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Database Design And Development

2018, Database Assignments

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aaffiz ahamed Basha

Anku Pandey

Saunak Dutta

Mostly data represents recordable facts. Data aids in producing information, which is based on facts. For example, if we have data about marks obtained by all students, we can then conclude about toppers and average marks. A database management system stores data in such a way that it becomes easier to retrieve, manipulate, and produce information. Characteristics Traditionally, data was organized in file formats. DBMS was a new concept then, and all the research was done to make it overcome the deficiencies in traditional style of data management. A modern DBMS has the following characteristics − Real-world entity − A modern DBMS is more realistic and uses real-world entities to design its architecture. It uses the behavior and attributes too. For example, a school database may use students as an entity and their age as an attribute. Relation-based tables − DBMS allows entities and relations among them to form tables. A user can understand the architecture of a database just by looking at the table names. Isolation of data and application − A database system is entirely different than its data. A database is an active entity, whereas data is said to be passive, on which the database works and organizes. DBMS also stores metadata, which is data about data, to ease its own process. Less redundancy − DBMS follows the rules of normalization, which splits a relation when any of its attributes is having redundancy in values. Normalization is a mathematically rich and scientific process that reduces data redundancy. Consistency − Consistency is a state where every relation in a database remains consistent. There exist methods and techniques, which can detect attempt of leaving database in inconsistent state. A DBMS can provide greater consistency as compared to earlier forms of data storing applications like file-processing systems. Query Language − DBMS is equipped with query language, which makes it more efficient to retrieve and manipulate data. A user can apply as many and as different filtering options as required to retrieve a set of data. Traditionally it was not possible where file-processing system was used. ACID Properties − DBMS follows the concepts of Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability normallyshortenedasACID. These concepts are applied on transactions, which manipulate data in a database. ACID properties help the database stay healthy in multi-transactional environments and in case of failure. Multiuser and Concurrent Access − DBMS supports multiuser environment and allows them to access and manipulate data in parallel. Though there are restrictions on transactions when users attempt to handle the same data item, but users are always unaware of them. Multiple views − DBMS offers multiple views for different users. A user who is in the Sales department will have a different view of database than a person working in the Production department. This feature enables the users to have a concentrate view of the database according to their requirements. Security − Features like multiple views offer security to some extent where users are unable to access data of other users and departments. DBMS offers methods to impose constraints while entering data into the database and retrieving the same at a later stage. DBMS offers

Amrinder Brar

Shalom Bacha

We know that a DBMS is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database. A major purpose of a DBMS is to provide users with an abstract view of the database. This means that the system does not provide all the details of data, rather it hides the details of how data is stored and maintained. However, in order for the system to be usable, data must be retrieved efficiently. This concern leads to the design of complex data structures for the representation of data in the database. Since many database systems end users are not computer trained, the complexities are hidden from them through several levels of abstraction in order to simplify their interaction with the system. Before getting in to the details of database systems architecture, let us discuss two important terms associated with it.  View: Normally, a table contains many columns and rows. Sometimes all that data interests the user, and sometimes it does not. There may be a case when only some columns or some rows of a table interest the user. To eliminate data that is not relevant to the current needs, a view is created. A view is a subset of database that an application can process. It may contain parts of one or more tables. Views are sometimes called virtual tables. To the application or the user, views behave in similar fashion as tables; however, they do not have an independent existence. Views allow the user to look at data, but they are not parts of the database.  Schema: In any data model, it is important to distinguish between the description of the database and the database itself. The description of a database is called the database schema. The database schema refers to the overall structure of the database tables that store information such as user profile data, metadata or structured information. Hence, the overall logical design of the database is called as the database schema. A schema is a collection of named objects. Schemas provide a logical classification of objects in the database. A schema can contain tables, views, triggers, functions, packages, and other objects. Note that once the schema of the database is created, usually is not changed. If in case it needs to be modified, only the owner of the schema, that is, the DBA, who has access to manipulate the structure of any object in the schema, can modify it. The distinction between the logical and physical representation of data were recognized in 1978 when ANSI/SPARC (American National Standard Institute/ Standards Planning and Requirements Committee) proposed a generalized framework for database systems. According to the ANSI/SPARC DBMS report, a DBMS can be envisioned as a three-layered system: internal, conceptual, and external. 1. Internal (physical) level: this is the lowest level of abstraction and it describes how the data is physically stored and organized on the storage medium, as well as access to the data, such as through data storage in tables and the use of indexes to expedite data access. At this level, complex low-level data structures are described in detail, which deal with actual storage. The internal model separates the physical requirement of the hardware and the operating system from the data model. 2. Conceptual level: Also known as logical or community-user level, conceptual level describes what type of data is actually stored in the data base, and the relationship among the data. At this level, entire database is described in terms of small number of relatively simple structures, such as tables and constraints. Although implementation of the simple structure at the conceptual level may involve complex physical level structures, the user of the conceptual level of abstraction is the DBA, who must decide what information is to be kept in the data base. 3. External level: The external level (or application interface) is the view that the individual user of the database has. This view is often restricted view of the database and the same database may provide a number of different views for different classes of users. This level deals with the methods through which users may access the schema, such as using an input form. In general, the end users and even the application programmers are only interested in the subset of the database. To simplify their interaction with the system, the view level of abstraction is defined. Concisely, this level is concerned with the way in which the data is viewed by individual users.

IJERA Journal

I have authored this paper to illustrate the History, Types, and Structure of Database Management Systems and their dependencies. Aiming to give a solid overview of the terms database and DBMS. Also, to help the reader create a global, comprehensive picture of the database and DBMS.We start the paper by listing the history of databases and storing data techniques. Then the terms data and types of data. After that, we start defining database and DBMS and their types. We have an extensive illustration of database objects. We give an overview of SQL, DML, TCL, DQL, and DDL as Structured Query Language. Finally, we ended the paper by talking about database normalization and its levels.

Ranganath Ranga

International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems

Vyacheslav Lyashenko

Research in field of developing databases and working with modern applications, their implementation in modern enterprises is constantly expanding, so issue of researching database features still requires further attention. This paper discusses functions that typical database management system (DBMS) should provide. The review is devoted to highlighting advantages and disadvantages of existing databases. The article summarizes material on key aspects that should be present in modern DBMS, which will allow you to better understand procedures for building, working and using them.

Jacob Mijom , Jonathan Charity

Databases based on relational, object-oriented, and object-relational models represent significant advances in database technologies. In the context of general-purpose database management systems, the fundamentals of database models are examined. A historical perspective on the evolution of major database models is provided. The principal concepts underlying relational, object-oriented, and object-relational database models are presented with examples. Finally, a brief view of database federation issues is introduced and served as the foundation for computerized databases are essential and inseparable components of most of today’s information systems and data base technology.

Bhojaraju Gunjal

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• Prof. Robert Morris
• Prof. Michael Stonebraker
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Database systems, assignments.

This section contains problem sets, labs, and a description of the final project. Some assignments require access to online development tools and environments that may not be freely available to OCW users. The assignments are included here as examples of the work MIT students were expected to complete.

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SimpleDB overview ( PDF )

SimpleDB documentation

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