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Water Research

About the journal.

In association with the International Water Association Water Research has an open access companion journal Water Research X , sharing the same aims and scope, editorial team, submission system and rigorous peer review. Water Research publishes refereed, original research papers on all aspects of …

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Water Research X

Find out more about the IWA

Water Research has an open access mirror journal, Water Research X which shares the same aims and scope, editorial team, submission system and rigorous peer review as Water Research.

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Editor-in-chief, professor eberhard morgenroth.

Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland

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The Water Research is a companion title of the Water Research is an open access, peer-reviewed journal which draws contributions from a wide community of international and interdisciplinary researchers …

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Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology

Innovation for sustainable water

You can find details about how to access information remotely in this step-by-step guide . The guide will also help if for any reason you have difficulty accessing the content you want.

What would you like to know about this journal?

Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology  is a Transformative Journal, and Plan S compliant

Impact factor: 3.5*

Time to first decision (all decisions): 14.0 days**

Time to first decision (peer reviewed only): 52.0 days***

Editor-in-Chief: Graham Gagnon

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Meet the team

Read our latest themed issues Urban stormwater management Data-intensive water systems management and operation Polymers in liquid formulations Drinking water oxidation and disinfection processes

Journal scope

Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology  seeks to showcase high quality research about fundamental science, innovative technologies, and management practices that promote sustainable water.

The journal aims to provide a comprehensive and relevant forum that unites the diverse communities and disciplines conducting water research relevant to engineered systems and the built environment. This includes fundamental science geared toward understanding physical, chemical, and biological phenomena in these systems as well as applied research focused on the development and optimisation of engineered treatment, management, and supply strategies.

Papers must report a significant advance in the theory, fundamental understanding, practice or application of water research, management, engineering or technology, within the following areas:

• Treatment and fate of chemical and microbial contaminants, including emerging contaminants
• Water distribution and wastewater collection
• Green infrastructure
• Stormwater management and treatment
• Potable reuse
• Residue management
• Sustainability analysis and design, including life cycle assessment studies
• Municipal and industrial wastewater treatment and resource recovery
• Drinking water treatment
• Water policy and regulation
• Applications of new water technologies* 
• Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)
• Water-energy nexus
• Simulation and data science applications to engineered water systems
• Environmental remediation of soil, sediment, and groundwater
• Impacts of climate change on engineered water systems

The journal places special focus on issues associated with water sustainability, as well as research that may lead to more secure, resilient and reliable water supplies. And it welcomes inter- and multidisciplinary work contributing to any of the above developments that are likely to be of interest to the broad community that the Journal addresses.

Manuscripts should be written to be accessible to scientists and engineers in all disciplines associated with the Journal.

All manuscripts must highlight their novel features and explain the significance of the work relative to related studies in their field as well as the likely impact on relevant water communities in the industry, government or academia.

*Please see the below expandable section for specific guidance regarding this area of our scope.

Measurement advances and analysis: these papers are encouraged and must clearly focus on the relevance of the work to engineered water systems and clearly explain the implications of the analysis or observations for sustainable water management. Papers dealing only with analysis, analytical method development or that simply report measured concentrations of target analytes (for example, occurrence and effluent concentrations of novel pollutant classes) will not be considered for publication.

Modeling: papers that lack appropriate validation through either experimental data or available and reliable datasets will not be considered for publication.

New materials or technologies for water treatment: emphasis must be placed on one of the following:

• Developing a fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms integral to technology performance
• Demonstrating how the practical application of the technology advances the field and improves upon existing treatment options

Papers in this area are strongly discouraged from focusing solely on technology demonstrations in model systems with model pollutant targets. Rather, they are encouraged to consider performance in complex (that is, environmentally relevant) systems and performance metrics (for example, efficacy across multiple pollutant targets, longevity, regeneration during application, and sustainability assessment) most relevant to real world application. 

Technology papers: we will not consider papers that focus solely on any of the following:

• Heavily focused on material synthesis and characterisation (such as nanomaterial catalysts)
• Consider only the removal of highly idealised targets (such as dyes)
• Work exclusively in clean laboratory systems
• Do not demonstrate innovation that advances the treatment field, or develops a technology without a clear and viable pathway to full scale implementation

Sustainability assessments: papers that cover, for example, life cycle assessment or life cycle cost analysis, of water-related technologies and systems must emphasize the fundamental insight into the factors governing technology or system performance. Papers are strongly discouraged from solely reporting absolute or comparative assessments of technologies/systems without uncovering novel insight or identifying critical barriers to sustainability.

These guidelines will be used by our Associate editors and reviewers to assess the significance of each submitted manuscript.

See who's on the team

Meet Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology  Editor-in-Chief and board members.

Editor-in-chief

Graham Gagnon , Dalhousie University, Canada

Associate editors

Sebastià Puig Broch , Universitat de Girona, Spain

Wenhai Chu , Tongji University, China

Ning Dai , University at Buffalo, USA

Lauren Stadler , Rice University, USA

Liu Ye , The University of Queensland, Australia

Editorial board members

Takahiro Fujioka , Nagasaki University, Japan

Branko Kerkez , University of Michigan, USA

Jeonghwan Kim , Inha University, South Korea

Linda Lawton , Robert Gordon University, UK

Suparna Mukherji , IIT Bombay, India

Luca Vezzaro , Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Eveline Volcke , Ghent University, Belgium

Federico Aulenta , National Research Council, Italy

Nicholas Ashbolt , University of Alberta, Canada

Tom Bond , University of Surrey, UK

Joby Boxall , The University of Sheffield, UK

Kartik Chandran , Columbia University in the City of New York, USA

Amy Childress , University of Southern California, USA

David Cwiertny , University of Iowa  

Joel Ducoste , North Carolina State University, USA

Marc Edwards , Virginia Tech, USA

Jingyun Fang , Sun Yat-sen University, China

Maria Jose Farre , Catalan Institute for Water Research, Spain

Yujie Feng , Harbin Institute of Technology, China

Kathrin Fenner , Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Switzerland 

Ramesh Goel , University of Utah, USA

Ola Gomaa , National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egypt

Chris Gordon , University of Ghana, Ghana

April Gu , Cornell University, USA

Jochen Hack , TU Darmstadt, Germany

Zhen "Jason" He , Washington University in St. Louis, USA

Xia Huang , Tsinghua University, China

Cynthia Joll , Curtin University, Australia

Tamar Kohn , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Switzerland

Peng Liang , Tsinghua University, China

Irene Lo , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong

Julie Minton , WateReuse Foundation, USA

Vincenzo Naddeo , University of Salerno, Italy

Indumathi M Nambi , Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India

Long Ngheim , University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Paige Novak , University of Minnesota, USA

Yong Sik Ok , Korea University, South Korea

Ligy Philip , Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India

Thalappil Pradeep , Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India

Zhiyong "Jason" Ren , Princeton University, USA

Peter Robertson , Queen's University Belfast, UK

Michael Templeton , Imperial College London, UK

Kai Udert , Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland

Subramanyan Vasudevan , CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, India

Xin Wang , Nankai University, China

David Weissbrodt , TU Delft, The Netherlands

Krista Wigginton , University of Michigan, USA

Di Wu , Ghent University, South Korea

Defeng Xing , Harbin Institute of Technology, China

Jeyong Yoon , Seoul National University, South Korea

Neil Scriven , Executive Editor

Grace Thoburn , Deputy Editor

Nour Tanbouza , Development Editor

Claire Darby , Editorial Manager, ORCID 0000-0003-3059-6020

Emma Carlisle,  Publishing Editor

Hannah Hamilton , Publishing Editor

Ephraim Otumudia , Publishing Editor

Irene Sanchez Molina Santos , Publishing Editor

Michael Spencelayh , Publishing Editor

Lauren Yarrow-Wright , Publishing Editor

Kate Bandoo , Editorial Assistant

Linda Warncke , Publishing Assistant

Sam Keltie , Publisher, Journals, ORCID 0000-0002-9369-8414

Article types

Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology publishes:

Communications

Full papers, perspectives, critical reviews, frontier reviews, tutorial reviews, comments and replies.

Reviews & Perspectives are normally invited, however suggestions for timely Reviews are very welcome. Interested authors should contact the Editorial Office at [email protected] with an abstract or brief synopsis of their intended Review.

These must report preliminary research findings that are novel and original, of immediate interest and are likely to have a high impact on the Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology community. Authors must provide a short paragraph explaining why their work justifies rapid publication as a communication.

Original research papers on any of the subjects outlined in the scope section and related areas are encouraged and welcomed. All papers should give due attention to overcoming limitations and to underlying principles. All contributions will be judged on the following four criteria. 1. Novelty and insight 2. Quality of scientific work and content 3. Clarity of objectives and aims of the work 4. Appropriateness of length to content of new science

These may be articles providing a personal view of part of one discipline associated with Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology or a philosophical look at a topic of relevance. Alternatively, Perspectives may be historical articles covering a particular subject area or the development of particular legislation, technologies, methodologies or other subjects within the scope of the journal.

Critical reviews must be a critical evaluation of the existing state of knowledge on a particular facet of water research or water technologies as they affect environmental science. They should be timely and provide insights based on existing literature. They should be of general interest to the journal's wide readership.

All Critical reviews undergo a rigorous and full peer review procedure, in the same way as regular research papers. Authors are encouraged to identify areas in the field where further developments are imminent or of urgent need, and any areas that may be of significance to the community in general. Critical reviews should not contain any unpublished original research.

These are shorter, more focused versions of Critical reviews on a well-defined, specific topic area covering approximately the last two-three years. Articles should cover only the most interesting/significant developments in that specific subject area.

The article should be highly critical and selective in referencing published work. One or two paragraphs of speculation about possible future developments may also be appropriate in the conclusion section.

Frontier reviews may also cover techniques/technologies that are too new for a Critical review or may address a subset of technologies available for a given area of research within the journal scope.

Frontier reviews should not contain unpublished original research.

Tutorial reviews should provide an introduction and overview of an important topic of relevance to the journal readership. The topic should be of relevance to both researchers who are new to the field as well as experts and provide a good introduction to the development of a subject, its current state and indications of future directions the field is expected to take. Tutorial reviews should not contain unpublished original research.

Comments and Replies are a medium for the discussion and exchange of scientific opinions between authors and readers concerning material published in Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology.

For publication, a Comment should present an alternative analysis of and/or new insight into the previously published material. Any Reply should further the discussion presented in the original article and the Comment. Comments and Replies that contain any form of personal attack are not suitable for publication. 

Comments that are acceptable for publication will be forwarded to the authors of the work being discussed, and these authors will be given the opportunity to submit a Reply. The Comment and Reply will both be subject to rigorous peer review in consultation with the journal’s Editorial Board where appropriate. The Comment and Reply will be published together.

Journal specific guidelines

See a summary of ESWRT’s journal-specific guidelines . More details are also provided below.

Use of RSC template

There are no submission specifics regarding formatting; use of Royal Society of Chemistry template is not required. Bibliographies should be formatted according to the following Endnote and Zotero style files to include the cited article’s title.

Authors are encouraged to include line numbering in submitted manuscripts. Although there is no page limit for Full papers, appropriateness of length to content of new science will be taken into consideration by reviewers.

Water Impact Statement

All submitted manuscripts must include a 'Water Impact Statement' (60 words maximum; approximately three sentences) that clearly states in plain language the broad-scale implications and real-world relevance of the work. True potential for immediate real-world impact may be subject to further study, but the pathways towards achieving that impact in future should at least be envisioned and explained.

Read Professor Michael Templeton’s Editorial Perspective “ Achieving real-world impact ” for further discussion on expectations for the journal.

Authors should use this statement to show that they have given serious consideration as to how their work addresses current challenges related to water sustainability in a realistic sense. This statement will be carefully considered by the editors and the reviewers and will help ascertain the relevance of the article for a broad audience. Absence of potential for real-world impact is reason for rejection. If the manuscript is accepted this statement will be included in the published article. Please note that manuscripts without this statement will not be peer-reviewed.

Double-anonymised peer review option

Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology is now offering authors the option of double-anonymised peer review. Both single- and double-anonymised peer review are now available to authors.

• Single-anonymised peer review - where reviewers are anonymous but author names and affiliations are known to reviewers. (This is the traditional peer review model used on Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology)
• Double-anonymised peer review - where authors and reviewers' identities are concealed from each other.

Guidelines for authors and reviewers can be found  here

Organisation of material

An article should have a short, straightforward title directed at the general reader. Lengthy systematic names and complicated and numerous chemical formulae should therefore be avoided where possible. The use of non-standard abbreviations and symbols in a title is not encouraged. Please bear in mind that readers increasingly use search engines to find literature; recognisable, key words should be included in the title where possible, to maximise the impact and discoverability of your work. Brevity in a title, though desirable, should be balanced against its accuracy and usefulness.

The use of series titles and part numbers in titles of papers is discouraged. Instead these can be included as a footnote to the first page together with a reference (reference 1) to the preceding part. When the preceding part has been submitted to a Royal Society of Chemistry journal but is not yet published, the paper reference number should be given.

Author names

Full names for all the authors of an article should be given. To give due acknowledgement to all workers contributing to the work, those who have contributed significantly to the research should be listed as co-authors. Authors who contributed equally can be noted with a Footnote and referenced with a symbol.

On submission of the manuscript, the corresponding author attests to the fact that those named as co-authors have agreed to its submission for publication and accepts the responsibility for having properly included all (and only) co- authors. If there are more than 10 co-authors on the manuscript, the corresponding author should provide a statement to specify the contribution of each co-author. The corresponding author signs a copyright licence on behalf of all the authors.

Table of contents entry

This entry should include a colour image (no larger than 8 cm wide x 4 cm high), and 20-30 words of text that highlight the novel aspects of your work. Graphics should be as clear as possible; simple schematic diagrams or reaction schemes are preferred to ORTEP- style crystal structure depictions and complicated graphs, for example. The graphic used in the table of contents entry need not necessarily appear in the article itself. Authors should bear in mind the final size of any lettering on the graphic. For examples, please see the online version of the journal.

Every paper must be accompanied by a summary (50-250 words) setting out briefly and clearly the main objects and results of the work; it should give the reader a clear idea of what has been achieved. The summary should be essentially independent of the main text; however, names, partial names or linear formulae of compounds may be accompanied by the numbers referring to the corresponding displayed formulae in the body of the text.

Please bear in mind that readers increasingly use search engines to find literature; recognisable, searchable terms and key words should be included in the abstract to enable readers to more effectively find your paper. The abstract should aim to address the following questions.

• What is the problem or research question being addressed?
• What experimental approach was used to address the problem or question?
• What key data and results were obtained?
• What conclusions can be drawn from the experimental results?
• What are the broader implications for the study with respect to water sustainability?

Water Impact Statement 

Authors must provide a 'Water Impact Statement' (60 words maximum) that clearly highlights the broad-scale implications and real-world relevance of the work. This statement should be different from the abstract and must set the work in broader context with regards to water sustainability. True potential for immediate real-world impact may be subject to further study, but the pathways towards achieving that impact in future should at least be envisioned and explained in this statement.

When composing your Water Impact Statement, please consider the following points:

1.What is the problem? 2.Why is it important? 3.How does this translate to real-world applications/scenarios? 4.How can this be generalised?  5.Why is this work significant for ensuring sustainable water resources?  

This statement will be seen by the reviewers and will help ascertain the relevance of the article for a broad but technical audience. Authors should use it to show that they have given serious consideration to the impact of their presented study. Absence of potential for real-world impact is reason for rejection. If the paper is accepted this statement will also be published. Please note that papers cannot be peer-reviewed without this statement.

Introduction

This should give clearly and briefly, with relevant references, both the nature of the problem under investigation and its background.

Descriptions of methods and/or experiments should be given in detail sufficient to enable experienced experimental workers to repeat them. Standard techniques and methods used throughout the work should be stated at the beginning of the section. Apparatus should be described only if it is non-standard; commercially available instruments are referred to by their stock numbers (for example, Perkin-Elmer 457 or Varian HA-100 spectrometers). The accuracy of primary measurements should be stated. In general there is no need to report unsuccessful experiments. Authors are encouraged to make use of electronic supplementary information (ESI) for lengthy synthetic sections. Any unusual hazards inherent in the use of chemicals, procedures or equipment in the investigation should be clearly identified. In cases where a study involves the use of live animals or human subjects, the author should include a statement that all experiments were performed in compliance with the relevant laws and institutional guidelines, and also state the institutional committee(s) that have approved the experiments. They should also include a statement that informed consent was obtained for any experimentation with human subjects. Referees may be asked to comment specifically on any cases in which concerns arise.

Results and discussion

It is usual for the results to be presented first, followed by a discussion of their significance. Only strictly relevant results should be presented and figures, tables, and equations should be used for purposes of clarity and brevity. The use of flow diagrams and reaction schemes is encouraged. Data must not be reproduced in more than one form - for example, in both figures and tables, without good reason.

This is for interpretation and to highlight the novelty and significance of the work. Authors are encouraged to discuss the real world relevance of the work reported and how it promotes water sustainability. The conclusions should not summarise information already present in the text or abstract.

Acknowledgements

Contributors other than co-authors may be acknowledged in a separate paragraph at the end of the paper; acknowledgements should be as brief as possible. All sources of funding should be declared.

Bibliographic references and notes

These should be listed at the end of the manuscript in numerical order. We encourage the citation of primary research over review articles, where appropriate, in order to give credit to those who first reported a finding. Find out more about our commitments to the principles of  San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA).

Bibliographic details should be cited in the order: year, volume , page, and must include the article title. For example: Lukas Mustajärvi, Ann-Kristin Eriksson-Wiklund, Elena Gorokhova, Annika Jahnke and Anna Sobek, Transferring mixtures of chemicals from sediment to a bioassay using silicone-based passive sampling and dosing, Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts , 2017, 19 , 1404-1413. See  Endnote style files . For Zotero, please use the Royal Society of Chemistry (with titles) template.

Bibliographic reference to the source of statements in the text is made by use of superior numerals at the appropriate place (for example, Wittig3). The reference numbers should be cited in the correct sequence through the text (including those in tables and figure captions, numbered according to where the table or figure is designated to appear).  Please do not use Harvard style for references.

The references themselves are given at the end of the final printed text along with any notes. The names and initials of all authors are always given in the reference; they must not be replaced by the phrase et al . This does not prevent some, or all, of the names being mentioned at their first citation in the cursive text; initials are not necessary in the text. Notes or footnotes may be used to present material that, if included in the body of the text, would disrupt the flow of the argument but which is, nevertheless, of importance in qualifying or amplifying the textual material. Footnotes are referred to with the following symbols: †, ‡, §, ¶, ║etc.

Alternatively the information may be included as Notes (end-notes) to appear in the Notes/references section of the manuscript. Notes should be numbered using the same numbering system as the bibliographic references.

Journals The style of journal abbreviations to be used in RSC publications is that defined in Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI) (http://www.cas.org/expertise/cascontent/caplus/corejournals.html).

Bibliographic details should be cited in the order: year, volume , page. Where page numbers are not yet known, articles should be cited by DOI (Digital Object Identifier) - for example, T. J. Hebden, R. R. Schrock, M. K. Takase and P. Müller, Chem. Commun ., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2CC17634C.

Books J. Barker, in Catalyst Deactivation , ed. B. Delmon and C. Froment, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2nd edn., 1987, vol. 1, ch. 4, pp. 253-255.

Patents Br. Pat ., 357 450, 1986. US Pat ., 1 171 230, 1990.

Reports and bulletins, etc R. A. Allen, D. B. Smith and J. E. Hiscott, Radioisotope Data , UKAEA Research Group Report AERE-R 2938, H.M.S.O., London, 1961.

Material presented at meetings H. C. Freeman, Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Coordination Chemistry, Toulouse, 1980.

Theses A. D. Mount, Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1977.

Reference to unpublished material For material presented at a meeting, congress or before a Society, etc., but not published, the following form is used:  A. R. Jones, presented in part at the 28th Congress of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vancouver, August, 1981.

For material accepted for publication, but not yet published, the following forms are used.

• A. R. Jones, Dalton Trans. , 2003, DOI: 10.1039/manuscript number, for RSC journals 
• A. R. Jones, Angew. Chem ., in press, for non-RSC journals

If DOI numbers are known these should be cited in the form recommended by the publisher.

For material submitted for publication but not yet accepted the following form is used.

• A. R. Jones, Angew. Chem ., submitted.

For personal communications the following is used.

• G. B. Ball, personal communication.

If material is to be published but has yet to be submitted the following form is used.

• G. B. Ball, unpublished work.

Reference to unpublished work should not be made without the permission of those by whom the work was performed.

Software F James,  AIM2000, version 1.0, University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld,  Germany, 2000. T Bellander, M Lewne and B Brunekreef, GAUSSIAN 3 (Revision B.05), Gaussian Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 2003.

Online resources (including databases) Please note the most important information to include is the URL and the data accessed.

• The Merck Index Online, http://www.rsc.org/Merck-lndex/monograph/mono1500000841, (accessed October 2013).
• ChemSpider, http://www.chemspider.com/Chemicai-Structure.1906.html, (accessed June 2011).

arXiv references V. Krstic and M. Glerup, 2006, arXiv:cond-mat/0601513.

Figures & schemes

Preparation of graphics.

Artwork should be submitted at its final size so that reduction is not required. The appearance of graphics is the responsibility of the author.

• Graphics should fit within either single column (8.3 cm) or double column (17.1 cm) width, and must be no longer than 23.3 cm.
• Graphical abstracts should be no larger than 8 x 4 cm.
• Schemes and structures should be drawn to make best use of single and double column widths.

Colour figures

Colour figure reproduction is provided free of charge both online and in print.

Journal covers

Authors who wish to have their artwork featured on a journal cover should contact the editorial office of the journal to which the article is being submitted. A contribution to the additional production costs will be requested.

Use of such artwork is at the editor's discretion; the editor's decision is final. Examples of previous journal covers can be viewed via the journal homepage.

Electronic supplementary information

The journal's electronic supplementary information (ESI) service is a free facility that enables authors to enhance and increase the impact of their articles. Authors are encouraged to make the most of the benefits of publishing supplementary information in electronic form. Such data can take full advantage of the electronic medium, allowing use of 3D molecular models and movies. Authors can also improve the readability of their articles by placing appropriate material, such as repetitive experimental details and bulky data, as ESI. All information published as ESI is also fully archived. When preparing their ESI data files, authors should keep in mind the following points.

• Supplementary data is peer-reviewed, and should therefore be included with the original submission.
• ESI files are published 'as is'; editorial staff will not usually edit the data for style or content.
• Data is useful only if readers can access it; use common file formats.
• Large files may prove difficult for users to download and access.

Text and graphics

The preferred format for ESI comprising text and graphics is Microsoft Word. Publishing staff will convert Word files to PDF before publication, as this format can be accessed easily and reliably on most computing platforms using the freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader. If other formats are submitted they will also usually be converted to PDF files prior to publication.

Multimedia files

We welcome submission of multimedia files (including videos and animations) alongside articles for publication. Videos are an excellent medium to present elements of your work that can be difficult to communicate only in words. Please note that any videos of general interest are shared with the wider community via the RSC Journals YouTube channel. Please notify the editorial team if you prefer for your video(s) not to be uploaded to YouTube. If you submit a multimedia file alongside your paper, please refer to it within your paper to draw it to the reader’s attention. Also please see the section on submitting multimedia files

Format Acceptable formats for video or animation clips are listed below.

Please minimise file sizes where you can, by considering the following points.

• The recommended maximum frame size is 640 x 480 pixels.
• Our recommended maximum file size is 5 Mb.
• Many packages output 30 frames per second (fps) as standard, but it's possible to specify a lower frame rate; this may not noticeably affect the quality of your video but will reduce the file size.
• Use a 256 colour palette, if that is suitable for the presentation of the material.

Please consider the use of lower specifications for all these points if the material can still be represented clearly.

If your video is very short (that is, several seconds long) then it is recommended that you loop it and repeat a few times to provide a more detailed view.

Submitting multimedia files Upload your video online, together with your manuscript under the category 'electronic supplementary material' and please supply the following.

• A clear file name for your video.
• A short descriptive title for the video, which can be used when uploading the video onto a streaming channel.
• A video legend of approximately 30 words long; this caption must be provided to aid discoverability.
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An Introduction to Water Quality Analysis

• January 2019
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• National Institute of Technology, Agartala

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Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review

Gagandeep dhillon.

1 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore Washington Medical Center, Glen Burnie, MD 21061, USA

Venkata Buddhavarapu

2 Banner Medical Group, Banner Health, Phoenix, AZ 85206, USA; moc.liamg@uparavahddubataknev

Harpreet Grewal

3 Department of Radiology, Florida State University School of Medicine, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA; moc.liamg@lawerghgnisteerprah

Pranjal Sharma

4 Department of Internal Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; [email protected]

Ram Kishun Verma

5 Department of Sleep Medicine, Parkview Health System, Fort Wayne, IN 46845, USA; moc.liamg@6002kramrev

Ripudaman Munjal

6 Department of Nephrology, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA; [email protected]

Ramprakash Devadoss

7 Interventional Cardiology, Carle Methodist Medical Center, Peoria, IL 61636, USA; moc.liamg@0002hsakarpmar

Rahul Kashyap

8 Department of Research, WellSpan Health, York, PA 17403, USA; moc.liamg@dmpayhsak

Associated Data

No new data were created.

Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has emerged as a novel approach in the field of health and wellness. It is believed to have therapeutic antioxidant properties that can neutralize harmful free radicals in the human body. It has also been shown to be beneficial in mitigating oxidative stress-induced damage through its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways. We aim to conduct a systematic review to evaluate the potential benefits of hydrogen-rich water. The review protocol was uploaded on PROSPERO. After the initial search criteria, the articles were reviewed by two blinded investigators, and a total of 25 articles were included in the systematic review. The potential benefits of hydrogen-rich water on various aspects of health, including exercise capacity, physical endurance, liver function, cardiovascular disease, mental health, COVID-19, oxidative stress, and anti-aging research, are a subject of growing interest and ongoing research. Although preliminary results in clinical trials and studies are encouraging, further research with larger sample sizes and rigorous methodologies is needed to substantiate these findings. Current research needs to fully explain the mechanisms behind the potential benefits of hydrogen-rich water. Continued scientific exploration will provide valuable insights into the potential of hydrogen-rich water as an adjunctive therapeutic approach in the future.

1. Introduction

Hydrogen water, also known as hydrogen-rich water or hydrogenated water, is regular water that has molecular hydrogen gas (H 2 ) added to it [ 1 ]. Water can be hydrogenated by dissolving molecular hydrogen gas into water under elevated pressure, resulting in a supersaturated solution. The hydrogen molecules are extremely small, so they can easily penetrate water and stay dissolved for a while [ 1 ]. Hydrogen-rich water has recently gained significant attention as a potential health-promoting beverage. Studies have been done on animals [ 2 ] and humans [ 3 ] in the last few decades using molecular hydrogen-enhanced water showing antioxidant [ 3 ], anti-inflammatory [ 3 ], and anti-apoptotic [ 3 ] effects. Although there has been some research into the benefits of hydrogen-rich water, there is still a long way to go.

Over the last few years, hydrogen-rich water has become the latest trend to target the global market in the health and wellness industry. Studies have been undertaken to understand its potential benefits. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial [ 3 ] showed that hydrogen-rich water could reduce inflammatory responses in adults, leading to increased antioxidant capacity in healthy adults. Healthy adults consumed either 1.5 L/day of hydrogen-rich water or plain water. Flow cytometry testing of CD4+, CD8+, CD11+, CD 14+, and CD 20+ yielded interesting results. In the hydrogen-rich water group, the CD14+ cell frequency was decreased [ 3 ]. The benefits of hydrogen use have been evaluated in conditions such as cardiac fibrosis, neuronal disease, hepatic injury, radiation-induced disease, diabetes, and many more conditions [ 4 ]. Through this systematic review, we aim to summarize current research findings related to the use of molecular hydrogen-enhanced water and its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic impact.

2. Materials and Methods

The initial search terms included were “hydrogenated water”, “hydrogen water”, “hydrogen-rich water”, “molecular hydrogen”, “hydrogenated water”, “antioxidant”, “anti-inflammatory”, “anti-apoptotic”, “fatigue”, “oxidative stress”, and “cytoprotective”. This PubMed search yielded a total of 590 articles. Duplicate articles and animal studies were removed. All articles with titles not related to the topic were eliminated. After reviewing the abstracts by two blinded investigators (RD and RM), 30 articles were retained for a final review ( Figure 1 ). Our inclusion criteria were human studies with hydrogen-rich water and comparison groups or pertinent clinical or pathophysiological information in cohort studies, case-control studies, clinical trials, or observational studies. We excluded opinion articles, editorials, and book chapters for this systematic review. We also excluded results on the therapeutic effects of hydrogen gas inhalation and the injection of hydrogen-rich saline, and only included hydrogen-rich water studies.

Material and methods. Identification of studies via databases. PubMed search with 590 articles. Duplicate articles and animal studies were removed. All articles with titles not related to the topic were also removed. After a close review of the abstracts by two blinded investigators, 25 articles were retained for a final review.

Studies were exported from PubMed to Rayyan software ( https://www.rayyan.ai/ ). Two investigators (PS and GD) screened titles and abstracts independently to select appropriate studies. Afterward, the investigators (GD and HG) assessed the full texts of the articles to determine final eligibility. Conflicts were discussed with a non-reviewing investigator (RK) and were resolved. The study was also registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023445460). The final review was conducted with 30 articles ( Figure 1 ).

One of the first documented human studies on hydrogen-rich water was conducted in 2008. An experimental drink was produced by dissolving hydrogen gas into water under high pressure. It was used for patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose intolerance. Common medical disorders like hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis are associated with oxidative stress. Although the sample size was small, drinking hydrogen-rich water did have some benefits in preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus [ 5 ]. Hydrogen-rich water can be consumed orally and can be produced in multiple ways, which include hydrogen-generating tablets, infusion machines, water generators, and ionizers. The effective delivery of hydrogen through inhalation might be difficult. An advantage of using hydrogen-rich water to deliver molecular hydrogen is that it can be easily administered and is portable [ 6 ]. The beneficial effects can be seen even at low concentrations [ 6 ].

We have divided the summary of our findings into the following subheadings ( Figure 2 ).

Summary of benefits of hydrogen-rich water.

2.1. Health Benefits of Hydrogen-Rich Water with Physical Exercise

Physical activity is good for several reasons, offering numerous mental, emotional, and physical benefits [ 7 ]. Studies have also been done to see the effect of physical activity on mental health [ 7 ]. Some advocates of hydrogen-rich water believe that it has the potential to provide multiple health benefits with physical exercise, like enhanced performance and recovery [ 8 ]. Although the data are still limited and inconclusive, studies have shown encouraging results, as discussed below.

Physical exercise can result in increased reactive oxygen species, which can cause damage to tissue and fatigue. With most forms of exercise, sensations of fatigue and exhaustion occur after some time. Research has shown that drinking hydrogen-rich water before exercising can mitigate the effects of fatigue and build endurance [ 8 ]. A study conducted on cyclists showed that a 7-day consumption of nano-bubble hydrogen-rich water improved the anaerobic performance of trained cyclists compared to that of untrained ones [ 9 ]. There is a build-up of lactic acid in the muscles with exercise. Hydrogen-rich water administered pre-workout showed decreased blood lactic acid levels at a higher intensity and improved ventilatory efficiency [ 10 ]. Pre-workout hydrogen-rich water has also been gaining traction. The supplementation of hydrogen-rich water prior to exercise in other studies has been shown to reduce fatigue as well as improved endurance in the later stages of repeated sprints [ 11 ].

Not all studies have demonstrated encouraging results. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design study by Botek et al. [ 12 ] showed unclear effects on fatigue. Study participants were placed in either placebo or hydrogen-rich water groups. Interestingly, hydrogen-rich water had an unclear effect on race time and minimal impact on heart rate. Endurance performance was improved by 1.3% in the slowest runners with pre-race hydration with 1680 mL hydrogen-rich water, but the effect on the fastest runners was unclear as there was 0.8% deterioration. Also, in the slowest runners, there was an improvement in race heart rate by 3.8%, along with an improvement in performance; however, in the fastest runners, the change was unclear (0.1%). Depending on the running ability of individuals, the effect of hydrogen-rich water on performance can vary [ 12 ].

Training and competition are part of athletes’ lives. Oxidative stress has a vital role in the development of inflammation [ 3 ]. A study was undertaken on female juvenile soccer players from Suzhou, China, with the consumption of hydrogen-rich water for 2 months in the treatment group, which showed changes in serum malondialdehyde, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, with an increase in serum superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity levels [ 13 ]. After 8 weeks, serum malondialdehyde levels decreased from 13.80 ± 3.33 to 12.69 ± 1.94 μM in the hydrogen-rich water group and from 16.67 ± 4.19 to 15.79 ± 3.07 μM in the control group ( p = 0.000). In the same period, the interleukin-1 levels went up from 29.32 ± 7.09 μM to 34.47 ± 6.22 μM in the hydrogen-rich water group and from 32.56 ± 7.61 to 42.94 ± 6.24 μM in the control group ( p = 0.002) [ 13 ]. The levels of interleukin-6 increased from 8.74 ± 2.57 to 12.37 ± 3.2 ng/L in the hydrogen-rich water group and from 10.53 ± 1.62 ng/L to 24.88 ± 6.11 ng/L in the hydrogen-rich water group after 8 weeks ( p = 0.000). The serum TNF-α levels increased from 49.46 ± 11.59 to 107.00 ± 13.89 μM in the hydrogen-rich water group and from 60.57 ± 10.09 to 132.24 ± 10.46 μM in the other group ( p = 0.000). For superoxide dismutase, the levels decreased from 14.07 ± 1.91 to 13.69 ± 2.10 U/mL in the hydrogen-rich water group, while it decreased from 13.14 ± 2.18 to 13.01 ± 1.08 U/mL in the control group ( p = 0.027) [ 13 ].

Studies have shown the antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, cytoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties that hydrogen can exert on the cell. Hydrogen-rich water has the potential to be used for the treatment of many diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, among others [ 14 ].

Hydrogen-rich water can improve acidosis due to exercise, energy levels, and enhanced muscular performance in athletes [ 15 ].

2.2. Impact of Hydrogen-Rich Water on Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress is known to be a common cause of lifestyle-related diseases, the aging process, and even cancer [ 4 ]. Reactive oxygen species are generated internally as we breathe and consume oxygen [ 4 ]. Hydrogen is effective against oxidative stress and is also known for its anti-inflammatory [ 4 ] and anti-allergy [ 4 ] benefits. Hydrogen reduces the oxidative damage that occurs between biological molecules and hydroxyl radicals [ 1 ]. With this reduction in oxidized macromolecules, there is a decrease in cellular and mitochondrial injuries [ 1 ]. Another added advantage is that, even at higher concentrations, hydrogen has no cytotoxicity [ 4 ]. Also, in mixed deep diving gas, hydrogen gas in high concentrations is used for inhalation to prevent arterial gas thrombi and to prevent decompression sickness [ 4 ].

2.3. Impact of Hydrogen-Rich Water on Cardiovascular Health

The effects of molecular hydrogen on cardiovascular disease are interesting. Molecular hydrogen controls signal transduction and gene expression, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreasing reactive oxygen species production. It also leads to the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant transcription factor. Even though hydrogen has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, the exact mechanism of action is poorly understood. There are data to suggest that the mild hormetic-like effects of hydrogen might be responsible for these benefits, but more research is still needed [ 1 ].

Hydrogen-rich water can help in the management of hyperlipidemia [ 16 ]. Twenty patients (10 smokers and 10 non-smokers) who received hydrogen-rich water for 10 weeks showed a drop in total cholesterol levels from 6.42 mM to 5.47 mM ( p < 0.01), whereas LDL levels dropped only from 3.96 mM to 3.24 mM ( p < 0.05). It is interesting to note that the beneficial effects were better in smokers than non-smokers. Additionally, there was no effect on the levels of HDL-C. The levels of serum triglyceride were decreased with hydrogen-rich water treatment in smokers from 2.93 mM to 2.3 mM, but the levels in non-smokers went from 1.49 mM to 1.67 mM [ 16 ].

Hydrogen-rich water can potentially decrease LDL-C and apoB levels while improving HDL function. It may also have a role in the prevention of metabolic syndrome [ 16 ]. In another study [ 17 ], 20 subjects were selected for an 8-week study. Patients with potential metabolic syndrome received hydrogen-rich water (1.5–2 L). There was a 39% increase in antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) ( p < 0.05) and a 43% decrease in thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) in urine ( p < 0.05). Also, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased by 8%. Fasting glucose levels were unchanged [ 17 ]. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial in 60 individuals with metabolic syndrome yielded encouraging results. Clinical baseline data was obtained at baseline after an observation period of 1 week. Then, subjects were randomized to high-concentration hydrogen-rich water (>5.5 millimoles of H 2 per day) vs. the placebo group. The use of high-concentration hydrogen-rich water was shown to decrease blood glucose and cholesterol levels, improve serum hemoglobin A1c, and also to improve inflammatory biomarkers ( p < 0.05). Interestingly, it also led to an improvement in waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index [ 18 ].

Furthermore, in unstable angina patients, the consumption of hydrogen-rich water with conventional medications was shown to relieve symptoms associated with that condition (60% vs. 90%, χ 2 = 4.800, p < 0.05) [ 19 ]. The hydrogen-rich water group was noted to have lower total cholesterol (35% vs. 15%), apoB (40% vs. 15%), and LDL-C (40% vs. 20%) levels compared to the control group [ 18 ]. Hydrogen-rich water can also improve the endothelial function of the arteries to improve cardiovascular health [ 20 ]. In evaluating vascular endothelial function and cardiovascular disease, the reactive hyperemia index (RHI) using peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) is useful. RHI improved by 25.4% ( p < 0.05) after 2 weeks of hydrogen-rich water consumption [ 20 ].

2.4. COVID-19 and Hydrogen-Rich Water

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted our lives in the last few years [ 21 ]. Although it is not a health emergency globally today, it is important to be vigilant as new variants have emerged in the last few years [ 21 ]. It is interesting to note that, as hydrogen inhalation has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic action, it can aid in the management of COVID-19 [ 22 ]. The antioxidant and biological effects of hydrogen-rich water are seen even after hydrogen is cleared from the body [ 22 ]. Molecular hydrogen therapies were also seen to be effective in remediating the dangerous consequences of COVID-19 infection. Hydrogen administration inhibited cytokine cascade and decreased inhalation resistance in patients with mild to moderate disease [ 23 ]. Although hydrogen has shown potential in the last few years, it is still too early to conclude its usefulness.

2.5. Hydrogen-Rich Water and Dialysis

As we go forward, hydrogen-rich water has started to make an impact on various diseases and disorders. Oxidative stress plays an important role in chronic kidney disease pathology [ 24 ]. In chronic dialysis patients, a study showed that electrolyzed hydrogen-rich water (EHW) intake can improve blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and renal function. It can also decrease oxidative stress in patients with chronic dialysis during their hemodialysis sessions [ 24 ]. Also, in hemodialysis (HD) patients, fatigue is often attributed to oxidative stress. A study was done to see if hemodialysis solutions with electrolyzed hydrogen-rich water would affect autonomic function and fatigue. The use of HD solutions with electrolyzed hydrogen-rich water decreased fatigue in patients on both HD and even on HD-free days [ 25 ]. Alkaline-electrolyzed-reduced water (ERW) has been in use for many years. It has been proven that the primary agent responsible for oxidation reduction potential and the therapeutic effects of ERW was H 2 [ 26 ].

2.6. Effect of Hydrogen-Rich Water on Cancer

As medical science continues to advance, molecular hydrogen has started to find its way into oncology. Colorectal cancer is a common cause of death due to cancer, and removal of tumors is still the mainstay of treatment [ 27 ]. Hydrogen-rich water did show anti-cancer properties in a study [ 27 ]. With its antioxidant properties and ability to decrease oxidative stress, it could be a potential game changer in the future. A combination of hydrogen-rich water and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did show improvement in the size of the tumor, fibrosis, and content of collagen [ 27 ]. Another systematic review was to see molecular hydrogen’s effect as an adjunctive therapy for cancer treatment. A total of 677 articles were reviewed, and 27 were selected for final review. Hydrogen was noted to have potential in treatment, overall prognosis, quality of life, and tumor reduction [ 28 ].

2.7. Benefits of Hydrogen-Rich Water on Mental Health

Mental health is another aspect of today’s world that cannot be ignored. As we move on from the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to understand the effect it had on mental health. Higher rates of depression, anxiety, and stress were seen in the general population in many countries [ 29 ]. A study showed that subjects who drank hydrogen-rich water for 4 weeks had improved mood, anxiety, and overall mood [ 30 ]. Another interesting study was performed on women with panic disorder [ 31 ]. The control group was started on psychological treatment and a placebo, while the treatment group was placed on psychological treatment and 1500 mL of hydrogen-rich water daily for 3 months. Results showed no significant difference between the control and treatment groups; however, it should be noted that the treatment group did show a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12, and TNF-α) compared to the control group. In the treatment group, after treatment with hydrogen-rich water, IL-1β levels decreased from 94.1 to 65.5, IL-12 from 75.75 to 54.5, IL-6 from 72.3 to 51.67, and TNF-α from 74.5 to 49.25 (all data with p < 0.05). This may have led to an improvement in physical health and body pain [ 31 ].

2.8. Hyroden-Rich Water and Liver Function Benefits

As hydrogen-rich water decreases oxidative stress, a study was done on patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a global health problem and can be life-threatening. Subjects were administered hydrogen-rich water (1200–1800 mL/day, twice daily), which improved liver function and reduced HBV DNA [ 32 ]. It also decreased oxidative stress in chronic hepatitis B patients [ 32 ]. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 25% of the population. Liver dysfunction can be caused by inflammation, oxidative stress, and aberrant cellular signaling. It has been shown that the administration of hydrogen-rich water can have beneficial effects for these patients [ 33 ]. Thirty individuals with NAFLD were administered hydrogen-rich water in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study for 8 weeks. Decreased body mass index and weight (≈1 kg) were observed in the treatment group [ 33 ]. As treatment for NAFLD remains elusive, a few studies have been done to assess the benefits of hydrogen-rich water on the disease. Hydrogen-rich water was shown to decrease fat accumulation in the liver and has the potential to be used as an adjuvant treatment for mild to moderate NAFLD [ 34 ].

2.9. Effect of Hydrogen-Rich Water on Aging

The risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and even cancer is age [ 35 ]. With hydrogen-rich water making news in the last few years, a study was undertaken to assess the effects of hydrogen-rich water in men and women above the age of 70 and whether it affected aging. It was found that drinking hydrogen-rich water for 6 months was harmless and also had a favorable effect on many of the factors associated with aging, like pain, metabolic processes in the brain, strength in the lower extremities, etc. [ 35 ]. Another study showed the hydrogen has anti-aging effects through the (Nrf2) pathway on vascular endothelial cells. Therefore, it has the potential to increase longevity. This can even be seen after temporary exposure to hydrogen [ 36 ].

3. Results and Discussion

Hydrogen-rich water has gained worldwide attention over the last few years given its potential health benefits. Hydrogen-rich water’s effect on exercise capacity and physical endurance is of particular interest to individuals with a fondness for physical activity. Additionally, the potential for a positive impact on cardiovascular function can reduce the risk of heart disease. Additionally, the possible effect of hydrogen-rich water on mental health is intriguing, with the initial results being encouraging. Also, its effect on anti-cancer properties holds promise in the field of oncology. Given its potential to positively impact liver function, anti-aging, and oxidative stress, hydrogen-rich water is a subject of ongoing research and growing interest. Hydrogen-rich water offers several potential strengths, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. It can also help decrease oxidative stress. Some studies showed that it may also improve physical endurance, cognitive function, and overall well-being. Moreover, hydrogen-rich water is mostly considered safe, with no to minimal side effects. There is growing interest in the benefits of hydrogen-rich water, and it may also have potential applications in medical therapies.

Hydrogen-rich water can aid in the excretion of toxins from the liver to the bile and promote their fecal excretion by enhancing the efflux pumps of Mrp2 and p -glycoprotein. In a study [ 37 ], there was no effect on plasma mineral ions with a small change in the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and sulfate between the hydrogen-rich water and control water groups. Interestingly, the hydrogen-rich water group had a higher volume of water intake as compared to the control group, with regular water consumption (81.8 ± 5.1 mL/day in the hydrogen-rich water group compared with 73.9 ± 5.0 mL/day in the control group, p < 0.05). This might have been due to better palatability with the hydrogen-rich water group. Magnesium intake has been shown to decrease cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease mortality in human beings [ 37 ]. In study [ 37 ], hydrogen-rich water had a higher concentration of magnesium than the control group (22.8 ppm in the hydrogen-rich water group compared to 10.2 in the control group). Magnesium was also shown to decrease levels of blood glucose in rat liver by interfering with the gluconeogenesis pathway. This may have led to a decrease in plasma glucose levels of 7.7% ( p < 0.05) in the hydrogen-rich water group compared to the control group [ 37 ].

Comparison of hydrogen-rich water with other health supplements, such as protein powder, herbal supplements, collagen, and vitamins, is challenging yet essential, as they serve different purposes and can affect health and well-being.

Over the last few decades, protein powder has become popular among individuals with an interest in physical activity looking to support their fitness goals. There have been studies undertaken to assess the impact of protein powders on physical endurance and fitness. In healthy individuals undergoing chronic endurance training, protein supplements were shown to increase aerobic capacity further, improve time trial performance, and lead to lean mass gain [ 38 ]. Another study showed that protein supplements and carbohydrate strategies in individuals undergoing endurance exercise can decrease muscle damage but did not improve endurance capacity [ 39 ]. High protein intake for prolonged periods has been linked to various health concerns, including increased risk of renal disorders, calcium metabolism, the progression of coronary artery disease, and even cancer [ 40 ]. There are not much data available specifically comparing protein powder and hydrogen-rich water strategies for individuals engaging in physical activity.

A separate study was done on 89 individuals to see the effect of protein powder (on whey or casein protein for 12 weeks of consumption) on cholesterol levels [ 41 ]. It caused decreased total cholesterol levels by 7% in the whey protein group compared to the baseline and a 9% decrease in the whey protein group compared to the casein group. LDL levels were also decreased by 7% in the whey group compared to the baseline. Protein powder and hydrogen-rich water can both be a part of a dietary regimen to support fitness goals. While hydrogen-rich water provides potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [ 15 ], protein supplementation is used for lean muscle gain and increased aerobic capacity. As medical science continues to evolve, we might better understand how these two strategies can be used synergistically or in certain scenarios.

Herbal supplements are commonly used in different parts of the world. A few studies were done to evaluate the impact of herbal supplements on COVID-19 patients. Zinc sulfate could decrease the duration of olfactory dysfunction. However, more well-designed studies are needed in the future given the low quality of included trials [ 42 ]. Also, there has been a debate on using herbal supplements to treat mood disorders. A few are effective in the management of depression, like Catha edulis, Tinospora cordifolia, Curcuma longa, Rhodio larosea, Crocus sativus, etc. [ 43 ]. There has also been evidence in favour of the use of Passiflora spp. (passionflower) and Piper methysticum (Kava) in treating anxiety, and Crocus sativus (saffron ) and Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) for treating depression. In schizophrenia, Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) has been used as an adjunctive treatment [ 44 ]. EGb 761, a special extract of Gingko biloba , stabilizes mood and improves cognitive functioning in elderly individuals with cognitive impairment [ 45 ]. In this study, 176 patients with generalized anxiety disorder or adjustment disorders with anxious mood were randomized to one of the three groups for 4 weeks: 480 mg EGb 761, 240 mg EGb 761, or placebo. The primary outcome measure used was the Hamilton rating scale for anxiety (HAMA). In the high-dose EGb 761 group, the HAMA score decreased by −14.3, −12.1 in the low-dose EGb 761 group, and by −7.8 in the placebo group ( p = 0.0003 in the high-dose group and p = 0.01 in the low-dose group) [ 45 ].

Going forward, there needs to be more focus on quality research to establish herbal supplements’ efficacy and safety as they are not as well established as the psychotropic medications currently in use.

Collagen is associated with skin health and overall well-being. It constitutes approximately 80% of the dry weight of skin [ 46 ]. With aging, there is a decrease in the enzymes involved in its processing that, in turn, decreases the fibroblasts involved in the synthesis of collagen [ 46 ]. Topical and oral collagen can reduce skin aging [ 47 ]. The effects of vitamins and nutrients on aging are also shown [ 46 ]. Supplementation with zinc, carotenoids, selenium, and vitamins C and E could slow aging [ 48 ].

Hydrogen-rich water, protein powder, herbal supplements, and vitamins, etc., are distinct dietary supplements and have different effects on the body. There are not much data available comparing hydrogen-rich water to protein powder, herbal supplements, collagen, and vitamins.

Many factors affect the therapeutic effect of hydrogen-rich water, such as the hydrogen concentration in water, hydrogenation methods, and best duration, etc. This, in turn, can lead to different results. As the hydrogen concentration and quality can vary in studies, it can be challenging to compare results. Although the results of many studies reviewed have been encouraging, it should be noted that many were conducted in animals [ 2 ], and some used small sample sizes [ 48 ]. This can have an impact on the statistical power of the research and the generalizability of findings. Research trials with a large sample size would be needed in the future. We also noticed that the studies on hydrogen-rich water primarily focused on short-term benefits [ 48 ] and did not consider the long-term effects. Some studies [ 16 ] did not have a placebo control group, so it is difficult to determine whether the results could be attributed to hydrogen-rich water.

Also, it should be noted that, as some of the studies might have been supported by organizations with an interest in hydrogen-rich water products, there could be commercial biases in publication. A proper conflict of interest analysis is required as we move forward. Over the last few years, there has been a better understanding of the effects of hydrogen, with studies showing that the primary molecular target of hydrogen is Fe-porphyrin [ 49 ]. The main target of hydrogen intracellularly is mitochondria, where oxidized Fe-porphyrin has been shown to be responsible for hydrogen’s destruction of reactive oxygen species. Fe-porphyrin has also been shown to rectify electron flow in disordered states. Quantum biology going forward can help us better understand the exact mechanism of molecular hydrogen on mitochondria [ 50 ]. Hydrogen-rich water also leads to the activation of Nrf2, which has been shown to have a positive impact on cardiovascular health [ 1 ] and anti-aging effects [ 35 ]. We should look forward to developing therapeutic protocols and validating the potential of hydrogen-rich water in a clinical setting.

4. Conclusions

Increased interest and continuous study are being directed toward the possible health advantages of hydrogen-rich water in a variety of areas, including physical endurance, exercise capacity, cardiovascular disease, liver function, COVID-19, mental health, anti-aging research, and oxidative stress. These potential consequences have aroused debate in the scientific and medical industries. Even though there is great potential in understanding the benefits of hydrogen-rich water, we still have to overcome the existing limitations. We need well-designed studies in humans, with large sample sizes and long-term trials, to ascertain the benefits.

Funding Statement

This research received no external funding.

Author Contributions

G.D.—Corresponding author, conceptualization, literature search, original draft. V.B.—Visualization, writing, review and editing, formal analysis. H.G.—Study design, formal analysis, investigation. P.S.—Formal analysis, resources. R.K.V.—Literature search, validation, visualization, resources, methodology. R.M.—Resources, methodology. R.D.—Writing, review. R.K.—Writing, review and editing, supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Not applicable.

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Data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Potential Impact of the Discharge of Contaminated Fukushima Water: Implications for Marine Sports

40 Pages Posted: 22 Jul 2024

Wooyoung Yang

National Research Foundation of Korea

Seungyup Lim

Korea University

This study explored the potential impact and implications of discharging contaminated water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant on marine sports using Beck's risk society theory. Thematic analysis was employed to categorize the impacts into three areas: the shift to a leisure of death, the emergence of marine sports alienation, and the threat to marine sports tourism. The discharge of contaminated water is expected to exacerbate marine pollution, pose health risks to marine sports participants, reduce participation in marine activities, and deter tourists. The study proposed countermeasures based on Beck's crisis coping framework, including promoting public awareness, implementing proactive risk management, establishing regulatory governance, fostering democratic participation, and enhancing international collaboration to mitigate the consequences on marine sports and associated industries.

Keywords: Contaminated Fukushima water discharge, marine sport, sport tourism, risk society, water pollution

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National Research Foundation of Korea ( email )

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Atmospheric water vapour as a potential water source and its impact on energy systems

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Atmospheric water vapour, an abundant yet underutilized resource, may hold potential as a new water source but is held back by its high enthalpy of condensation. This property also contributes to a negative feedback loop between cooling systems and greenhouse gases, accelerating global warming.

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NASA’s Lunar Trailblazer: Major Milestone for Moon Water Mapping Spacecraft

Lunar Trailblazer, a compact satellite developed by NASA and managed by Lockheed Martin and Caltech, has completed rigorous environmental tests and is undergoing final software trials.

This preparation aims to ensure the satellite can withstand the extreme conditions of space and successfully execute its mission to map water resources on the Moon. The spacecraft is set to hitch a ride to the Moon as part of a commercial lunar lander mission in late 2024, promising critical data for future lunar exploration.

Pre-Launch Testing and Development

NASA’s Lunar Trailblazer spacecraft recently completed the shaking, chilling, baking, and other testing needed to ensure it can survive launch and the harsh conditions of space.

Now that environmental testing is done, the spacecraft team at Lockheed Martin Space in Littleton, Colorado, is putting the orbiter and its science instruments through flight system software tests that simulate key aspects of launch, maneuvers, and the science mission while in orbit around the Moon.

At the same time, the operations team led by IPAC at Caltech in Pasadena, California, is conducting tests to simulate commanding, communication with NASA’s Deep Space Network , and navigation.

Mission Objectives and Satellite Details

Just 440 pounds (200 kilograms) and 11.5 feet (3.5 meters) wide with its solar panels fully deployed, the small satellite will help scientists determine the abundance, location, and form of water on the Moon, as well as its variation over the course of a lunar day. This data will be key to our understanding of this crucial resource on the Moon for future exploration.

The mission’s two science instruments were integrated with the spacecraft last year. The High-resolution Volatiles and Minerals Moon Mapper was developed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, and the Lunar Thermal Mapper is from the University of Oxford and funded by the United Kingdom Space Agency.

Lunar Trailblazer will launch as a “rideshare,” a secondary payload on the second lunar lander mission by Intuitive Machines, called IM-2, which is part of NASA’s CLPS (Commercial Lunar Payload Services) initiative. Launch preparations are expected to begin in the fourth quarter of 2024 with an extended mission window reaching into January 2025.

About a month prior to launch, the Lunar Trailblazer spacecraft will ship from Lockheed Martin to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. After final checkouts, it will be integrated into the launch vehicle.

Mission Leadership and Framework

The project is led by Principal Investigator Bethany Ehlmann of Caltech and managed by JPL , which is also providing systems engineering, navigation, and mission assurance. Caltech manages JPL for the agency.

Lunar Trailblazer is part of NASA’s Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration (SIMPLEx) program, which provides opportunities for low-cost, high-risk science missions that are responsive to requirements for flexibility. These lower-cost missions serve as an ideal platform for technical and architecture innovation, contributing to NASA’s science research and technology development objectives. SIMPLEx mission investigations are managed by the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, as part of the Discovery Program at NASA Headquarters in Washington. IPAC leads mission operations, including planning, scheduling, and sequencing all science and spacecraft activities.

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