is acceptable to paraphrase part of the text AND use a direct quote. Here’s an example:
de Saint-Exupery (1943) shares various ways adults frustrate children. One of the biggest being that kids have to explain everything, and “it is tiresome for children to be always and forever explaining things to them” (p. 3).
Who created it.
The American Psychological Association is an organization created for individuals in the psychology field. With close to 121,000 members, they provide educational opportunities, funding, guidance, and research information for everything psychology-related. They also have numerous high-quality databases, peer-reviewed journals, and books that revolve around mental health.
The American Psychological Association is also credited with creating their own specific citation and reference style. Today, this format is used by individuals not only in the psychology field, but many other subject areas as well. Education, economics, business, and social sciences also use APA style quite frequently. Click here for more information . This guide covers general information about the style, but is not affiliated with the American Psychological Association.
This format was first developed in 1929 to form a standardized way for researchers in science fields to document their sources. Prior to the inception of these standards and guidelines, individuals were recognizing the work of other authors by including bits and pieces of information in random order. There wasn’t a set way to format citations and references. You can probably imagine how difficult it was to understand the sources that were used for research projects!
Having a standard format for citing sources allows readers to glance at a citation or APA reference and easily locate the title, author, year published, and other critical pieces of information needed to understand a source.
The guide below is based on APA style 7th edition, which was released in 2020. In previous versions of APA format, researchers and scholars were required to include the publisher location for books and the date that an electronic resource was accessed. Both are no longer required to be included.
Details on the differences between the 6th and 7th editions is addressed later in this guide.
The appearance of citations & references.
The format for references varies, but most use this general format:
%%Author’s Last name, First initial. (Date published). Title . URL
Researchers and scholars must look up the proper format for the source that they’re attempting to cite. Books have a certain format, websites have a different format, periodicals have a different format, and so on. Scroll down to find the proper format for the source you’re citing or referencing.
If you would like help citing your sources, CitationMachine.com has a citation generator that will help make the APA citation process much easier for you. To start, simply click on the source type you're citing:
An APA in-text citation is included in research projects in three instances: When using a direct quote, paraphrasing information, or simply referring to a piece of information from another source.
Quite often, researchers and scholars use a small amount of text, word for word, from another source and include it in their own research projects. This is done for many reasons. Sometimes, another author’s words are so eloquently written that there isn’t a better way to rephrase it yourself. Other times, the author’s words can help prove a point or establish an understanding for something in your research project. When using another author’s exact words in your research project, include an APA in-text citation directly following it.
In addition to using the exact words from another source and placing them into your project, these citations are also added anytime you paraphrase information. Paraphrasing is when you take information from another source and rephrase it, in your own words.
When simply referring to another piece of information from another source, also include a citation directly following it.
Citations in the text are found near a direct quote, paraphrased information, or next to a mention of another source. To see examples of some narrative/ parenthetical citations in action, look at the image above, under “All About Citations & References.”
Note: *Only include the page or paragraph number when using a direct quote or paraphrase. Page numbers have a p. before the number, pp. before the page range, and para. before the paragraph number. This information is included to help the reader locate the exact portion of text themselves. It is unnecessary to include this information when you’re simply referring to another source.
Examples of APA in-text citations:
“Well, you’re about to enter the land of the free and the brave. And I don’t know how you got that stamp on your passport. The priest must know someone” (Tóibín, 2009, p. 52).
Student teachers who use technology in their lessons tend to continue using technology tools throughout their teaching careers (Kent & Giles, 2017, p. 12).
If including the author’s name in the sentence, place the year in the parentheses directly next to his or her name. Add the page number at the end, unless it’s a source without any pages or paragraph numbers (See Section 8.10 of the Publication manual for more details).
In-text citation APA example:
According to a study done by Kent and Giles (2017), student teachers who use technology in their lessons tend to continue using technology tools throughout their teaching careers.
The full references, or citations, for these sources can be found on the last part of a research project, titled the “References.”
Here’s how to create in-text citations for specific amounts of authors:
When the source lacks an author’s name, place the title, year, and page number (if available) in the text. The title should be in italics if it sits alone (such as a movie, brochure, or report). If the source is part of a whole (as many web pages and articles are), place the title in quotation marks without italics (See Section 8.14 of the Publication manual ).
Structure of an APA format citation in the text narratively, with the author's name missing:
Title of Source (Year) or “Title of Source” (Year)
Structure of an APA style format citation, in parentheses at the end of the sentence, with the author’s name missing: (Title of Source, Year) or (“Title of Source,” Year)
In the text, narratively: Last name of Author (Year)...(page number).
In parentheses, at the end of the sentence: (Last name of Author, Year, page number).
Place the authors in the order they appear on the source. Only use the ampersand in the parenthetical citations (see Section 8.17 of the Publication manual ). Use ‘and’ to separate the author names if they’re in the text of the sentence.
In the text, narratively: Last name of Author 1 and Last name of Author 2 (Year)....(page number).
In parentheses, at the end of the sentence: (Last name of Author 1 & Last name of Author 2, Year, page number).
Only include the first listed author’s name in the first and any subsequent citations. Follow it with et al.
(Last name Author 1 et al., Year, page number)
(Agbayani et al., 2020, p. 99)
Last name of Author 1 et al. (Year)...(page).
Agbayani et al. (2020)...(p. 99)
What do you do when you want to cite multiple works by an author, and the sources all written in the same year?
Include the letters ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘c’ and so on after the year in the citation.
(Jackson, 2013a)
Jackson (2013a)
Writers can even lump dates together.
Example: Jackson often studied mammals while in Africa (2013a, 2013b).
On the APA reference page, include the same letters in the full references.
Write out the full name of the group or organization in the first citation and place the abbreviation next to it in brackets. If the group or organization is cited again, only include the abbreviation. If it doesn’t have an abbreviation associated with it, write out the entire organization’s name each and every time (see Section 8.21 of the Publication manual ).
First APA citation for an organization with an abbreviation: (World Health Organization [WHO], Year)
World Health Organization (WHO, Year)
Notice in the example directly above, the name of the organization is written out in full in the text of the sentence, and the abbreviation is placed in parentheses next to it.
Subsequent APA citations in the text for an organization with an abbreviation: (WHO, Year) OR WHO (Year)
All citations in the text for an organization without an abbreviation: (Citation Machine, Year) or Citation Machine (Year)
Sometimes you’ll need to cite more than one work within an in-text citation. Follow the same format (author, year) format but place semicolons between works (p. 263).
(Obama, 2016; Monroe et al., 1820; Hoover & Coolidge, 1928)
Reminder: There are many citation tools available on CitationMachine.com. Head to our homepage to learn more, check out our APA citation website, and cite your sources easily! The most useful resource on our website? Our APA citation generator, which doesn’t just create full references, it’s also an APA in-text citation website! It’ll do both for you!
Click here to learn more about crediting work .
References display the full information for all the citations found in the body of a research project.
Some things to keep in mind when it comes to the references:
Learn more about each component of the reference citation and how to format it in the sections that follow. See an APA sample paper reference list at the end of this entire section.
The names of authors are written in reverse order. Include the initials for the first and middle names. End this information with a period (see Section 9.8 of the Publication manual ).
Format: Last name, F. M.
When two or more authors work together on a source, write them in the order in which they appear on the source. You can name up to 20 authors in the reference. For sources with 2 to 20 authors, place an ampersand (&) before the final author. Use this format:
Last name, F. M., & Last name, F. M.
Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., & Last name, F. M.
Kent, A. G., Giles, R. M., Thorpe, A., Lukes, R., Bever, D. J., & He, Y.
If there are 21 or more authors listed on a source, only include the first 19 authors, add three ellipses, and then add the last author’s name.
Roberts, A., Johnson, M. C., Klein, J., Cheng, E. V., Sherman, A., Levin, K. K. , ...Lopez, G. S.
If you plan on using a free APA citation tool, like the one at CitationMachine.com, the names of the authors will format properly for you.
###No authors
If the source lacks an author, place the title in the first position in the reference (Section 9.12 of the Publication manual ). When the source’s title begins with a number (Such as 101 Dalmatians ), place the reference alphabetically as if the number was spelled out. 101 Dalmatians would be placed in the spot where ‘One hundred’ would go, but keep the numbers in their place.
Additionally, if the title begins with the words ‘A’, ‘An,’ or ‘The,’ ignore these words and place the title alphabetically according to the next word.
See the “Titles” section below for more information on formatting the title of sources.
###Corporate/Organization authors
On an APA reference page, corporate authors are always written out in full. In the text of your paper, you may have some abbreviations (such as UN for United Nations), but in the full references, always include the full names of the corporation or organization (following Section 9.11 of the official Publication manual ).
%%United Nations. (2019). Libya: $202 million needed to bring life-saving aid to half a million people hit by humanitarian crisis. https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/02/1031981
Directly after the author’s name is the date the source was published. Include the full date for newspapers and magazine articles, and only the year for journals and all other sources. If no date is found on the source, include the initials, n.d. for “no date.”
%% Narducci, M. (2017, May 19). City renames part of 11th Street Ed Snider Way to honor Flyers founder. The Philadelphia Inquirer . http://www.philly.com/
If using our APA Citation Machine, our citation generator will add the correct format for you automatically.
Giving a retrieval date is not needed unless the online content is likely to be frequently updated and changed (e.g., encyclopedia article, dictionary entry, Twitter profile, etc.).
%%Citation Machine [@CiteMachine]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://twitter.com/CiteMachine
When writing out titles for books, articles, chapters, or other non-periodical sources, only capitalize the first word of the title and the first word of the subtitle. Names of people, places, organizations, and other proper nouns also have the first letter capitalized. For books and reports, italicize the title in the APA citation.
Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
Roots: The saga of an American family.
For articles and chapters in APA referencing, do not italicize the title.
Wake up the nation: Public libraries, policy making, and political discourse.
For newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other periodicals, capitalize the first letter in each word and italicize the title.
The Seattle Times.
A common question is whether to underline your title or place it in italics or quotation marks in the reference list. Here’s a good general rule: When a source sits alone and is not part of a larger whole, place the title in italics. If the source does not sit alone and is part of a larger whole, do not place it in italics.
Books, movies, journals, and television shows are placed in italics since they stand alone. Songs on an album, episodes of television shows, chapters in books, and articles in journals are not placed in italics since they are smaller pieces of larger wholes.
The Citation Machine citation generator will format the title in your citations automatically.
If you feel it would be helpful to include additional information about the source type, include a descriptive noun or two in brackets immediately following the title. Capitalize the first letter.
%%Kennedy, K., & Molen, G. R. (Producers), & Spielberg, S. (Director). (1993). Jurassic Park [Film]. USA: Universal.
Besides [Film], other common notations include:
If you are using Citation Machine citing tools, additional information about the title is automatically added for you.
For books and reports, include the publisher name but not the location (see Section 9.29 of the Publication manual ). Older editions of the style required the city, state and/or country, but this hasn't been the case since the 7th edition was released.
It is not necessary to include the entire name of the publisher. It is acceptable to use a brief, intelligible form. However, if Books or Press are part of the publisher’s names, keep these words in the reference. Other common terms, such as Inc., Co., Publishers, and others can be omitted.
For newspapers, journals, magazines, and other periodicals, include the volume and issue number after the title. The volume number is listed first, by itself, in italics. The issue number is in parentheses immediately after it, not italicized. There is no space after the closing parenthesis and before the volume number.
%%Giannoukos, G., Besas, G., Hictour, V., & Georgas, T. (2016). A study on the role of computers in adult education. Educational Research and Reviews , 11 (9), 907-923. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2016.2688
After including the publisher information, end this section with a period.
Perseus Books.
For online sources, the URL or DOI (Direct Object Identifier) are included at the end of an APA citation.
DOI numbers are often created by publishers for journal articles and other periodical sources. They were created in response to the problem of broken or outdated links and URLs. When a journal article is assigned a DOI number, it is static and will never change. Because of its permanent characteristic, DOIs are the preferred type of electronic information to include in APA citations. When a DOI number is not available, include the source’s URL (see Section 9.34 in the Publication manual ).
For DOIs, include the number in this format:
http://doi.org/xxxx
For URLs, type them in this format:
http:// or https://
Other information about electronic sources:
If using the Citation Machine APA citation website autocite features, the online publication information will be automatically replaced by the DOI. The Citation Machine APA template will properly cite your online sources for you.
Make sure you run your completed paper through the Citation Machine Plus smart proofreader, which scans for grammar, spelling, and plagiarism. Whether it’s an adjective , verb , or pronoun out-of-place, our technology helps edits your paper for you!
An APA annotated bibliography is a full bibliography that includes a small note for each reference citation. Each note should be short (1-2 paragraphs) and contain a summary or your evaluation about each source. When creating your citations on CitationMachine.net, there is a field at the bottom of each form to add your own annotations.
Follow the publication manual guidelines on paper format and writing style. Let your instructor guide other details about your annotations. Still confused? Read our guide on annotated bibliographies .
These types of projects look different depending on the style you’re using. Use the link at the top of the page to access resources related to the Modern Language Association’s style. Here’s information related to Chicago citation style .
Need help with the design and formatting of your paper? Look no further! This section provides the ins and outs of properly displaying the information in your APA essay.
Arrange your pages in this order:
Keep in mind that the order above is the recommendation for papers being submitted for peer review. If you’re writing an APA style paper for a class, your professor may be more lenient about the requirements. Also, if you’re submitting your paper for a specific journal, check the requirements on the journal’s website. Each journal has different rules and procedures.
Just a little nudge to remind you about the Citation Machine Plus smart proofreader. Whether it’s a conjunction or interjection out of place, a misspelled word, or an out of place citation, we’ll offer suggestions for improvement! Don’t forget to check out our APA citation maker while you’re at it!
In older editions of APA, running heads were required for all papers. Since the 7th edition, that’s changed.
The running head displays the title of the paper and the page number on all pages of the paper. This header is found on every page of a professional paper (not a student paper), even on the title page (sometimes called an APA cover page) and reference list (taken from Section 2.8 of the Publication manual ).
It's displayed all in capital letters at the top of the page. Across from the running head, along the right margin, is the page number.
A title page, sometimes called an APA cover page, graces the cover of an essay or paper. An APA title page should follow rules from Section 2.3 of the official Publication manual and include:
Follow the directions for the running head and page number in the section above. Below the running head, a few lines beneath, and centered in the middle of the page, should be the title. The next line below is the author’s name(s), followed by the name of the school or institution, the class or course name, your instructor’s name, and the paper’s due date.
All components on this page should be written in the same font and size as the rest of your paper. Double space the title, names, name of school or institution, and all other information on the page (except for the running head and page number).
Example - Student Title Page APA:
Example - Professional Title Page APA:
If you’re submitting your paper to a journal for publication, check the journal’s website for exact requirements. Each journal is different and some may request a different type of APA format cover page.
Looking to create an APA format title page? Head to CitationMachine.com’s homepage and choose “Title Page” at the top of the screen.
An abstract briefly but thoroughly summarizes dissertation contents. It’s found in the beginning of a professional paper, right after the title page. Abstracts are meant to help readers determine whether to continue reading the entire document. With that in mind, try to craft the lead sentence to entice the reader to continue reading.
Here are a few tips:
Formatting guidelines:
If your paper includes a lot of numerical information or data, you may want to consider placing it into a table or a figure, rather than typing it all out. A visual figure or simple, organized table filled with numerical data is often easier for readers to digest and comprehend than tons of paragraphs filled with numbers. Chapter 7 of the Publication manual outlines formatting for tables and figures. Let's cover the basics below.
If you’d like to include a table or figure in your paper, here are a few key pieces of information to keep in mind:
The 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was released in 2009. The current 7th edition came out in the fall of 2019 and was designed to be more student focused, provide more guidance on accessibility, and address changes that have developed over the last 10 years.
Below, we’ve listed what we feel are the most relevant changes related to APA format.
DOI stands for “digital object identifier.” Many journal articles use and have a unique DOI that should be included in a full citation.
When including a DOI in a citation, format it as a URL. Do not label it “DOI.” Articles without DOIs from databases are treated as print works. For example:
6th edition:
%%Gänsicke, B. T., Schreiber, M. R., Toloza, O., Fusillo, N. P. G., Koester, D., & Manser, C. J. (2019). Accretion of a giant planet onto a white dwarf star. Nature, 576 (7785), 61–64. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1789-8
7th edition:
%%Gänsicke, B. T., Schreiber, M. R., Toloza, O., Fusillo, N. P. G., Koester, D., & Manser, C. J. (2019). Accretion of a giant planet onto a white dwarf star. Nature, 576 (7785), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1789-8
There are few new guidelines when you are citing a book. First, the publisher location no longer needs to be indicated.
%%Zack, P. O. (2001). The shoals of time. Bloomington, IN: First Books Library.
%%Zack, P. O. (2001). The shoals of time. First Books Library.
Second, the format of an ebook (e.g., Kindle, etc.) no longer needs to be indicated.
%%Niven, J. (2012). Ada Blackjack: A true story of survival in the Arctic [Kindle].
%%Niven, J. (2012). Ada Blackjack: A true story of survival in the Arctic .
Lastly, books from research databases without DOIs are treated the same as print works.
When using a URL in a citation, you no longer need to include the term “Retrieved from” before URLs (except with retrieval dates). The font should be blue and underlined, or black and not underlined.
6th Edition:
%%Flood, A. (2019, December 6). Britain has closed almost 800 libraries since 2010, figures show. The Guardian . Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/06/britain-has-closed-almost-800-libraries-since-2010-figures-show
7th Edition:
%%Flood, A. (2019, December 6). Britain has closed almost 800 libraries since 2010, figures show. The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/06/britain-has-closed-almost-800-libraries-since-2010-figures-show
Within a full APA citation, you may spell out up to 20 author names. For two to 20 authors, include an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author. For sources with 21 or more authors, structure it as follows:
Structure: First 19 authors’ names, . . . Last author’s name.
7th edition example: Washington, G., Adams, J., Jefferson, T., Madison, J., Monroe, J., Adams, J. Q., Jackson, A., Van Buren, M., Harrison, W. H., Tyler, J., Polk, J. K., Taylor, Z., Filmore, M., Pierce, F., Buchanan, J., Lincoln, A., Johnson, A., Grant, U. S., Hayes, R. B., Garfield, . . . Trump, D.
When creating an in-text citation for a source with 3 or more authors, use “et al.” after the first author’s name. This helps abbreviate the mention.
6th Edition: (Honda, Johnson, Prosser, Rossi, 2019)
7th Edition: (Honda et al., 2019)
Instead of having different formats for tables and figures, both use one standardized format. Now both tables and figures have a number, a title, name of the table/figure, and a note at the bottom.
If you’re still typing into Google “how to cite a website APA” among other related questions and keywords, click here for further reading on the style .
When you’re through with your writing, toss your entire paper into the Citation Machine Plus plagiarism checker , which will scan your paper for grammar edits and give you up to 5 suggestions cards for free! Worry less about a determiner , preposition , or adverb out of place and focus on your research!
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) (2020). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Updated March 3, 2020
Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Wendy Ikemoto. Michele Kirschenbaum has been an awesome school librarian since 2006 and is an expert in citing sources. Wendy Ikemoto has a master’s degree in library and information science and has been working for Citation Machine since 2012.
*Click the links above to be taken to the different APA guide resources
University of Texas Arlington Libraries 702 Planetarium Place · Arlington, TX 76019 · 817-272-3000
View the APA Style website for additional style and grammar guidelines.
Basic APA Formatting Guidelines
Journal article.
Alvarez, N. & Mearns, J. (2014). The benefits of writing and performing in the spoken word poetry community. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 41 (3), 263-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2014.03.004 Prior research has shown narrative writing to help with making meaning out of trauma. This article uses grounded theory to analyze semi-structured interviews with ten spoken word poets. Because spoken word poetry is performed live, it creates personal and community connections that enhance the emotional development and resolution offered by the practice of writing. The findings are limited by the small, nonrandom sample (all the participants were from the same community).
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หน้าแรก > บล็อก > รูปแบบเรียงความ APA: ภาพรวม
คุณจำเป็นต้องเขียนเรียงความ APA แต่ไม่มีความรู้เกี่ยวกับกฎการจัดรูปแบบหรือไม่ คุณไม่ได้อยู่คนเดียว เนื่องจากนักเรียนหลายคนมีคำถามเดียวกันเมื่อเริ่มต้น เราจะแชร์รายละเอียดทั้งหมดของรูปแบบเรียงความ APA เพื่อช่วยให้คุณเข้าใจกฎเกณฑ์ เพื่อให้คุณสามารถเขียนเรียงความที่มีระยะห่างระหว่างบรรทัด การอ้างอิง APA และหน้าบทคัดย่อที่ถูกต้อง
นอกจากนี้ เราจะแชร์ตัวอย่างยอดนิยมของสิ่งที่ควรหลีกเลี่ยงเมื่อเขียนในรูปแบบ APA เพื่อให้แน่ใจว่าคุณจะไม่ทำผิดพลาดใหญ่ๆ ที่อาจส่งผลต่อเกรดปลายภาคของคุณ
อ่านต่อเพื่อเรียนรู้เพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับกฎที่คุณต้องปฏิบัติตามเมื่อใช้รูปแบบเรียงความ APA
รูปแบบ APA เป็นแนวทางที่ใช้กันทั่วไปในสังคมศาสตร์สำหรับการเขียนรายงานทางวิชาการ ที่ สมาคมจิตวิทยาอเมริกัน ซึ่งเป็นองค์กรทางวิทยาศาสตร์และวิชาชีพในสหรัฐฯ ซึ่งเป็นตัวแทนของนักจิตวิทยา ได้พัฒนารูปแบบนี้
ต่อไปนี้เป็นภาพรวมของประเด็นสำคัญที่คุณต้องทราบเมื่อเรียนรู้ว่ารูปแบบเรียงความ APA คืออะไร:
ตอนนี้เรามาดูวิธีเขียนเรียงความในรูปแบบ APA กันดีกว่า กระบวนการนี้จะนำคุณตั้งแต่ต้นจนจบและให้แน่ใจว่าคุณมีการจัดรูปแบบที่ถูกต้องสำหรับสไตล์ APA ผู้เริ่มต้นสามารถใช้หลักเกณฑ์ APA เหล่านี้เพื่อให้ได้ผลลัพธ์ที่ดีในสภาพแวดล้อมทางวิชาการ
คุณจะต้อง เริ่มเรียงความ ด้วยหน้าปกรูปแบบ APA (หรือหน้าชื่อเรื่อง) ซึ่งจะเป็นการเตรียมขั้นตอนสำหรับเรียงความของคุณ จัดกึ่งกลางชื่อบทความของคุณโดยใช้แบบอักษร Times New Roman ตัวหนา 12 พอยต์ ด้านล่าง ให้ระบุชื่อและความเกี่ยวข้องกับสถาบันของคุณไว้ตรงกลาง ที่นี่ คุณสามารถใส่ข้อมูลหลักสูตร ชื่อผู้สอน และวันครบกำหนดได้ หากจำเป็น
นอกจากนี้ ตรวจสอบให้แน่ใจว่าชื่อมีความกระชับและสื่อความหมายเพื่อผลลัพธ์ที่ดีที่สุด คุณสามารถดูเอกสารของมืออาชีพเพื่อทำความเข้าใจวิธีการทำเช่นนี้ได้ จากนั้นวางหัววิ่งไว้ในส่วนหัว ซึ่งจะรวมชื่อเรื่องแบบย่อ (50 ตัวอักษรหรือน้อยกว่า) และหมายเลขหน้าจัดชิดขวา
ในหน้าใหม่ ให้รวมบทคัดย่อซึ่งให้ข้อมูลสรุปเรียงความของคุณ ตรวจสอบให้แน่ใจว่าคำว่า "นามธรรม" อยู่ตรงกลางที่ด้านบนของหน้าเพื่อให้สอดคล้องกับรูปแบบ APA บทคัดย่อควรเป็นย่อหน้าเดียว ความยาวระหว่าง 150-250 คำ นอกจากนี้ ยังต้องสรุปประเด็นหลักของปัญหาการวิจัย วิธีการ ผลการวิจัย และข้อสรุปด้วย
หลีกเลี่ยงการอ้างอิงและคำอธิบายโดยละเอียด และมุ่งเน้นไปที่การถ่ายทอดสาระสำคัญของรายงานของคุณแทน บทคัดย่อช่วยให้ผู้อ่านเข้าใจขอบเขตการวิจัยของคุณได้อย่างรวดเร็วโดยไม่ต้องเจาะลึกเข้าไปในรายงาน APA
เริ่มเนื้อหาหลักของเรียงความของคุณในหน้าใหม่ ตรวจสอบให้แน่ใจว่าชื่อเต็มของรายงานของคุณอยู่ตรงกลางที่ด้านบนสุดของหน้าด้วยตัวหนา เนื้อหาประกอบด้วยหลายส่วน ซึ่งโดยทั่วไปได้แก่ บทนำ วิธีการ ผลลัพธ์ และการอภิปราย
ในบทนำ ให้สรุปโครงร่าง รายงานการวิจัย คำถามและบริบท จากนั้นในส่วนวิธีการจะอธิบายกระบวนการวิจัยของคุณ คุณจะต้องนำเสนอสิ่งที่คุณค้นพบในส่วนผลลัพธ์และวิเคราะห์ในการสนทนา
ตรวจสอบให้แน่ใจว่าใช้รูปแบบส่วนหัวของ APA เพื่อจัดระเบียบเนื้อหาของคุณให้มีความชัดเจนและลื่นไหล สุดท้าย อย่าลืมทำให้ข้อความเว้นระยะห่างสองเท่าและกำหนดระยะขอบไว้ที่ 1 นิ้วในทุกด้าน ส่วนหัวในรูปแบบ APA มีความสำคัญและเป็นสิ่งที่นักเรียนมักมองข้าม
หลังจากเนื้อหาหลัก ให้เริ่มหน้าใหม่สำหรับข้อมูลอ้างอิง เริ่มต้นการจัดรูปแบบ APA ของส่วนนี้โดยทำให้คำว่า "ข้อมูลอ้างอิง" อยู่ตรงกลางและทำให้เป็นตัวหนาที่ด้านบนของหน้า ตรวจสอบให้แน่ใจว่าได้ระบุแหล่งที่มาทั้งหมดที่อ้างถึงในเรียงความของคุณตามลำดับตัวอักษรตามนามสกุลของผู้แต่ง คุณสามารถใช้การเยื้องแบบลอยเพื่อให้สไตล์ APA ถูกต้อง ซึ่งหมายความว่าคุณล้างบรรทัดแรกไปทางซ้ายและเยื้องบรรทัดถัดไป 0.5 นิ้ว
นอกจากนี้ รายการอ้างอิงแต่ละรายการควรมีชื่อผู้แต่ง ปีที่พิมพ์ ชื่อเรื่อง และรายละเอียดแหล่งที่มา เพื่อให้ได้รับสิทธินี้ ให้ปฏิบัติตามกฎรูปแบบการอ้างอิง APA อย่างรอบคอบเพื่อให้ข้อมูลแหล่งที่มาที่ครบถ้วนและถูกต้อง วิธีนี้ช่วยให้แน่ใจว่าคุณให้เครดิตที่เหมาะสมและช่วยให้ผู้อ่านสามารถค้นหาแหล่งที่มาของคุณได้
ตลอดทั้งเรียงความของคุณ ให้ใช้การอ้างอิงในข้อความกับแหล่งเครดิต รูปแบบ APA ใช้ระบบวันที่ผู้เขียน ดังนั้นให้ใส่นามสกุลของผู้แต่งและปีที่พิมพ์ในวงเล็บหลังข้อมูลที่อ้างถึง
สำหรับเครื่องหมายคำพูดโดยตรง ให้เพิ่มหมายเลขหน้าเหมือนในตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้: Smith, 2020, p. 15. ถ้าชื่อผู้แต่งเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของประโยค ให้ใส่เฉพาะปีในวงเล็บ ตรวจสอบให้แน่ใจว่าการอ้างอิงในข้อความทุกรายการตรงกับข้อมูลอ้างอิงที่เกี่ยวข้องในหน้าข้อมูลอ้างอิง สิ่งสำคัญคือต้องรักษาความซื่อสัตย์ทางวิชาการโดยอนุญาตให้ผู้อ่านตรวจสอบแหล่งที่มาของคุณสำหรับเอกสารทางวิชาชีพและนักศึกษา
หากเรียงความของคุณมีเนื้อหาเสริม ให้เพิ่มภาคผนวกในหน้าใหม่ต่อจากข้อมูลอ้างอิง ตรวจสอบให้แน่ใจว่าได้ตั้งชื่อภาคผนวกแต่ละภาคด้วยคำว่า “ภาคผนวก” ตามด้วยตัวอักษร (เช่น ภาคผนวก A) หากมีภาคผนวกหลายรายการ นอกจากนี้ คุณจะต้องจัดกึ่งกลางและตั้งชื่อหัวข้อของแต่ละภาคผนวกด้วยตัวหนา
ใส่ตาราง รูปภาพ หรือข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมโดยละเอียดในภาคผนวกเพื่อสนับสนุนสิ่งที่คุณค้นพบโดยไม่ทำให้เนื้อหาหลักมากเกินไป นี่จะทำให้เรียงความหรือรายงานวิชาชีพของคุณ การเขียนลื่นไหลดีขึ้น .
สุดท้าย โปรดดูแต่ละภาคผนวกในข้อความ คุณสามารถใช้ฟังก์ชันการค้นหาในซอฟต์แวร์ประมวลผลคำเพื่อค้นหาการอ้างอิงข้อความที่ต้องการได้
ในส่วนนี้ เราจะพูดถึงกระบวนการที่คุณต้องปฏิบัติตามเมื่อเรียนรู้วิธีอ้างอิงเรียงความในรูปแบบ APA สมาคมจิตวิทยาอเมริกันได้เพิ่มกฎเหล่านี้เพื่อทำให้รูปแบบการเขียน APA มีโครงสร้างที่ดีขึ้น นอกจากนี้ยังช่วยให้ผู้อ่านระบุแหล่งข้อมูลได้อย่างรวดเร็วในขณะที่สลับไปมาระหว่างวารสารวิชาชีพ
ในรายงานสไตล์ APA ให้ใช้ประโยคในข้อความสั้นๆ เพื่ออ้างอิงแหล่งที่มาและแนะนำผู้อ่าน โดยทั่วไปคุณจะรวมไว้ในข้อความ การอ้างอิง สำหรับกระดาษรูปแบบ APA พร้อมทุกเครื่องหมายคำพูด เพื่อให้แน่ใจว่าไม่มีการลอกเลียนแบบ
นอกจากนี้ กฎการจัดรูปแบบทั่วไประบุว่าคุณจะต้องใช้นามสกุลของผู้เขียนและปีที่พิมพ์ สิ่งนี้เรียกอีกอย่างว่าระบบวันที่ผู้เขียน นอกจากนี้ หากคุณต้องการอ้างอิงส่วนใดส่วนหนึ่ง คุณสามารถใช้การประทับเวลาหรือหมายเลขหน้าได้
การอ้างอิงในข้อความของคุณสามารถใช้รูปแบบหลักๆ ได้สองรูปแบบ: แบบสอดใส่หรือแบบเล่าเรื่อง นี่คือตัวอย่างความแตกต่างระหว่างพวกเขา:
คุณอาจต้องอ้างอิงผู้เขียนหลายคนหรือหลายคน ขึ้นอยู่กับลักษณะของเอกสารของนักเรียนที่คุณกำลังทำอยู่ ต่อไปนี้คือรูปแบบสำหรับการอ้างอิงแบบวงเล็บ:
ตอนนี้เรามาดูเวอร์ชันการอ้างอิงเชิงบรรยาย:
ตอนนี้เราจะมาสำรวจตัวอย่างเรียงความรูปแบบ APA ของข้อผิดพลาดที่คุณไม่ควรทำ สิ่งนี้ทำให้แน่ใจได้ว่าคุณจะได้เริ่มต้นกับโครงการของคุณและได้เกรดสูงสุด
ต่อไปนี้เป็นข้อผิดพลาดในการเขียนที่ควรหลีกเลี่ยงเมื่อใช้รูปแบบ APA:
ฉันจะจัดรูปแบบหน้าชื่อเรื่องใน apa ได้อย่างไร.
หน้าชื่อเรื่องของ APA ประกอบด้วยชื่อบทความ ชื่อผู้แต่ง และสังกัดสถาบัน นอกจากนี้ ให้จัดกึ่งกลางและเว้นวรรคสองครั้งในหน้าชื่อเรื่องของรายงาน APA สำหรับเอกสารนักศึกษา ยังรวมถึงหมายเลขหลักสูตร ชื่อผู้สอน และวันครบกำหนดอีกด้วย
นอกจากนี้ หัวเรื่องที่มีชื่อเรื่องแบบสั้นและหมายเลขหน้าจะปรากฏในส่วนหัว ตรวจสอบให้แน่ใจว่าชื่อเรื่องกระชับและสื่อความหมาย โดยใช้คำหลักเป็นตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่ สิ่งนี้จะนำไปสู่ส่วนหัวของหน้าที่ดีที่สุดสำหรับโครงการของคุณ
รายการอ้างอิงควรจัดรูปแบบด้วยการเยื้องแบบลอย ซึ่งหมายความว่าบรรทัดแรกของการอ้างอิงแต่ละรายการจะอยู่ทางซ้าย โดยบรรทัดต่อมาจะเยื้อง 0.5 นิ้ว นอกจากนี้ให้จัดเรียงข้อมูลอ้างอิงตามลำดับตัวอักษรตามนามสกุลของผู้เขียน
นอกจากนี้ ให้ใช้ตัวเอียงสำหรับชื่อหนังสือและวารสาร และใช้รูปแบบประโยคที่เหมาะสมสำหรับชื่อบทความและบทต่างๆ ตรวจสอบความสอดคล้องตลอดเพื่อให้แน่ใจว่าคุณมีคุณภาพเทียบเท่ากับเอกสารระดับมืออาชีพ
เนื้อหาหลักเริ่มต้นในหน้าใหม่โดยให้ชื่อกระดาษอยู่กึ่งกลางและเป็นตัวหนา ควรประกอบด้วยคำนำ วิธีการ ผลลัพธ์ และส่วนการอภิปราย นอกจากนี้ รูปแบบ APA ต้องมีรูปแบบส่วนหัวด้วย
ข้อความควรเว้นระยะห่างสองเท่าโดยเว้นระยะขอบหนึ่งนิ้ว และใช้ฟอนต์ Times New Roman ขนาด 12 พอยต์ นอกจากนี้ จัดระเบียบเนื้อหาอย่างมีเหตุผลและชัดเจนโดยใช้ส่วนหัวสำหรับส่วนต่างๆ ตรวจสอบให้แน่ใจว่ากระดาษ APA ของคุณไม่มีเนื้อหาอยู่บนหน้าชื่อเรื่อง
ใช่ รูปแบบ APA ช่วยให้สามารถใช้ตารางและรูปภาพเพื่อนำเสนอข้อมูลได้อย่างชัดเจน แต่ละตารางหรือรูปภาพควรมีป้ายกำกับและชื่อเรื่อง นอกจากนี้ ให้วางตารางและรูปภาพไว้หลังหน้าอ้างอิง
นอกจากนี้ โปรดดูแต่ละตารางหรือรูปภาพในข้อความและตรวจดูให้แน่ใจว่ามีการจัดรูปแบบตามหลักเกณฑ์ APA ซึ่งรวมถึงการเว้นวรรคและการจัดตำแหน่งที่เหมาะสมเพื่อผลลัพธ์ที่ดีที่สุดกับเนื้อหา
หากไม่มีรายชื่อผู้แต่ง ให้ใช้ชื่อผลงานแทนชื่อผู้แต่ง สำหรับการอ้างอิงในเนื้อหา ให้ใช้คำสองสามคำแรกของรายการอ้างอิงและปีที่พิมพ์
ใช้กฎรูปแบบเรียงความ APA ที่คุณได้เรียนรู้ในบทความนี้เพื่อให้ได้เกรดที่สูงขึ้นในรายงานฉบับถัดไปของคุณ ตรวจสอบให้แน่ใจว่าคุณอย่าลืมเกี่ยวกับวิธีใช้การอ้างอิงเพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงการลอกเลียนแบบ นอกจากนี้ อย่าลืมข้อผิดพลาดหลักๆ เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงเพื่อให้แน่ใจว่าคุณจะไม่ทำลายการทำงานหนักของคุณ
คุณต้องการความช่วยเหลือในการเขียนโครงงานรูปแบบเรียงความ APA ของคุณหรือไม่? จากนั้นใช้ Smodin AI เพื่อเอียงโอกาสที่จะประสบความสำเร็จตามที่คุณต้องการ ซอฟต์แวร์ของเราจะแสดงวิธีใช้การจัดรูปแบบที่ถูกต้องสำหรับงานของคุณ ชุดเครื่องมือของเราจะเร่งกระบวนการเรียนรู้วิธีประดิษฐ์กระดาษสไตล์ APA ที่สมบูรณ์แบบ
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Published 22 Aug 2024
Before diving into how to cite a podcast in APA format and exploring practical examples, it's important to understand the significance of podcast citations. Properly citing a podcast is crucial for accurately referencing sources in your nursing paper or any other academic work. Podcasts, like TedX, are popular among college students because they offer firsthand information from experts through interviews and discussions. Whether you're studying Engineering, Nursing, or Journalism, these sources provide valuable insights. However, since podcasts are considered copyrighted material—whether broadcast live or sourced from archives—it's essential to provide accurate references to avoid copyright infringement and plagiarism. Citing podcasts in APA format can be challenging, so if you're feeling uncertain, using a homework assistance service can help ensure your citations are correctly formatted. Now, let's explore the APA podcast citation guidelines and examples to help you cite sources accurately.
When citing a podcast in APA 7th edition, here are the key guidelines to follow:
Identify the Host: Include the host's name in your citation. If the host's name is not available, use the producer's name instead, followed by either (Host) or (Producer) in parentheses.
Indicate the Airing Status:
Specify the Podcast Type: Indicate the type of podcast in square brackets, for example, [Audio podcast].
Include the URL or Studio Name: If you have a URL for the podcast, include it in your citation. If not, list the studio's name instead.
List the Hosts: Provide the names of the hosts, followed by the word "hosts" in parentheses.
Include the Episode Number: If the episode has a specific number, include it in parentheses after the podcast title. If the episode is unnumbered, you can omit this detail.
Reference the Podcast Title: After specifying the type of podcast, use the word "In" and then provide the full title of the podcast series. For example: In Mechanics for kids .
Let us review how to reference a podcast both when it is used in-text and then when it is used in Bibliography for your APA style format:
When you are dealing with the basic podcast, it should follow this template:
If it is parenthetical citing : (Briges, 2018-present)
Narrative citation : Bridges (2018-present)
Here is how to reference a Podcast APA for your Bibliography citation:
Parenthetical citing : (Harold, 2020; King, 2020)
Narrative citing in APA in-text for Podcast : Harold (2020) and King (2020)
To quote a podcast episode in your Bibliography:
Citing a podcast in MLA format is crucial for today's learners, as podcasts, including interviews and online discussions, provide valuable primary sources of information. While learning how to cite a podcast in MLA can be challenging, using a homework assistance service can ensure that your citations are properly formatted. Here are the basic rules you need to follow:
Identify the Host or Author: Start by listing the host of the show or the author of the episode, depending on the information you have.
Include the Episode Title and Podcast Name: Provide the title of the episode in quotation marks, followed by the name of the podcast in italics.
Mention the Season and Episode Number: If the podcast is organized by seasons, include the season and episode number in your citation.
Specify the Publisher: Include the name of the publisher or the entity responsible for the podcast.
Add the Date and URL: Conclude with the date of publication and the URL where the podcast can be accessed.
When quoting directly from a podcast, include the relevant timestamp in your in-text citation, like this:
(Johnson and Valenzuela 12:22)
MLA Template
Host Last Name, First Name, host. "Title of The Episode." Podcast Name , season, episode, Publisher, Day Month Year, URL.
MLA Works Cited Citation
Strandberg, J.V., and Andrew Holmes, hosts. "Native American Indians Culture." Cultural Explorers Online , episode 22, Natives, 13 June 2014, http://mypodcast.com/URL.
When you are planning to cite the entire podcast series for your assignment in MLA style, it's a bit easier to do. When you specify the date, you must leave the space after the dash. It means that the podcasts are still running! Here is the podcast citation MLA run down:
Host Last Name, First Name, Host. Podcast Name . Publisher, year range, URL.
MLA Works Cited Page
Pickles, Thomas, host. SETIcast , Seti Research Group, 2011- , www.setigroup.com/podcasts/
In-text Citation Example
College students often use platforms like iTunes or Spotify to listen to their favorite podcasts and may need to cite them. When accessing podcasts through an app, you might not have access to all the details, such as the publisher, season, or episode number. This situation is similar when citing a podcast in APA style using an app. For MLA podcast citations, the rule is straightforward: if specific information isn’t available, simply omit that part and follow the template and example provided below.
MLA Format Template for App Podcast Citing
Host's Last Name, First Name, host. "Title of Podcast Episode." Podcast Name , App Name app, season number, episode number, Publisher, Day Month Year.
MLA Format Works Cited Page
Kemper, Bruno, host. "Global Citizens." Fashion Weekly , iTunes app, 12 Jan, 2022.
In-text Citation in MLA
(Kemper 17:34)
Students frequently inquire about how to correctly label the author when citing a podcast in MLA format, or when citing a TED talk featuring guest speakers. Typically, the author is the host or creator of the podcast. However, you may also need to cite guest speakers, narrators, or even the producer, who may be different individuals. When citing a podcast in MLA, it's important to identify the role of the person you're citing. Depending on the context (refer to the citation examples above), the author could be:
Holmes, Nick, host.
McIntosh Gregor, narrator.
Connor, John, guest.
Stipe, Michael, producer.
You simply add the label after the person’s name, which will help the college professor or your target audience to identify things clearly as they see the relevant roles.
How to cite a podcast MLA in-text?
You must use the last name of the author (if available) or podcast’s name along with the time stamp. For example: (Jones 12:13)
Who is listed as the author of a podcast in MLA?
When you are creating a Works Cited page in MLA format, the manual recommends using the "host" label as you mention the host or the author of the podcast. Depending on the situation, you can use other labels (if relevant) like "narrator", "guest" or a "producer". See by the situation as to who has made the main contribution for the episode.
How do I cite a source with no author?
If your source has no author, use the source title of the podcast. As for your in-text citation, use a shortened title.
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Jamie Wallace, editor and freelance writer, specializes in Philosophy, Literature, and Art. His interdisciplinary background and passion for critical analysis enable him to assist students in crafting compelling and well-researched papers.
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References provide the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text .
Check each reference carefully against the original publication to ensure information is accurate and complete. Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher and writer.
Consistency in reference formatting allows readers to focus on the content of your reference list, discerning both the types of works you consulted and the important reference elements (who, when, what, and where) with ease. When you present each reference in a consistent fashion, readers do not need to spend time determining how you organized the information. And when searching the literature yourself, you also save time and effort when reading reference lists in the works of others that are written in APA Style.
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Instructional Aids
Guides, checklists, webinars, tutorials, and sample papers for anyone looking to improve their knowledge of APA Style
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Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).
Guidelines on writing an APA style paper In-Text Citations. Resources on using in-text citations in APA style. The Basics General guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay Author/Authors How to refer to authors in-text, including single and multiple authors, unknown authors, organizations, etc. ...
Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5 in. using the tab key or the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. Page numbers: Put a page number in the top right corner of every page, including the title page or cover page, which is page 1. Student papers do not require a running head on any page.
APA in-text citations The basics. In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct readers to the reference entry at the end of the paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else's ideas or words to avoid plagiarism.. An APA in-text citation consists of the author's last name and the year of publication (also known as the author-date system).
Media Files: APA Sample Student Paper , APA Sample Professional Paper This resource is enhanced by Acrobat PDF files. Download the free Acrobat Reader. Note: The APA Publication Manual, 7 th Edition specifies different formatting conventions for student and professional papers (i.e., papers written for credit in a course and papers intended for scholarly publication).
This guide contains examples of common types of APA Style references. Section numbers indicate where to find the examples in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). More information on references and reference examples are in Chapters 9 and 10 of the Publication Manual as well as the Concise Guide to APA ...
These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different student paper types. Students may write the same types of papers as professional authors (e.g., quantitative studies, literature reviews) or other types of papers for course assignments (e.g., reaction or response papers, discussion posts), dissertations, and theses.
Formatting Your In-Text Citations. Parenthetical and Narrative Citations: (See APA Section 8.11) In APA style you use the author-date citation system for citing references within your paper. You incorporate these references using either a parenthetical or a narrative style. Parenthetical Citations
APA Style is described in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, which is a reference book that contains comprehensive guidelines on how to set up a scholarly paper; format a title page, tables, figures, and other paper elements; create references and in-text citations; and write without bias, as well as on ...
Formatting your paper in APA 7th edition can feel like a pretty daunting task, and understandably so.In this post, we'll walk you through the APA 7 requirements, step by step. We'll also share our free APA template, which you can use to fast-track your writing.. Student vs Professional Papers
This guide will show you how to structure APA citations according to the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition) and will show you example citations for different source types. For information on other APA topics—such as formatting your paper, creating a title page, etc.—check out the EasyBib APA format guide. . It even has an example pa
Generate APA style citations quickly and accurately with our FREE APA citation generator. Enter a website URL, book ISBN, or search with keywords, and we do the rest! ... then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper. Done! MyBib supports the following for APA style: ⚙️ Styles: APA 6 & APA 7: 📚 Sources: Websites ...
In-text citations briefly identify the source of information in the body text. They correspond to a full reference entry at the end of your paper. APA in-text citations consist of the author's last name and publication year. When citing a specific part of a source, also include a page number or range, for example (Parker, 2020, p.
A guide to help users create citations using APA (American Psychological Association) style, 7th edition. Home; APA Reference List Examples; In-Text Citations ... Links will take the reader to information from the APA on setting up a paper. APA 7th edition has new guidance on student paper setup; please take note! Order of Pages; Title Page ...
In-text citations point the reader to the sources' information on the references page. The in-text citation typically includes the author's last name and the year of publication. If you use a direct quote, the page number is also provided. More information can be found on p. 253 of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American ...
This checklist corresponds to the writing and formatting guidelines described in full in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Refer to the following chapters for specific information: paper elements and format in Chapter 2. writing style and grammar in Chapter 4. bias-free language in Chapter 5.
Citefast automatically formats citations in APA 7th edition. Note: The default citation style is now APA 7. To use APA 6 ensure that the APA 6 button is selected. APA 7. APA 6. MLA 8. Chicago. To create a citation choose a source and enter details below. Note: APA 7th edition is now the starting choice for creating citations.
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
American Psychological Association (APA) style is commonly used for citing references in student papers in science, medical, public health, health sciences and nursing as well as the social science. The purpose of documentation is to: Identify (cite) other people's ideas and information used within your essay or term paper.Indicate the authors or sources of these in a References list at the ...
Generate APA citations in seconds. Start citing books, websites, journals, and more with the Citation Machine® APA Citation Generator. ... This section provides the ins and outs of properly displaying the information in your APA essay. Font = Here are the recommended fonts and sizes (from Section 2.19 of the Publication manual): Times New ...
APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation; APA Sample Paper; Tables and Figures; Abbreviations Statistics in APA; APA Classroom Poster; Changes in the 7th Edition; General APA FAQs; Reference List: Textual Sources; Reference List: Online Media; APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) Suggested Resources Style Guide Overview MLA Guide APA Guide ...
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual.Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.. To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of ...
APA Tutorials and Software ; Paper Formatting Basics ... Make an appointment with the writing lab for more assistance in writing, grammar, and formatting of your papers. APA Formatting Resources. APA 7 Guide by UTA Libraries. The Official APA Style Guide. Purdue Owl APA Guide *Click the links above to be taken to the different APA guide resources
In this sample paper, we've put four blank lines above the title. Commented [AF3]: Authors' names are written below the title, with one double-spaced blank line between them. Names should be written as follows: First name, middle initial(s), last name. Commented [AF4]: Authors' affiliations follow immediately after their names.
Parenthetical citation: "Direct quote" (Furlong, 2015, p.25). Narrative citation, if the author is mentioned in the sentence, place the year after the last name and the page number after the quote. Example: Furlong (2015) found that "direct quote" (p. 25) More guidelines can be found in the PDF Style Guide, citing in APA 7th edition.
How To Write An Essay in APA Format. Now let's focus on learning how to write an essay in APA format. This process will take you from start to finish and ensure that you have the correct formatting for the APA style. Beginners can use these APA guidelines to get good results in an academic setting. 1. หน้าชื่อเรื่อง
To format a paper in APA Style, writers can typically use the default settings and automatic formatting tools of their word-processing program or make only minor adjustments. The guidelines for paper format apply to both student assignments and manuscripts being submitted for publication to a journal. If you are using APA Style to create ...
In-text APA Podcast Citation: When you are dealing with the basic podcast, it should follow this template: If it is parenthetical citing: (Briges, 2018-present) Narrative citation: Bridges (2018-present) Podcast Bibliography Citation: Here is how to reference a Podcast APA for your Bibliography citation:
APA_PM7_Ch2-BLueline.indd 52 8/1/19 7:01 PM. ELEMENTS & FORMAT . 52 • PAPER ELEMENTS AND FORMAT . Sample Professional Paper (continued) parenthetical citation of multiple works, 8.12 Level 2 heading in the introduction, 2.27, Table 2.3, Figure 2.4 narrative citation used to paraphrase methods from two studies, 8.23 long paraphrase, 8.24
References provide the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text. Consistency in reference formatting allows readers to focus on the content of your reference list, discerning both the types of works you consulted and the important reference elements with ease.