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The difference between role=”presentation” and aria-hidden=”true”.

In dealing with role="presentation" and aria-hidden="true" you may find that they both have deceptively similar functions when it relates to how they interact with assistive technology (screen readers). Before we dig into the difference between these two attributes we first need to learn a little bit about how accessibility in a Web browser works and this thing called: The Accessibility Tree

The Accessibility Tree

The accessibility tree is a mapping of objects within an HTML document that need to be exposed to assistive technology (if you’re familiar with the DOM , it’s a subset of the DOM ). Anything that communicates aspects of the UI or has a property or relationship that needs to be exposed, gets added to the tree. This happens automatically for most elements when you use a strong semantic HTML structure, but you can also add or remove objects programmatically with accessibility hooks like: role="presentation" and aria-hidden="true" (and some CSS properties). In a nutshell, this means… if I have a text input on a page, a screenreader will be able to interact with it, because it has been added into the accessibility tree.

If role="presentation" and aria-hidden="true" do the same thing and interact with the accessibility tree the same way, then what’s the difference? Why do we even need both of them?

It’s true, that both these attributes will remove objects from the accessibility tree, but they act at different levels and report varying semantics to assistive technology.

Presentational Roles

Most of the documentation you’ll find online about the role="presentation" attribute mentions removing spacer images,and layout tables. Well that’s not very helpful in 2016, because we don’t use spacer images anymore and table layouts have long since been removed from our minds. If that’s true, then what good is this attribute?

Presentational roles are used when elements need to be in the DOM, but the semantics of them are inaccurate or unnecessary. We’re basically telling a screen reader that the semantics of an element are wrong, so ignore them. Which is why the example <table role="presentation"> is often used to present it to the world.

In the below example you’ll see an unordered list that is using role="presentation" to remove it’s semantics:

Below, is that gets reported to assistive technology. Note that the <span> elements could also be <div> because neither have a semantic meaning.

Something important to notice here is that all children of the original <ul> have had their semantics removed as well. The exception to this is the link in the second list item. Using role="presentation" will not remove and content or semantic definition from focusable elements. That means your links, buttons, and inputs will remain as they should, along with all the content. There are some elements, like images, that will get completely removed from the tree when this attribute is applied (you’d use it when it doesn’t make sense for an image to have alternative text so it can be removed from the tree).

This is an important distinction to make when comparing to aria-hidden="true" , which is a little more aggressive in how it interacts with the accessibility tree.

ARIA Hiding

Completely hiding an element from a screen reader is pretty common in a couple different situations:

A UI element is detrimental or unimportant to assistive technology (you see this a lot with icons – for better or worse)
You’re mimicking the visual UI (like menus opening and closing)

The aria-hidden attribute has two states: true and false and they correspond to an element’s state within the accessibility tree. aria-hidden="true" means the element is removed from the tree, and aria-hidden="false" means the element is present in the tree; the default state for an element is “false”. Elements can be added or removed in the HTML or programmatically in JavaScript and combined with other accessibility attributes to create robust interactions with assistive technology.

If you’re changing an element’s hidden state from true to false, this should always happen within JavaScript to provide a fallback for someone browsing with JavaScript turned off. If an element’s state is “hidden” and it will always remain hidden, it’s fine to add aria-hidden="true" right into the HTML.

The code block below shows two examples. One is hidden via the HTML , and the other within JavaScript to show a toggle interaction ( you can also check it out in this pen ):

Using aria-hidden="true" will completely remove all elements, child elements, and content from the accessibility tree regardless of the default semantic nature and they will remain removed until the aria state is changed to false it functions in much the same way as CSS’s display:none . This is where it differs from role="presentation" .

When you’re thinking about removing an element from the accessibility tree first think, “Am I removing the element all together or just the semantics?” If you do that, it will be sure to lead you down the right path and make your UI all the more pleasurable for assistive technology to consume.

Resources and Further Reading

The Accessibility and DOM Tree
The Presentational Role
aria-hidden (state)
Practical ARIA examples
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Understanding the HTML Role ‘Presentation’ and Its Impact on Accessibility

Post author: Geoff Graham
Post category: HTML
Post last modified: December 18, 2023
Post comments: 0 Comments

In the HTML, the ‘role=”presentation” attribute conveys that it is for presentational purposes only and does not have a semantic meaning. Explore the intricacies of HTML role presentation and its associated elements in this article.

In HTML, the role=”presentation” characteristic explicitly implies that the element is purely presentational or decorative and does not bring any semantic meaning. This characteristic is, in particular, useful for elements that can be blanketed for styling or format purposes but no longer contribute to the shape or means of the file.

When an element is assigned role=”presentation”, it informs assistive technology, which includes screen readers, that the content within that element ought to be dealt with as decorative and should not be presented to users in a manner that indicates it has a selected role or which means.

HTML Role Presentation: Importance of Accessibility in Web Development

Accessibility in web development is paramount because it ensures that digital content is usable and perceivable using people with diverse abilities.

The HTML role presentation contributes appreciably to accessibility by facilitating net pages that can be navigable and understandable for everyone, including those using display readers or different assistive devices.

Builders can carry semantics by assigning appropriate roles to factors, enhancing overall consumer enjoyment, and making the internet more inclusive. In precis, the role attribute in HTML is a powerful device that aids in creating handy and well-established internet content.

Understanding the Accessibility Tree

The Accessibility Tree (or “a11y tree”) is a critical idea in internet improvement, specifically within the context of making accessible websites. It is a hierarchical illustration of the shape and homes of a web page, specially designed to be interpreted through assistive technology.

The Accessibility Tree complements the DOM (Document Object Model) by supplying extra information about the semantics and accessibility roles of the report.

In the context of HTML, the Accessibility Tree reflects the relationships and roles of HTML elements, permitting assistive technology like display readers to bring significant statistics to users with disabilities.

For instance, a heading element (<h1> to <h6>) in HTML no longer simplest defines the document’s shape but conveys hierarchical information to the Accessibility Tree, assisting display readers in imparting content in a dependent and understandable way.

The role characteristic in HTML plays a huge role in shaping the Accessibility Tree.

Role of the role=”presentation” attribute within the accessibility tree.

The role=”presentation” attribute is particularly beneficial, while developers must encompass non-semantic factors for styling or layout roles without affecting the file’s standard meaning.

Using role=” presentation,” developers sign to assistive technology that the element is not intended to convey extensive records and has to be handled as ornamental or presentational.

In conclusion, understanding the Accessibility Tree and utilizing the role attribute, specifically with the role=”presentation” price , empowers developers to create internet content that isn’t the best structurally sound but also on hand to customers with various wishes.

Presentational Roles and Their Significance

HTML role presentation talks about using the role attribute to define elements that might be, in basic terms, presentational or ornamental.

The role=”presentation” attribute explicitly tells assistive technologies that the associated HTML element needs to be handled as having no semantic meaning, ensuring that it no longer contributes to the Accessibility Tree’s structural or informative components.

Presentational Roles and Their Significance

Presentational roles, mainly role=”presentation”, allow developers to encompass factors for styling or format roles without deceptive assistive technologies or affecting the record’s meaning. It affords a way to split the visual presentation of content from its underlying structure.

This is for helping developers create visually attractive designs without compromising accessibility.

Historical context and evolution of role=” presentation” usage.

The role=”presentation” attribute’s ancient context originates in the evolution of web development practices.

In the early days of the web, builders regularly used HTML factors in more presentational than semantic ways, leading to confusion for assistive technologies. For instance, builders may use a <div>; element for styling roles without conveying any semantic that means.

To deal with this issue, the WAI-ARIA (Web Accessibility Initiative – Accessible Rich Internet Applications) specification introduced the role attribute, and the value “presentation” turned into, in particular, added to indicate that an element had no semantic role.

As web development standards and best practices evolve, the significance of setting apart content material structure from presentation becomes more apparent. The adoption of role= ”presentation” grew to ensure that assistive technology may want to.

This may be as it should be interpreted: net content enhances the overall accessibility of websites. In modern net improvement, using presentational roles is considered a precise practice, selling a clean separation of worries among content shape and visual presentation.

The Role of ARIA in Hiding Semantics

Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA) is a set of attributes introduced to enhance the accessibility of applications . These are mainly those advanced using JavaScript, Ajax, and dynamic technologies. ARIA presents a way to supplement HTML semantics by conveying additional information to assistive technology.

One key aspect of ARIA is its role in modifying the presentation of particular elements while preserving their semantic meaning. Role= “presentation” and aria-hidden=”real” are two commonly used attributes for this motive. The choice among them depends on the developer’s purpose — whether they want to deliver that an element is presentational.

Comparison of role=”presentation” and aria-hidden=”true” attributes.

The role=”presentation” characteristic is carried out to HTML elements to imply that they have no explicit semantic meaning. This is to split visual styling from the report’s structural semantics. On the opposite hand, the aria-hidden=”authentic” attribute is to hide elements from assistive technology.

When aria-hidden=”actual” is implemented in a component, it alerts screen readers and other assistive technologies. The alert is that the content material inside that element must be ignored and not provided to users. The role=”presentation” is specifically for factors that are meant to be in basic terms presentational.

On the other hand, aria-hidden=”real” is a broader attribute for any element to hide from assistive technology.

Common Uses of the role=”presentation” Attribute

In web development, the HTML role presentation attribute becomes a valuable tool, explicitly indicating that an HTML element should be treated purely as presentational or decorative, devoid of semantic significance.

This attribute is beneficial when developers want to decorate the visual presentation of content without introducing misleading information for assistive technology.

Here are some everyday use instances for the role=” presentation” attribute:

1.) Decorative Images:

Decorative snapshots used for classy roles often do not contribute to the content material . By applying role=”presentation” to the related <img> element, developers inform display screen readers and other assistive technologies that the image is only ornamental and is not applicable.

2.) Styling Containers:

Div elements or other containers are in basic terms for styling purposes and have no semantic significance. Applying role=” presentation” to these elements guarantees they do not intrude with the Accessibility Tree, preserving a clean separation between visual styling and record structure.

<!– Content for styling purposes only –>

</div>

3.) Spacer or Separator Elements:

When builders use non-semantic elements to create spacing, html role presentation is to clarify their reason for assistive technology.

Impact of role=” presentation” on specific HTML elements

1.) lists (ul, ol):.

Applying role=” presentation” to lists suggests that the listing gadgets do not convey a semantic order or hierarchy. This can be useful whilst builders use lists for layout roles in preference to representing a significant sequence.

</ul>

2.) Tables:

People use tables for layout or presentation rather than displaying tabular information.By applying role=”presentation” to a table, builders ensure screen readers recognize that the desk is not conveying records relationships.

<!– Table content for layout purposes only –>

</table>

Therefore, the role=”presentation” attribute is a powerful device for web developers to beautify visible layouts without compromising accessibility.

Limitations and Considerations

The role=”presentation” attribute is usually effective in instructing browsers and assistive technology. This is to deal with an element as merely presentational. There are concerns that builders have to be aware of:

1.) Interactive or Focusable Elements:

Browsers may overlook the role=”presentation” attribute in certain cases when applied to interactive elements. For example, assigning role=”presentation” to a button or hyperlink might lead the browser to recognize it as interactive.

Also, display screen readers may additionally announce it as such. Developers must work cautiously while using role=”presentation” on factors customers would engage with for steady behavior.

<!– The role=”presentation” may not prevent interaction behavior –>

<button role=”presentation”>Click me</button>

2.) Global ARIA States:

Certain global ARIA states, such as aria-stay and aria-busy, can affect the effectiveness of HTML role presentation. For instance, if an element with role=”presentation” is inside a region with aria-live=”assertive”, it would display reader customers.

Developers should consider the broader context and how global ARIA states might influence the visibility of factors with role=”presentation”.

<span role=”presentation”>This message will be announced.</span>

3.) WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices:

Seeking advice from the WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices pointers and specifications is essential. This is for the maximum up-to-date hints on using ARIA attributes, along with role=”presentation”.

As net standards evolve, new considerations and first-rate practices might also emerge, and builders need to live knowledgeable about adjustments.

<!– Always refer to the latest WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices guidelines –>

<div role=”presentation”>Content following best practices</div>

Therefore, while role=” presentation” is a valuable device for reinforcing internet accessibility, builders need to be privy to its barriers in unique contexts, along with interactive factors and global ARIA states.

See Also: How to Make a Quiz in HTML? What to do?

The Role Attribute: Categories and Usage

The HTML role presentation is flexible, supplying several classes to define the motive or element. These classes consist of:

1.) Abstract Roles:

Outline abstract standards with roles not limited to specific elements. For instance, use role=”variety” to define variety input and role=”institution” to group elements.

2.)Widget Roles:

Widget roles are for interactive consumer interface factors. Examples include role=”button” for clickable buttons and role=”textbox” for input fields.

3.)Document Structure Roles:

Define record shape and semantics. Examples include role=”article” for representing independent content material and role=”navigation” for navigation menus.

4.)Landmark Roles:

Landmark roles become aware of particular regions of a page, assisting navigation for users. Examples include role=”header” for the header phase and role=”major” for the principle content material vicinity.

To use the role attribute effectively, remember the following guidance:

1.) semantic html first:.

Whenever possible, depend upon semantic HTML factors instead of adding roles. HTML5 introduces elements like <nav> <article>, and <phase> that deliver meaning.

2.) Use Roles for Custom Elements:

When growing custom additives or interactive elements that do not have native HTML equivalents, use suitable ARIA roles to bring their motive to assistive technologies.

3.) Avoid Overusing Presentation Roles:

While role=” presentation” is beneficial in simple terms and decorative factors, it’s crucial to apply it judiciously. Ensure that it honestly adds price to accessibility without compromising the overall shape of the file.

By understanding the kinds of roles and adhering to excellent practices, builders can leverage the role attribute to enhance accessibility.

See Also: Understanding Data Formats: Plain Text, XML, HTML, JSON, and Beyond

In conclusion, the role attribute in HTML is a pivotal device in internet development, presenting a way to enhance accessibility and convey essential facts to assistive technologies.

We explore its diverse packages, together with the categorization into Abstract, Widget, Document Structure, and Landmark roles, every serving precise purposes in defining the character of HTML factors.

We look at scenarios wherein the role=”presentation” characteristic proves beneficial without compromising the semantic integrity of their content material. However, it is vital to recognize the limitations, such as the capability to disregard the attribute for positive interactive factors.

See Also: Achieve Stylish HTML Tables without CSS: Border Techniques and Examples

Encouragement to prioritize accessibility in web design.

As we navigate the dynamic landscape of net development, the overarching subject matter is prioritizing accessibility. By adhering to excellent practices and staying in the loop about evolving requirements, developers contribute to an extra-inclusive digital realm.

See Also: Troubleshooting HTML Audio Autoplay Not Working

Hi, I’m Geoff. I design. I develop. I do lots of things in between. What that really boils down to is that I make websites.

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An element whose implicit native role semantics will not be mapped to the accessibility API.

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Accessibility Guidelines

Accessibility role, name & value.

User interface components need a role, a name and sometimes a value, to ensure that people using assistive technologies are able to use them. Examples of assistive technologies are screen readers, switch controls and speech recognition software.

There are two cases where we can't use a good HTML element with built-in accessibility features, even though we want to:

There is no native HTML element for what we are trying to achieve.
There are technical limitations that prevents us using the semantically correct element.

In both cases, we need to build a custom control. An important accessibility principle is that a custom control needs a role, a name and sometimes a value.

How do we make sure that custom components have a role, a name and a value?

Screenshot from the Uber web site navigation, showing Company as a dropdown menu.

In our last section, Button and Links , we learned that a dropdown menu button should be coded as a <button> . What if our framework does not allow us to do that? If it forces us to use an <a> instead? If the navigation component in the library we are using, is built with <a> s? Then we need to add a role.

This is done with the role="button" attribute. Now users of assistive technologies can understand what the custom control is. A <button> has the role="button" built in, so to write <button role="button"> is redundant.

The custom control needs a name. In our example, the name is the content of the element, Company . As long as we have written our element like <div role="button">Company</div> , we have a good name. This is also known as the accessible name. The accessible name for our <div> is Company . Good.

That was too easy. In the following login form, we have several components – a logo, a heading, a label, a dropdown, an input and a button.

We are taking a closer look at the label, dropdown and the input. Visually there is no clear distinction between the dropdown and the input. The dropdown is coded with a <select> , which is a correct element for this case. However, it has no name:

It has a name attribute . This is not the same as an accessible name. This is confusing. The article What is an accessible name? explains this further. The name attribute is for computers. In a <form> , it is used as a reference when the data is submitted. This name countryCode will not help any users. It will not be picked up by assistive technologies.

To give this <select> an accessible name, we must use the attribute aria-label. Normally, we would have connected a visual label to the <select> component. In this case, there is only one visual label for both the components.

This is a <select> with an accessible name:

Some components have a value or a state. An accordion is open or closed. This information has to be accessible.

Screenshot of an accordion panel on Uber. One question is closed and one is open.

An accordion is considered a custom component. There is no standard HTML element to use here. Each accordion header should be a <button> or role="button" :

<div role="button">When do I get charged for a ride?</div>

Good. It has the role of a button. It also has a name, the content of the div. To give this button a value, we need to tell assistive technologies that it is closed. This is done with aria-expanded="false" :

<div role="button" aria-expanded="false">When do I get charged for a ride?</div>

Now, our accordion header has a role, name and a value.

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HTML Role Presentation: Enhancing Accessibility on Web Pages

By Louis Bouchard

February 28, 2024

Web accessibility and user experience (UX) have become crucial factors for web developers and designers in today’s fast-paced digital environment. As more people rely on digital platforms for various jobs, ensuring that websites are accessible to everyone.

HTML roles are a potent tool that dramatically improves accessibility on the internet and UX. Developers may enhance the accessibility, functionality, and effectiveness of their websites through the use of HTML role presentation.

This article analyzes the significance of HTML role=” presentation,” highlights its advantages, and offers practical implementation examples.

Table of Contents

Recognizing HTML Roles

With HTML5’s introduction of HTML roles, developers can now assign particular responsibilities to components, specifying their function and purpose. Helpful for assistive tools like screen readers is this extra information. The screen reader explains the element’s function to the user after coming across an element with role attribute. This improves comprehension and navigation of the information.

Check this out: Mastering HTML Non-Breaking Hyphen: Best Practices And Usage Guide

Roles application in HTML is simple. An HTML element is given the “role” attribute, followed by the role name in quotation marks. For illustration:

Role=”button” in a button-click here to continue

The button> component in this example possesses the “button” role assigned to it, making it abundantly apparent that its intended use is as a clickable button.

HTML Role Presentation’s benefits

Enhancing accessibility.

The most significant benefit of HTML aria role presentation is the enhancement of web accessibility. It can be challenging for users who are dependent on assistive technologies, to understand the function and purpose of things on a web page. Developers may give these consumers important context by employing the right roles, which improves their browsing experience.

Think about a website with a navigation menu as an example. A screen reader can find it challenging to recognize the navigation items as menu items without clearly defined roles. Developers can tell assistive technologies what these parts are for using the role=” menu item” property.

Check this out: Create An Engaging HTML Chat Box For Your Website: Easy Steps

Enhanced User Experience

Web accessibility and user experience are closely linked. Website leads to a better overall user experience. Users can easily navigate the content, find what they want, and interact with the website efficiently.

Accessible websites tend to be more user-friendly for everyone, not just those with disabilities. Clear and well-defined roles help organize the content logically, making it easier for all users to understand the structure of the page and its various elements.

Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Benefits

HTML role presentation can indirectly benefit a website’s SEO efforts. Search engines like Google prioritize websites that focus on accessibility and user experience. Developers signal their commitment to inclusivity by incorporating proper roles, potentially improving search engine rankings.

Well-structured content and meaningful use of roles contribute to better crawling and indexing by search engine bots. When search engines understand the page’s structure and element purposes, they present more relevant search results to users.

Future-Proofing Websites

As technology evolves, web development practices also evolve. By adopting HTML role presentation early on, developers can future-proof their websites. As new assistive technologies and browsing devices emerge, websites with well-defined roles are more likely to adapt seamlessly to these advancements.

Accessibility guidelines and regulations are becoming more stringent over time. Implementing HTML roles ensures the website remains compliant with accessibility standards, avoiding the need for significant retrofitting in the future.

Best Practices for Using HTML Roles

Effective implementation of html roles relies on adhering to best practices:.

Understand the role hierarchy. HTML roles follow a hierarchical structure, with some roles being more general and others more specific. The role “widget” represents interactive elements. And “button” is a more specific role falling under the “widget” category.

Consistency is vital for applying HTML roles. Use the same role for similar elements throughout the website. This consistency helps users, to familiarize themselves with the website’s layout and functionality.

Testing the website with many assistive technologies is crucial. Screen readers should accurately convey the intended information to users.

Check this out: Build Multiple Pages In HTML: Simple And Effective Techniques

Practical Examples of HTML Role Presentation

Let’s explore some practical examples of how HTML role presentation can be implemented effectively to enhance accessibility and UX.

Example 1: Accessible Navigation Menu

In this example, appropriate roles have been used for the navigation menu, items, and links. The role=”navigation” attribute informs assistive technologies that this section contains navigation elements. The role=”menubar” attribute indicates that the <ul> is a menu bar, and each list item has the role “menu item” to specify the purpose of each link.

Example 2: Interactive Form

In this form example, the role “form” is used to indicate the main container for the form. Each input field has the role “textbox” to specify that it is a text input, and the submit button has the role “button” to indicate its purpose as a clickable button.

Check this out: Discover The Countless HTML Tags: A Comprehensive Guide

What is an HTML role presentation?

HTML role presentation is a way to assign specific roles to elements on a web page using the role attribute. These roles define the purpose and function of the elements, providing crucial context to assistive technologies, such as screen readers.

How does HTML role presentation improve web accessibility?

By leveraging HTML roles, web developers make their websites more accessible to users with disabilities. Assistive technologies can understand the roles and convey the information more accurately, enabling users to navigate the content effectively and enhancing their overall browsing experience.

Can HTML role presentation benefit users without disabilities as well?

Yes, absolutely. While HTML role presentation primarily aims to improve web accessibility for users with disabilities, it also has positive implications for users without disabilities. This results in a better user experience for everyone, as users can navigate the website efficiently and find the information they need more effectively.

HTML role presentation is a powerful tool for enhancing web accessibility and user experience. By leveraging these roles, developers can provide crucial context to assistive.

To apply HTML roles successfully, it is crucial to comprehend the role hierarchy, use roles consistently, complement semantic HTML, and test with assistive technologies. Web developers construct websites that adhere to accessibility requirements and provide a pleasurable user experience. This is done by following the best practices and implementing role presentation HTML into web development procedures.

HTML role presentation is a step in the correct approach toward a more inclusive digital world. The true power of technology lies in its capabilities and capacity to touch people’s lives positively.

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Accessibility

ARIA and HTML

Most developers are familiar with the standard markup language of our modern web, HyperText Markup Language (HTML) . However, you may be less familiar with Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA) (formally called WAI-ARIA): what it is, how it is used, and when—and when not —to use it.

HTML and ARIA play important roles in making digital products accessible, especially when it comes to assistive technology (AT) such as screen readers. Both are used to convert content into an alternate format, such as Braille or Text-to-Speech (TTS).

Let's review a short history of ARIA, why it is important, and when and how best to use it.

Introduction to ARIA

ARIA was first developed in 2008 by the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) group—a subset of the overarching World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which governs and regulates the internet.

ARIA is not a true programming language but a set of attributes you can add to HTML elements to increase their accessibility. These attributes communicate role, state, and property to assistive technologies via accessibility APIs found in modern browsers. This communication happens through the accessibility tree.

" WAI-ARIA , the Accessible Rich Internet Applications Suite, defines a way to make web content and web applications more accessible to people with disabilities. It especially helps with dynamic content and advanced user interface controls developed with HTML, JavaScript, and related technologies." The WAI group

The accessibility tree

ARIA modifies incorrect or incomplete code to create a better experience for those using AT by changing, exposing, and augmenting parts of the accessibility tree.

The accessibility tree is created by the browser and based on the standard Document Object Model (DOM) tree. Like the DOM tree, the accessibility tree contains objects representing all the markup elements, attributes, and text nodes. The accessibility tree is also used by platform-specific accessibility APIs to provide a representation that assistive technologies can understand.

ARIA on its own doesn't change an element's functionality or visual appearance. That means only AT users will notice differences between a digital product with ARIA and one without it. That also means that developers alone are responsible for making the appropriate code and styling changes to make an element as accessible as possible.

The three main features of ARIA are roles, properties, and states/values.

Roles define what an element is or does on the page or app.

Properties express characteristics or relationships to an object.

States/values define the current conditions or data values associated with the element.

While all three elements of ARIA can be used in one line of code, it's not required. Instead, layer ARIA roles, properties, and states/values until you've accomplished your final accessibility goal. Correctly incorporating ARIA into your code base ensures that AT users will have all the information they need to use your website, app, or other digital product successfully and equitably.

Recently, Chrome DevTools has created a way to see the full accessibility tree making it easier for developers to understand how their code impacts accessibility.

When to use ARIA

In 2014, the W3C officially published the HTML5 recommendation. With it came some big changes, including the addition of landmark elements such as <main> , <header> , <footer> , <aside> , <nav> , and attributes like hidden and required . With these new HTML5 elements and attributes, coupled with increased browser support, certain parts of ARIA are now less critical.

When the browser supports an HTML tag with an implicit role with an ARIA equivalent, there is usually no need to add ARIA to the element. However, ARIA still includes many roles, states, and properties that aren't available in any version of HTML. Those attributes remain useful for now.

This brings us to the ultimate question: When should you use ARIA? Thankfully the WAI group has developed the five rules of ARIA to help you decide how to make elements accessible.

Rule 1: Don't use ARIA

Yes, you read that right. Adding ARIA to an element does not inherently make it more accessible. The WebAIM Million annual accessibility report found that home pages with ARIA present averaged 70% more detected errors than those without ARIA, primarily due to the improper implementation of the ARIA attributes.

There are exceptions to this rule. ARIA is required when an HTML element doesn't have accessibility support. This could be because the design doesn't allow for a specific HTML element or the wanted feature/behavior isn't available in HTML. However, these situations should be scarce.

When in doubt, use semantic HTML elements .

Rule 2: Don't add (unnecessary) ARIA to HTML

In most circumstances, HTML elements work well out of the box and do not need additional ARIA added to them. In fact, developers using ARIA often have to add additional code to make the elements functional in the case of interactive elements.

Do less work and have better-performing code when you use HTML elements as intended.

Rule 3: Always support keyboard navigation

All interactive (not disabled) ARIA controls must be keyboard accessible. You can add tabindex= "0" to any element that needs a focus that doesn't normally receive keyboard focus. Avoid using tab indexes with positive integers whenever possible to prevent potential keyboard focus order issues.

Rule 4: Don't hide focusable elements

Don't add role= "presentation" or aria-hidden= "true" to elements that need to have focus—including elements with a tabindex= "0" . When you add these roles/states to elements, it sends a message to the AT that these elements are not important and to skip over them. This can lead to confusion or disrupt users attempting to interact with an element.

Rule 5: Use accessible names for interactive elements

The purpose of an interactive element needs to be conveyed to a user before they know how to interact with it. Ensure that all elements have an accessible name for people using AT devices.

Accessible names can be the content surrounded by an element (in the case of an <a> ), alternative text, or a label.

For each of the following code samples, the accessible name is "Red leather boots."

There are many ways to check an element's accessible name, including inspecting the accessibility tree using Chrome DevTools or testing it with a screen reader.

ARIA in HTML

While using HTML elements on their own is best practice, ARIA elements can be added in certain situations. For example, you may pair ARIA with HTML in patterns that need a higher level of AT support because of environmental constraints or as a fall-back method for HTML elements that aren't fully supported by all browsers.

Of course, there are recommendations for implementing ARIA in HTML . Most importantly: don't override default HTML roles, reduce redundancy, and be aware of unintended side effects.

Let's look at some examples.

Complexities of ARIA

ARIA is complex, and you should always use caution when using it. While the code examples in this lesson are fairly straightforward, creating accessible custom patterns can quickly get complicated.

There are many things to pay attention to, including but not limited to: keyboard interactions, touch interfaces, AT/browser support, translation needs, environmental constraints, legacy code, and user preferences. A little bit of coding knowledge can be detrimental—or just plain annoying—if used incorrectly. Remember to keep your code simple.

Those warnings aside, digital accessibility is not an all-or-nothing situation—it's a spectrum that allows for some gray areas like this. Multiple coding solutions can be seen as "correct," depending on the situation. What is important is that you keep learning, testing, and trying to make our digital world more open to all.

Check your understanding

Test your knowledge of ARIA and HTML

Which of the following is the best practice for building an accessible button?

Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License , and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License . For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies . Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2022-09-30 UTC.

DigitalA11Y

Your Accessibility Partner

WAI-ARIA: role=presentation

An element whose implicit native role semantics will not be mapped to the accessibility API.

Description

An element whose implicit native role semantics will not be mapped to the accessibility API. See synonym none.

Note regarding the ARIA 1.1 none role.§

In ARIA 1.1, the working group introduced none as a synonym to the presentation role, due to author confusion surrounding the intended meaning of the word “presentation” or “presentational.” Many individuals erroneously consider role=”presentation” to be synonymous with aria-hidden=”true”, and we believe role=”none” conveys the actual meaning more unambiguously.

Until implementations include sufficient support for role=”none”, web authors are advised to use the presentation role alone role=”presentation” or redundantly as a fallback to the none role role=”none presentation”.

The intended use is when an element is used to change the look of the page but does not have all the functional, interactive, or structural relevance implied by the element type, or may be used to provide for an accessible fallback in older browsers that do not support WAI-ARIA.

Example use cases:

An element whose content is completely presentational (like a spacer image, decorative graphic, or clearing element);
An image that is in a container with the img role and where the full text alternative is available and is marked up with aria-labelledby and (if needed) aria-describedby;
An element used as an additional markup “hook” for CSS; or
A layout table and/or any of its associated rows, cells, etc.

For any element with a role of presentation and which is not focusable, the user agent MUST NOT expose the implicit native semantics of the element (the role and its states and properties) to accessibility APIs. However, the user agent MUST expose content and descendant elements that do not have an explicit or inherited role of presentation. Thus, the presentation role causes a given element to be treated as having no role or to be removed from the accessibility tree, but does not cause the content contained within the element to be removed from the accessibility tree.

Role=Presentation Example 1

For example, according to an accessibility API, the following markup elements would appear to have identical role semantics (no role) and identical content.

1. [role=”presentation”] negates the implicit ‘heading’ role semantics but does not affect the contents.

2. There is no implicit role for span, so only the contents are exposed.

3. Depending on styling and other factors, this role declaration is redundant in some implementations.

4. In all cases, the element contents are exposed to accessibility APIs without any implied role semantics.

The presentation role is used on an element that has implicit native semantics, meaning that there is a default accessibility API role for the element. Some elements are only complete when additional descendant elements are provided. For example, in HTML, table elements (matching the grid role) require tr descendants (the row role), which in turn require th or td children (the gridcell, columnheader, rowheader roles). Similarly, lists require list item children. The descendant elements that complete the semantics of an element are described in WAI-ARIA as required owned elements.

When an explicit or inherited role of presentation is applied to an element with the implicit semantic of a WAI-ARIA role that has required owned elements, in addition to the element with the explicit role of presentation, the user agent MUST apply an inherited role of presentation to any owned elements that do not have an explicit role defined. Also, when an explicit or inherited role of presentation is applied to a host language element which has required children as defined by the host language specification, in addition to the element with the explicit role of presentation, the user agent MUST apply an inherited role of presentation to any required children that do not have an explicit role defined.

In HTML, the img element is treated as a single entity regardless of the type of image file. Consequently, using role=”presentation” or role=”none” on an HTML img is equivalent to using aria-hidden=”true”. In order to make the image contents accessible, authors can embed the object using an object or iframe element, or use inline SVG code, and follow the accessibility guidelines for the image content.

For any element with an explicit or inherited role of presentation and which is not focusable, user agents MUST ignore role-specific WAI-ARIA states and properties for that element. For example, in HTML, a ul or ol element with a role of presentation will have the implicit native semantics of its li elements removed because the list role to which the ul or ol corresponds has a required owned element of listitem. Likewise, although an HTML table element does not have an implicit native semantic role corresponding directly to a WAI-ARIA role, the implicit native semantics of its thead/tbody/tfoot/tr/th/td descendants will also be removed, because the HTML specification indicates that these are required structural descendants of the table element.

Note: Only the implicit native semantics of elements that correspond to WAI-ARIA required owned elements are removed. All other content remains intact, including nested tables or lists, unless those elements also have a explicit role of presentation applied.

For example, according to an accessibility API, the following markup elements would appear to have identical role semantics (no roles) and identical content.

1. [role="presentation"] negates the implicit 'list' and 'listitem' role semantics but does not affect the contents .

2. There is no implicit role for "foo", so only the contents are exposed.

Note: There are other WAI-ARIA roles with required children for which this situation is applicable (e.g., radiogroups and listboxes), but tables and lists are the most common real-world cases in which the presentation inheritance is likely to apply.

For any element with an explicit or inherited role of presentation, user agents MUST apply an inherited role of presentation to all host-language-specific labeling elements for the presentational element. For example, a table element with a role of presentation will have the implicit native semantics of its caption element removed, because the caption is merely a label for the presentational table.

Authors SHOULD NOT provide meaningful alternative text (for example, use alt=”” in HTML) when the presentation role is applied to an image.

In the following code sample, the containing img and is appropriately labeled by the caption paragraph. In this example the img element can be marked as presentation because the role and the text alternatives are provided by the containing element.

In the following code sample, because the anchor (HTML a element) is acting as the treeitem, the list item (HTML li element) is assigned an explicit WAI-ARIA role of presentation to override the user agent’s implicit native semantics for list items.

Presentational Roles Conflict Resolution

There are a number of ways presentational role conflicts are resolved.

Host languages elements, having implicit presentational roles for which no roles, may be applied, MUST never be exposed to in the accessibility tree. With this exception, user agents MUST always expose global WAI-ARIA states and properties to accessibility APIs. In this case, the user agent ignores the presentation role and exposes the element according to its implicit native semantics. However, user agents MUST ignore any non-global, role-specific WAI-ARIA states and properties, unless it is on an inherited presentational role where an explicit role is applied.

For example, aria-haspopup is a global attribute and would always be applied; aria-level is not a global attribute and would therefore only apply if the element was not in a presentational state.

Here [role=”presentation”] is ignored due to the global aria-haspopup property.

Explicit roles on a descendant or owned element override the inherited role of presentation, and cause the owned element to behave as any other element with an explicit role. If the action of exposing the implicit role causes the accessibility tree to be malformed, the expected results are undefined and the user agent MAY resort to an internal recovery mechanism to repair the accessibility tree.

If an element with a role of presentation is focusable, or otherwise interactive, user agents MUST ignore the normal effect of the role and expose the element with implicit native semantics, in order to ensure that the element is both understandable and operable.

User agents MUST always expose global WAI-ARIA states and properties to accessibility APIs, even if an element has an explicit or inherited role of presentation. In this case, the user agent ignores the presentation role and exposes the element according to its implicit native semantics. However, user agents MUST ignore any non-global, role-specific WAI-ARIA states and properties, unless it is on an inherited presentational role where an explicit role is applied.

HTML Example

Html example 2, html example 3.

1. [role=”presentation”] is ignored due to the global aria-haspopup property.

2. [role=”presentation”] negates the both the implicit ‘heading’ and the non-global level.

Characteristics

Superclass Role

Inherited States and Properties

aria-atomic
aria-busy (state)
aria-controls
aria-current (state)
aria-describedby
aria-details
aria-disabled (state)
aria-dropeffect
aria-errormessage
aria-flowto
aria-grabbed (state)
aria-haspopup
aria-hidden (state)
aria-invalid (state)
aria-keyshortcuts
aria-labelledby
aria-relevant
aria-roledescription
author (if role discarded by error conditions)

Semantic HTML

No HTML element equivalent.

WAI-ARIA 1.2 Specification Refer to the notes from the WAI-ARIA 1.2 specification for more information on role=presentation
HTML5 Accessibility Chops: notes on using ARIA by TPGi

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Raghavendra Satish Peri empowers enterprises with his expertise in digital accessibility and marketing. Through his impactful work, he collaborates with both small businesses and large enterprises, spearheading digital transformation initiatives. Raghavendra is the author behind the influential Accessibility Blog hosted at DigitalA11Y.com , where he delves into the intricate realm of digital accessibility and its significance. Passionate about fostering change within the tech landscape, Raghavendra actively inspires local tech communities through engaging meetups and mentorship. He is the driving force behind HelloA11Y.com , a vibrant platform that unites accessibility professionals, developers, and enthusiasts, propelling the adoption of accessible practices. Beyond the digital realm, Raghavendra seeks diverse experiences. You might find him exploring various cuisines at local cafes and restaurants or immersing himself in thought-provoking audio books. His insights and musings also find a home on his Personal Blog at raghava.in , where he shares his thoughts and experiences with a wider audience.

WAI-ARIA: Role=Checkbox

A checkable input that has three possible values: true, false, or mixed. Description A checkable input that has three possible values: true, false, or mixed. The aria-checked attribute of a checkbox indicates whether the input is checked (true), unchecked (false), or represents a group of elements that have a mixture of checked and unchecked values…

WAI-ARIA: Role=Gridcell

A cell in a grid or treegrid. Description A cell in a grid or treegrid. A gridcell may be focusable, editable, and selectable. A gridcell may have relationships such as aria-controls to address the application of functional relationships. If an author intends a gridcell to have a row header, column header, or both, and if…

WAI-ARIA: Role=Option

A selectable item in a select list. Description A selectable item in a select list. Authors MUST ensure elements with role option are contained in, or owned by, an element with the role listbox. Options not associated with a listbox might not be correctly mapped to an accessibility API. Elements with the role option have an…

WAI-ARIA: Role=Feed

A scrollable list of articles where scrolling may cause articles to be added to or removed from either end of the list. Description New in ARIA 1.1 A scrollable list of articles where scrolling may cause articles to be added to or removed from either end of the list A feed enables users of assistive…

WAI-ARIA: Role=Img

A container for a collection of elements that form an image. Description A container for a collection of elements that form an image. An img can contain captions and descriptive text, as well as multiple image files that when viewed together give the impression of a single image. An img represents a single graphic within a document,…

WAI-ARIA: Role=Term

Description New in ARIA 1.1 A word or phrase with a corresponding definition. See related definition.The term role is used to explicitly identify a word or phrase for which a definition has been provided by the author or is expected to be provided by the user. Authors SHOULD NOT use the term role on interactive…

One Comment

Role presentation on a DIV or SPAN element is one that confuses me. In the post you state ‘3. Depending on styling and other factors, this role declaration is redundant in some implementations. Sample Content ‘. However you have not given an example of when, styling and other factors’ cause it is to not be redundant, and how this applies.

I often see the presentation role placed on DIVs and SPANs of a webpage and would like to understand when this has an effect on the end user, and why.

Thanks. Laurence

Application and Presentation Roles

The application and presentation roles in WAI-ARIA change the way assistive technologies interact with web content. Both have “use with caution” warnings. Their use and where and when to use them are described here.

Application Role

The application role is used when there is not a corresponding widget interaction pattern available to provide semantics for a custom widget.

Imagine, for instance, a file manager application embedded in a web page, which does not have widget roles specifically defined. It may have many of the functions a typical file manager might have on a Windows, Mac, or Linux system. It might have the typical File, Edit, and View menus that most applications have, including browsers. Those menus in the file manager should function like these same menus in other applications. When the application role is used in a container containing the embedded file manager, keystrokes are intercepted and repurposed to operate the file manager, instead of the browser and the assistive technology.

When in the file manager application, this behaviour may be desirable. But, defined with the application role, all of the standard screen reader shortcut keys are also disabled, so the user is no longer able to navigate the pages by headings, or landmarks, for instance, while inside the application. This may be fine in such a case because the screen reader user will likely temporarily want shortcut keys to file manager functions, and not those of the browser or screen reader.

If, however, the application role is used to contain a carousel widget, for example, then browser and assistive technology functionality may be unnecessarily disabled, potentially creating barriers. A carousel widget typically has limited functionality. For example, carousels may contain scripted Arrow keys to move back and forth between slides, between headings within each slide for added structure, or link to another section of the site presented in a slide. In such cases, screen reader users would be unable to navigate through the slides by listing headings or links, using their screen reader’s default heading and link list functionality. By removing the application role, the scripted next/previous link, as well as the heading and the links could be used to navigate the carousel.

The bottom line is to use the application role carefully. Be sure it is not creating more barriers than it is intended to prevent.

Presentation Role

Much like the application role disables default keyboard functionality, the presentation role (and its synonym role="none" ), theoretically, removes the default semantics from children of the element it applies to.

So, for instance, if you have a list with role="presentation" , it should not announce as a list, and its list items should not announce as list items. However, nested lists within those suppressed list items will announce as usual.

There are a couple of intended exceptions where the presentation role will not remove default semantics:

When role="presentation" is not applied to elements that have tab focus, such as links, form elements, and elements that have tabindex defined, or
Where an element has been modified with any of the 21 global states or properties

Where role="presentation" is applied to a parent element, all of its child elements should inherit that role, but not all of its grandchildren. For example, if <ul role="presentation"> is used then the semantics for each of its <li> elements will be ignored. But, if an <li> contains a sublist, that list would be announced as usual.

It should be noted that current support for the presentation role is spotty across browsers and assistive technologies, and you are likely to find it not all that useful if you’re trying to develop with cross browser compatibility. Typically, tables, images, and headings are affected by the presentation role, while other elements like lists, forms, and links are not, or only partially affected. If you are trying to hide elements completely from screen readers, you might consider using either aria-hidden or CSS display:none .

Three common uses for role="presentation" include:

Hiding a decorative image. It is equivalent to giving the image null alt text.
Suppressing table semantics for tables used for layout in circumstances where the table semantics do not convey meaningful relationships.
Eliminating semantics of intervening orphan elements in the structure of a composite widget, such as a tablist, menu, or tree as demonstrated in the example above.

Source: ARIA Authoring Practices Guide

There are also a number of WAI-ARIA roles that act like the presentation role , and these suppress the default semantics for the elements to which they are applied. For instance, if a tablist is created from a <ul> , and role="tab" is applied to each of the list items within that <ul> , their default listitem role will be replaced with the tab role, without the need to set them as presentational.

The following JSFiddle examples have been created for cross browser testing of the presentation role. Navigate through each example with ChromeVox + Chrome. If you have them available, also navigate them with JAWS + IE and NVDA + FF to understand the varied support for the presentation role. Below, the fiddle is a listing of support for current versions of these screen readers.

Skip JSFiddle

Screen Reader Output from the Above Demo

Nvda (2018.1.1) + edge (41.16299.248.0).

By keyboard, only the link is announced. Mouseover, though, and all elements are announced.

Link: not announced
List: not announced or keyboard focusable
Headings: not announced or keyboard focusable
Table: not announced or keyboard focusable
Image: not announced or keyboard focusable
Form: “Combo box opt three collapsed”

NVDA (2018.1.1) + FireFox (59.0.2)

Link: announces as usual
List: values announced but not bullets or the list itself
Headings: announce as usual
Table: not announced.
Image: not announced
Form: announces opts but not the combobox

JAWS (18) + Edge (41.16299.248.0)

Link: focusable, but not announced
List: not focusable, not announced
Headings: does not announce first heading, but does announce second heading
Table: not announced
Form: not focusable, not announced

ChromeVox (53.0.2784.5)

Link: focusable, but not read (using Tab key) Announces as usual when using CVOX + Arrows
List: Skips over list (using Arrow key) except when link receives focus first, then Arrow key announces the numbers in the list. Announces numbers but not as a list when using CVOX + Arrows
Headings: Does not announce the first heading, but does announce the second (Arrows and CVOX+Arrows)
Image: reads alt text “Ryerson Chang School” both Arrow and CVOX + Arrow
Form: focusable, not announced (using Tab key), Arrow keys announces “Combobox. Opt 3, 3 of 3.”

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20. role="presentation" vs aria-hidden

If you are accessibility enthusiastic then you must be aware of the role = presentation and aria-hidden . There is always confusion that what is the difference between them? As at the high level, both are used to hide the content from the assistive technologies. Then why we need both?

For this blog, we need a voice over. I am using Mac OS, Safari browser, and default Mac voice over. And accessibility DOM, I am using Mozilla, and Chrome browser on Mac OS.

PS: If you are using the Mac system please prefer to use the safari browser over chrome or Firefox for Voice Over (screenreaders).

What is role="presentation"

For accessibility, it is important to write semantic code. However, there are many use-cases where we don't have any semantic tag available in the HTML in such a case.We use the role attribute to make those identified by the assistive technologies and browsers.

Now, there are cases where we want to hide the few elements from the assistive technologies. Such as icons, images, or any elements. In such cases, we use role=presentation .

Adding attribute role=" presentation" will hide it from the assistive technologies but the main difference comes is what role="presentation" does under the hood?

role=" presentation" will remove all the semantic information from the element from Accessibility DOM. What does it mean? It means that screen-readers will treat every element as "Text element" rather than 'heading, image, etc..'. but if the elements are focusbale the semantic won't be removed at all. It means for button , a , input role="presentation" won't have any effect.

Firefox Accessibility DOM with all elements but as text-leaf

What is aria-hidden="true"

ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Application) another way to have accessible elements. If you don't know what ARIA is then read my blog on it here.

aria-hidden="true/false" , is also used to hide the elements from the assistive technologies but this is stricter than the role=" presentation". This will remove the element from the Accessibility DOM.

This is used mainly when we are handling the hide/show of the elements from the JavaScript.

Firefox Accessibility DOM with no elements

Difference:

Below is the difference between the both attribute on different elements (focusable and non-focusable) with screen-readers. (Tested on MAC OS , Safari Browser , and Voice Over Screenreaders).

Now, which to use when?

If you want to remove the semantic values from the element then use the role="presentation" . If you are handling the hide/show by JavaScript then use aria-hidden .

Caution: For focusable elements role="presentaiton" doesn't work.

Happy Learning!!

HTML Role Attribute Explained

The role attribute describes the role of an element in programs that can make use of it, such as screen readers or magnifiers.

Usage Example:

Screen Readers will read this element as “button” instead of “link”.

There are four categories of roles:

Abstract Roles
Widget Roles
Document Structure Roles
Landmark Roles

More info about HTML attributes:

<a href> attribute

<a target> attribute

<body background> attribute

<p align> attribute

<img src> attribute

<font> attribute

More info about HTML attributes

HTML elements can have attributes, which contain additional information about the element.

HTML attributes generally come in name-value pairs, and always go in the opening tag of an element. The attribute name says what type of information you’re providing about the element, and the attribute value is the actual information.

For example, an anchor ( <a> ) element in an HTML document creates links to other pages, or other parts of the page. You use the href attribute in the opening <a> tag to tell the browser where the link sends a user.

Here’s an example of a link that sends users to freeCodeCamp’s home page:

Notice that the attribute name ( href ) and value (“www.freeCodeCamp.org”) are separated with an equals sign, and quotes surround the value.

There are many different HTML attributes, but most of them only work on certain HTML elements. For example, the href attribute won’t work if it’s placed in an opening <h1> tag.

In the example above, the value supplied to the href attribute could be any valid link. However, some attributes only have a set of valid options you can use, or values need to be in a specific format. The lang attribute tells the browser the default language of the contents in an HTML element. The values for the lang attribute should use standard language or country codes, such as en for English, or it for Italian.

Boolean Attributes

Some HTML attributes don’t need a value because they only have one option. These are called Boolean attributes. The presence of the attribute in a tag will apply it to that HTML element. However, it’s okay to write out the attribute name and set it equal to the one option of the value. In this case, the value is usually the same as the attribute name.

For example, the <input> element in a form can have a required attribute. This requires users to fill out that item before they can submit the form.

Here are examples that do the same thing:

If this article was helpful, share it .

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Jimmy Dunne resigns from PGA Tour board. He feels his input is no longer needed

FILE - PGA Tour board member Jimmy Dunne departs the witness table after testifying before a Senate Subcommittee on Investigations hearing on the proposed PGA Tour-LIV Golf partnership, July 11, 2023, on Capitol Hill in Washington. Dunne, one of the architects of the deal with the Saudi backers of LIV, resigned from the PGA Tour board on Monday, May 13, 2024. (AP Photo/Patrick Semansky, File)

Tiger Woods se despide tras su última ronda en el Masters de Augusta, el domingo 14 de abril de 2024 (AP Foto/David J. Phillip)

Rory McIlroy, of Northern Ireland, celebrates after an eagle on the 15th hole from the bunker during the final round of the Wells Fargo Championship golf tournament at the Quail Hollow Club Sunday, May 12, 2024, in Charlotte, N.C. (AP Photo/Chris Carlson)

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Jimmy Dunne, one of the architects behind the PGA Tour’s stunning reversal to strike a deal with the Saudi backers of LIV Golf, abruptly resigned Monday from the PGA Tour board with a letter that expressed frustration at the lack of progress that no longer included his input.

Dunne, a power broker on Wall Street and in golf circles, was not included on the PGA Tour Enterprise’s new “transaction subcommittee” that will be handling the direct negotiations with the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia.

Dunne and Ed Herlihy, an attorney specializing in mergers and acquisition and chairman of PGA Tour Inc., were whom PGA Tour Commissioner Jay Monahan leaned on when he first met with Yasir Al-Rumayyan, the PIF governor, that led to the June 6 agreement .

The immediate result of the deal was an end to antitrust lawsuits neither side wanted and had already cost the PGA Tour in the neighborhood of $50 million. The tour has since brought on Strategic Sports Group as a minority investor in a deal initially worth $1.5 billion.

“As you are aware, I have not been asked to take part in negotiations with the PIF since June 2023,” Dunne said in his letter to the board first obtained by Sports Illustrated .

Jon Rahm, of Spain, reacts to his tee shot on the 11th hole during the first round of the PGA Championship golf tournament at the Valhalla Golf Club, Thursday, May 16, 2024, in Louisville, Ky. (AP Photo/Jeff Roberson)

“Since the players now outnumber the independent directors on the board, and no meaningful progress has been made towards a transaction with the PIF, I feel like my vote and my role is utterly superfluous,” he wrote.

The tour, feeling pushback and resentment for the secrecy behind the June 6 deal, appointed Tiger Woods to the board with no term limit. The board now has six player directors — Woods, Patrick Cantlay, Jordan Spieth, Webb Simpson, Adam Scott and Peter Malnati — and five independent directors.

Dunne is the second independent director to resign following the June 6 announcement. Randall Stephenson, former AT&T chairman, resigned in July over objections to the agreement with the Saudis.

Rory McIlroy resigned from the board in November, and player directors appointed Spieth to finish his term.

The move signals the tour in a state of disarray as it tries to work out a deal with PIF and start the process of unifying a sport that has been divided since LIV launched in June 2022.

The June 6 agreement included a deadline to complete a deal by the end of 2023. By then, the tour had private equity suitors and LIV Golf signed reigning Masters champion Jon Rahm and eventually Tyrrell Hatton.

Dunne said along with the lawsuits being dismissed — often overlooked as a key point in the agreement with PIF — the agreement did not contain an exclusivity clause that allowed players “a full range of options to seek outside investors.”

“That resulted in a multi-billion-dollar commitment from the Strategic Sports Group,” Dunne wrote. “I believe that history will look favorably on this outcome and the very real opportunities now afforded the tour.”

Monahan and the player directors eventually met with Al-Rumayyan for the first time in March, though there has been no clear progress on any deal — PIF as a minority investor or how to bring back the best players together more than four times a year at the majors.

Simpson, meanwhile, offered to resign from the board contingent on McIlroy replacing him. That never happened, with McIlroy saying last week “there was a subset of people on the board that were maybe uncomfortable with me coming back on for some reason.”

Instead, McIlroy was added to the transaction subcommittee along with Woods; Scott; Monahan; liaison director Joe Ogilvie; Joe Gorder, the CEO of Valero Energy Corp. and chairman of PGA Tour Enterprises; and John W. Henry of Fenway Sports Group, a principal in SSG.

“It is crucial for the board to avoid letting yesterday’s differences interfere with today’s decisions, especially when they influence future opportunities for the tour,” Dunne wrote. “Unifying professional golf is paramount to restoring fan interest and repairing wounds left from a fractured game. I have tried my best to move all minds in that direction.”

According to the tour’s bylaws, the four independent directors choose Dunne’s replace after consulting the player directors and John Lindert, the PGA of America president who is a nonvoting board member.

AP golf: https://apnews.com/hub/golf

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Trump Could Make This Viral TikToker One of the Most Powerful People in Government

John McEntee flashes a thin-lipped smile at the camera, waving around a stack of bills he pulled from the center console of his car. “I always keep this fake Hollywood money in my car, so when a homeless person asks for money then I give them a fake $5 bill,” he tells TikTok . “So I feel good about myself, they feel good — and then when they go to use it they get arrested. So I’m actually helping clean up the community, you know, getting them off the streets.”

The video, posted to the TikTok account of the dating app The Right Stuff, drew widespread outrage, not only because it could be a crime if he was really handing out counterfeit money, but also because it’s the kind of thing you expect to hear in an interview with Tucker Carlson, the depths of 4chan, or in the replies to Elon Musk’s recent posts — not from a dating app.

@daterightstuff Just a joke. Everyone calm down #fyp ♬ original sound – Date Right Stuff

The Right Stuff is not a typical dating app. It’s a gimmicky right-wing alternative to popular dating apps like Tinder and Bumble that promises conservatives a way to “connect in meaningful and authentic ways.” The app itself has had issues since its Peter Thiel-funded launch in 2022 — including a preponderance of trolls, a lack of female users, and the FBI allegedly using it to track Jan. 6 rioters who bragged about their participation on their profile.

Editor’s picks

Every awful thing trump has promised to do in a second term, the 250 greatest guitarists of all time, the 500 greatest albums of all time, the 50 worst decisions in movie history.

“Why do we only judge white people for owning slaves when every culture had them?” he muses while inhaling a burger in one video. “I was watching TV the other day — which I usually don’t do — and I noticed something with the commercials. When did everyone in America become Black and gay?” he says in another.

The account has over 2.3 million followers. The videos regularly garner millions of views, and some have brought in over 20 million. The video joking about cruelty to the homeless has been seen 7 million times.

McEntee has other prospects if his foray into the digital dating market doesn’t pan out. Just as The Right Stuff is not a typical dating app, McEntee was not a typical Trump administration aide. In fact, if the next several months go a certain way, he could be in serious contention to become one of the most influential players in the U.S. government over the next four years.

What The Viral Fake Bus Hammock TikTok Says About Staged Videos

Trump’s lawyer again tries to break michael cohen — with little success, cardi b is done with all politicians: 'damn, y’all not caring about nobody'.

A former senior Trump administration official tells Rolling Stone that within the past two years, Trump has said of McEntee: “There’s nobody better at that,” referring to the commitment of his closest loyalists to going after what he calls anti-Trump subversives in the federal apparatus.

According to another source who has discussed the matter directly with Trump during his post-presidency, the former president has repeatedly expressed interest in casting in a role similar to what McEntee had during the final year of the administration as head of the White House personnel office. The source describes this potential role for McEntee as being the chief enforcer for “MAGA purity” in the different departments and agencies of the executive branch.

For McEntee, it would be the ultimate comeback. He was ousted from his position at the White House in 2018 after a security clearance check revealed significant problems related to his online gambling habits. According to The Atlantic, before his sudden departure, McEntee’s office had resembled a melding of “the Rockettes and the Dungeons & Dragons group,” with McEntee having developed a habit of hiring young, attractive women, and decidedly less attractive men.

After a two-year absence, he was rehired by Trump in 2020 to serve as a senior adviser to the reelection campaign. That year, McEntee gained a widespread reputation in the administration for his mission to purge the federal government of officials deemed insufficiently faithful to Trump. McEntee — or “Johnny,” as he’s affectionately called by some members of the Trump family and other former aides — is well-known among the MAGA elite as being the truest kind of Trump true-believer. In late 2020, even after it was clear that Trump had lost the presidential race to Joe Biden, McEntee and his office were still actively vetting candidates for Trump administration job openings for 2021.

In the aftermath of Trump’s departure from the White House, McEntee continued playing both formal and informal roles in shaping what a second Trump administration’s personnel makeup could very well look like, including in his senior adviser position with the Heritage Foundation-run Project 2025 .

Project 2025 is a sweeping policy plan described by the right-wing group as “the conservative movement’s unified effort to be ready for the next conservative administration to govern at 12:00 noon, January 20, 2025.” The plan includes such proposals as more hardline, national restrictions on access to abortion; attacks against contraception; the elimination of diversity and equity programs; the militarization of immigration enforcement; the effective privatization of Medicare; and a purge of federal agencies.

Last year, upon announcing that McEntee would be joining the project, the Heritage Foundation touted that his appointment would embrace “the motto that ‘personnel is policy,’” and the project would launch a “database to collect résumés and vet thousands of potential applicants in advance of Jan. 20, 2025, when the next president takes office.”

Cassie's Husband to Diddy After Assault Video: 'Men Who Hurt Women Hate Women'

Sean combs seen kicking and dragging cassie on surveillance video, marjorie taylor greene has been obsessed with aoc for years, a brief look at diddy's history of controversies and allegations.

He seems to be well-positioned to join a prospective second term. In responding to questions from Rolling Stone, he hedged regarding whether he was engaged in discussions with the former president’s team, or if he plans to accept a prospective appointment.

“Totally focused on The Right Stuff,” he wrote.

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The Role of Primary Care in Latino Health Equity

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Latino health and health care inequities are persistent across numerous health conditions; understanding and improving these inequities requires a comprehensive and multi-level approach.
Primary care is a crucial, underutilized, and widely accessed setting to study health care disparities in Latino patients and provides a comprehensive window into many aspects of health and disease.
Studying Latino health equity in primary care allows an in-depth study of numerous pressing factors: care system performance, community and system strengths, social determinants of health, the study of disaggregated Latino groups, and innovations for the future.

Dr. Miguel Marino is an associate professor of biostatistics in the Department of Family Medicine at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, Oregon. He is co-director of the Primary Care Latino Equity Research (PRIMER) Center. His research focuses on developing and implementing statistical methodology to address complexities associated with using electronic health records to study health equity and changes in health policy among low-income disadvantaged populations seeking care in primary care clinics.

Dr. John Heintzman is a board-certified family physician, health equity researcher, and practicing community health center clinician. He is an associate professor of family medicine at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, Oregon and co-director of the Primary Care Latino Equity Research (PRIMER) Center. He started his research career formally with a Career Development Award from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality in 2012 for delivering preventive services to Latino immigrants in Oregon community health centers, and this portfolio has continued as he has partnered with Dr. Miguel Marino on multiple NIH-funded projects in Latino primary care equity in health center settings.

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Page published May 16, 2024

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W3C Working Draft 27 September 2018

This document is a practical guide for developers on how to add accessibility information to HTML elements using the Accessible Rich Internet Applications specification [ WAI-ARIA-1.1 ], which defines a way to make Web content and Web applications more accessible to people with disabilities. This document demonstrates how to use WAI-ARIA in [ HTML51 ], which especially helps with dynamic content and advanced user interface controls developed with Ajax, HTML, JavaScript, and related technologies.

Status of This Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at https://www.w3.org/TR/.

This document is informative only. Resources are for information purposes only, no endorsement implied.

It is published by the Web Platform Working Group .

It is a draft document and its contents is subject to change without notice.

If you find an issue or have suggestions please file a bug .

This document was published by the Web Platform Working Group as a Working Draft.

GitHub Issues are preferred for discussion of this specification. Alternatively, you can send comments to our mailing list. Please send them to [email protected] ( archives ).

Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

This document was produced by a group operating under the W3C Patent Policy . The group does not expect this document to become a W3C Recommendation. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy .

This document is governed by the 1 February 2018 W3C Process Document .

1. Introduction

This document is a practical guide for developers on how to add accessibility information to HTML elements using the Accessible Rich Internet Applications specification [ WAI-ARIA-1.1 ], which defines a way to make Web content and Web applications more accessible to people with disabilities. This document demonstrates how to use WAI-ARIA in HTML5, it especially helps with dynamic content and advanced user interface controls developed with Ajax, HTML, JavaScript, and related technologies.

This document provides advice for use of ARIA attributes in [ HTML51 ].

For general best-practice information about using ARIA , see the [ wai-aria-practices-1.1 ] document.

The following is a longer list of resources that provide relevant information:

ARIA in HTML
WAI-ARIA 1.1 Authoring Practices
Accessible Rich Internet Applications ( WAI-ARIA ) 1.1
HTML5 Accessibility

2. Notes on ARIA Use in HTML

2.1 first rule of aria use.

If you can use a native HTML element [ HTML51 ] or attribute with the semantics and behavior you require already built in , instead of re-purposing an element and adding an ARIA role, state or property to make it accessible , then do so .

Under what circumstances may this not be possible?

If the feature is available in HTML [ HTML51 ] but it is not implemented or it is implemented, but accessibility support is not.
If the visual design constraints rule out the use of a particular native element, because the element cannot be styled as required.
If the feature is not currently available in HTML .

2.2 Second Rule of ARIA Use

Do not change native semantics, unless you really have to.

For example: Developer wants to build a heading that's a tab.

Do not do this:

If a non-interactive element is used as the basis for an interactive element, developers have to add the semantics using ARIA and the appropriate interaction behavior using scripting. In the case of a button, for example, it is much better and easier to Just use a (native HTML) button .

It is OK to use native HTML elements, that have similar semantics to ARIA roles used, for fallback. For example, using HTML list elements for the skeleton of an ARIA -enabled, scripted tree widget .

2.3 Third Rule of ARIA Use

All interactive ARIA controls must be usable with the keyboard.

If you create a widget that a user can click or tap or drag or drop or slide or scroll, a user must also be able to navigate to the widget and perform an equivalent action using the keyboard.

All interactive widgets must be scripted to respond to standard keystrokes or keystroke combinations where applicable.

For example, if using role=button the element must be able to receive focus and a user must be able to activate the action associated with the element using both the enter (on WIN OS) or return (MAC OS) and the space key.

Refer to the Design Patterns and Widgets and Developing a Keyboard Interface sections of [ wai-aria-practices-1.1 ]

2.4 Fourth Rule of ARIA Use

Do not use role="presentation" or aria-hidden="true" on a focusable element .

Using either of these on a focusable element will result in some users focusing on 'nothing'.

Applying aria-hidden to a parent/ancestor of a visible interactive element will also result in the interactive element being hidden, so don't do this either :

If an interactive element cannot be seen or interacted with , then you can apply aria-hidden , as long as it's not focusable. For example:

If an interactive element is hidden using display:none or visibility:hidden (either on the element itself, or any of the element's ancestors), it won't be focusable, and it will also be removed from the accessibility tree . This makes the addition of aria-hidden="true" or explicitly setting tabindex="-1" unnecessary.

2.5 Fifth Rule of ARIA Use

All interactive elements must have an accessible name .

An interactive element only has an accessible name when its Accessibility API accessible name (or equivalent) property has a value.

For example, the input type=text in the code example below has a visible label 'user name' , but no accessible name:

The control's MSAA accName property is empty:

example control with MSAA name and role information displayed. The accName property has no value, the accRole property is 'editable text'.

In comparison, the input type=text in the code example below has a visible label 'user name' and an accessible name. This example has an accessible name because the input element is a labelable element and the label element is used correctly to associate the label text with the input.

The control's MSAA accName property has a value of "user name":

example control with MSAA name and role information displayed. The accName property has a value of 'user name', the accRole property is 'editable text'.

Note: The example above is for ARIA widgets. For regular HTML inputs, follow the First Rule of ARIA , and use the label element with a for attribute to associate labels with input elements.

HTML label element and labelable elements

The following is about using the label in HTML. If you are building ARIA widgets, refer to the ARIA Authoring Practices Document

The label element cannot be used to provide an accessible name for custom controls, unless the label is referencing a native HTML labelable element .

example input element with MSAA name and role information displayed. The accName property has a value of 'user name', the accRole property is 'combo box'.

A div element regardless of what role is assigned is not an HTML labelable element .

example div element with MSAA name and role information displayed. The accName property is empty, the accRole property is 'combo box'.

5th rule is a work in progress

2.6 What Does Adding a Role Do to the Native Semantics?

Adding an ARIA role overrides the native role semantics in the accessibility tree which is reported via the accessibility API , and therefore ARIA indirectly affects what is reported to a screen reader or other assistive technology.

For example, this code in the HTML tree:

Becomes this in the accessibility tree:

What Adding a Role Does Not Do

Adding an ARIA role will not make an element look or act differently for people not using assistive technology. It does not change the behaviors, states and properties of the host element but only the native role semantics.

But it can still be pressed, it is still in the default tab order, still looks like a button and still triggers any associated actions when pressed. That's why it is an HTML5 conformance error to change a button into a heading.

Note: Changing the role of an element does not add behaviors, properties or states to the role used. ARIA does not change the way it looks or acts in a browser. For instance, when links are used to behave like buttons, adding role=button alone is not sufficient. It will also be necessary to make act like a button, by including a key event handler that listens for the space key which native buttons do, because native buttons can be activated using the enter key or the spacebar .

2.7 Add ARIA Inline or via Script?

If the ARIA role or aria-* attribute does not rely on scripting to provide interaction behavior, then it is safe to include the ARIA markup inline. For example, it is fine to add ARIA landmark roles or ARIA labeling and describing attributes inline.

If the content and interaction is only supported in a scripting-enabled browsing context , i.e. Google docs (its applications require JavaScript enabled to work), it is also safe to include the ARIA markup inline as the application simply will not work (for anyone) without JavaScript enabled.

Otherwise insert, change and remove ARIA via scripting. For instance, a collapsed section of a tree widget might look like this:

When the user opens the section, it is changed to this using JavaScript :

2.8 ARIA Validation

The easiest method is to use the HTML5 DOCTYPE with ARIA markup and validate using the W3C Nu Markup Checker . ARIA works equally well with any other DOCTYPE , but validation tools will produce errors when they encounter ARIA markup as the associated DTDs have not been updated to recognize ARIA markup and it is unlikely they ever will be.

These validation errors in versions of HTML prior to HTML5 are in no way indicative of ARIA creating any real world accessibility problems nor do they mean there will be a negative user experience. They are merely the result of old automated validation tests that do not accommodate ARIA accessibility annotations.

Note: The W3C Nu Markup Checker support for ARIA checking is a work in progress, so cannot be wholly relied upon (though it is pretty darn good!) to provide the correct results. It is recommended that if you encounter a result that conflicts with the ARIA conformance requirements in the ARIA specification or the HTML specification, please raise an issue .

2.9 Use of Role=presentation or Role=none

role=presentation , or its synonym role=none , removes the semantics from the element it is on.

In other words, it is just reported in the accessibility tree as a text string with no semantic meaning .

For elements with no required children, any elements nested inside the element with role=presentation/none preserve their semantics.

For elements with required children (such as ul or table ) any required child elements nested inside the element with role=presentation/none also have their semantics removed.

Note: Any elements that are not required children of the element with a role=presentation/none keep their semantics. This includes other elements with required children such as nested lists or nested tables.

For example this code, consisting of a table with another table nested inside it, in the HTML tree:

outer ttable with 1 row and 1 cell containg another table with 1 row and 1 cell containing an abbr element.

By adding role=presentation/none to the outer table element, this code in the HTML tree:

Becomes this in the accessibility tree, the semantics of the outer table including its required children (the tr and td elements) are removed by the addition of role=presentation/none :

table with 1 row and 1 cell containing an abbr element

Examples of role=presentation/none Use

Use in fixing an incorrect table structure

2.10 Practical Support: aria-label, aria-labelledby and aria-describedby

Here is a summary as of this writing:

aria-labelledby and aria-describedby are robustly supported for interactive content elements such as links and form controls including the many input types.
For most assistive technology it's fine to use aria-label or aria-labelledby on the <nav> , and <main> elements but not on <footer> , <section> , <article> , or <header> .
There is mixed support for aria-label or aria-labelledby on <aside> .
Talkback on Android overrides the content of all landmarks with aria-label or aria-labelledby.
Its fine to use aria-label or aria-labelledby on div elements with role=navigation , role=search , role=main , JAWS doesn't support them on role=banner , role=complementary , role=contentinfo. NVDA, VoiceOver, and Talkback are OK
aria-label , aria-labelledby and aria-describedby work well on table , th and td elements with a few exceptions for NVDA, VoiceOver on iOS, and Talkback discussed in next section.
Don't use aria-label or aria-labelledby on any heading elements because it overrides them on NVDA, VoiceOver and Talkback. JAWS ignores them.
Don't use aria-label or aria-labelledby on any other non-interactive content such as p , legend , li , or ul , because it is ignored.
Don't use aria-label or aria-labelledby on a span or div unless its given a role . When aria-label or aria-labelledby are on interactive roles (such as a link or button ) or an img role, they override the contents of the div or span . Other roles besides Landmarks (discussed above) are ignored.
aria-describedby on a span or div will be ignored by NVDA and VoiceOver unless given an interactive role , an image or landmark role . JAWS and Talkback are OK.
aria-describedby will be ignored by NVDA and VoiceOver on any other static content. JAWS and Talkback are OK.

All of the above also work the same in iframe elements. Both aria-label and aria-labelledby have the same behaviour with screen readers and the Accessibility API , but aria-label should be reserved for when there is no visible text on the page to reference or when keeping track of id values would be too difficult.

Internet explorer notes on aria-labelledby, aria-label, and aria-describedby

In Internet Explorer, if you use aria-labelledby with multiple id references or aria-describedby with single or multiple id references, the referenced elements must be what Microsoft terms as accessible HTML elements .

The following example of aria-labelledby with multiple references uses a span with a tabindex=-1 added. Refer to Making Non accessible Elements Accessible .

Elements also become accessible HTML elements in Internet Explorer when the element has an ARIA role. For example:

Hiding Content Has No Effect on Accessible Name or Description Calculation

By design, hiding the content (using CSS display:none or visibility:hidden or the HTML hidden attribute ) of the element(s) referenced by aria-labelledby and aria-describedby does not stop the content from being used to provide the name/description.

By default, assistive technologies do not relay hidden information, but an author can explicitly override that and include hidden text as part of the accessible name or accessible description by using aria-labelledby or aria-describedby . - Accessible Name and Description: Computation and API Mappings 1.1

In the following example the description will be available to assistive technology users in both states:

Non-error state: message visually hidden

Note: addition of aria-hidden=true to the referenced element makes no difference:

Error state: message visible

Methods to Provide Context Sensitive Name/Description Text

Add the referenced element to the DOM when the error state occurs.
Add the error text as child of the referenced element in the DOM when the error state occurs.
Add the id reference in the DOM to the aria-labelledby/aria-describedby attribute, when the error state occurs.

2.10.1 The Effect of Accessible Name on Background Images

Try to avoid presenting informational images in CSS backgrounds. If your image contains important information for the end user, then it should be provided in an HTML <img> tag with proper alt text. The CSS Spec says this:

For accessibility reasons, authors should not use background images as the sole method of conveying important information. See WCAG failure #F3 [WCAG20] . Images are not accessible in non-graphical presentations, and background images specifically might be turned off in high-contrast display modes. Source .

What If You Can't Avoid Using CSS Images or If You Want Alternate Text for "Non-important" Ambient Photos, Etc.?

The CSS spec makes its discouragement of CSS informational background images a " SHOULD " not a " MUST " because there are times when visual design or existing code makes it difficult to change it to an HTML image without redesigning the front-end. Other times the author may want to provide alternate text for an ambient image that is not "important" to the understanding of the content but as a courtesy to screen reader users who prefer knowing what is in the image. Here is a detailed article on ambient images vs pure decoration vs informational images.

When Providing Alternate Text for the CSS Image, There Are Number of Considerations

If the <div> tag has any content inside it, then a role="img" and aria-label could obscure the inside content because of the accessible name calculation , or the assistive technology might just ignore the aria-label .

So do not put the CSS background image inside a <div> that contains any content. It's best to use an empty <span> and an aria-label with role="img"

Don't do this:

What If the Author Has to Have a CSS Image on a <div> that Contains Content?

Sometimes there are dependencies in the CSS stack and messing with it can upset the design and layout of the site, or a request to change the code could get hung up in approval from various stakeholders. In cases where the author has to have the background image in the <div> that wraps up other content, then here is a fallback.

This is a hack because semantically the alternate text is not on the element that actually has the image. However, from a screen reader perspective the <div> with the background image is ignored and so placing the <span> directly following it will provide that information in a way that will seem as if the alternate text was in the same place as the background image.

2.11 Using ARIA role=application

How does role="application" affect a screen reader.

On many popular screen readers today, most keystrokes are captured by the screen reader and not the web page when the user is in browse mode. This is necessary for efficient navigation of a page. As of this writing, when application mode is set, many screen readers stop intercepting keystrokes, and pass all keystrokes directly to the browser. Then the user won't be able to navigate the page as easily. For instance they won't be able to skip around the page by headings or read a paragraph of static text line-by-line. However, several screen readers do not behave differently when there is an application role set.

So When Should I Use It, and When Not?

In determining when to use role=application , one should consider, among other things, the advantages of screen reader keyboard shortcuts weighed against the loss of those features. It generally should not be used, and if it is, usability testing with screen reader users should be conducted.

You do not use role="application" if a set of controls only contains these widgets, that are all part of standard HTML. This also applies if you mark them up and create an interaction model using WAI-ARIA roles instead of standard HTML widgets:

NOTE: It's not recommended that authors develop custom text input widgets. It's almost always best to use the native inputs for these.

text box . This also applies to password, search, tel and other newer input type derivatives
radio button (usually inside a fieldset/legend element wrapper)
select + option (s)
links , paragraphs , headings , and other elements that are classic/native to documents on the Web.

You also do not use the application role if your widget is one of the following more dynamic and non-native widgets. Screen readers and other assistive technologies that support WAI-ARIA will support switching between browse and focus modes for these by default too:

table that has focusable items and is being navigated via the arrow keys, for example, a list of e-mail messages where you provide specific information. Other examples are interactive grids, tree grids, etc.
A list of tabs ( tab, tablist ) where the user selects tabs via the left and right arrow keys. Remember that you have to implement the keyboard navigation model for this!
dialog and alertdialog . These causes some screen readers to go into a sort of application mode (implicitly) once focus moves to a control inside them. Note that for these to work best, set the aria-describedby attribute of the element whose role is dialog to the id of the text that explains the dialog's purpose, and set focus to the first interactive control when you open it: <div role="dialog" aria-label="login" aria-describedby="log1" > <div id="log1" tabindex="-1">Provide user name and password to login.</div> ... ... </div>
toolbar and toolbar buttons , menus and menu items , and similar.

You only want to use role=application if the content you’re providing consists of only focusable, interactive controls, and of those, mostly advanced widgets that emulate a real desktop application. Note that, despite many things now being called a web application, most of the content these web applications work with are still document-based information, be it Facebook posts and comments, blogs, Twitter feeds, or even accordions that show and hide certain types of information dynamically. We primarily still deal with documents on the web, even though they may have a desktop-ish feel to them on the surface.

It is not necessary to use role=application to have control-specific keyboard shortcuts while the user is in forms (focus) mode on their screen reader. For instance, a custom control with ARIA role=listbox can easily capture all keys pressed including arrow keys, while the user is interacting with it.

In short: The times when you actually will use role=application will probably be very rare !

So Where Do I Put role=application in the Rare Cases It Is Useful?

Put it on the closest containing element of your widget, for example, the parent div of your element that is your outer most widget element. If that outer div wraps only widgets that need the application interaction model, this will make sure focus mode is switched off once the user tabs out of this widget.

Only put it on the body element if your page consists solely of a widget or set of widgets that all need the focus mode to be turned on. If you have a majority of these widgets, but also have something you want the user to browse, use role=document on the outermost element of this document-ish part of the page. It is the counterpart to role=application and will allow you to tell the screen reader to use browse mode for this part. Also make this element tabbable by setting a tabindex=0 on it so the user has a chance to reach it.

As a rule of thumb: If your page consists of over 90 or even 95 percent of widgets, role=application may be appropriate. Even then, find someone knowledgeable who can actually test two versions of this: One with and one without role=application set to see which model works best.

NEVER put role=application on a widely containing element such as body if your page consists mostly of traditional widgets or page elements such as links that the user does not have to interact with in focus mode. This will cause huge headaches for any assistive technology user trying to use your site/application.

For further information on the use of role=application refer to If you use the WAI-ARIA role "application", please do so wisely!

2.12 Custom Control Accessible Development Checklist:

Check your custom control against the following design considerations. If the answer to any of them is 'No' then consider fixing before release or at least documenting the issues to inform other developers that your custom control will not be usable by some people due to limited accessibility support.

2.13 ARIA Adds Nothing to Default Semantics of Most HTML Elements

In some cases the semantics of an HTML element can be expressed by an ARIA role, state or property. This is known as the element's ' Default Implicit ARIA semantics '

In the majority of cases setting an ARIA role and/or aria-* attribute that matches the default implicit ARIA semantics is unnecessary and not recommended as these properties are already set by the browser.

2.13.1 Some Examples of Redundant ARIA

Adding default implicit roles to interactive elements listed in the HTML5 Recommendation is a waste of time:

Adding ARIA state or property attributes in addition to their native HTML counterparts is a waste of time:

2.14 Aria Roles and Properties Not Available as Features in HTML

2.14.1 aria roles.

alertdialog
application
menuitemcheckbox
menuitemradio
presentation

2.14.2 ARIA States and Properties (aria-* Attributes)

aria-activedescendant
aria-atomic
aria-busy (state)
aria-controls
aria-describedby
aria-dropeffect
aria-expanded (state)
aria-flowto
aria-grabbed (state)
aria-haspopup
aria-hidden (state)
aria-labelledby
aria-orientation
aria-posinset
aria-pressed (state)
aria-relevant
aria-setsize

2.15 ARIA Design Patterns and Touch Device Support

The ARIA Design Patterns in WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices 1.1 describe how to implement custom UI elements so that they are usable by keyboard only users and understandable to users of assistive technology. Some of the ARIA design patterns currently specify, and rely on, keyboard-specific event handling. This is not supported on devices which only provide a touch screen, and has limited or no support (depending on the specific operating system) on mobile phones/tablets with an additional physical keyboard. An in progress ARIA design patterns - touch UA/AT gap analysis (Google sheet) is available (Also available as a static file in .ods format ). Related WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices 1.1 issue

2.16 Recommendations Table:

Refer to the Document conformance requirements for use of ARIA attributes in HTML table in the ARIA in HTML specification.

2.17 ARIA Role, State, and Property Quick Reference

Refer to the Allowed ARIA roles, states and properties table in the ARIA in HTML specification.

A. References

A.1 informative references.

Nicolas Cage to Star in Spider-Man Noir Live-Action Series at MGM+, Amazon Prime Video

By Joe Otterson

Joe Otterson

TV Reporter

‘Silk: Spider Society’ Live-Action Series No Longer Moving Forward at Amazon 1 day ago
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Nicolas Cage will once again play Spider-Man Noir, but this time in a live-action series.

Cage is set to star in the live-action show “Noir,” which has been ordered to series at MGM+ and Amazon Prime Video. The series will debut domestically on MGM+’s linear channel followed by a global launch on Prime Video. Variety exclusively reported the series was in development in February 2023, though Cage was not attached at that time.

Popular on Variety

Cage previously played Spider-Man Noir in the Academy Award-winning animated film “Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse.” This will be the first time the character has been portrayed in a live-action project. Per the official logline, “Noir” will tell the story “of an aging and down on his luck private investigator (Cage) in 1930s New York, who is forced to grapple with his past life as the city’s one and only superhero.”

The show hails from Oren Uziel and Steve Lightfoot, who will also serve as co-showrunners and executive producers. They developed the series with the “Into the Spider-Verse” team of Phil Lord, Christopher Miller, and Amy Pascal, all of whom will also executive produce. Harry Bradbeer will executive produce and direct the first two episodes. Pascal executive produces via Pascal Pictures. The series is produced by Sony Pictures Television and Amazon MGM Studios, with Lord and Miller currently under an overall deal at Sony.

RELATED CONTENT: Upfronts 2024 FULL COVERAGE

The role will mark the first regular television role of Cage’s career. He has long been praised for his film work, having won the Academy Award for best actor for “Leaving Las Vegas” and getting a nomination in the same category for “Adaptation.” He is also known for his starring roles in films like “Moonstruck,” “Raising Arizona,” “Face/Off,” and the “National Treasure” and “Ghost Rider” films. His recent projects include “Pig,” “Dream Scenario,” and “Renfield.”

He is repped by WME, Stride Management, and Goodman Genow.

This is now the second Sony-Marvel project to be greenlit at Amazon. It was previously announced that Amazon was moving forward with the series “Silk: Spider Society” from showrunner Angela Kang, with several other shows in the works. It is unknown at this time which other Marvel characters will be featured in the other Amazon shows, though Sony currently controls over 900 such characters associated with the Spider-Man franchise. Sony has released multiple Spider-Man live-action films in the past and currently works with Marvel Studios on the rebooted film franchise starring Tom Holland via Columbia Pictures.

To date, Sony has also released the live-action films “Venom” and its sequel “Let There Be Carnage” starring Tom Hardy, as well as “Morbius” starring Jared Leto and “Madame Web” starring Dakota Johnson. A third “Venom” film is currently in the works, while Sony is also at work on film versions of characters like “Kraven the Hunter” starring Aaron Taylor-Johnson.

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ARIA: none role

The none role is a synonym for the presentation role; they both remove an element's implicit ARIA semantics from being exposed to the accessibility tree.

See the presentation role for more information.

IMAGES

Complete Guide to HTML: Input Types Lists with Examples
HTML Input Types
PPT
HTML Input Types
HTML Role Presentation: Enhancing Accessibility on Web Pages
Input types in HTML. Save and share for your future work. Get a better

VIDEO

IntuiFace 4 Medley
Form HTML
Dynamic Duo: Explaining Budgeting 101 with Q&A
HTML Form Input Types
Explanation of the role of input or attempt to make explicit learning relevant?
Developing with user roles and capabilities

COMMENTS

ARIA: presentation role
ARIA: presentation role. The presentation role and its synonym none remove an element's implicit ARIA semantics from being exposed to the accessibility tree. The content of the element will still be available to assistive technologies; it is only the semantics of the container — and in some instance, required associated descendants — which ...
The Difference Between role="presentation" and aria-hidden="true"
This happens automatically for most elements when you use a strong semantic HTML structure, but you can also add or remove objects programmatically with accessibility hooks like: role="presentation" and aria-hidden="true" (and some CSS properties). In a nutshell, this means… if I have a text input on a page, a screenreader will be able to ...
Understanding the HTML Role 'Presentation' and Its Impact on Accessibility
Impact of role=" presentation" on specific HTML elements. 1.) Lists (ul, ol): Applying role=" presentation" to lists suggests that the listing gadgets do not convey a semantic order or hierarchy. This can be useful whilst builders use lists for layout roles in preference to representing a significant sequence.
What is the purpose of the "role" attribute in HTML?
The role attribute in HTML is used to provide semantic information to assistive technologies, such as screen readers, about the function of an element. This question explores the meaning and benefits of using role, as well as some common examples and pitfalls. Learn how to use role to enhance the accessibility and usability of your web pages.
Hiding Semantics with the presentation Role
When role="presentation" is specified on an element, ... The element is focusable, e.g. it is natively focusable like an HTML link or input, or it has a tabindex attribute. The element has any global ARIA states and properties, e.g., aria-label. Example Demonstrating Effects of the presentation Role.
HTML Tutorial => role="presentation"
role="presentation" is an HTML attribute that tells assistive technologies to ignore the structure or role of an element. Learn how and when to use it with examples and tips.
Accessibility Role, Name and Value
An accordion is considered a custom component. There is no standard HTML element to use here. Each accordion header should be a <button> or role="button": Good. It has the role of a button. It also has a name, the content of the div. To give this button a value, we need to tell assistive technologies that it is closed.
HTML Role Presentation: Enhancing Accessibility on Web Pages
HTML Role Presentation's benefits Enhancing Accessibility. The most significant benefit of HTML aria role presentation is the enhancement of web accessibility. It can be challenging for users who are dependent on assistive technologies, to understand the function and purpose of things on a web page.
WAI-ARIA Roles
The following are the reference pages covering the WAI-ARIA roles discussed on MDN.. ARIA: alert role. The alert role is for important, and usually time-sensitive, information. The alert is a type of status processed as an atomic live region.. ARIA: alertdialog role. The alertdialog role is to be used on modal alert dialogs that interrupt a user's workflow to communicate an important message ...
ARIA and HTML
When to use ARIA. Rule 1: Don't use ARIA. Rule 2: Don't add (unnecessary) ARIA to HTML. Rule 3: Always support keyboard navigation. Rule 4: Don't hide focusable elements. Rule 5: Use accessible names for interactive elements. ARIA in HTML. Complexities of ARIA.
WAI-ARIA: role=presentation • DigitalA11Y
In ARIA 1.1, the working group introduced none as a synonym to the presentation role, due to author confusion surrounding the intended meaning of the word "presentation" or "presentational.". Many individuals erroneously consider role="presentation" to be synonymous with aria-hidden="true", and we believe role="none" conveys ...
Application and Presentation Roles
There are a couple of intended exceptions where the presentation role will not remove default semantics: When role="presentation" is not applied to elements that have tab focus, such as links, form elements, and elements that have tabindex defined, or; Where an element has been modified with any of the 21 global states or properties
20. role="presentation" vs aria-hidden
Difference: Below is the difference between the both attribute on different elements (focusable and non-focusable) with screen-readers. (Tested on MAC OS , Safari Browser , and Voice Over Screenreaders). role="presentation". aria-hidden="true". ADOM. accessibility DOM get generated. No accessibility DOM get generated.
ARIA in HTML
If changing the HTML element is not possible, specifying a role of presentation or none would be acceptable alternaties to remove the implicit role of the article. Example 9: Do not specify elements as generic <!-- ... For instance, in the following example an author is using HTML's input type=checkbox and has specified an aria-checked=true.
Using ARIA
Using ARIA is a guide for web developers on how to apply the Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA) standard to HTML elements. It explains the role, state, and property attributes that enhance the accessibility and interactivity of web content. It also provides examples of common ARIA patterns and best practices.
RoleAttribute
1 A Role Attribute for HTML5. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Proposal for a "role" attribute for HTML5. 1.2.1 Role Attribute Original Limited Proposal. 1.2.2 Additional Considerations. 1.3 Comments on the Original role for HTML5 Proposal. 1.3.1 Rob Burns (HTML WG member) 1.3.2 A reference list of role keywords.
ARIA: input role
Description. The input role is an abstract role. It must not be used by web authors. It is the superclass for input widgets that provide for user input, including checkbox, radio, and textbox. For all three, consider using the <input> element of type checkbox, radio and text, respectively.
HTML Role Attribute Explained
HTML Role Attribute Explained. The role attribute describes the role of an element in programs that can make use of it, such as screen readers or magnifiers. Usage Example: Screen Readers will read this element as "button" instead of "link". There are four categories of roles:
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Jimmy Dunne, one of the architects behind the PGA Tour's stunning reversal to strike a deal with the Saudi backers of LIV Golf, abruptly resigned Monday from the PGA Tour board with a letter that expressed frustration at the lack of progress that no longer included his input. Dunne, a power broker on Wall Street and in golf circles, was not ...
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NIMHD DSS: Drs. Miguel Marino and John Heintzman
Individuals who need reasonable accommodation to participate should contact Edgar Dews (phone: 301-402-1366) at least five business days before the event. Page published May 16, 2024. Drs. Miguel Marino and John Heintzman join NIMHD Director Dr. Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable to discuss the role of primary care in Latino health equity.
ARIA: textbox role
When an element has the textbox role, the browser sends an accessible textbox event to assistive technologies, which can then notify the user about it.. The default is a single line input, in which Return or Enter submits the form; in this case, it is preferable to use an HTML <input> with type="text".To create a multi-line text box which supports line breaks, as in an HTML <textarea>, set ...
aria-hidden
On the surface, the aria-hidden="true" and the role="presentation" and its synonym role="none" seem similar, but the intent behind each is different.. aria-hidden="true" will remove the entire element from the accessibility API. role="presentation" and role="none" will remove the semantic meaning of an element while still exposing it and its content to assistive technology.
Using ARIA
Using ARIA is a practical guide for developers who want to make their web content and applications more accessible to people with disabilities. It shows how to add accessibility information to HTML elements using the WAI-ARIA specification, which is especially useful for dynamic and interactive web features. Learn how to use WAI-ARIA in HTML5 and how to hide or change semantics with the ...
Nicolas Cage to Star in Spider-Man Noir Live-Action Series Amazon
Nicolas Cage will once again play Spider-Man Noir, but this time in a live-action series. Cage is set to star in the live-action show "Noir," which has been ordered to series at MGM+ and ...
ARIA: switch role
The ARIA switch role is identical to the checkbox role, except instead of being "checked" or "unchecked", it is either "on" or "off". Like the checkbox role, the aria-checked attribute is required. The two possible values are true and false.Unlike an <input type="checkbox"> or role="checkbox", there is no indeterminate or mixed state. The switch role does not support the value mixed for the ...
ARIA: none role
ARIA: none role. The none role is a synonym for the presentation role; they both remove an element's implicit ARIA semantics from being exposed to the accessibility tree. See the presentation role for more information.