formal language presentation

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What It Takes to Give a Great Presentation

• Carmine Gallo

Five tips to set yourself apart.

Never underestimate the power of great communication. It can help you land the job of your dreams, attract investors to back your idea, or elevate your stature within your organization. But while there are plenty of good speakers in the world, you can set yourself apart out by being the person who can deliver something great over and over. Here are a few tips for business professionals who want to move from being good speakers to great ones: be concise (the fewer words, the better); never use bullet points (photos and images paired together are more memorable); don’t underestimate the power of your voice (raise and lower it for emphasis); give your audience something extra (unexpected moments will grab their attention); rehearse (the best speakers are the best because they practice — a lot).

I was sitting across the table from a Silicon Valley CEO who had pioneered a technology that touches many of our lives — the flash memory that stores data on smartphones, digital cameras, and computers. He was a frequent guest on CNBC and had been delivering business presentations for at least 20 years before we met. And yet, the CEO wanted to sharpen his public speaking skills.

• Carmine Gallo is a Harvard University instructor, keynote speaker, and author of 10 books translated into 40 languages. Gallo is the author of The Bezos Blueprint: Communication Secrets of the World’s Greatest Salesman  (St. Martin’s Press).

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Informal vs Formal Presentation: What You Need To Know

Table of contents, what is a formal presentation.

There are three key elements which make a presentation formal – your audience, your supporting material and the time you’re given to prepare in advance.

A presentation is considered formal when you’ve been asked to share ideas with an individual or group and you’ve been given time to prepare. Formal presentations require a very different approach than presenting to your team during a weekly meeting or in an impromptu discussion.

Let’s take a closer look at what goes into creating a formal presentation.

How Do You Create A Formal Presentation?

Creating a formal presentation is an art which requires hours of practice to create an effective presentation.

At Presentation Geeks, we know the importance of crafting an excellent formal presentation. That’s why we’ve put together a simple structured template of main points you should include in your next presentation to take it from a generic, informal presentation to a formal presentation which will surpass your audience’s expectations.

1 – Clearly Defined Goals

Before you begin writing your presentation or the speech you’ll deliver, you want to take the time to think about the following questions, “What do I want the audience members to remember and what is the key message I’m trying to drive?”.

Knowing your expected outcome is the goal of the presentation. Always keep reminding yourself what the goal is and don’t lose sight of it. This is the foundation of your formal presentation.

2 – Know Your Audience

Every audience is different and every audience consumes, absorbs and remembers information differently.

If you’re presenting to a graduating class of university students, your delivery will be much different than your presentation to an audience of senior executives at a Fortune 500 company or an audience of single mothers with newborns.

Get familiar with your audience members and prepare your presentation accordingly.

Bonus Tip: Try and figure out where the presentation will take place. Will it be held in an auditorium? A church? A boardroom? Perhaps it will even be held virtually. The venue in which your presentation will take place will also determine the supporting material you’ll use to help engage the audience during your presentation.

3 – Create An Outline

The success of your presentation depends on how well your audience can understand it. If you’re delivering a presentation that continuously jumps back and forth from one idea to another, your audience won’t follow and you’ll lose them.

Develop an outline that will guide the flow of your presentation. Think of it like a story. You want to keep it interesting. Provide appropriate examples that resonate with your audience. By tapping into an experience your audience is familiar with, it will work to your advantage as it will help the audience get engaged and keep them interested.

4 – Use Visual Aids

Using visual aids will help support your overall presentation and increase audience engagement.

Visual aids can include slides, videos, images and other visual supporting material. Although it might take some creative finesse to put visual aids together, you don’t have to do it alone.

Consider enlisting the help of a company that offers presentation design services. Presentation Geeks offers a variety of presentation services ranging from e-learning solutions, Google Slides, sizzle reels, Prezi design and much more!

5 – Dress Appropriately

Remember, first impressions are everything and your attire is a form of communication.

If you want to be seen as the expert on the topic matter and have people take your knowledge seriously, you want to dress appropriately.

Although this might seem like an outdated way of thinking, it is rooted in our psychology. These small details make or break a presentation and you don’t want to take a chance.

Don’t know where to start? Nine millionaires shared how they dress to make an impactful first impression which you can use in your wardrobe.

What are the types of formal presentations?

There are many types of formal presentations you’ll be exposed to throughout your career.

We’ve outlined six types of formal presentations you may consider when developing your next presentation.

However, if you’re looking for more examples of formal presentations in action, TED Talks are a great resource. TED Talks are presentations ranging on a variety of topics from science and business to motivational and unique life experiences.

Review the list below and determine which style your presentation will focus on. This will help you structure your notes, write your presentation and ultimately how you will present.

1 – Informative Presentation

This is the most common type of presentation, be it in an educational setting, business or corporate setting.

The aim of an informative presentation is to give detailed information about a product, concept, or idea to a specific kind of audience.

2 – Persuasive Presentation

Persuasive presentations are used to motivate or convince someone to act or make a change in their actions or thoughts.

3 – Demonstrative Presentation

A demonstrative presentation involves demonstrating a process or the functioning of a product in a step-by-step fashion.

4 – Inspirational Presentation

An inspirational presentation’s aim is to motivate or emotionally move your audience.

Using techniques like storytelling, narrating personal anecdotes, or even humor work wonders to enhance your presentation as your audience develops an emotional connection to the message.

5 – Business Presentation

A business presentation can encompass pitching client presentations , raising business capital, articulating company goals, RFP presentations , screening candidates, status reports, investment pitching and many more.

6 – PowerPoint Presentation

PowerPoint presentations or PPTs are the most effective ones among all types of presentations simply because they are convenient and easy to understand.

They are available in different formats and are suitable to use in practically any type of presentation and context, be it business, educational, or for informal purposes.

The only downside to PowerPoint presentations is the time it takes to create them and the creativity needed to make them stand out. Fortunately, there are PowerPoint presentation design services you can use that will help you save time and deliver new ideas in a creative way.

See What We Can Do For You

What is an informal presentation.

It is fairly common for business meetings to include impromptu presentations. Most presentations you’ll encounter are informal presentations.

These types of presentations are usually prepared in a short amount of time and do not require the same organizational methods as a formal presentation such as using audience engagement or presentation software.

Oftentimes, they are very much like a conversation and you won’t be using any note cards. The presenter is usually speaking to a much smaller audience where each audience member will feel like they’re being spoken to.

What Presentation Style Should I Use?

Now that you know what the difference is between a formal presentation and an informal presentation, it is now time for you to decide which style to choose.

More often than not, if you have the time to be reading this article, you have the time to prepare a presentation. That means you’ll likely lean towards the formal style.

Informal presentations are more impromptu and you won’t have the time to research it ahead of time like you are now. But since you do have the time, here are some additional resources to help you master the craft of a formal presentation.

Additional Resources To Master Your Formal Presentation

Presentation 101: How to become a better presenter . We’ve put together a list of 10 actionable items you can start working on to become a better presenter. This article covers body language such as eye contact and voice projection to the topic you’ll talk about.

Secondly, if your presentation is held online, you need to have the skills to present a virtual presentation. We’ve got you covered once again. We take a deep-dive into how to ace your virtual presentation . We cover virtual presentation software you might encounter,

The last article you should review to incorporate into your presentation arsenal is how to give and receive constructive presentation feedback . The only way you’ll improve is through ongoing feedback and data collection of what your audience thought of your presentation and presentation skills.

If these aren’t enough, download and review some of the past presentation work we’ve done for Fortune 500 companies and other industries to help spark some inspiration for your next presentation.

If you review these three articles and incorporate them into your next presentation, you’ll be on your way to becoming an influential speaker who can convert any audience with a well crafted presentation.

Author:  Ryan

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Blog > English Presentation Structure (Introduction, Closing) & useful Phrases

English Presentation Structure (Introduction, Closing) & useful Phrases

02.21.20   •  #powerpoint #presentation #english.

When giving a presentation in english, there are certain guidelines you should follow. Maybe you haven't got a lot of experience presenting - or you would simply like to refresh your already existing knowledge - we're here to teach you the basics about presenting and provide you with a free list of useful phrases and the basic structure you can in your presentation!

1. Structure

The general structure of a presentation is the following:

• Introduction

It is up to you to design these three parts. Using videos or everyday-examples can be a great way to introduce the audience to the topic. The important thing is that you capture the audience's attention from the beginning by making an interesting introduction. The main part is where you present your topic, ideally divided into sections. You can be creative with it - incorporate images, videos, stories or interactive polls . We generally recommend using different kinds of elements, as that makes the presentation more lively. Make sure your main part is well structured, so your audience can follow. In the conclusion, you should give a short summary of the points you made without adding any new information. You can also make an appeal to your audience in the end.

2. Useful Phrases

Here you'll find several phrases that you'll need in every presentation. Of course, you should adapt them and use them in a context that is suitable for your setting. The phrases are divided into subcategories so you can find what you're looking for more easily.

Starting your Presentation

In your introduction, you should:

Welcome your audience

Good morning/afternoon/evening everyone!

Ladies and gentlemen, I welcome you to my presentation about...

Introduce yourself

I am ... (from company ...) and today I would like to introduce you to the topic of ...

My name is ... and I am going to talk about ... today.

Icebreakers (for audience engagement)

Icebreaker polls are an amazing way to engage your audience instantly. They function as a fun and playful element at the beginning, giving you the perfect start you need to give a successful presentation. Click here to read our detailed post about icebreaker polls!

Mention the presentation topic and the reason for giving the presentation

I am grateful to be here today and tell you you about...

I would like to take this opportunity to talk about ...

I am here today to talk to you about ...

The reason why I am here today to talk about ... is ...

The purpose of this presentation is to ...

My goal today is to ...

Hopefully, by the end of the presentation, you will all know more about ...

Give a short overview of the content

To make it as understandable as possible, I divided my presentation into ... parts. In the first part, I will concentrate on ..., the second part will be about ..., ...

First of all, I will give you a short introduction, then we will move on to ...

... and finally, I will give you some insights to ...

Here are a few phrases that you could use during the whole presentation, but especially in the main part.

Engage your audience

In order to raise the audience's attention and improve their engagement, it is extremely important to make contact with them. A great way to do so is by adding interactive elements such as polls. If you would like to know more about this topic, read our article on How To Boost Audience Engagement . You can also use a software like SlideLizard , which allows you to conduct live polls, do Q&A sessions with your audience, share your resources and many more benefits that take your presentation to the next level.

Please raise your hand if you ...

Have you ever thought about ... ?

I would like to do a poll about ...

Please ask any questions as soon as they arrive.

On one hand, … on the other hand…

Comparing … with …, we can see that…

Clearly, … makes more sense than …

Whereas Option A is …, Option B is …

Making new points

Firstly,… Secondly,…

What also has to be mentioned is…

Next, I would like to bring up the topic of…

That being said, now we are going to take a look at…

Let's move on to the next topic.

On the next slide,…

The last thing I would like to mention is…

We made a whole blog post about how to pose questions in your presentation: The Right Way to do a Question Slide .

Talking about images or videos

In this image you can clearly see that ...

We are now going to take a look at a picture/video of ...

I'm going to show you a video by ... about ... now.

I've prepared a video about ...

Talking about statistics and charts

I am now addressing this graph that refers to the results of study XY.

In the graph on this slide, you can see that ...

The average is at ...

This graph clearly shows that the majority ...

According to this graph, the focus should be on ...

What that study tells us for practice is that we should ...

Emphasizing

I would like to emphasize the importance of ...

Moreover, it has to be said that ...

I want to stress the importance of ...

We always have to remember that ...

This is of high significance because ...

That part is especially important because ...

When something goes wrong

I am sorry, but it seems like the projector isn't working.

Could someone please help me with ...?

Is anybody here who knows how to ...?

Could someone give me a hand with ...

I would like to apologize for ...

I apologize for the technical problems, we are going to continue in a minute.

I am sorry for the inconvenience.

End of Presentation

In the conclusion, you should...

Sum up the main points

In conclusion I can say that…

To sum up the main points,…

With all mentioned aspects taken into consideration, I can say that…

Make an appeal

So please, in the future, try to be conscious about...

Please take a moment to think about...

I would like to encourage you to...

Thank your audience and say goodbye

It was a pleasure being here today.

Thank you for listening and goodbye.

Thank you for being such a great, engaged audience. Goodbye.

Thank you so much for listening, see you next time.

What is the structure of a presentation?

Your presentations should always have an Introduction, a Main part and a Conclusion.

What is a good way to begin a presentation?

You can start by introducing yourself, giving an overview of your topic, telling a little story or showing the audience an introductory video or image.

What are good phrases to use in English presentations?

There are many phrases that will make your presentation a lot more professional. Our blog post gives you a detailed overview.

Related articles

About the author.

Pia Lehner-Mittermaier

Pia works in Marketing as a graphic designer and writer at SlideLizard. She uses her vivid imagination and creativity to produce good content.

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The big SlideLizard presentation glossary

Internal preview.

An Internal Preview is a statement, which is made in the body of the speech, so that the audience knows what the speaker is going to discuss next.

Informal Communication

informal communication can be used when talking to your friends or your family

Master view

In the master view in PowerPoint you can edit the Slide Master.

Multimedia Presentation

A multmedia presentation is a speech in which several types of visual and audio aids are combined in the same speech with the help of computer software. .

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Learn Formal and Informal Phrases for Presentations

In this Business English lesson, you’re going to learn what Formal and Informal Means, the differences in Formal and Informal Presentations and examples of Formal and Informal Phrases to help ‘Start your Presentation.’

Watch the lesson and then read the article for definitions and examples.

It’s recommended to download the cheat sheet below.

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and   LinkedIn .

Understanding Formal Situations

A formal situation requires professionalism and follows certain rules of etiquette and protocol.

When do we use Formal Language?

We use formal language when we talk to:-

• people we don’t know.
• people in positions of authority.
• people who are older than we are.
• people we want to impress.

How do Formal Phrases differ in comparison to Informal Phrases?

When we use Formal Phrases, grammar is usually more complex, and sentences are generally longer. Normal, everyday phrases are used in informal presentations.

When will I use Formal Phrases in my Presentation?

• When you don’t know your audience, and you want to make a convincing first impression.
• When there’s an expectation that you prepare thoroughly beforehand.
• When the audience that you’re presenting to is a professional group of people.

What kind of Presentations would benefit from Formal Phrases?

• Training Presentations.
• Business Presentations.
• Academic Presentations.
• Public Speaking (speeches, lectures.)
• External Invitations to speak.

Examples of Formal Phrases to help Start your Presentation

“Good morning, everyone. For those of you who don’t know me, my name is Martin Short, and I work in the Research Department.”

“Hello everybody. Before we start, let me introduce myself briefly: My name is Maria Kinsella, and I’m the Head of Research.”

“Good afternoon. On behalf of John Smith Industries, I’d like to welcome you.”

“My name is Teddy Shamrock and I am Senior Management of the Finance Department.”

“Good afternoon. My name is Jenny Mann and welcome to the fifth annual conference of Cosmic Industries.’

What clothes should I wear for a formal presentation?

You should dress at a professional level.

Should I use powerpoint/keynote slides for an formal presentation?

It’s the presenter’s decision. However, given that more preparation goes into a formal presentation, slides are more likely to be used.

Understanding Informal Situations

An informal situation is casual and laid back.

When do we use Informal Language?

We use informal language when we talk to:-

• family members.
• people we know well,
• people our own age.

Overall, to put it into perspective, you can talk with your audience like you talk to your friends in informal presentations.

When will I use Informal Phrases in my Presentation?

• When you are comfortable in the knowledge that you know your audience and that they will accept informal language and phrases.
• When there’s no real expectation that you should prepare thoroughly beforehand. (You do not have to be 100% prepared.)

What kind of Presentations would benefit from Informal Phrases?

• Mainly in-house presentations such as team meetings, 
• Group discussions, seminars.

Examples of Informal Phrases to help Start your Presentation

“Hey, guys! It’s great to be here today. If you don’t know me, I’m Marco, and I’m the Head of Public Relations.”

“Hi, there! It’s great to see so many new faces here today. Firstly, I’ll say hello: My name is Samantha, and I’m one of our Research Team Officers.”

“Hi everyone, I’m Barney, Senior Marketing Officer. Thanks for coming.”

“Hi folks, it’s great to see you all today. Just in case, I’m Tim, and I’m the company’s Media Officer.”

“It’s nice to see you all again, and thanks for coming to my talk about procurement. For those of you who don’t know me, I’m Kylie, and I work in the Accounting Department as a clerk.”

What clothes should I wear for an informal presentation?

You can wear casual clothes.

Should I use powerpoint/keynote slides for an informal presentation?

It’s the presenter’s decision. However, given that less preparation goes into an informal presentation, slides are less likely to be used.

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Have you ever kept funny snaps of your friends or siblings to play them on a big screen on their birthday?       

Whether it be a corporate setup, college project, or merely a friends get-together slideshow, presentation skills always leave your audience with a great impact.

Knowing what type of presentation will serve you best and capture your audience's attention is vital for its success.

With that in mind, here we break down the ins and outs of formal and informal presentations. Hopefully, you’ll find all your answers in the next 5-6 minutes.

Formal vs Informal Presentation Styles

Formal presentations.

These are the types of presentations one would give in a formal setting, as the word itself suggests, something you would do in an office or a business meeting, sometimes even a job interview.

Thus, there are many crucial factors that you should keep in mind while preparing for this type of presentation . Some of the most significant factors are as follows:

• Choosing the right topic
• Knowing the audience
• Informative rather than creative
• To the point
• Length as required
• Proper dressing and body language
• Keep the jokes to a minimum
• Keeping the audience's interest without losing the essence
• Choosing the suitable color scheme for a slideshow
• Proper structure and formats

If your setup ticks everything on this checklist, then you're good to go!

Informal Presentations

Now, these are the types of presentations you would give in a more straightforward and friendly setting, something you would give in a lighter note to your friends & family or co-workers.

This would include a family slideshow, memories from a trip, or pitching an idea to your colleagues before you give your boss the formal version of it.

Here is the 10-point consideration list for informal presentations

• Choose a captivating topic
• Creativity plays a significant role
• Proper dressing isn't a must
• Body language should be more open and welcoming
• You probably should keep a couple of jokes in
• Keep it short but get your point across
• Put more pictures to keep your audience glued
• More engagement with the audience
• Prefer more bright colors
• Formats and structure aren't important

This list makes sure to give you and your audience a lovely time!

How to Decide Which Presentation Would Be the Best?

A formal situation.

Has the boss asked you to do some work? Or are you preparing to impress those investors? Perhaps a group project in front of the whole school? Or a dream job interview?

All those are straight-up indicators that a formal presentation would do you best. This is because all these situations demand a degree of seriousness and professional work as you would be working towards portraying your presentation as a skilled worker who keeps everything to the topic.

Here are a few indicators to look out for

• Is the work official?
• Has it been assigned to me by someone of authority?
• Does it have deadlines?
• What's at stake?
• How important is the responsibility?
• Is there a format/structure for it?
• Will you have to present in an organized setup?

As such, deciding the right type to present might go a long way.

An Informal Situation

Is it for recreational purposes? Are your close friends the audience? Are you presenting photos of a recent trip? Game night with family?

It's a no-brainer that all these situations call for an informal presentation, as instead of worrying about being professional, you have to be concerned about keeping everyone interested.

Furthermore, this doesn't necessarily have to be too serious and should be held on a much lighter note compared to formal situations.

• Is it an unofficial work?
• Have you decided to make a presentation yourself?
• Do you decide on the deadlines?
• Not too much at stake?
• Do you determine the format?
• Will you present in an informal setup?
• Does the responsibility depend on you?

To conclude, a rightly made presentation leaves a significant impact.

That is what we will talk about next!

How to Make the Right Presentation for the Right Situation

Steps to make a formal presentation.

To make this type of presentation, here are things required beforehand:

• Proper research
• Using information from trusted sites only
• Compilation in a brainstorming document
• Choose a solid but formal color scheme
• Limit the number of slides
• Research your content thoroughly for any questions
• Filter any unwanted data from your research
• Make a mind map of how you want your presentation to look like
• Organize all your information in the formats provided

Done with these steps? Now onto things to ensure you are ready for the big day:

• Check if your presentation is in one flow
• Avoid monotony
• Make sure you practice your speech enough
• Try a mock presentation to calm any nerves
• Make sure your tone is just right
• Practice a serious body language
• Pick out an outfit that fits right to your presentation
• Make sure you look presentable

That said, a formal presentation also requires some post-presentation work. This involves a fair question-and-answer session to encourage feedback from your audience and welcome any criticism. Moreover, these can be essential steps to gain your audience's respect.

Steps to Make an Informal Presentation

To make this type of presentation here are things required beforehand:

• Collect all your information that will interest your audience
• Source of information shouldn't be an issue
• Brainstorming is optional
• Bright colors will make your presentation look more lively
• Don't make it too long and boring
• Memorizing information isn't a must
• Fill it with pictures
• Choose the right theme
• Make sure it isn't mundane
• Have a lively tone
• Involve and engage everyone
• Time isn't a constraint as long as everyone is enjoying
• Include jokes and interesting analogies
• Choose an outfit that fits your theme
• Involve skits and other presenters to mix things up

The post-presentation work requires asking people for their views on it. Ask them what they liked best and what you could do better; start a conversation .

Types of Presentations

• Informative Presentation: This is the most used type of presentation, be it in a school setting, office, or corporate situation. The purpose of an informative presentation is to give information about a sample, concept, or idea to a particular type of person.
• Persuasive Presentation: Persuasive presentations are to encourage or compel someone to work or make a difference in their life or views.
• Demonstrative Presentation :  A demonstration requires a presentation or the working of a product or procedure in a step-by-step manner.
• Inspirational Presentation: An inspirational presentation aims to affect or emotionally impact your presenters. Using explanations, talking about personal experiences, or even a keen sense of humor work in miles to perfect your presentation as people develop a sentimental bond to the presentation.
• Business Presentation: A business presentation can involve pitching a new product or conveying and selling a product to your investors. You can prepare a business presentation individually or collectively. You then base the content on your or the client’s needs and present it in a way that sells your idea to the client.
• PowerPoint Presentation: PPTs are the most commonly used type of presentation used almost worldwide for any kind of setting. PPTs have preset formal templates that you can use for any sort of presentation mentioned above.
• Interactive Presentation: This can contain interactions and choices with which the presenter or the audience can interact , which decides the course of the presentation.
• Slideshow Presentation: This usually contains a picture of either an event or a specific trip intended to show to friends or family. It barely has text and focuses more on visual aids .

Related: 14 Types of Speeches for All Occasions

Mixing It Up: The Formal and Informal Presentation Hybrid

A hybrid means a mixture or something in between two extremes. Have you ever wondered what creating a formal and informal mixture hybrid would be like? 

This would mean that while your audience can be a mixture of both, we can go out on a limb and be more flexible. This implies while wearing formal clothes, we can still have a sense of humor.

Additionally, while using bright colors, we can still keep the information serious and to the point.

When to use this, though?

You can use this hybrid in situations where you are the one in the position of authority and you are the one responsible.

One can use this to portray their uniqueness, impress, and leave a significant impact.

Summary: Informal vs Formal Presentations

A presentation is said to be formal when you have been asked by someone else in authority to share your ideas with a specific audience and have also been provided preparation time.

Additionally, formal presentations call for a totally different approach compared to an impromptu meeting.

Will you be standing in front of hundreds, or will you speak to a limited number of people? Will you be presenting to your boss and investors? Or are you presenting a family slideshow? 

You must know the people you will be presenting to, so you can shape your content in order to them. Furthermore, handing out brochures or flyers can also have a lasting effect on the audience.

Formal presentation equals formal wearing, whereas informal leans towards something more casual. A proper suit or a business dress is the way to go. Don't forget to stand up before presenting, though!

Have a question-and-answer session! Ask them about their opinions.

Informal presentations are more of an action and looking out for a reaction setup, keeping your audience interested and interacting. It ends up being a fun conversation. 

Formal presentations are more about you talking and them listening . Whereas informal ones are interaction and engagement based.

It is preferred to encourage discussion during an informal presentation and let it take its course while also returning to the topic naturally.

Choosing the right color schemes and slide lengths for any kind of presentation can decide its fate. It directly affects interaction rates and the audience's willingness to engage with the given work.

The hybrid system is the one where we can include both types of presentation to create something unique. However, it may be unconventional but can end up being totally out of the box if done correctly.

To conclude, presentations can be a daily routine in our work and school lives.

Among the various types of presentations, choosing the right one is the first and somewhat the most crucial step as it will decide the success of your presentation.

Properly conducting yourself and choosing from suitable options can go a long way. Formal and informal presentations require different approaches, content, and styles.

Thus, you should understand your audience and the purpose of the presentation before deciding on a method. That said, we hope you understand what's best for you. Happy presenting!

• Grammar & vocab

Making a presentation: language and phrases (1)

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This is a list of phrases to help you make a professional presentation in English.

Clear structure, logical progression

Good presenters always use language (sometimes single words, sometimes phrases) which shows where they are in their presentation. These ‘signposts’ make it easier for the audience to:

• follow the structure of the presentation
• understand the speaker more easily
• get an idea of the length and content of the presentation.

We’ve divided the phrases and sentences into sections which follow the logical progression of a well-balanced presentation.

1. Welcoming

• Good morning and welcome to [name of company, name of conference hall, hotel, etc.].
• Thank you all very much for coming today.
• I hope you all had a pleasant journey here today.

2. Introducing yourself

• My name is Mark Watson and I am responsible for … .
• My name is Mark Watson from [name of company], where I am responsible for … .
• Let me introduce myself; my name is Mark Watson and I am responsible for … .

3. Introducing your presentation

• The purpose of today’s presentation is to … .
• The purpose of my presentation today is to … .
• In today’s presentation I’d like to … show you … . / explain to you how … .
• In today’s presentation I’m hoping to … give you an update on… / give you an overview of … .
• In today’s presentation I’m planning to … look at … . / explain … .

You can also outline your presentation to give the audience a clear overview of what they can expect:

• In today’s presentation I’m hoping to cover three points:
• firstly, … , after that we will look at … , and finally I’ll … .
• In today’s presentation I’d like to cover three points:
• firstly, … , secondly … , and finally … .

4. Explaining that there will be time for questions at the end

• If you have any questions you’d like to ask, please leave them until the end, when I’ll be happy to answer them.
• If there are any questions you’d like to ask, please leave them until the end, when I’ll do my best to answer them.

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Signposts for Presentations

Signposts are words or phrases that guide the listener during a presentation. They let the listener know what has happened so far, and what is going to happen next. Below is a guide for using signposts during a presentation. It is divided into three sections: signposts for the introduction of a presentation, signposts for the middle of a presentation, and signposts for the conclusion of a presentation. The first column contains signposts for a formal presentation, and the second column contains signposts for an informal presentation.

Signposts for the Introduction of a Presentation

Signposts for the middle of a presentation, signposts for the conclusion of a presentation.

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• Speaking exams
• Typical speaking tasks

Oral presentation

Giving an oral presentation as part of a speaking exam can be quite scary, but we're here to help you. Watch two students giving presentations and then read the tips carefully. Which tips do they follow? Which ones don’t they follow?

Instructions

Watch the video of two students doing an oral presentation as part of a speaking exam. Then read the tips below.

Melissa: Hi, everyone! Today I would like to talk about how to become the most popular teen in school.

Firstly, I think getting good academic results is the first factor to make you become popular since, having a good academic result, your teacher will award you in front of your schoolmates. Then, your schoolmates will know who you are and maybe they would like to get to know you because they want to learn something good from you.

Secondly, I think participating in school clubs and student unions can help to make you become popular, since after participating in these school clubs or student union, people will know who you are and it can help you to make friends all around the school, no matter senior forms or junior forms.

In conclusion, I think to become the most popular teen in school we need to have good academic results and also participate in school clubs and student union. Thank you!

Kelvin: Good evening, everyone! So, today I want to talk about whether the sale of cigarettes should be made illegal.

As we all know, cigarettes are not good for our health, not only oneself but also other people around. Moreover, many people die of lung cancer every year because of smoking cigarettes.

But, should the government make it illegal? I don’t think so, because Hong Kong is a place where people can enjoy lots of freedom and if the government banned the sale of cigarettes, many people would disagree with this and stand up to fight for their freedom.

Moreover, Hong Kong is a free market. If there's such a huge government intervention, I think it’s not good for Hong Kong’s economy.

So, if the government wants people to stop smoking cigarettes, what should it do? I think the government can use other administrative ways to do so, for example education and increasing the tax on cigarettes. Also, the government can ban the smokers smoking in public areas. So, this is the end of my presentation. Thank you.

It’s not easy to give a good oral presentation but these tips will help you. Here are our top tips for oral presentations.

• Use the planning time to prepare what you’re going to say. 
• If you are allowed to have a note card, write short notes in point form.
• Use more formal language.
• Use short, simple sentences to express your ideas clearly.
• Pause from time to time and don’t speak too quickly. This allows the listener to understand your ideas. Include a short pause after each idea.
• Speak clearly and at the right volume.
• Have your notes ready in case you forget anything.
• Practise your presentation. If possible record yourself and listen to your presentation. If you can’t record yourself, ask a friend to listen to you. Does your friend understand you?
• Make your opinions very clear. Use expressions to give your opinion .
• Look at the people who are listening to you.
• Write out the whole presentation and learn every word by heart. 
• Write out the whole presentation and read it aloud.
• Use very informal language.
• Only look at your note card. It’s important to look up at your listeners when you are speaking.

Useful language for presentations

Explain what your presentation is about at the beginning:

I’m going to talk about ... I’d like to talk about ... The main focus of this presentation is ...

Use these expressions to order your ideas:

First of all, ... Firstly, ... Then, ... Secondly, ... Next, ... Finally, ... Lastly, ... To sum up, ... In conclusion, ...

Use these expressions to add more ideas from the same point of view:

In addition, ... What’s more, ... Also, ... Added to this, ...

To introduce the opposite point of view you can use these words and expressions:

However, ... On the other hand, ... Then again, ...

Example presentation topics

• Violent computer games should be banned.
• The sale of cigarettes should be made illegal.
• Homework should be limited to just two nights a week.
• Should school students be required to wear a school uniform?
• How to become the most popular teen in school.
• Dogs should be banned from cities.

Check your language: ordering - parts of a presentation

Check your understanding: grouping - useful phrases, worksheets and downloads.

Do you think these tips will help you in your next speaking exam? Remember to tell us how well you do in future speaking exams!  

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How To Master Formal and Informal Presentations: Key Differences

Table of contents.

Did you know that 75% of professionals believe that effective presentations and oral statements are crucial for career success? Views on this matter are supported by the fact that a well-delivered paragraph can greatly impact one’s professional growth. In addition, informal discussions also play a significant role in career advancement. Whether it’s pitching a new idea, delivering a job interview speech, or leading a team discussion, the ability to captivate an audience and hold their attention is invaluable. This skill is especially important when presenting different types of views or discussing specific clauses and sections of a topic. While formal presentations have long been the go-to method for sharing information and ideas, there’s a growing recognition of the power and impact of informal presentations . Informal presentations are gaining popularity due to their ability to engage different types of audiences and offer a more relaxed atmosphere . This recognition is leading to an increase in the number of people who prefer informal presentations over formal ones, as they believe it allows for more authentic and genuine interaction s. As a result, the use of informal presentations is becoming a common practice in various industries, with many organizations incorporating this type of presentation into their communication strategies.

Unlike traditional slideshow-driven talks, informal presentations focus on fostering genuine conversations and encouraging active participation to create an open exchange of thoughts, ideas, and views. This type of presentation does not rely on a rigid clause structure but instead values organic dialogue. We’ll outline the key differences between formal and informal presentation styles , discuss their unique benefits, and provide practical tips on how to deliver an impactful informal presentation. In this blog post, we will specifically focus on the different types of presentation styles, including formal and informal, and highlight their benefits. Additionally, we will provide practical advice on delivering an impactful informal presentation that captures the attention of your audience and leaves a lasting impression.

So if you’re looking for a different approach to captivate your audience and make meaningful contributions in any setting, buckle up as we dive into the world of informal presentations. These presentations can help you engage with your audience and express your views in a more relaxed and conversational manner. By using this type of presentation, you can also incorporate the use of visual aids and interactive elements to enhance the clause of your message. Get ready to unlock your conversational prowess!

Understanding the Difference between Formal and Informal Presentations

Definition and characteristics of formal presentations.

Formal presentations are typically structured, organized, and follow a specific set of rules. These rules often include a clause and depend on the type of presentation. They are often delivered in professional settings such as conferences, board meetings, or academic environments. These types of speeches are commonly given in various professional scenarios, including conferences, board meetings, and academic environments. These type of presentations tend to be more serious in nature and require a high level of professionalism. The clause is that they demand a certain level of seriousness and professionalism. Some key characteristics of formal presentations include:

• Structured Approach: Formal presentations of any type have a well-defined structure with an introduction, body, and conclusion. Each section in this blog post serves a specific purpose to effectively convey information about the type of content being discussed.
• Professional Language: The type of language used in formal presentations is usually precise, concise, and avoids slang or colloquialisms. The type of tone in this blog post is formal and respectful to maintain a sense of professionalism.
• Visual Aids : Formal presentations often incorporate visual aids such as slideshows or charts to enhance understanding and engage the audience visually.
• Time Management : Time management is crucial in formal presentations as there is typically a set time limit for each speaker. Presenters need to ensure they stay within the allocated time while effectively delivering their message.
• Audience Interaction : While there may be opportunities for questions at the end, formal presentations generally prioritize delivering information rather than engaging in extensive audience interaction during the presentation itself.

Definition and Characteristics of Informal Presentations

Informal presentations are more relaxed in nature and allow for greater flexibility compared to their formal counterparts. They are commonly seen in casual settings like team meetings, brainstorming sessions, or social gatherings where there is a focus on sharing ideas or discussing topics collaboratively. Here are some defining characteristics of informal presentations:

• Flexibility: Unlike formal presentations that adhere strictly to a predetermined structure, informal presentations offer greater flexibility in terms of format and content organization.
• Conversational Tone: Informal presentations often adop t a conversational tone, allowing presenters to engage with the audience more casually. This includes the use of personal pronouns, anecdotes, and humor to create a relaxed atmosphere.
• Less Reliance on Visual Aids: While visual aids can still be used in informal presentations, they are typically less formal and may include more casual elements such as memes or gifs to add humor or emphasize points.
• Audience Interaction: Informal presentations encourage active participation and engagement from the audience throughout the presentation. This can involve asking questions, seeking input, or encouraging discussions.
• Adaptable Time Management: Unlike formal presentations where time management is crucial, informal presentations allow for more flexibility in terms of time allocation.

Key Elements of an Effective Informal Presentation

Importance of engaging the audience through storytelling.

Engaging the audience is a crucial aspect of delivering an effective informal presentation. One powerful way to captivate your audience is through storytelling . By weaving personal anecdotes or relatable narratives into your presentation, you can create an emotional connection with your listeners. Storytelling not only grabs their attention but also helps them connect the information presented to real-life experiences.

When incorporating storytelling into your informal presentation, consider using vivid language and descriptive details to paint a picture in the minds of your audience members. This will help them visualize the content and make it more memorable. Sharing personal stories or anecdotes can add authenticity and credibility to your presentation, as it shows that you have firsthand experience or knowledge about the topic at hand.

Utilizing Visual Aids to Enhance Understanding

Another key element of an effective informal presentation is the use of visual aids. Visual aids such as slides, diagrams, charts, or videos can greatly enhance understanding and retention of information for your audience members. These visual elements provide a visual representation of complex ideas or data, making it easier for people to grasp and remember.

When creating visual aids for your presentation, keep in mind that simplicity is key. Use clear and concise visuals that support and complement your spoken words rather than overwhelming or distracting from them. Avoid cluttered slides or complicated graphics that may confuse or bore your audience.

Visual aids should be used strategically throughout your presentation to reinforce key points, highlight important information, or illustrate concepts that are difficult to explain verbally alone. Remember to refer back to these visuals during your talk and provide explanations or insights related to what is being shown on the screen.

Encouraging Interaction and Participation During the Presentation

Incorporating interaction and encouraging participation from your audience is vital for creating an engaging informal presentation. Instead of simply talking at them, aim for a more interactive and dynamic approach that involves your listeners. This can be achieved through various means, such as asking questions, conducting polls or surveys, or facilitating small group discussions.

By actively involving your audience, you create a sense of ownership and investment in the presentation. This not only keeps them attentive but also allows for a deeper understanding and retention of the information shared. Encouraging participation can also help address any potential doubts or questions that may arise during the presentation, fostering a collaborative learning environment.

To encourage interaction, consider using open-ended questions that promote discussion rather than simple yes-or-no answers. Allow ample time for audience members to share their thoughts or experiences related to the topic at hand. Incorporate activities or exercises that require active participation from everyone present.

Characteristics and Benefits of Formal and Informal Presentation Styles

In the world of presentations, there are two distinct styles that can be employed: formal and informal. Each style has its own unique characteristics and benefits, catering to different types of events and audiences. Let’s explore these two presentation styles in more detail.

Formal: Structured, Professional, Suitable for Official Events

Formal presentations are characterized by their structured nature and professional tone. These presentations are often used in official settings such as conferences, board meetings, or academic symposiums. The key aspect of a formal presentation is maintaining a sense of professionalism throughout the delivery.

One of the main benefits of a formal presentation is its structured format. It allows presenters to organize their content in a logical manner, making it easier for the audience to follow along. This structure often includes an introduction, body sections with clear points or arguments, supporting evidence or data, and a conclusion that summarizes key takeaways.

Another advantage of formal presentations is that they create an atmosphere of credibility and authority. By adhering to a professional tone and using appropriate language, presenters can establish themselves as experts on the subject matter. This can help build trust with the audience and enhance the overall impact of the presentation.

Informal: Relaxed, Conversational, Fosters Connection with the Audience

On the other end of the spectrum is informal presentations. These presentations have a more relaxed and conversational style compared to their formal counterparts. Informal presentations are often used in smaller group settings or casual events where a personal connection with the audience is desired.

The primary characteristic of an informal presentation is its conversational tone. Presenters use everyday language, anecdotes, humor, and engage directly with the audience to create an interactive experience. This style fosters a sense of connection between presenter and audience members.

Informal presentations offer several benefits over formal ones. Firstly, the relaxed atmosphere of an informal presentation puts the audience at ease, making them more receptive to the information being shared. This can lead to increased engagement and participation from the audience.

Secondly, informal presentations tend to be more memorable for the audience. The conversational style allows for a deeper level of connection and understanding between presenter and listener. As a result, the audience is more likely to retain and recall the information presented long after the presentation has concluded.

Benefits of having strong presentation skills include increased engagement, better retention of information, and adaptability to different situations. These skills are particularly important in job interviews and when providing services as they help individuals effectively convey their main points.

Both formal and informal presentation styles offer unique benefits that cater to different situations and audiences. Let’s take a closer look at these advantages:

How to Decide Which Presentation Would Be the Best?

Considering the purpose and context of the presentation.

When deciding which presentation style would be the best, it’s crucial to consider the purpose and context of your presentation. Ask yourself what you hope to achieve and what message you want to convey. Are you trying to inform, persuade, or entertain? Understanding your goals will help determine whether an informal or formal presentation is more suitable.

For example, if you’re presenting a business proposal to potential clients, a formal presentation may be more appropriate as it conveys professionalism and seriousness. On the other hand, if you’re delivering a training session within your organization, an informal approach might be better suited for fostering engagement and interaction.

Assessing audience expectations and preferences

Another important factor in deciding which presentation style is best is assessing audience expectations and preferences. Consider who your audience is and what they are accustomed to. Are they expecting a traditional PowerPoint-style presentation with slides and bullet points, or are they open to a more casual format?

Understanding your audience’s preferences can help you tailor your presentation accordingly. For instance, if your audience consists of younger individuals who are used to interactive presentations with multimedia elements, an informal approach that incorporates videos or group activities may be well-received.

Evaluating desired outcomes and level of formality required

The desired outcomes of your presentation also play a role in determining which style would be most effective. Think about what specific actions or responses you want from your audience after the presentation. Do you want them to make a decision, take action, or simply gain knowledge?

In some cases, a formal presentation may be necessary when dealing with sensitive topics where precision and accuracy are paramount. However, for less complex subjects where creativity and spontaneity can enhance engagement, an informal approach might yield better results.

It’s also essential to consider the level of formality required based on the setting or industry norms. Some industries or environments demand a more formal presentation style due to their nature, such as legal or financial sectors. Conversely, in more relaxed settings like creative industries or informal gatherings, an informal presentation can create a more comfortable and engaging atmosphere.

Types of Presentations (Formal and Informal)

In the world of presentations, there are two main types: formal and informal. Each type serves a different purpose and is suited for various settings. Let’s take a closer look at these two types and understand their differences in tone, structure, and delivery style.

Examples of Formal Presentations

Formal presentations are often associated with professional settings such as business conferences or academic lectures. These presentations have a more serious tone and follow a structured format. Here are some examples of formal presentations:

• Business Conferences: In a business conference, presenters aim to convey important information or share insights with an audience consisting of professionals from various industries. The content is usually well-researched, data-driven, and delivered in a formal manner.
• Academic Lectures: Professors or subject matter experts deliver academic lectures to students in educational institutions. These presentations focus on teaching complex concepts, theories, or research findings. The language used is typically formal and technical.

Examples of Informal Presentations

On the other hand, informal presentations are more relaxed and casual in nature. They are commonly seen in team meetings, workshops, or even TED talks where speakers engage with the audience on a personal level. Here are some examples of informal presentations:

• Team Meetings: In team meetings, colleagues come together to discuss project updates, brainstorm ideas, or share progress reports. The atmosphere is less rigid compared to formal presentations, allowing for open dialogue among team members.
• Workshops: Workshops provide interactive learning experiences where participants actively engage in discussions and activities facilitated by a presenter. These sessions encourage collaboration and creativity through hands-on exercises.
• TED Talks: TED talks have gained immense popularity due to their engaging nature and ability to deliver powerful messages in an informal setting. Speakers often use storytelling techniques to captivate the audience while sharing their unique perspectives.

Highlighting Differences in Tone, Structure, and Delivery Style

The key differences between formal and informal presentations lie in their tone, structure, and delivery style.

• Tone: Formal presentations adopt a more serious and professional tone, using formal language and avoiding slang or colloquialisms. In contrast, informal presentations embrace a conversational tone that connects with the audience on a personal level.
• Structure: Formal presentations typically follow a structured outline with clear sections such as an introduction, main points, supporting evidence, and conclusion. Informal presentations may have a looser structure that allows for spontaneity and flexibility depending on the presenter’s style.
• Delivery Style: In formal presentations, speakers often rely on visual aids like PowerPoint slides to enhance their message.

Mixing It Up: The Formal and Informal Presentation Hybrid

In the world of presentations, there’s often a clear divide between formal and informal styles. However, what if we could combine the best of both worlds? Enter the hybrid approach—a unique blend that incorporates elements from both formal and informal presentations. This article will explore this innovative approach, discussing its appropriateness in different scenarios and highlighting the benefits it offers.

Exploring a Combination Approach

The hybrid presentation style is all about finding a balance between formality and informality. It involves incorporating certain elements of an informal discussion into a more structured format. By doing so, presenters can create an engaging and interactive experience while maintaining professionalism.

One way to achieve this combination is by adopting a conversational tone throughout the presentation. Instead of strictly adhering to a rigid script or formal language, presenters can inject some personality into their delivery. This allows for better connection with the audience and helps to establish rapport.

Another aspect of the hybrid approach is incorporating visual aids or multimedia elements that are commonly associated with informal presentations. Including relevant images, videos, or interactive slides can help to break up the monotony of a traditional formal presentation and keep participants engaged.

When Is the Hybrid Approach Appropriate?

While the hybrid style may not be suitable for every situation, there are specific instances where it can be highly effective:

• Informative Presentations : When presenting information-heavy content such as data analysis or research findings, using a hybrid approach can make it more digestible for the audience. Breaking down complex concepts through casual conversation or relatable anecdotes helps participants grasp key points more easily.
• Team Meetings : In team meetings or brainstorming sessions, adopting a hybrid style encourages open communication among team members. By creating an environment that feels less rigid and hierarchical, individuals are more likely to share ideas freely without fear of judgment.
• Training Sessions : When conducting training sessions or workshops, a hybrid approach can foster a more interactive and engaging learning experience. Incorporating group discussions, hands-on activities, or even incorporating gamification elements can enhance knowledge retention and participant involvement.

Benefits of the Hybrid Approach

The hybrid presentation style offers several advantages that make it worth considering:

• Engagement : By combining elements from informal presentations, the hybrid approach keeps participants engaged throughout the session. The conversational tone and interactive components create a dynamic environment that encourages active participation.
• Flexibility : The hybrid style allows presenters to adapt their delivery based on audience feedback or preferences. They can gauge the level of formality required and adjust accordingly during the presentation, ensuring that participants are comfortable and receptive to the content.

How to Choose a Presentation Style

One of the key decisions you need to make is choosing the most suitable style. While formal presentations have their merits, informal presentations can also be highly effective in engaging and connecting with your audience.

Identifying Personal Strengths in Delivering Formal or Informal Presentations

When deciding on a presentation style, it’s important to consider your own strengths and comfort level as a speaker. Some individuals thrive in formal settings, where they can demonstrate professionalism and authority through structured speeches and polished delivery. On the other hand, if you are more relaxed and charismatic in casual conversations, an informal presentation style might suit you better.

• Formal presentations allow you to showcase your expertise and knowledge.
• They provide a sense of structure and formality that can be reassuring for both you and your audience.
• Formal presentations are often perceived as more professional and credible.
• Formal presentations may feel rigid or scripted for some speakers.
• The pressure to adhere strictly to a formal format can lead to increased anxiety or nervousness.
• It may be challenging to establish a genuine connection with the audience when using a formal approach.

On the flip side, informal presentations offer greater flexibility for speakers who prefer a conversational tone. This style allows for spontaneity, storytelling, humor, and interaction with the audience. If you excel at building rapport quickly or engaging listeners through relatable anecdotes, an informal presentation style might be ideal for you.

• Informal presentations create a relaxed atmosphere that encourages open dialogue.
• They allow for more creativity in delivery techniques such as storytelling or incorporating multimedia elements.
• Informal presentations can foster stronger connections with the audience by showcasing authenticity and personality.
• Informal presentations may require more improvisation and quick thinking.
• Without a structured format, it’s important to maintain focus and avoid rambling or going off-topic.
• Some formal settings or topics may not be suitable for an informal presentation style.

Considering Audience Preferences for a Specific Topic or Event

Another crucial factor in choosing a presentation style is understanding your audience’s preferences. Different audiences have varying expectations and respond differently to different styles of presentations. By tailoring your approach to their preferences, you can increase engagement and ensure that your message resonates effectively.

For example, if you are presenting to a group of executives or professionals in a formal business setting, a more traditional and structured style might be appropriate.

How to Adapt Your Presentation Style

Transitioning from a formal presentation style to an informal one, or vice versa, can be a challenging task. However, with the right approach and some key adjustments, you can successfully adapt your presentation style to suit different audiences and contexts. Here are some tips to help you navigate this transition effectively.

Tips for transitioning from a formal job interview to an informal presentation skills situation or vice versa can be helpful. Here are some steps to consider when navigating these different situations.

• Assess the audience: Before making any adjustments to your presentation style, it’s essential to understand your audience. Consider their demographics, such as age, education level, and professional background. This information will guide you in determining whether a more formal or informal approach is appropriate.
• Adapt your language use: One of the most significant differences between formal and informal presentations lies in the language used. When delivering a formal presentation, it’s crucial to use proper grammar, avoid slang or colloquialisms, and maintain a professional tone throughout. On the other hand, when presenting informally, you have more flexibility in using conversational language and incorporating relatable phrases or expressions.
• Adjust your visuals: Visual aids play an important role in presentations and can contribute significantly to setting the tone. In a formal setting, opt for clean and professional-looking slides with minimal distractions. For informal presentations, consider using more visually engaging elements like images or videos that resonate with your audience on a personal level.
• Be mindful of attire: Your appearance also plays a part in conveying formality or informality during a presentation. Dress appropriately for the occasion while considering what would make your audience feel comfortable and engaged.
• Use humor strategically: Humor can be an effective tool for engaging audiences during both formal and informal presentations. However, it’s important to gauge the appropriateness of humor based on the context and audience preferences.

Adjusting language use according to audience demographics

When adapting your presentation style, it’s crucial to consider the demographics of your audience. Different age groups, educational backgrounds, and professional experiences may respond better to specific language choices. Here are some key considerations:

• Simplify complex concepts: If you’re presenting to a diverse audience with varying levels of expertise, avoid using jargon or technical terms that might alienate certain individuals. Instead, focus on simplifying complex concepts and explaining them in relatable terms.
• Tailor your vocabulary: Adjusting your vocabulary is essential when addressing different demographics. For formal presentations, use precise and sophisticated language appropriate for the subject matter. In informal settings, opt for simpler words and phrases that resonate with your audience’s everyday language.
• Consider cultural nuances:

Congratulations! You’ve made it to the end of this blog post on formal and informal presentations. By now, you should have a clear understanding of the differences between these two styles and how to choose the right one for your needs.

Remember, There is no one-size-fits-all approach. It’s important to consider various factors such as audience, topic, and desired outcome. Formal presentations are great for professional settings where you need to convey information in a structured manner. On the other hand, informal presentations allow for more flexibility and can be effective in engaging and connecting with your audience on a personal level.

To make the most impact with your presentations, I encourage you to experiment with different styles and adapt them based on your specific situation. Don’t be afraid to mix it up by incorporating elements from both formal and informal presentation styles. This hybrid approach can help you strike a balance between professionalism and authenticity.

Now that you have all this knowledge at your disposal, go out there and give some amazing presentations! Remember to be confident, authentic, and always keep your audience engaged. Happy presenting!

If you found this article helpful or have any questions or suggestions, feel free to leave a comment below.

What is an informal presentation?

An informal presentation is a relaxed and casual way of sharing information or ideas with others. It’s less structured than a formal presentation and often involves more interaction and discussion with the audience.

Why should I consider giving an informal presentation?

Informal presentations can be a great way to engage your audience in a more personal and conversational manner. They allow for open dialogue, encourage participation, and create a relaxed atmosphere that promotes better understanding and connection.

How do I prepare for an informal presentation?

To prepare for an informal presentation, start by clearly defining your key points or messages. Keep your content concise and focus on the most important information. Practice speaking in a natural and conversational tone to ensure you come across as approachable and engaging.

Can I use slang or colloquial language during an informal presentation slideshow or oral statement? In situations where I am presenting my work, is it appropriate to incorporate slang or colloquial language?

Absolutely! In fact, using slang, idioms, or colloquial language can help you connect better with your audience during an informal presentation. Just make sure to gauge the appropriateness based on the context and the familiarity of your audience with such language.

How can I make my informal presentation more interactive?

To make your informal presentation interactive, encourage audience participation through activities like Q&A sessions, group discussions, or small breakout exercises. Incorporating multimedia elements such as videos or interactive slides can also enhance engagement levels.

Is it okay to deviate from my prepared script during an informal presentation? This question often arises when creating a slideshow or oral statement. In certain situations, it may be appropriate to stray from the planned content and speak more freely. However, it is essential to maintain a coherent flow and ensure that each paragraph contributes to the overall message.

Yes! Informal presentations are meant to be flexible and adaptable. While having some key points in mind is important, feel free to deviate from your script if it allows for more spontaneous conversations or addresses specific questions raised by the audience.

What’s next after delivering an informal presentation?

After delivering an informal presentation, don’t forget to provide clear call-to-action steps for your audience. This could include sharing additional resources, inviting them to follow up with questions via email or social media, or encouraging them to take specific actions related to the topic discussed.

52 Phrases for Better Flowing English Presentations

/ Steven Hobson / Business English , English Presentations , Vocabulary

Do you give English presentations at work, but feel that you could communicate your message in a more objective, fluid way?

Maybe you have an English presentation coming up and want to make sure that your speech is clear and structured so that your audience doesn’t lose concentration and stays with you all the way to the end.

A technique that can help you achieve objective, clear, and structured English presentations, is to use linking phrases that join the separate parts of your presentation together.

English presentations normally consist of an introduction, the main body, individual parts of the main body, and the ending or conclusion.

To help maintain your audience’s attention, you need to signal when you are going from one part to another.

In this article, I teach you 52 phrases that do exactly this – linking the different parts together, and therefore, making your presentation flow better. You’ll find that these phrases will act as ‘signposts’ for the audience when you finish one part and start another.

52 Phrases to Improve the Flow of Your English Presentations

The introduction.

All good presentations start with a strong introduction.

There are a number of different ways you can begin your English presentation. Here’s a simple, but effective introduction structure which works for most types of business presentations:

Introduce – Introduce yourself and greet your audience. Introduce the presentation topic – Explain the reasons for listening. Outline – Describe the main parts of the presentation. Question policy – Make it clear to your audience when they can ask questions: during or at the end?

Here are some phrases which you can use to structure the introduction in this way:

1. Good morning/afternoon (everyone) (ladies and gentlemen). 2. It’s a pleasure to welcome (the President) here. 3. I’m … (the Director of …)

Introduce the presentation topic

4. By the end of the talk/presentation/session, you’ll know how to… / …you will have learned about… / 5. I plan to say a few words about… 6. I’m going to talk about… 7. The subject of my talk is…

8. My talk will be in (three parts). 9. In the first part… 10. Then in the second part… 11. Finally, I’ll go on to talk about…

Question Policy

12. Please interrupt if you have any questions. 13. After my talk, there will be time for a discussion and any questions.

 Main Body

Now that you have finished the introduction, we now need to transition to the main body, and its individual parts in a smooth way.

There are three parts of the main body of a presentation where linking phrases can be used:

Beginning the Main Body Ending Parts within the Main Body Beginning a New Part

Here are some phrases which you can use for these parts:

Beginning the Main Body

14. Now let’s move to / turn to the first part of my talk which is about… 15. So, first… 16. To begin with…

Ending Parts within the Main Body

17. That completes/concludes… 18. That’s all (I want to say for now) on… 19. Ok, I’ve explained how…

Beginning a New Part

20. Let’s move to (the next part which is)… 21. So now we come to the next point, which is… 22. Now I want to describe… 23. Let’s turn to the next issue… 24. I’d now like to change direction and talk about…

Listing and Sequencing

If you need to talk about goals, challenges, and strategies in your English presentation, listing phrases can help link these together and improve the flow of your speech. If you have to explain processes, sequencing phrases are helpful:

25. There are three things to consider. First… Second… Third… 26. There are two kinds of… The first is… The second is… 27. We can see four advantages and two disadvantages. First, advantages… 28. One is… Another is… A third advantage is… Finally…

29. There are (four) different stages to the process. 30. First / then / next / after that / then (x) / after x there’s y. 31. There are two steps involved. The first step is… The second step is… 32. There are four stages to the project. 33. At the beginning, later, then, finally… 34. I’ll describe the development of the idea. First the background, then the present situation, and then the prospect for the future.

After you have presented the main body of your English presentation, you will want to end it smoothly.

Here are typical sections transitioning from the main body to the ending of the presentation, and then inviting the audience to ask questions:

Ending the Main Body Beginning the Summary and/or Conclusion Concluding An Ending Phrase Inviting Questions and/or Introducing Discussion Thanking the Audience

Ending the Main Body

35. Okay, that ends (the third part of) my talk. 36. That’s all I want to say for now on (the 2017 results).

Beginning the Summary and/or Conclusion

37. To sum up… 38. Ok, in brief, there are several advantages and disadvantages. 39. To conclude… 40. I’d like to end by emphasizing the main points. 41. I’d like to end with a summary of the main points.

42. I think we have seen that we should… 43. In my opinion, we should… 44. I recommend/suggest that we… 45. There are three reasons why I recommend this. First, … / Second, … / Finally,…

An Ending Phrase

46. Well, I’ve covered the points that I needed to present today. 47. That sums up (my description of the new model). 48. That concludes my talk for today.

Inviting Questions and/or Introducing Discussion

49. Now we have (half an hour) for questions and discussion. 50. So, now I’d be very interested to hear your comments.

Thanking the Audience

51. I’d like to thank you for listening to my presentation. 52. Thank you for listening / your attention. / Many thanks for coming.

Linking phrases are like the skeleton which holds your presentation together.

Not only do they improve the flow and help guide the audience, but by memorizing them they can also help you remember the general structure of your presentation, giving you increased confidence.

To help you memorize, I recommend saying the linking phrases on their own from the beginning to the end of your presentation while you practice.

I also suggest memorizing the introduction word for word. By doing this, you will get off to a great start, which will settle your nerves and transmit a positive first impression.

Author: Steven Hobson

Steven is a business English coach, a certified life coach, writer, and entrepreneur. He helps international professionals build confidence and improve fluency speaking English in a business environment.

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• Introduction

Transitions

• Referring to visuals
• Eye contact
• Taking part in discussions
• Giving opinions
• Agreeing/disagreeing
• Other skills

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• Presentations

Language for presentations Some formulaic phrases

On this page you will find some language for presentations, also known as 'signpost' phrases. Many of these are similar to (or the same as) the lecture cues a lecturer uses. They are another example of the formulaic language used in academic contexts. You do not need to learn all of these phrases. Your basic aim is to be able to use at least one phrase for each function (e.g. expressing purpose and showing the structure in the introduction , using transitions between sections, referring to visual aids , concluding ).

How many more you learn after this is up to you. Presentations usually have many visual aids and transitions, so it would be useful to learn two or three different phrases for these functions. On the other hand, you will only state the purpose once in a presentation, so one phrase is enough for life!

Introductions

The introduction is a crucial part of any presentation. There are many functions which you need to achieve:

• greet the audience
• express your purpose
• give the structure
• give the timing
• handle questions

Phrases for all of these are given in the box to the right.

 Greeting the audience

• Good morning/afternoon, ladies and gentlemen.
• Good morning/afternoon, everyone.

 Expressing the purpose

• My purpose/objective/aim today is...
• What I want to do this morning/afternoon/today is...
• I'm here today to...

 Giving the structure

• This talk is divided into four main parts.
• To start with/Firstly, I'd like to look at...
• Then/Secondly, I'll be talking about...
• My fourth point will be about...
• Finally, I'll be looking at...

 Giving the timing

• My presentation/talk/lecture will take/last about 20 minutes.

 Handling questions

• At the end of my talk, there will be a chance to ask questions.
• I'll be happy to answer any questions you have at the end of my presentation.

Visual aids

It is important to be able to refer to your visual aids appropriately. Some useful phrases for visuals are shown to the right.

 Visual aids

• As you can see here...
• Here we can see...
• If we look at this slide...
• This slide shows...
• If you look at the screen, you'll see...
• This table/diagram/chart/slide shows...
• I'd like you to look at this...
• Let me show you...
• Let's (have a) look at...
• On the right/left you can see...

A vital part of any presentation is 'transitioning' (moving on) to a new section. Why is this so crucial? Mainly because of the difference between listening and reading. When you are reading, you can easily see where one section (or paragraph) ends, and another begins. This is not true when you are listening. To help with this, good academic speakers, whether in presentations or lectures , give cues to signal the end of a section. This helps the listener understand the structure and follow the main points.

Some useful transition phrases are shown to the right.

 Transitions

• Let's now move on to/turn to...
• I now want to go on to...
• This leads/brings me to my next point, which is...
• I'd now like to move on to/turn to...
• So far we have looked at... Now I'd like to...

Other phrases

There are some other phrases which are useful in a presentation. These include giving examples, summarising a point or section, and making a digression.

 Giving examples

• Let me give you an example...
• for instance...
• A good example of this is...

 Summarising

• What I'm trying to say is...
• Let me just try and sum that up before we move on to...
• So far, I've presented...

 Digressing

• I might just mention...
• Incidentally...

The conclusion, like the introduction, has several functions which you need to achieve:

• sum up the main points of the presentation
• conclude (by giving a 'take-away' message)
• close (by thanking the audience)
• invite questions

 Summing up

• Summing up...
• To summarise...
• So, to sum up...
• To recap...
• Let me now sum up.

 Concluding

• Let me end by saying...
• I'd like to finish by emphasising...
• In conclusion I'd like to say...
• Finally, may I say...
• Thank you for your attention/time.
• Thank you (for listening/very much).
• If you have any questions or comments, I'll be happy to answer them now.
• If there are any questions, I'll do my best to answer them.
• Are there any more questions?

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Below is a checklist for presentation language. Use it to help you prepare. You can download a copy of the checklist from the speaking resources page .

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• Body language

Previous section

Read the previous article about presentation structure .

Author: Sheldon Smith    ‖    Last modified: 10 January 2022.

Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .

The language for presentations involves common 'signpost phrases' which help understand the structure.

The structure of a presentation is straightforward, with introduction, main body, conclusion, and Q&A.

Taking part in academic discussions increases your understanding and challenges your ideas, and may form part of your assessment.

Agreeing and disagreeing in academic discussions is always done politely, often using certain common phrases.

Asking for and giving opinions is important if you want to express your ideas and have a voice in discussions.

Visual aids such as PowerPoint and handouts, help your audience to follow your spoken presentation.

• Presentation

formal and informal presentation

• June 25, 2022

Presentation skill is one of the important skills that can play a significant role in our career and academic success.

The following are examples of the application of presentation skills in our professional and educational lives:

• prepare a proposal and talk about it in a meeting with the clients
• prepare a set of slides to introduce a theory or tool
• Speech at a meeting to defend or critique a new plan
• Educational lecture for the audience

In order to give a good presentation, it is necessary that you know the difference between formal and informal presentations. This article will help with this knowledge by providing information on how one can effectively represent both styles of talk so they may promote their skills more effectively!

Table of Contents

1. Formal presentations

What is a formal presentation.

When presenting formally, there are three key elements that need to be considered. The first is your audience – who will most likely have very specific expectations of how the presentation should go and what information they’re looking for; secondly, you’ll want supporting material such as Powerpoint slides or Presentation design services which can help give additional context around points made during delivery (this might include visuals too); lastly, remember not everyone has time on their side so make sure any media used isn’t too intensive!

Formal presentations are usually done in a professional or academic setting and follow specific guidelines. They can be given either orally to an audience of one (or more) or through video conference software like Skype for Business which allows participants across different locations with internet access to get together on screen so they don’t have any problem seeing each other’s facial expressions while speaking without having anyone else around listening!

How to make a formal presentation:

You’ll need to research and plan an outline before giving your presentation. A well-executed formal speech can make all the difference in getting what’s on someone’s mind out there! You might feel like a failure if it doesn’t go as planned, but don’t worry – we’ve got this crazy easy guide that will teach how exactly not only to practice making them successful (and remind yourself why these presentations are important) but also help avoid common mistakes made by newbies like myself 😉

Tips for making formal presentations:

• Make sure to choose a topic appropriate for the audience and setting.
• Do extensive research and gather high-quality information.
• Create a detailed outline.
• Choose a formal presentation format, such as PowerPoint or Keynote.
• Practice your presentation several times before delivering it.
• Key things to remember:
• Formal presentations are typically given in a professional or academic setting.
• They may be given in person or virtually, and often follow specific guidelines.
• Formal presentations are usually formal in tone.

The different types of formal presentations

here are different types of formal presentations:

• PowerPoint presentation
• Keynote presentation
• Poster presentation
• formal speech

What to include in a formal presentation

Formal presentations should include:

• An introduction
• The body of the presentation
• A conclusion
• Formal presentations should be:
• Well-researched
• Well-organized
• Formal in tone

Tips for delivering a formal presentation

When delivering a formal presentation, there are a few things to keep in mind:

• Make sure you are well-prepared.
• Practice your presentation beforehand.
• Speak clearly and slowly.
• Make eye contact with your audience.
• Use formal language throughout the presentation.
• formal presentations can be given in person or virtually. If you’re giving a virtual presentation, make sure to:
• Choose a professional-looking background.
• Test your audio and video settings beforehand.

There are a series of tips that I think should be mentioned here, and these tips are very useful for formal PowerPoint presentations:

Set clearly defined goals.

In order for you to present a successful formal presentation, it’s very important that beforehand (or at least during) all of the information you want your audience members to learn should be written down. This way they can use this as a guideline in putting together what is expected from each slide and how much time should actually pass by until going onto the next point or idea being discussed within the slides themselves!

Know your audience.

Whether you’re presenting to a room full of people or just two, it’s important that your presentation includes key points and is tailored toward meeting certain needs. For example, if I was speaking before managers/executives then maybe my content would be more technical while someone else might need something simpler – this all depends on who their audience are so make sure they know!

Create an outline.

Giving a formal presentation is an opportunity to shine! If you’re not prepared, your audience will know it. They’ve been given time so they can judge how well-prepared and rehearsed we are – which means that our presentations need some structure too…

Include questions for audience interaction.

Formal presentations are more than just reading off a Powerpoint deck. You need to engage your audience and end with either a Q&A session or continue asking questions along the way after each point you make in order for it to be effective!

Use visuals.

When given time to prepare, it is expected that you will have visual aids for your audience. Formal presentations usually include PowerPoint or slideshow material so the viewers can follow along with what’s being shown on screen in order better understand its significance and impact upon them personally (or at least this was true before all our digital devices took over!).

2. Informal presentations

What is an informal presentation.

Informal presentations are typically less formal than formal ones and may be given in various settings. They may be given in person or virtually, and often have a more conversational tone.

The type of presentation you’ll encounter at a business meeting is usually impromptu, informal. These types are prepared quickly and don’t require as much organization due to their quick-fire nature – they’re more like conversations where each person feels talked about directly by the presenter rather than looking out on stage from behind slides or note cards!

Informal presentations are a great way to engage your audience. They’re less formal than their more clinical counterparts, and can be given in many different formats: person-to-person or virtually via video chat! These casual sessions often feature interactive tools that will allow participants to take part with you during the presentation so there’s no need for Powerpoint slides at all if it suits them better – just bring along what feels necessary based on how much time each participant has available before meeting up again later…

How to make an informal presentation

When making an informal presentation, there are a few things to keep in mind:

• Choose a topic that is appropriate for the audience and setting.
• Do research, but don’t feel like you need to gather as much information as you would for a formal presentation.
• Create an outline, but it doesn’t need to be as detailed as it would for a formal presentation.
• Choose a presentation format that is appropriate for the setting, such as a PowerPoint or a whiteboard.
• Practice your presentation before delivering it.
• Informal presentations are typically less formal than formal ones.
• They may be given in person or virtually, and often have a more conversational tone.

What to include in an informal presentation

informal presentations should include:

• informal presentations should be:
• Informal in tone

Tips for delivering an informal presentation

When delivering an informal presentation, there are a few things to keep in mind:

• The language throughout the presentation.

Prepare your material

It’s not easy to brief a speaker in just two hours, but it is possible. Start by jotting down some notes on the topic and main points you want to cover for your presentation so that when they give us only a limited time before going live with their project we can still deliver an effective message without wasting too much of our own precious energy or using up all available meeting minutes trying thing out until college decides what kind theirs will be!

Understand the purpose

Informal presentations are a great way to get your audience invested in what you have planned. Informally talking with people rather than presenting their information can make for more interesting conversations, as they’ll be able to hear how it sounds when spoken aloud and ask questions about anything from the content itself all throughout its duration- which gives us greater insight into their thoughts on our ideas!

Consider a hand-out

Informal presentations are more effective than formal ones because you don’t have enough time to prepare a slideshow and it can be distracting for audiences who might not fully understand the information being presented. Instead, use handouts in these types of settings so that people will know where they need their attention focused when listening actively instead!

Keep visual aids to a minimum

The slide deck is the most formal way of presenting your data. It should be prepared with care and attention to every detail, from font choices down through visuals like images or animations—all in an effort that combines aesthetics alongside content. However, if you’re short on time then don’t worry! Informal presentations still benefit greatly by using quick presentations rather than lengthy ones so long as they hit what’s important without sacrificing clarity The key difference between formal vs informal shows occur at different points: While making sure there’s enough information included throughout our presentation (such because this might become outdated quickly), we can get away without doing much work.

Interact with your audience

Informal presentations are more about engaging with the audience and less so they’re just listening. It’s perfectly acceptable to get your attendees involved, by asking questions or allowing them feedback on what you’ve discussed in depth already beforehand! A formal presentation can sometimes feel like one long Q&A session where everyone analyzes every little detail – but this isn’t always effective for getting people excited enough about topics that aren’t new information (i e anything stick shift). Informality also allows room outside the traditional “lecture” format; instead relying heavily upon the interaction between speaker/ AUDIENCE members.

Formal and informal presentations both have their own set of benefits. It’s important to consider the right type for your situation, as well-formals can be more appropriate in professional settings while informality would work better where there isn’t any formality required or desired by attendees (such as at conferences).

When you are preparing for a presentation, it’s important to make sure that your research and organization skills come together in perfect harmony. You should practice before going into the big show so as not to slip up on stage or give away valuable information too soon! Speak clearly with slow-paced speech; look at all of those listening – they may be able to provide some feedback about what works well (or doesn’t) when we’re delivering our messages orally.

Formal presentations are usually done in a professional or academic setting and follow specific guidelines.

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• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Formal and informal language

We use formal language in situations that are serious or that involve people we don’t know well. Informal language is more commonly used in situations that are more relaxed and involve people we know well.

Formal language is more common when we write; informal language is more common when we speak. However, there are times where writing can be very informal, for example, when writing postcards or letters to friends, emails or text messages. There are also examples where spoken English can be very formal, for example, in a speech or a lecture. Most uses of English are neutral; that is, they are neither formal nor informal.

Formal language and informal language are associated with particular choices of grammar and vocabulary.

Contractions, relative clauses without a relative pronoun and ellipsis are more common in informal language.

More formal vocabulary commonly involves longer words or words with origins in Latin and Greek. More informal vocabulary commonly involves shorter words, or words with origins in Anglo-Saxon. Most dictionaries indicate very informal and/or formal words.

We often choose to use certain modal verbs to be more formal and polite:

Can I suggest you try this new model? (neutral)

May I suggest you try this new model? (more formal)

Might I suggest you try this new model? (very formal)

Contractions

Speech into writing

Word of the Day

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a computer program designed to have a conversation with a human being, usually over the internet

Searching out and tracking down: talking about finding or discovering things

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Introduction: Formal Language

Jul 31, 2014

80 likes | 268 Views

Introduction: Formal Language. What is formal language?. Spoken and Written Functions to provide: Information, instruction, persuasion, entertainment, ceremony/rituals Artificial means of communication: movement into Plain English.

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• political speech
• disability etc
• sexual orientation
• informal street language

Presentation Transcript

What is formal language? Spoken and Written Functions to provide: Information, instruction, persuasion, entertainment, ceremony/rituals Artificial means of communication: movement into Plain English. Power to include, exclude, intimidate or obfuscate: ie jargon, industry specific terminology. The assumption that the speaker using formal language whether written or spoken is placed with a level of importance.

Formal language domains Within the functions we discussed, i.e. Information, instruction, persuasion, entertainment and ceremony, domains of formal language exist. A domain is simply the format it takes. i.e. political speech, cooking instructions, . Some domains provide an impact on society. This can be from simply providing a sense or morality, unity or range to providing a means of intimidation. Complete the table

Formal Language a historical journey Formal language has changed dramatically over the centuries as has its function and purpose. During the period in which monarchies ruled the world and conquered nations, formal language was used both verbally and non verbally to signify wealth, power and nobility. Essentially it instilled hierarchy within society and widened the gap between the classes. Ie Formal Language was reserved for the higher class or society and some bourgeois factions. The majority of the population, the peasants used a form of informal street language. Furthermore they were illiterate. This gave written language the power to instil the ideas of the nobility and the church, providing power to the minority.

Plain English Movement 1970s the Plain English Movement came about. This attempted to address the inequalities in our society that were fostered through language. The movement essentially made language that was complex in nature and existed within legal, government, banking and insurance institutions more accessible. This was done by suggesting a simplistic discourse able to be understood by the masses. It also bridged the divide between cultures, ethnicities, religions, genders, sexual orientation, disability etc by introducing the term we know as Political Correctness (PC). Promotion of social equality, democracy and solidarity.

Holiday Homework Read Pages 84-96 of the textbook. Readthe examples “Queen Elizabeth’s Christmas Speech 1952”, “Queen Elizabeth’s Christmas Speech 2002’. Using dot points note the difference in the language use. Highlight any areas you believe the language used has a larger more overarching purpose. Have a think about how you would like to present your folio. HAVE FUN AND EAT LOTS OF CHOCOLATE!

Happy Easter!!!!!

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Early iterations of the AI applications we interact with most today were built on traditional machine learning models. These models rely on learning algorithms that are developed and maintained by data scientists. In other words, traditional machine learning models need human intervention to process new information and perform any new task that falls outside their initial training.

For example, Apple made Siri a feature of its iOS in 2011. This early version of Siri was trained to understand a set of highly specific statements and requests. Human intervention was required to expand Siri’s knowledge base and functionality.

However, AI capabilities have been evolving steadily since the breakthrough development of  artificial neural networks  in 2012, which allow machines to engage in reinforcement learning and simulate how the human brain processes information.

Unlike basic machine learning models, deep learning models allow AI applications to learn how to perform new tasks that need human intelligence, engage in new behaviors and make decisions without human intervention. As a result, deep learning has enabled task automation, content generation, predictive maintenance and other capabilities across  industries .

Due to deep learning and other advancements, the field of AI remains in a constant and fast-paced state of flux. Our collective understanding of realized AI and theoretical AI continues to shift, meaning AI categories and AI terminology may differ (and overlap) from one source to the next. However, the types of AI can be largely understood by examining two encompassing categories: AI capabilities and AI functionalities.

1. Artificial Narrow AI

Artificial Narrow Intelligence, also known as Weak AI (what we refer to as Narrow AI), is the only type of AI that exists today. Any other form of AI is theoretical. It can be trained to perform a single or narrow task, often far faster and better than a human mind can.

However, it can’t perform outside of its defined task. Instead, it targets a single subset of cognitive abilities and advances in that spectrum. Siri, Amazon’s Alexa and IBM Watson are examples of Narrow AI. Even OpenAI’s ChatGPT is considered a form of Narrow AI because it’s limited to the single task of text-based chat.

2. General AI

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), also known as  Strong AI , is today nothing more than a theoretical concept. AGI can use previous learnings and skills to accomplish new tasks in a different context without the need for human beings to train the underlying models. This ability allows AGI to learn and perform any intellectual task that a human being can.

3. Super AI

Super AI is commonly referred to as artificial superintelligence and, like AGI, is strictly theoretical. If ever realized, Super AI would think, reason, learn, make judgements and possess cognitive abilities that surpass those of human beings.

The applications possessing Super AI capabilities will have evolved beyond the point of understanding human sentiments and experiences to feel emotions, have needs and possess beliefs and desires of their own.

Underneath Narrow AI, one of the three types based on capabilities, there are two functional AI categories:

1. Reactive Machine AI

Reactive machines are AI systems with no memory and are designed to perform a very specific task. Since they can’t recollect previous outcomes or decisions, they only work with presently available data. Reactive AI stems from statistical math and can analyze vast amounts of data to produce a seemingly intelligent output.

Examples of Reactive Machine AI  

• IBM Deep Blue: IBM’s chess-playing supercomputer AI beat chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov in the late 1990s by analyzing the pieces on the board and predicting the probable outcomes of each move.
• The Netflix Recommendation Engine: Netflix’s viewing recommendations are powered by models that process data sets collected from viewing history to provide customers with content they’re most likely to enjoy.

2. Limited Memory AI

Unlike Reactive Machine AI, this form of AI can recall past events and outcomes and monitor specific objects or situations over time. Limited Memory AI can use past- and present-moment data to decide on a course of action most likely to help achieve a desired outcome.

However, while Limited Memory AI can use past data for a specific amount of time, it can’t retain that data in a library of past experiences to use over a long-term period. As it’s trained on more data over time, Limited Memory AI can improve in performance.

Examples of Limited Memory AI  

• Generative AI: Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT, Bard and DeepAI rely on limited memory AI capabilities to predict the next word, phrase or visual element within the content it’s generating.
• Virtual assistants and chatbots: Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant, Cortana and IBM Watson Assistant combine natural language processing (NLP) and Limited Memory AI to understand questions and requests, take appropriate actions and compose responses.
• Self-driving cars: Autonomous vehicles use Limited Memory AI to understand the world around them in real-time and make informed decisions on when to apply speed, brake, make a turn, etc.

3. Theory of Mind AI

Theory of Mind AI is a functional class of AI that falls underneath the General AI. Though an unrealized form of AI today, AI with Theory of Mind functionality would understand the thoughts and emotions of other entities. This understanding can affect how the AI interacts with those around them. In theory, this would allow the AI to simulate human-like relationships.

Because Theory of Mind AI could infer human motives and reasoning, it would personalize its interactions with individuals based on their unique emotional needs and intentions. Theory of Mind AI would also be able to understand and contextualize artwork and essays, which today’s generative AI tools are unable to do.

Emotion AI is a theory of mind AI currently in development. AI researchers hope it will have the ability to analyze voices, images and other kinds of data to recognize, simulate, monitor and respond appropriately to humans on an emotional level. To date, Emotion AI is unable to understand and respond to human feelings.  

4. Self-Aware AI

Self-Aware AI is a kind of functional AI class for applications that would possess super AI capabilities. Like theory of mind AI, Self-Aware AI is strictly theoretical. If ever achieved, it would have the ability to understand its own internal conditions and traits along with human emotions and thoughts. It would also have its own set of emotions, needs and beliefs.

Emotion AI is a Theory of Mind AI currently in development. Researchers hope it will have the ability to analyze voices, images and other kinds of data to recognize, simulate, monitor and respond appropriately to humans on an emotional level. To date, Emotion AI is unable to understand and respond to human feelings.

Computer vision

Narrow AI applications with  computer vision  can be trained to interpret and analyze the visual world. This allows intelligent machines to identify and classify objects within images and video footage.

Applications of computer vision include:

• Image recognition and classification
• Object detection
• Object tracking
• Facial recognition
• Content-based image retrieval

Computer vision is critical for use cases that involve AI machines interacting and traversing the physical world around them. Examples include self-driving cars and machines navigating warehouses and other environments.

Robots in industrial settings can use Narrow AI to perform routine, repetitive tasks that involve materials handling, assembly and quality inspections. In healthcare, robots equipped with Narrow AI can assist surgeons in monitoring vitals and detecting potential issues during procedures.

Agricultural machines can engage in autonomous pruning, moving, thinning, seeding and spraying. And smart home devices such as the iRobot Roomba can navigate a home’s interior using computer vision and use data stored in memory to understand its progress.

Commission opens formal proceedings against Meta under the Digital Services Act related to the protection of minors on Facebook and Instagram

The Commission has opened formal proceedings to assess whether Meta, the provider of Facebook and Instagram, may have breached the Digital Services Act (DSA) in areas linked to the protection of minors.

The Commission is concerned that the systems of both Facebook and Instagram, including their algorithms, may stimulate behavioural addictions in children, as well as create so-called 'rabbit-hole effects'. In addition, the Commission is also concerned about age-assurance and verification methods put in place by Meta.

Today's opening of proceedings is based on a preliminary analysis of the risk assessment report sent by Meta in September 2023, Meta's replies to the Commission's formal requests for information ( on the protection of minors and the methodology of the risk assessment ), publicly available reports as well as the Commission's own analysis.

Read the full press release and learn more about the DSA.

Last update

17 May 2024

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