latex format for research paper

Resources for Formatting Papers in LaTex

Guide overview, library books, online resources, smart thinking tutoring service.

This guide provides resources for students and faculty who need to use the scientific text formatting application LaTex for a research paper, thesis, or dissertation.

• The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Symbols accessible from LATEX
• LaTex Tutorial for Beginners Full Course Video tutorial for beginners
• LaTex Wikibook This is a guide to the LaTeX typesetting system. It is intended as a useful resource for everybody, from new users who wish to learn, to old hands who need a quick reference.
• The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX 2E The document derives from a German introduction (‘lkurz’), which was translated and updated; it continues to be updated. (Tobias Oetiker et al., 2015)
• Overleaf video training tutorials Overleaf is an on-line LaTeX editing tool that allows you to create LaTeX documents directly in your web browser.
• Smart Thinking Smarthinking is an online professional tutoring platform available to Rowan students, to supplement our own peer-to-peer tutoring program. Smarthinking offers students academic support through a 24/7 online service and is available at no charge. This platform enables Rowan to offer additional academic support for more students and courses than our peer-to-peer tutoring services alone. Students can access Smarthinking through their canvas course or by clicking this link: https://go.rowan.edu/smarthinking. Available subjects include: Business, Computers & Technology, Math & Statistics, Reading, Science, Spanish.
• Last Updated: May 9, 2024 3:56 PM
• URL: https://libguides.rowan.edu/LaTex

Research Guides

Submit and publish your thesis.

• The Graduate Thesis: What is it?
• Thesis Defences
• Deadlines and Fees
• Formatting in MS Word

Formatting in LaTeX

• Making Thesis Accessible
• Thesis Embargo
• Review and Release
• Your Rights as an Author
• Re-using Third Party Materials
• Creative Commons Licenses for Theses
• Turning Thesis into an Article
• Turning Thesis into a Book
• Other Venues of Publication

For formatting instructions and requirements see the Formatting section of the School of Graduate Studies website. The thesis style template for LaTeX ( ut-thesis ) implements these requirements. You are not required to use the template, but using it will make most of the formatting requirements easier to meet.

►► Thesis template for LaTeX .

Below are some general formatting tips for drafting your thesis in LaTeX.  In addition, there are other supports available:

• Regular LaTeX workshops are offered via the library, watch the library workshop calendar at https://libcal.library.utoronto.ca/
• With questions about LaTeX formatting, contact Map and Data Library (MDL) using this form
• There are also great resources for learning LaTeX available via Overleaf

Many common problems have been solved on the TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange Q & A Forum

LaTeX Template

To use the LaTeX and ut-thesis , you need two things: a LaTeX distribution (compiles your code), and an editor (where you write your code). Two main approaches are:

• Overleaf : is a web-based platform that combines a distribution (TeX Live) and an editor. It is beginner-friendly (minimal set-up) and some people prefer a cloud-based platform. However, manually uploading graphics and managing a bibliographic database can be tedious, especially for large projects like a thesis.
• A LaTeX distribution can be installed as described here . ut-thesis can then be installed either: a) initially, with the distribution; b) automatically when you try to compile a document using \usepackage{ut-thesis} ; or manually via graphical or terminal-based package manager for the distribution.
• The LaTeX distribution allows you to compile code, but provides no tools for writing (e.g. syntax highlighting, hotkeys, command completion, etc.). There are many editor options that provide these features. TeXstudio is one popular option.

Occasionally, the version of ut-thesis on GitHub  may be more up-to-date than the popular distributions (especially yearly TeX Live), including small bug fixes. To use the GitHub version, you can download the file ut-thesis.cls (and maybe the documentation ut-thesis .pdf ) and place it in your working directory. This will take priority over any other versions of ut-thesis on your system while in this directory.

LaTeX Formatting Tips

Here are a few tips & tricks for formatting your thesis in LateX.

Document Structure

Using the ut-thesis document class, a minimal example thesis might look like:

\documentclass{ut-thesis} \author {Your Name} \title {Thesis Title} \degree {Doctor of Philosophy} \department {LaTeX} \gradyear {2020} \begin {document}   \frontmatter   \maketitle   \begin {abstract}     % abstract goes here   \end {abstract}   \tableofcontents   \mainmatter   % main chapters go here   % references go here   \appendix   % appendices go here \end {document}

►►  A larger example is available on GitHub here .

You may want to consider splitting your code into multiple files. The contents of each file can then be added using \input{filename} .

The usual commands for document hierarchy are available like \chapter , \section , \subsection , \subsubsection , and \paragraph . To control which appear in the \tableofcontents , you can use \setcounter{tocdepth}{i} , where i = 2 includes up to \subsection , etc. For unnumbered sections, use \section* , etc. No component should be empty, such as \section{...} immediately followed by \subsection{...} .

Note: In the examples below, we denote the preamble vs body like:

preamble code --- body code

Tables & Figures

In LaTeX, tables and figures are environments called “floats”, and they usually don’t appear exactly where you have them in the code. This is to avoid awkward whitespace. Float environments are used like \begin{env} ... \end{env} , where the entire content ... will move with the float. If you really need a float to appear exactly “here”, you can use:

\usepackage{float} --- \begin{ figure}[H] ... \end {figure}

Most other environments (like equation) do not float.

A LaTeX table as a numbered float is distinct from tabular data. So, a typical table might look like:

\usepackage{booktabs} --- \begin {table}   \centering   \caption {The table caption}   \begin {tabular}{crll}     i &   Name & A &  B \\     1 &  First & 1 &  2 \\     2 & Second & 3 &  5 \\     3 &  Third & 8 & 13   \end {tabular} \end {table}

The & separates cells and \\ makes a new row. The {crll} specifies four columns: 1 centred, 1 right-aligned, and 2 left-aligned.

Fancy Tables

Some helpful packages for creating more advanced tabular data:

• booktabs : provides the commands \toprule , \midrile , and \bottomrule , which add horizontal lines of slightly different weights.
• multicol : provides the command \multicolumn{2}{r}{...} to “merge” 2 cells horizontally with the content ... , centred.
• multirow : provides the command \multirow{2}{*}{...} , to “merge” 2 cells vertically with the content ... , having width computed automatically (*).

A LaTeX figure is similarly distinct from graphical content. To include graphics, it’s best to use the command \includegraphics from the graphicx package. Then, a typical figure might look like:

\usepackage{graphicx} --- \begin {figure}   \centering   \includegraphics[width=.6 \textwidth ]{figurename} \end {figure}

Here we use .6\textwidth to make the graphic 60% the width of the main text.

By default, graphicx will look for figurename in the same folder as main.tex ; if you need to add other folders, you can use \graphicspath{{folder1/}{folder2/}...} .

The preferred package for subfigures is subcaption ; you can use it like:

\usepackage{subcaption} --- \begin {figure} % or table, then subtable below   \begin {subfigure}{0.5 \textwidth }     \includegraphics[width= \textwidth ]{figureA}     \caption {First subcaption}   \end {subfigure}   \begin {subfigure}{0.5 \textwidth }     \includegraphics[width= \textwidth ]{figureB}     \caption {Second subcaption}   \end {subfigure}   \caption {Overall figure caption} \end {figure}

This makes two subfigures each 50% of the text width, with respective subcaptions, plus an overall figure caption.

Math can be added inline with body text like $E = m c^2$ , or as a standalone equation like:

\begin {equation}   E = m c^2 \end {equation}

A complete guide to math is beyond our scope here; again, Overleaf provides a great set of resources to get started.

Cross References

We recommend using the hyperref package to make clickable links within your thesis, such as the table of contents, and references to equations, tables, figures, and other sections.

A cross-reference label can be added to a section or float environment using \label{key} , and referenced elsewhere using \ref{key} . The key will not appear in the final document (unless there is an error), so we recommend a naming convention like fig:diagram , tab:summary , or intro:back for \section{Background} within \chapter{Intro} , for example. We also recommend using a non-breaking space ~ like Figure~\ref{fig:diagram} , so that a linebreak will not separate “Figure” and the number.

You may need to compile multiple times to resolve cross-references (and citations). However, this occurs by default as needed in most editors.

The LaTeX package tikz provides excellent tools for drawing diagrams and even plotting basic math functions. Here is one small example:

\usepackage{tikz} --- \begin {tikzpicture}   \node [red,circle]  (a) at (0,0) {A};   \node [blue,square] (b) at (1,0) {B};   \draw [dotted,->]   (a) -- node[above]{ $ \alpha $ } (b); \end {tikzpicture}

Don’t forget semicolons after every command, or else you will get stuck while compiling.

There are several options for managing references in LaTeX. We recommend the most modern package: biblatex , with the biber backend.  A helpful overview is given here .

Assuming you have a file called references.bib that looks like:

@article{Lastname2020,   title = {The article title},   author = {Lastname, First and Last2, First2 and Last3 and First3},   journal = {Journal Name},   year = {2020},   vol = {99},   no = {1} } ...

then you can cite the reference Lastname2020 using biblatex like:

\usepackage[backend=biber]{biblatex} \addbibresource {references.bib} --- \cite {Lastname2020} ... \printbibliography

Depending on what editor you’re using to compile, this may work straight away. If not, you may need to update your compiling command to:

pdflatex main && biber main && pdflatex main && pdflatex main

Assuming your document is called main.tex . This is because biber is a separate tool from pdflatex . So in the command above, we first identify the cited sources using pdflatex , then collect the reference information using biber , then finish compiling the document using pdflatex , and then we compile once more in case anything got missed.

There are many options when loading biblatex to configure the reference formatting; it’s best to search the CTAN documentation for what you want to do.

Windows users may find that biber.exe or bibtex.exe get silently blocked by some antivirus software. Usually, an exception can be added within the antivirus software to allow these programs to run.

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• Last Updated: Sep 15, 2023 3:23 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.utoronto.ca/thesis

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Getting Started with LaTeX

• Installation
• Creating a document
• A sample document
• Library Workshop Files

Introduction

Before reading this section you should have a basic understanding of how to create a LaTeX document, as well as, the basic structure of a document.

This section is about creating templates for LaTeX documents.  Templates are meant to speed up the initial creation of a LaTeX document.  Often it is the case that the same packages and document structure will be applicable to many of the documents you are working on, in this case using a template will save you the time of having to input all of this information every time you create a new document.

Using and Creating Templates

A good front end LaTeX software package will contain at least some standard templates for different document types such as articles, beamers, and books, a great one will also let you create your own template.  Templates can be very useful when there are certain documents types you need to create often such as class notes, homework assignments, and lab reports.  In these cases a template will create consistency between documents and greatly simplify the creation of the document.

Using Templates

How to use a template depends on what program you are using to write your LaTeX code.  If you are not using any front end software a template would simply be an already written .tex file you used to start your document.  It is important to make sure that you do not save over the template as you create the new document as this would destroy the template file.  Different front end software have different methods for using templates.  In TexStudio for example under "File" there is a "new from template" option.  TexStudio comes with a number of preprogrammed templates but also allows you to add your own.  TexMaker on the other hand, under file, has the option "new by copying an existing file".  In this case you would need to create your own template file,  but you would not have to worry that you might accidentally save over it.

If the template you are looking for is not built into the software you are using there are online resources such as LaTeX Templates  where you can download templates for a variety of purposes.  A more advanced LaTeX user may also want to consider creating their own template. 

Creating Templates

When creating a template there are several important questions to ask yourself:

• It doesn't make sense to have a template if you will need to change the document class often.  It is also important to recognize which document best suits your needs (i.e. if you want sections use article but if you want chapters use book).
• One of the best reasons to have a template is that you won't have write the preamble every time you start a new document, therefore it is very important to include all the packages you will need.  Its better to have extra packages than not enough.
• You can save time by incorporating certain common elements into you preamble such as title, author, and date.  You may also want include certain structures in the document, for example if you were making a lab report you may already include all the sections the report requires (Introduction, Experimental Setup, Results, Conclusions, etc...).  
• Perhaps you are using your template for a certain class that often uses matrices or a mathematical symbol with a long name.  Creating a new command as part of the template can help simplify the writing process.

Sample Template Code

% This is a template for doing homework assignments in LaTeX

\documentclass {article} % This command is used to set the type of document you are working on such as an article, book, or presenation

\usepackage { geometry } % This package allows the editing of the page layout \usepackage { amsmath }   % This package allows the use of a large range of mathematical formula, commands, and symbols \usepackage { graphicx }   % This package allows the importing of images

\newcommand { \question }[2][]{ \ begin{ flushleft }         \textbf {Question #1}: \textit {#2}

\end{ flushleft } } \newcommand { \sol }{ \textbf {Solution}:} %Use if you want a boldface solution line \newcommand { \maketitletwo }[2][]{ \begin{ center }         \Large { \textbf {Assignment #1}                          Course Title} % Name of course here          \vspace {5pt}                  \normalsize {Matthew Frenkel   % Your name here                  \today }         % Change to due date if preferred          \vspace {15pt}          \end{ center } } \begin{ document }      \maketitletwo [5]   % Optional argument is assignment number     %Keep a blank space between maketitletwo and \question[1]           \question [1]{Here is my first question}           YOUR SOLUTION HERE          \question [2]{Here is my second question}          YOUR SOLUTION HERE          \question [3]{What is the \Large { $ \int_ 0^2 x^2 \, dx $ } \normalsize {. Show all steps}}           \begin{ align* }     \int_ 0^2 x^2 &= \left. \frac {x^3}{3} \right| _0^2 \\                  &= \frac {2^3}{3}- \frac {0^3}{3} \\                  &= \frac {8}{3}      \end{ align* } \end{ document }

Sample Template Output

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• Last Updated: Oct 10, 2023 12:53 PM
• URL: https://guides.nyu.edu/LaTeX

Beginners’ guide to writing a manuscript in LaTeX

Hannah Foreman

About this module

LaTeX is a freely available, powerful typesetting system used to create papers in fields where tables, figures and formulae are common. Disciplines using it include Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science, Economics and Statistics. As it uses plain instead of formatted text, authors can concentrate on the content, rather than the design. You’ll only need to learn a few easy commands to achieve a professional result.

This interactive module covers the basics of writing a manuscript using LaTeX and the mark-up language, similar to html, which is used. If you are starting out on your writing career, you will learn how to download the system before following a detailed step by step guide to creating a manuscript, including how to add commands and comments.

We also share some top golden rules – such as keeping your document simple and the importance of checking the journal’s Guide for Authors – and we highlight some common mistakes. You will come away with a clear understanding of the benefits of LaTeX and develop the skills required to build your own high-quality LaTeX submission.

About the presenter

Publisher, Elsevier

Hannah has 15 years’ experience in the STM publishing industry working directly with researchers, journal editors, reviewers and academic societies. As Senior Product Manager for the Journal Finder, Hannah is responsible for ensuring researchers can easily and quickly find the right home for their research first time around. This includes helping researchers to define and build a publishing plan during the pre-submission phase and making sure that if a researcher does find their manuscript is not accepted for publication at a journal, then a suitable alternative transfer option is offered.

How to write for an interdisciplinary audience

Publishing open access

2.0 I just got a review invite, what’s next?

3.2 The comments to editors and decision recommendations

Conference skills for researchers

7 tips for simplified LaTeX submissions

LaTeX instructions

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Tips for Writing a Research Paper using LaTeX

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Folders and files, repository files navigation, table of contents, examples for table organization, examples for figure organization, latex templates for cvpr/iccv/neurips paper submission, sample latex conference posters (cvpr/iccv/eccv/neurips), latex files for my thesis (sysu b.eng. + hku phd.), simple python programs for figure creation, great resources shared by others, brief introduction.

LaTeX is a very powerful tool for documentation preparation, and is often used by researchers to prepare a manuscript for reviewing and publication. However, some new graduate students might not have experience in using LaTeX and thus have a difficult time in prepare their first papers.

In this article (PDF) , we will first provide some tips for paper writing. Then, we will showcase several working examples for the tables and figures, which have been used in our previous publications. The readers are encouraged to adapt those tables and figures to their purposes to save time when preparing their first papers.

Overleaf Link: https://www.overleaf.com/read/hypvpvnzjjwx

More Resources

• 💥 Main Paper + Supplementary for Conference Submission (NeurIPS) in Overleaf
• 💥 Main Paper + Rebuttal + Supplementary for Conference Submission (CVPR/ICCV) in Overleaf

Download or fork the overleaf project: click the menu at the top left, and select Source or Copy

• Rebuttal for Conference Submission (CVPR/ICCV)
• Supplementary Material for Conference Submission (CVPR/ICCV/ECCV)
• TOM-Net: Learning Transparent Object Matting from a Single Image (CVPR 2018)
• PS-FCN: A Flexible Learning Framework for Photometric Stereo (ECCV 2018)
• Self-calibrating Deep Photometric Stereo Networks (CVPR 2019)
• HDR Video Reconstruction: A Coarse-to-fine Network and A Real-world Benchmark Dataset (ICCV 2021)
• PS-NeRF: Neural Inverse Rendering for Multi-view Photometric Stereo (ECCV 2022)
• S^3-NeRF: Neural Reflectance Field from Shading and Shadow under a Single Viewpoint (NeurIPS 2022)

• Single View Analysis of Non-Lambertian Objects Based on Deep Learning (PhD Thesis, HKU CS)
• LaTex Template Files for Undergraduate Thesis (Sun Yat-sen University)
• A simple code for plotting figure, colorbar, and cropping with python
• Paper Writing Tips by MLNLP-World: https://github.com/MLNLP-World/Paper-Writing-Tips
• Paper Picture Writing Code by MLNLP-World: https://github.com/MLNLP-World/Paper-Picture-Writing-Code
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LaTeX Author Support

• Journal authors ↓
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• _ Download the journal article template package (December 2023 version)

Journal Authors

We recommend that you use the Springer Nature LaTeX authoring template, which you can download as a .zip or access via Overleaf . This template takes a ‘content first’ approach with minimal formatting. Instead it is designed to promote editorial policy best practice, and move seamlessly through editorial and production systems.

Preparing your research

We understand that many researchers prefer to use LaTeX when preparing a manuscript for submission, but that it can sometimes be difficult to navigate. That’s why we’re providing this comprehensive set of LaTeX resources to help simplify the process. 

To help avoid any errors: 

• Please do not use any custom fonts
• Make sure you convert special characters, including diacritics such as ä/ö/ü, into the appropriate TeX code, like \"a, \"o, \"u

Submitting your research

We know from feedback that uploading source files for submission can be time consuming and, if those files fail to convert, the reasons are not always easy to identify.

To help with your submission:

• Please check for errors in your local compilation before uploading your files to the submission system
• Please fix any errors before you try to submit your paper, otherwise it will most likely fail to compile

If you are submitting to Snapp your files must be compressed in .zip format. If you are submitting to Editorial Manager and your source files fail to convert, you will be provided with an error log file to help you identify the source of the error, for example: ! LaTeX Error: File ‘trackchanges.sty’ not found. If you are submitting to eJP using the Springer Nature LaTeX template you will need to use the pdflatex option in the preamble to allow PDF compilation.

Books authors

Regardless of the authoring software you chose to prepare your book manuscript it is important that your files are prepared in line with the guidelines for book authors .

For LaTeX users, Springer Nature provides templates for LaTeX users that help structure the manuscript, e.g., define the heading hierarchy. Predefined style formats are available for all the necessary structures that are supposed to be part of the manuscript.

Springer Conference Proceedings

Guidelines and technical instructions are provided for the preparation of contributions to one of the Springer Conference Proceedings. For contributions to one of the Computer Science Proceedings in particular this includes: The LaTeX2e Proceedings Templates (zip) for download The LaTeX2e Proceedings Template in Overleaf

Here we have answered some of the most common questions that arise at the point of submitting an article in LaTeX. If your question relates specifically to the Springer Nature LaTeX authoring template, please consult the User Manual provided in the .zip package.

How do I identify which submission system I’m using?

Editorial Manager

• Can be identified by the prefix “https://www.editorialmanager.com” in the url, or the banner “em Editorial Manager” at the top of the page after the journal name. 
• Compiles files to PDF via TexLive 2018.
• Can be identified by the prefix “https://mts-” in the url, the banner “manuscripttrackingsystem” at the top of the page, or the logo eJournalPress at the bottom of the page. Typically any submissions to a Nature-branded or Nature Research journal (including npjs, Scientific Data, and Communications journals) are made via eJP. 
• Compiles files to PDF via TexLive 2017.

Springer Nature Article Processing Platform

• Can be identified by the prefix “https://submission.nature.com/” in the url, or the Springer Nature logo at the top of the page.
• Compiles files to PDF via TexLive 2021.

How should I upload my bibliography?

Either .bbl or .bib files are accepted and should be uploaded as “Manuscript” item types on the file upload screen of Editorial Manager. In both cases the correct bibliography style (.bst) file should also be uploaded and the chosen bibliography file should be referenced within the manuscript (.tex) file. Please note a .bbl file should only be uploaded if referenced (via “import”) in the main manuscript (.tex) file. 

Bibliography files should be uploaded as a “related manuscript file”.  If submitting with .bib the correct bibliography style (.bst) file must also be present.

For both submission systems the most reliable way to submit references without error is to paste the content of a bibliography file (.bbl) into the main .tex document in place of a \bibliography{…} command. 

Why does the compiled PDF display "??" in place of cited references?

If references are uploaded according to the guidance above and “??” continues to appear in place of in-line citations; the bibliography file may still be missing or corrupted.

One or more files may be missing or incorrectly declared. Check that: -  If the .tex file references a .bib file, ensure that the .bib file is uploaded (as a “Manuscript” item type). -  If a .bbl file has been uploaded, that it is referenced (via “import”) in the .tex manuscript. -  A .bib file is included with the submission. -  The correct bibliography style (.bst) file is present.

Where square boxes or other inline text errors are present it may indicate that special characters have been used. All special characters must be converted into the appropriate TeX code, like \"a, \"o, \"u.

If submitting with .bib the correct bibliography style (.bst) file must be present. -  Upload .bib and .bst as ‘Related Manuscript Files’ -  If a .bbl file is not being recognised please check that the bibliography explicitly contains references as bibitems. This can be achieved by copying the contents (individual bibitems) from the bibliography file into the bibliography environment within the main .tex file. -  Double check that the argument to the relevant bibitem matches the citation in the text before submitting. 

If you continue to have problems after trying these tips then the most reliable way to submit references without error is to paste the content of a bibliography file (.bbl) into the main .tex document in place of a \bibliography{…} command. 

Why are my figures missing?

Figures will be missing from the compiled PDF if: 

-  Subfolders (or subdirectories) have been used. All files should be included in a single directory when uploading the submission. -  If the full path to the image in the “\includegraphics” command is included  [e.g.  \includegraphics{C:\Users\username\Pictures\figure_1.jpg}].  To correct this you should use only the local path, e.g. \includegraphics{figure_1.jpg}.  -  The wrong option for the graphicx package is used. When compiling in pdflatex use graphicxs without the dvips option \usepackage{graphicx}, not \usepackage[dvips]{graphicx}.  

Why do special characters not appear correctly?

-  Custom fonts are not supported by either submission system. 

-  Diacritics, such as German umlauts like ä/ö/ü should be converted into the appropriate TeX code, like \"a, \"o, \"u. Eszett (SS/ß) should be \"s (upper case) or \“z (lower case). If that does not work an alternative code option would be to add brackets: {\"a}, {\"o}, {\"u}, { \"s}, { \"z}.

Which journals can I use the Springer Nature LaTeX authoring template for?

The Springer Nature LaTeX authoring template can be used to prepare your journal article submission to any Springer Nature journal inclusive of Springer, Nature Portfolio, and BMC. The template takes a ‘content first’ approach with minimal formatting. It is designed to promote editorial policy best practice, and move more seamlessly through editorial and production systems. The template is not a comprehensive ‘Guide to Authors’ so you must check journal-level instructions for authors for any specific formatting or style requirements when preparing your manuscript. 

Authors preparing submissions for one of the Springer Conference Proceedings, including Lecture Notes in Computer Science should continue to refer to the guidelines and technical instructions provided for the preparation of conference proceedings.

Still having problems? If you cannot find the answer you need here, or in the FAQs, please contact the editorial office for the journal you are submitting to in the first instance. To help them help you please try and include the following information with your query:

• When the problem occurred 
• Any error messages you received 
• Do your LaTeX files compile without error locally?

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Formatting a Research Paper Using LaTeX in Overleaf

Introduction: Formatting a Research Paper Using LaTeX in Overleaf

Welcome to a guide suitable for novice or expierienced users on formatting a research paper using LaTeX. LaTeX is a typesetting language that gives users vast control on how they format their papers. Through these instructions you will find a clear and direct guide that will allow easy navigation through Overleaf and Latex.

Estimated time: 15-30 minutes depending on your familiarity with LaTeX. 

Materials: 

Access to Overleaf

Step 1: Optional Background Information

For a better understanding of LaTeX and Overleaf, consider following the link below for a thirty-minute tutorial on the basics of LaTeX.

https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes

Step 2: Open Overleaf

Open Overleaf, sign in, and press create a blank document. Above is what you should see.

Step 3: Change the Document Class and Import User Packages

Change the document class and import the following user packages shown below: 

\usepackage{multirow} %allowed

\usepackage{listings} % allowed

\usepackage{amssymb} % allowed

\usepackage{natbib} % allowed

\usepackage{graphicx} % allowed

\usepackage{dirtytalk} % allowed 

To the right of your code is what your document should look like so far after compiling. 

Step 4: Include Author Information

Below the \author{} line, write the following lines to include additional details about the author: 

\affiliation{%

 \institution{University}

 \streetaddress{123 Street}

 \city{Chicago, IL}

 \country{USA}

Replace the information inside the curly brackets with the information of your author. If you would like to include another author replicate this step again. If you would like to include your authors contact information, such as their email, under the affiliation block, write: 

\email{[email protected]}

You can delete the \date{February 2024} line. Above is what your document should look like after compiling. 

Step 5: Add Abstract

Below the \begin{document} block you can begin writing your abstract block by writing: 

\begin{abstract}

On the line below, begin writing your abstract. After you finish writing your abstract, write \end{abstract} on the line below. 

Above is what your document should look like after compiling.

Step 6: Add Keywords

Below the abstract block begin adding the keywords section by writing 

\keywords{keyword, keyword2}

Replace the words inside the curly brackets with your keywords. Above is what your document should look like after compiling. 

Step 7: Add Sections

Below the \maketitle section begin adding additional sections by using the \section{} command. Put your section title in between the curly brackets. You should already have an introduction section added, but for a research paper, I recommend adding a Related Work, Methodology, Results, and Conclusion section. After each section you can write the content you have for each section. 

Above is what your document should look like after compiling. 

Step 8: Add Subsections

To create subsections, use the \subsection{} command directly below the relevant \section{} line. Add the title of your subsection in between the curly brackets. 

Step 9: Troubleshooting

It is very important to pay attention to case sensitivity. It is also important not to confuse \ with / in your document. Avoiding these syntax error will help your code run smoothly.  

Congratulations! You have begun to format a research paper using LaTeX. Your document should look similar to the picture above, with your title, authors information, abtract, sections, and subsections neatly organized. You can now begin to further customize your document for your specific purpose. 

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Use LaTeX templates to write scientific papers

As researchers, we have to write and publish scientific papers to let the world know about our work. The process of preparing a scientific paper can be enjoyable, but it can also be arduous.

Different journals and publishers have different requirements about how we should format our submission. The title page should include certain items, the headers should be bold and italic, references should be formatted in this style, etc. The Instructions to Authors of many journals are long and overwhelming, which may deter potential authors.

When I was a PhD student, I found it strange that journals had so many Instructions on how to prepare a manuscript, but never provided a downloadable template as a .doc or .docx. If I had a template with [Insert title here] , [Insert Abstract here; 400 words] , etc, where the various elements were already formatted correctly, I could focus on writing my paper and not on formatting my paper. Moreover, editors and reviewers would likely have an easier time of dealing with submissions that were more uniform in their style.

Fear not! Many journals and publishers have LaTeX templates that can be downloaded and used in just this way. While these LaTeX files may seem a little intimidating if you have never opened up a .tex file before, most are fairly straightforward and actually include key points from the Instructions to Authors as dummy text in the article or as comments.

Example: writing a paper for a PLOS journal

How do we find LaTeX templates? As is often the case, Google is your friend.

A simple Google search reveals that there is a LaTeX template for all of the PLOS journals. You can download the plos-latex-template.zip file, which contains three files:

• plos_latex_template.tex : This is the file you would open in your text or LaTeX editor to write your paper.
• plos_latex_template.pdf : This is the PDF file generated from the current text entered in the plos_latex_template.tex file.
• plos2015.bst : This is the file that LaTeX will use to appropriately format the references in your paper. References, managing references, and formatting references are a huge topic and will be the focus of one or more future posts.

A copy of these files is also available here .

The title and author section of the first page of plos_latex_template.pdf looks like this:

As you can see it looks very professional and complies with the journal format.

If you open up the plos_latex_template.tex file, there are approximately 70 lines of comments and instructions on how to prepare your article. If you are new to LaTeX, many of these instructions will seem like gibberish. But don’t worry, this won’t stop you from drafting your first article. With a little bit of patience, and possibly reading our series of LaTeX blog posts, you will soon be able to make sense of these instructions.

The actual document starts on line 175. Below we can see the part of the LaTeX document that relates to the title and author section from the PDF document:

While some of the LaTeX commands might seem intimidating at first, you can safely ignore them. Simply replace the dummy text with your own text. For example, if I wanted to write the title of my paper, I would enter the following:

As you can see, I simply entered the title of my paper “ScientificallySound as a resource for scientists” between the curly brackets. Also, I followed the instructions provided in the document, which tell me that I should use “sentence case”. Speaking of these instructions, note that text that follows a percentage sign (i.e. %) is a comment in LaTeX. Comments do not appear in the final PDF.

Special symbols and characters.

If the percentage sign is used to start comments in LaTeX documents, how do we obtain a percentage sign in our final PDF document? In this case, you would put a back slash in front of it, for example 25\% . This tells LaTeX that you want a percentage sign in your text, not start a comment.

This convention may seem overly complex, especially if you are not used to computer programming. It does take a little time to get use to, but soon enough it will become automatic.

What about other special characters? We will address some of these in a future post, but the easiest thing is to Google your question. Also, many modern LaTeX editors such as Texmaker , Lyx and Texstudio have look-up tools similar to the special character look-up in Microsoft Word. You look up the symbol or character you want, click on it and the correspond LaTeX command gets inserted into your text.

Templates for other journal and publishers

Many publishers provide LaTeX templates. For example:

Some journals offer their own templates, and researchers who have created templates that adhere to the Instructions to Authors for a given journal often make these files freely available. For example:

Given that many journals now accept a generically formatted PDF for a first submission, it is possible to use a generic article template to prepare your paper.

• generic article
• short article
• various article formats

Lastly, there are online services that let researchers prepare LaTeX articles in the cloud. These services, such as Overleaf and authorea , provide hundreds of templates. Importantly, using these services means you don’t need LaTeX installed on your computer. Depending on the service and whether or not your institution has an agreement or contract with the service, you may be able to collaborate simultaneously with other authors, regardless of where they are located in the world. Moreover, you can leave comments, track changes, retain a history of your changes, and integrate version control software such as git and github . Given the benefits of such services, they will be the focus of an upcoming post.

LaTeX templates can save you lots of time.

However, there is more to writing a paper in LaTeX then simply downloading a template and filling in the required bits. How do you generate the pretty PDF? How do you get references and figures into the document? How do I share these files with my co-authors? These are all important questions, and we will be deal with them in the next few blog posts.

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Minimalist LaTeX Template for Academic Papers

The template produces an academic paper with LaTeX . The paper adheres to typographical best practices and has a minimalist design. The template is particularly well suited for research papers. It is designed so the papers are easy to scan and to read, both in print and on screen.

• LaTeX template for academic papers
• Research paper produced by the template
• Online appendix produced by the template
• The font for text, roman math, and numbers is Source Serif Pro.
• The font for monospaced text (including URLs) is Source Code Pro.
• The font for Greek and calligraphic math is Euler.
• The font for blackboard bold is Fourier.
• The font for mathematical symbols is MnSymbol.
• No colors are used in the text (only black) to reduce distraction and so the paper prints well; colors are reserved for graphs.
• Margins, spacing, and font size are set for comfortable reading.
• Headings and captions are designed so the paper is easy to scan.
• Formatting is specified for figures and tables.
• Formatting is specified for appendix and a separate online appendix.
• Formatting is specified for references.
• All labels are set to make cross-referencing easy.

Text font #

The font determines the appearance and readability of the entire paper, so choosing a good font is key. Following Butterick’s advice , the template uses Source Serif Pro for the text. Source Serif Pro is a serif font—a typical choice for long-form writing. Source Serif Pro is not part of typical paper templates (unlike Times New Roman or Palatino), so it has a new, fresh feel. And since Source Serif Pro was designed in the last decade, it also has a modern feel.

Moreover, the Source Pro family includes a nice monospaced font: Source Code Pro . The template uses Source Code Pro as monospaced font—giving the monospaced text and regular text a similar look. The monospaced font is used in particular to typeset URLs.

Another advantage of Source Serif Pro is that there is a sans-serif font in the Source Pro family: Source Sans Pro . This presentation template uses Source Sans Pro, which gives presentations and papers produced by the two templates a similar look.

Math fonts #

LaTeX uses one font for text and other fonts for math. For consistency, the template sticks with Source Serif Pro for roman math . It also uses Source Serif Pro for all the digits in math and basic punctuation (such as . , ? , % , ; , and , ), so very basic mathematical expressions look the same in math and text. For example, the commands 3.5\% and $3.5\%$ produce the same results.

Greek letters #

For the Greek letters in math, the template uses the Euler font . These Greek letters look good, have the same thickness and height as the text letters, and are distinctive. For consistency, neither uppercase nor lowercase Greek letters are italicized.

All the standard Greek letters are available. A few variants are available as well: \varepsilon , \varpi , \varphi , and \vartheta . The variants \varrho , \varsigma , and \varkappa are not available with the Euler font.

Calligraphic letters #

The template also uses the Euler font for calligraphic letters in math. These calligraphic letters fit well with the other fonts and are very readable. The calligraphic letters are produced with the \mathcal command.

Blackboard-bold letters #

The template uses the Fourier font as blackboard-bold font. It is cleaner than the default blackboard-bold font as it does not have serif. And it is slightly thicker than the default font so it matches well with Source Serif Pro and the Euler letters. The blackboard-bold letters are produced with the \mathbb command.

Bold characters #

In the template, it is possible to bold any mathematical character (except blackboard-bold letters). This can be done using the \bm command in math.

Mathematical symbols #

Finally, the template use the MnSymbol font for the symbols used in math mode. The default Computer Modern symbols are too light and thin in comparison to the Source Serif Pro and Euler letters, and as a result do not mix well with them. The advantage of the MnSymbol font is that its symbols are thicker, so they mix better with the letters. The symbols are also less curly, which gives them a more modern feel. 1

Font size #

The font size is 11pt, as recommended by Butterick . It is easily readable but not too big. (This is also the font size that Donald Knuth chose as default for TeX articles.)

Line spacing #

The line spacing is 150% of the point size. This is in line with Butterick’s advice . Such spacing avoids that the text is too cramped or too spread out, and makes readings more comfortable.

Text margins #

The left and right margins are 1.3 inch. With such margins, there are always 85–90 characters per line, just as Butterick recommends . Longer lines are harder to read. The top margin is 1 inch, which is standard. The bottom margin is 1.2 inch so the text appears centered in the page .

Color scheme #

As Butterick says , it is better to use color with restraint. A lot of colors, especially bright ones, is distracting. Furthermore, many colors are hard to read when they are printed in black and white. To reduce distraction, and to have a paper that prints well, the template only uses the color black for text. In particular hyperlinks—to sections, references, equations, figures, tables, results, and footnotes—are not colored. The typical, bright boxes surrounding hyperlinks should be avoided as they are distracting without adding any information. At this point everyone knows that LaTeX documents include such hyperlinks.

Title page #

The template’s title page contains all the required information: title, authors, date, abstract, affiliations, and acknowledgements. It is otherwise pretty minimalist. There are no “thanks” symbols, no “abstract” title, no indentation, no page numbers. These elements are common in papers, but they do not convey any useful information, so the template gets rid of them.

The title is bold, centered, and with a 24pt font size. Authors and date are centered and 12pt. Abstract is 11pt. Affiliations and acknowledgements are 9pt, just like the footnotes in the text.

An URL for the paper can be placed at the bottom of the title page by adding the command \available{URL} to the preamble of the document. Such URL allows readers to go easily to the latest version of the paper. With an optional argument, the command can also indicate where the paper has been published: \available[Journal]{URL} places both the journal name and URL at the bottom of the title page. The URL is displayed in small font (9pt) and gray so as not to be too obtrusive.

The template’s headings follow Butterick’s advice . Section headings are a bit larger than the text (12pt) and bold. Section headings are also centered to clearly separate sections. Subsection headings are bold. And paragraph headings are in italic, so they are noticeable but not too prominent. These headings are produced with the usual commands: \section , \subsection , and \paragraph .

The template does not tailor formatting for subsubsections and smaller headings. Such small headings are a sign that the paper’s organization is too messy, and should be avoided.

Theorems and other results #

As is standard, the text of theorems is in italic—providing subtle emphasis. The theorem label is in small caps—again providing subtle emphasis. For consistency, propositions, lemmas, assumptions, definitions, and so on, are formatted just like theorems.

The template comes with the following predefined items:

• Theorems: \begin{theorem} ... \end{theorem}
• Propositions: \begin{proposition} ... \end{proposition}
• Lemmas: \begin{lemma} ... \end{lemma}
• Corollaries: \begin{corollary} ... \end{corollary}
• Definitions: \begin{definition} ... \end{definition}
• Assumptions: \begin{assumption} ... \end{assumption}
• Remarks: \begin{remark} ... \end{remark}

A figure should be placed at the top of the page where it is first mentioned—not in the middle of the page, and especially not at the end of the paper. Figure panels are centered by default. The figure label is in small caps—just like the theorem label. The figure caption is placed bellow the figure. An advantage of avoiding colors in the text is that the colors in figures stand out.

The figure environment is set up so it is easy to reference a figure (figure 1) or directly a panel in a figure (figure 1A).

With the command \note{Text} , it is easy to enter a note below the figure caption with details about the figure and sources. The note’s font size is 9pt, just like footnotes.

The code for a basic figure with one panel is the following:

The code for a figure with two panels is the following:

Finally, the code for a figure with six panels is the following:

With the above code, a specific panel in a figure can be referenced with figure \ref{1} , which produces figure 1A, and the entire figure can be referenced with figure \ref{7} , which produces figure 1. A panel can also be referenced without mentioning the figure: panel \subref{1} produces panel A.

A table should be placed at the top of the page where it is first mentioned—not in the middle of the page, and especially not at the end of the paper. Tables are centered by default. The table label is in small caps—just like the figure label. The table caption is placed above the table, as usual. Top and bottom table lines are thicker to clearly demarcate the table. The text in the table has a font size of 9pt. The text is spaced vertically to be easily readable (spacing is insufficient in standard tables).

The command \note{Text} can also be used to enter a note below the table, to provide details about the table and sources.

The code for a basic table is the following:

The code for a more sophisticated table with panels is the following:

Itemized and numbered list are customized to fit well with the surrounding text. The text after the items is aligned with indented text (the start of a paragraph). All items (bullet points and numbers) are grey so as not to be too prominent. All extra vertical spacing is removed so spacing between list lines is exactly the same as spacing between lines of text.

Citations and references #

The format of citations and references follow the guidelines from the Chicago Manual of Style , which are followed by most scientific journals in the US.

The reference list has a font size of 10pt, with the same spacing as the text. Each individual reference is indented for emphasis.

All standard citation commands are usable in the template:

• Textual citation: \citet{NameYear} gives Name (Year)
• Textual citation with details: \citet[p. 120]{NameYear} gives Name (Year, p. 120)
• Parenthetical citation: \citep{NameYear} gives (Name Year)
• Parenthetical citation with details: \citep[chapter 4]{NameYear} gives (Name Year, chapter 4)
• Author citation: \citeauthor{NameYear} gives Name
• Year citation: \citeyear{NameYear} gives Year

The template makes it easy to add an appendix at the end of the paper. The appendix starts with the command \appendix . The formatting of the appendix strictly follows that of the main text.

All the appendix sections are clearly marked Appendix and are numbered as Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, and so on. The appendix subsections are also numbered (for instance, A.1, A.2, B.1, B.2) so they can be referred to.

All labels in the appendix start with an A , so it is clear that they point to some material in the appendix: for instance, corollary A1, figure A2, table A3, or equation (A10). All counters are reset at the beginning of the appendix (tables, figures, equations, and theorems) so all the labels start at A1, A2, and so on.

Online appendix #

Once a research paper gets published, the appendix must often be transformed into an online appendix. To help with this task, the repository also includes a template for online appendices. In the appendix template, the abstract is replaced by a table of contents. In addition, all the labels from the main text (equation numbers, figure and table numbers, theorem numbers, section numbers) continue to be usable in the online appendix. So the cross-references from main text to appendix are not broken even though the appendix is now in a separate file. This requires the following :

• appendix.tex is in the same folder as paper.tex .
• paper.tex is compiled first.
• The auxiliary file paper.aux is available when appendix.tex is compiled.

Submission to arXiv #

The template is perfectly compatible with arXiv . In particular, the template works without problems under the TeXLive 2023 distribution, which is the LaTeX distribution currently used by arXiv .

A paper based on the template can be submitted to arXiv in just three steps once it has been compiled with pdfTeX:

• Adjust the preamble of the source file paper.tex : on line 3, replace \bibliographystyle{bibliography} by \pdfoutput=1 . The \bibliographystyle{bibliography} command is not needed because arXiv produces the bibliography directly from the paper.bbl file. The \pdfoutput=1 is required because the paper is compiled with pdfTeX .
• Collect the required files into a folder. There should be four files: the source file paper.tex , the bibliography file paper.bbl , the style file paper.sty , and the figure file figures.pdf .
• Zip the folder and upload the zipped file to arXiv.

The MnSymbol package is incompatible with the amssymb package. So it is not possible to load amssymb with the template. Neither should it be required since MnSymbol provides a vast collection of symbols.  ↩︎

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Formatting guide

This guide describes how to prepare contributions for submission. We recommend you read this in full if you have not previously submitted a contribution to Nature . We also recommend that, before submission, you familiarize yourself with Nature ’s style and content by reading the journal, either in print or online, particularly if you have not submitted to the journal recently.

Formats for Nature contributions

Articles are the main format for original research contributions to Nature . In addition, Nature publishes other submitted material as detailed below.

Articles are original reports whose conclusions represent a substantial advance in understanding of an important problem and have immediate, far-reaching implications. In print, physical sciences papers do not normally exceed 6 pages on average, and biological, clinical and social-sciences papers do not normally exceed 8 pages on average. However, the final print length is at the editor’s discretion.

Articles start with a fully referenced summary paragraph, ideally of no more than 200 words, which is separate from the main text and avoids numbers, abbreviations, acronyms or measurements unless essential. It is aimed at readers outside the discipline. This summary paragraph should be structured as follows: 2-3 sentences of basic-level introduction to the field; a brief account of the background and rationale of the work; a statement of the main conclusions (introduced by the phrase 'Here we show' or its equivalent); and finally, 2-3 sentences putting the main findings into general context so it is clear how the results described in the paper have moved the field forwards. Please refer to our annotated example   to see how the summary paragraph should be constructed.

The typical length of a 6-page article with 4 modest display items (figures and tables) is 2500 words (summary paragraph plus body text). The typical length of an 8-page article with 5-6 modest display items is 4300 words. A ‘modest’ display item is one that, with its legend, occupies about a quarter of a page (equivalent to ~270 words). If a composite figure (with several panels) needs to occupy at least half a page in order for all the elements to be visible, the text length may need to be reduced accordingly to accommodate such figures. Keep in mind that essential but technical details can be moved into the Methods or Supplementary Information.

As a guideline, articles typically have no more than 50 references. (There is no such constraint on any additional references associated with Methods or Supplementary Information.)

Sections are separated with subheadings to aid navigation. Subheadings may be up to 40 characters (including spaces).

Word counts refer to the text of the paper. Title, author list, acknowledgements and references are not included in total word counts.

Matters Arising and Corrections

Matters Arising are exceptionally interesting or important comments and clarifications on original research papers or other peer-reviewed material published within the past 18 months in Nature . They are published online but not in print.

For further details of and instructions for how to submit such comments on peer-reviewed material published in Nature — or to notify editors of the potential need for a correction — please consult our Matters Arising page.

Other contributions to Nature

Please access the other submitted material pages for further details on any of the contribution types below:

News and Comment

Correspondence

Books & Arts

News & Views

Insights, Reviews and Perspectives

Technology Features

The editorial process

See this section for an explanation of Nature 's editorial criteria for publication, refereeing policy and how editors handle papers after submission. Submission to a Nature journal is taken by the journal to mean that all the listed authors have agreed to all of the contents. See authorship policy for more details.

Presubmission enquiries

If you wish to enquire whether your Article might be suitable for consideration by Nature , please use our online presubmission enquiry service . All presubmission enquiries must include a cover paragraph to the editor stating the interest to a broad scientific readership, a fully referenced summary paragraph, and a reference list.

Readability

Nature is an international journal covering all the sciences. Contributions should therefore be written clearly and simply so that they are accessible to readers in other disciplines and to readers for whom English is not their first language. Thus, technical jargon should be avoided as far as possible and clearly explained where its use is unavoidable. Abbreviations, particularly those that are not standard, should also be kept to a minimum. The background, rationale and main conclusions of the study should be clearly explained. Titles and abstracts in particular should be written in language that will be readily intelligible to any scientist. Essential but specialized terms should be explained concisely but not didactically.

For gene, protein and other specialized names authors can use their preferred terminology so long as it is in current use by the community, but they must give all known names for the entity at first use in the paper. Nature prefers authors to use internationally agreed nomenclature. Papers containing new or revised formal taxonomic nomenclature for animals, whether living or extinct, are accepted conditional on the provision of LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) by means of registration of such nomenclature with ZooBank, the proposed online registration system for the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).

Even though no paper will be rejected because of poor language, non–native English speakers occasionally receive feedback from editors and reviewers regarding language and grammar usage in their manuscripts. You may wish to consider asking colleagues to read your manuscript and/or to use a professional editing service such as those provided by our affiliates Nature Research Editing Service or American Journal Experts . You can also get a fast, free grammar check of your manuscript that takes into account all aspects of readability in English. Please note that the use of a language editing service is not a requirement for publication in Nature .

Nature 's editors provide detailed advice about the expected print length when asking for the final version of the manuscript. Nature 's editors often suggest revised titles and rewrite the summary paragraphs of Articles so the conclusions are clear to a broad readership.

After acceptance, Nature 's subeditors (copyeditors) ensure that the text and figures are readable and clear to those outside the field, and edit papers into Nature 's house style. They pay particular attention to summary paragraphs, overall clarity, figures, figure legends and titles.

Proofs are sent before publication; authors are welcome to discuss proposed changes with Nature 's subeditors, but Nature reserves the right to make the final decision about matters of style and the size of figures.

A useful set of articles providing general advice about writing and submitting scientific papers can be found on the SciDev.Net website.

Format of Articles

Contributions should be double-spaced and written in English (spellings as in the Oxford English Dictionary ).

Contributions should be organized in the sequence: title, authors, affiliations (plus present addresses), bold first paragraph, main text, main references, tables, figure legends, methods (including separate data and code availability statements), methods references, acknowledgements, author contributions, competing interest declaration, additional information (containing supplementary information line (if any) and corresponding author line), extended data figure/table legends. In order to facilitate the review process, for initial submissions we encourage authors to present the manuscript text and figures together in a single file (Microsoft Word or PDF, up to 30 MB in size). The figures may be inserted within the text at the appropriate positions or grouped at the end, and each figure legend should be presented together with its figure. Also, please include line numbers within the text.

Titles do not exceed two lines in print. This equates to 75 characters (including spaces). Titles do not normally include numbers, acronyms, abbreviations or punctuation. They should include sufficient detail for indexing purposes but be general enough for readers outside the field to appreciate what the paper is about.

An uninterrupted page of text contains about 1250 words.

A typical 6-page Article contains about 2,500 words of text and, additionally, 4 modest display items (figures and/or tables) with brief legends, reference list and online-only methods section if applicable. A composite figure (with several panels) usually needs to take about half a page, equivalent to about 600 words, in order for all the elements to be visible (see section 5.9 for instructions on sizing figures).

A typical 8-page Article contains about 4300 words of text and, additionally, 5-6 modest display items (figures and/or tables) with brief legends, reference list and online-only methods section if applicable. A composite figure (with several panels) usually needs to take about half a page, equivalent to about 600 words, in order for all the elements to be visible (see section 5.9 for instructions on sizing figures).

Authors of contributions that significantly exceed the limits stated here (or as specified by the editor) will have to shorten their papers before acceptance, inevitably delaying publication.

Nature requires authors to specify the contribution made by their co-authors in the end notes of the paper (see section 5.5). If authors regard it as essential to indicate that two or more co-authors are equal in status, they may be identified by an asterisk symbol with the caption ‘These authors contributed equally to this work’ immediately under the address list. If more than three co-authors are equal in status, this should be indicated in the author contributions statement. Present addresses appear immediately below the author list (below the footnote rule at the bottom of the first page) and may be identified by a dagger symbol; all other essential author-related explanation is placed in the acknowledgements.

Our preferred format for text is Microsoft Word, with the style tags removed.

TeX/LaTeX: If you have prepared your paper using TeX/LaTeX, we will need to convert this to Word after acceptance, before your paper can be typeset. All textual material of the paper (including references, tables, figure captions, online methods, etc.) should be included as a single .tex file.

We prefer the use of a ‘standard’ font, preferably 12-point Times New Roman. For mathematical symbols, Greek letters and other special characters, use normal text or Symbol font. Word Equation Editor/MathType should be used only for formulae that cannot be produced using normal text or Symbol font.

The ‘Methods’ section is in the main text file, following the figure legends. This Methods section will appear in the PDF and in the full-text (HTML) version of the paper online, but will not appear in the printed issue. The Methods section should be written as concisely as possible but should contain all elements necessary to allow interpretation and replication of the results. As a guideline, the Methods section does not typically exceed 3,000 words. To increase reproducibility, authors are encouraged to deposit a detailed description of protocols used in their study in a protocol sharing platform of their choice. Springer Nature’s protocols.io is a free and open service designed to help researchers share experimental know-how. Protocols deposited by the authors in www.protocols.io will be linked to the online Methods section upon publication

Detailed descriptions of methods already published should be avoided; a reference number can be provided to save space, with any new addition or variation stated.

The Methods section should be subdivided by short bold headings referring to methods used and we encourage the inclusion of specific subsections for statistics, reagents and animal models. If further references are included in this section their numbering should continue from the end of the last reference number in the rest of the paper and they are listed after the Methods section.

Please provide separate Data Availability and Code Availability statements after the main text statements and before the Extended Data legends; detailed guidance can be found in our data availability and data citations policy . Certain data types must be deposited in an appropriate public structured data depository (details are available here ), and the accession number(s) provided in the manuscript. Full access is required at the time of publication. Should full access to data be required for peer review, authors must provide it.

The Methods section cannot contain figures or tables (essential display items should be included in the Extended Data or exceptionally in the Supplementary Information).

References are each numbered, ordered sequentially as they appear in the text, tables, boxes, figure legends, Methods, Extended Data tables and Extended Data figure legends.

When cited in the text, reference numbers are superscript, not in brackets unless they are likely to be confused with a superscript number.

Do not use linked fields (produced by EndNote and similar programs). Please use the one-click button provided by EndNote to remove EndNote codes before saving your file.

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Design and development of a system based on transient hot wire technique to determine dry rubber content in natural rubber latex

• Original Paper
• Published: 15 May 2024

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• Sumit Infent Thomas   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6421-4882 1 &
• Jacob Philip   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6140-7221 2  

This paper introduces an innovative methodology for evaluating the dry rubber content (DRC) of natural rubber latex (NRL) through the utilisation of transient hot wire (THW) technique. To accomplish this objective, an instrumentation system has been devised and implemented, which operates based on this underlying principle. The proposed approach capitalizes on the significant disparity in thermal conductivity between rubber particles (0.13 W/m-K) and water (0.58 W/m-K). A series of NRL samples obtained from the field were assessed using the developed instrument and their corresponding DRC values determined using conventional weighing-drying technique. The outcomes reveal a strong correlation between measured temperature increments for each sample within a predefined time frame and their respective DRC values. Furthermore, the proposed method offers the advantage of a significantly reduced measurement time, requiring only approximately 10 min to determine the DRC, in contrast to the existing weighing-drying technique, which necessitates around 18 h. Both techniques yield a measurement accuracy of ± 2%.

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Conceptualisation: Jacob Philip and Sumit Infent Thomas; Methodology: Jacob Philip and Sumit Infent Thomas; Formal analysis and investigation: Sumit Infent Thomas and Jacob Philip; Writing - original draft preparation: Sumit Infent Thomas; Writing - review and editing: Jacob Philip and Sumit Infent Thomas; Supervision: Jacob Philip.

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Thomas, S.I., Philip, J. Design and development of a system based on transient hot wire technique to determine dry rubber content in natural rubber latex. J Rubber Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42464-024-00259-1

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