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expression assignment-operator expression
assignment-operator : one of = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=
Assignment operators store a value in the object specified by the left operand. There are two kinds of assignment operations:
simple assignment , in which the value of the second operand is stored in the object specified by the first operand.
compound assignment , in which an arithmetic, shift, or bitwise operation is performed before storing the result.
All assignment operators in the following table except the = operator are compound assignment operators.
Operator | Meaning |
---|---|
Store the value of the second operand in the object specified by the first operand (simple assignment). | |
Multiply the value of the first operand by the value of the second operand; store the result in the object specified by the first operand. | |
Divide the value of the first operand by the value of the second operand; store the result in the object specified by the first operand. | |
Take modulus of the first operand specified by the value of the second operand; store the result in the object specified by the first operand. | |
Add the value of the second operand to the value of the first operand; store the result in the object specified by the first operand. | |
Subtract the value of the second operand from the value of the first operand; store the result in the object specified by the first operand. | |
Shift the value of the first operand left the number of bits specified by the value of the second operand; store the result in the object specified by the first operand. | |
Shift the value of the first operand right the number of bits specified by the value of the second operand; store the result in the object specified by the first operand. | |
Obtain the bitwise AND of the first and second operands; store the result in the object specified by the first operand. | |
Obtain the bitwise exclusive OR of the first and second operands; store the result in the object specified by the first operand. | |
Obtain the bitwise inclusive OR of the first and second operands; store the result in the object specified by the first operand. |
Three of the compound assignment operators have keyword equivalents. They are:
Operator | Equivalent |
---|---|
C++ specifies these operator keywords as alternative spellings for the compound assignment operators. In C, the alternative spellings are provided as macros in the <iso646.h> header. In C++, the alternative spellings are keywords; use of <iso646.h> or the C++ equivalent <ciso646> is deprecated. In Microsoft C++, the /permissive- or /Za compiler option is required to enable the alternative spelling.
The simple assignment operator ( = ) causes the value of the second operand to be stored in the object specified by the first operand. If both objects are of arithmetic types, the right operand is converted to the type of the left, before storing the value.
Objects of const and volatile types can be assigned to l-values of types that are only volatile , or that aren't const or volatile .
Assignment to objects of class type ( struct , union , and class types) is performed by a function named operator= . The default behavior of this operator function is to perform a member-wise copy assignment of the object's non-static data members and direct base classes; however, this behavior can be modified using overloaded operators. For more information, see Operator overloading . Class types can also have copy assignment and move assignment operators. For more information, see Copy constructors and copy assignment operators and Move constructors and move assignment operators .
An object of any unambiguously derived class from a given base class can be assigned to an object of the base class. The reverse isn't true because there's an implicit conversion from derived class to base class, but not from base class to derived class. For example:
Assignments to reference types behave as if the assignment were being made to the object to which the reference points.
For class-type objects, assignment is different from initialization. To illustrate how different assignment and initialization can be, consider the code
The preceding code shows an initializer; it calls the constructor for UserType2 that takes an argument of type UserType1 . Given the code
the assignment statement
can have one of the following effects:
Call the function operator= for UserType2 , provided operator= is provided with a UserType1 argument.
Call the explicit conversion function UserType1::operator UserType2 , if such a function exists.
Call a constructor UserType2::UserType2 , provided such a constructor exists, that takes a UserType1 argument and copies the result.
The compound assignment operators are shown in the Assignment operators table . These operators have the form e1 op = e2 , where e1 is a non- const modifiable l-value and e2 is:
an arithmetic type
a pointer, if op is + or -
a type for which there exists a matching operator *op*= overload for the type of e1
The built-in e1 op = e2 form behaves as e1 = e1 op e2 , but e1 is evaluated only once.
Compound assignment to an enumerated type generates an error message. If the left operand is of a pointer type, the right operand must be of a pointer type, or it must be a constant expression that evaluates to 0. When the left operand is of an integral type, the right operand must not be of a pointer type.
The built-in assignment operators return the value of the object specified by the left operand after the assignment (and the arithmetic/logical operation in the case of compound assignment operators). The resultant type is the type of the left operand. The result of an assignment expression is always an l-value. These operators have right-to-left associativity. The left operand must be a modifiable l-value.
In ANSI C, the result of an assignment expression isn't an l-value. That means the legal C++ expression (a += b) += c isn't allowed in C.
Expressions with binary operators C++ built-in operators, precedence, and associativity C assignment operators
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C operator precedence.
(C11) | ||||
Miscellaneous | ||||
General | ||||
(C11) | ||||
(C99) | ||||
The following table lists the precedence and associativity of C operators. Operators are listed top to bottom, in descending precedence.
Precedence | Operator | Description | Associativity |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Suffix/postfix increment and decrement | Left-to-right | |
Function call | |||
Array subscripting | |||
Structure and union member access | |||
Structure and union member access through pointer | |||
){ } | Compound literal(C99) | ||
2 | Prefix increment and decrement | Right-to-left | |
Unary plus and minus | |||
Logical NOT and bitwise NOT | |||
) | Cast | ||
Indirection (dereference) | |||
Address-of | |||
Size-of | |||
Alignment requirement(C11) | |||
3 | Multiplication, division, and remainder | Left-to-right | |
4 | Addition and subtraction | ||
5 | Bitwise left shift and right shift | ||
6 | For relational operators < and ≤ respectively | ||
For relational operators > and ≥ respectively | |||
7 | For relational = and ≠ respectively | ||
8 | Bitwise AND | ||
9 | Bitwise XOR (exclusive or) | ||
10 | Bitwise OR (inclusive or) | ||
11 | Logical AND | ||
12 | Logical OR | ||
13 | Ternary conditional | Right-to-left | |
14 | Simple assignment | ||
Assignment by sum and difference | |||
Assignment by product, quotient, and remainder | |||
Assignment by bitwise left shift and right shift | |||
Assignment by bitwise AND, XOR, and OR | |||
15 | Comma | Left-to-right |
When parsing an expression, an operator which is listed on some row will be bound tighter (as if by parentheses) to its arguments than any operator that is listed on a row further below it. For example, the expression * p ++ is parsed as * ( p ++ ) , and not as ( * p ) ++ .
Operators that are in the same cell (there may be several rows of operators listed in a cell) are evaluated with the same precedence, in the given direction. For example, the expression a = b = c is parsed as a = ( b = c ) , and not as ( a = b ) = c because of right-to-left associativity.
Precedence and associativity are independent from order of evaluation .
The standard itself doesn't specify precedence levels. They are derived from the grammar.
In C++, the conditional operator has the same precedence as assignment operators, and prefix ++ and -- and assignment operators don't have the restrictions about their operands.
Associativity specification is redundant for unary operators and is only shown for completeness: unary prefix operators always associate right-to-left ( sizeof ++* p is sizeof ( ++ ( * p ) ) ) and unary postfix operators always associate left-to-right ( a [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ++ is ( ( a [ 1 ] ) [ 2 ] ) ++ ). Note that the associativity is meaningful for member access operators, even though they are grouped with unary postfix operators: a. b ++ is parsed ( a. b ) ++ and not a. ( b ++ ) .
Order of evaluation of operator arguments at run time.
Common operators | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a = b | ++a | +a | !a | a == b | a[b] | a(...) |
for C++ operator precedence |
In C++, the assignment operator forms the backbone of many algorithms and computational processes by performing a simple operation like assigning a value to a variable. It is denoted by equal sign ( = ) and provides one of the most basic operations in any programming language that is used to assign some value to the variables in C++ or in other words, it is used to store some kind of information.
The right-hand side value will be assigned to the variable on the left-hand side. The variable and the value should be of the same data type.
The value can be a literal or another variable of the same data type.
In C++, the assignment operator can be combined into a single operator with some other operators to perform a combination of two operations in one single statement. These operators are called Compound Assignment Operators. There are 10 compound assignment operators in C++:
Lets see each of them in detail.
In C++, the addition assignment operator (+=) combines the addition operation with the variable assignment allowing you to increment the value of variable by a specified expression in a concise and efficient way.
This above expression is equivalent to the expression:
The subtraction assignment operator (-=) in C++ enables you to update the value of the variable by subtracting another value from it. This operator is especially useful when you need to perform subtraction and store the result back in the same variable.
In C++, the multiplication assignment operator (*=) is used to update the value of the variable by multiplying it with another value.
The division assignment operator divides the variable on the left by the value on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.
The modulus assignment operator calculates the remainder when the variable on the left is divided by the value or variable on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.
This operator performs a bitwise AND between the variable on the left and the value on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.
The bitwise OR assignment operator performs a bitwise OR between the variable on the left and the value or variable on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.
The bitwise XOR assignment operator performs a bitwise XOR between the variable on the left and the value or variable on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.
The left shift assignment operator shifts the bits of the variable on the left to left by the number of positions specified on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.
The right shift assignment operator shifts the bits of the variable on the left to the right by a number of positions specified on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.
Also, it is important to note that all of the above operators can be overloaded for custom operations with user-defined data types to perform the operations we want.
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The commented assignment operator overloading is my attempt to do what I want, I thought it might provide a better description than the one above the snippet.
I want to be able to do the following:
Where a then would be casted to an int and given the value of b , but still be an instance of class Number .
Is it possible? Can you help me out here?
Thanks in advance.
You should do this:
That is, use T2 in the parameter type, not in the return type!
I would rather use different letter for template parameter:
I think, it is better to use explicit cast, if you want to use class type as template argument and whose constructor has been declared explicit :
By the way, the other operator= should be implemented as:
You have some of the T s in the wrong place. It should be
This will let you do
and it will print 6 , a behaviour similar to that of the int and float types you are imitating.
In case you want more of a built-in feel, the value() and setValue() can be replaced with assignment and cast:
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Yes you can use different types, but note that unless you use friend, your class cannot access the private members of the class it's being passed in with the operator.
Different types of assignment operators are shown below: 1. "=": This is the simplest assignment operator. This operator is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. Example: a = 10; b = 20; ch = 'y'; 2. "+=": This operator is combination of '+' and '=' operators.
Assignment performs implicit conversion from the value of rhs to the type of lhs and then replaces the value in the object designated by lhs with the converted value of rhs . Assignment also returns the same value as what was stored in lhs (so that expressions such as a = b = c are possible). The value category of the assignment operator is non ...
Assignment Operators in C are used to assign values to the variables. The left side operand is called a variable and the right side operand is the value. The value on the right side of the "=" is assigned to the variable on the left side of "=". In this C tutorial, we'll understand the types of C programming assignment operators with examples.
Assignment Operators in C - In C language, the assignment operator stores a certain value in an already declared variable. A variable in C can be assigned the value in the form of a literal, another variable, or an expression.
The assignment operators in C can both transform and assign values in a single operation. C provides the following assignment operators: | =. In assignment, the type of the right-hand value is converted to the type of the left-hand value, and the value is stored in the left operand after the assignment has taken place.
Assignment operators are used to assign value to a variable. The left side of an assignment operator is a variable and on the right side, there is a value, variable, or an expression. It computes the outcome of the right side and assign the output to the variable present on the left side. C supports following Assignment operators:
Move assignment replaces the contents of the object a with the contents of b, avoiding copying if possible ( b may be modified). For class types, this is performed in a special member function, described in move assignment operator . (since C++11)
The assignment operator in C, denoted by the equals sign (=), is used to assign a value to a variable. It is a fundamental operation that allows programmers to store data in variables for further use in their code. In addition to the simple assignment operator, C provides compound assignment operators that combine arithmetic or bitwise operations with assignment, allowing for concise and ...
An operator is a symbol that operates on a value or a variable. For example: + is an operator to perform addition. In this tutorial, you will learn about different C operators such as arithmetic, increment, assignment, relational, logical, etc. with the help of examples.
Assignment operators are used in programming to assign values to variables. We use an assignment operator to store and update data within a program. They enable programmers to store data in variables and manipulate that data. The most common assignment operator is the equals sign (=), which assigns the value on the right side of the operator to ...
Assignment Operators Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. In the example below, we use the assignment operator ( =) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x:
An assignment expression has the value of the left operand after the assignment. It's to allow things like this: a = b = c; (although there's some debate as to whether code like that is a good thing or not.) Incidentally, this behaviour is replicated in Java (and I would bet that it's the same in C# too). edited Feb 20, 2017 at 8:59.
Assignment Operator in C with Tutorial, C language with programming examples for beginners and professionals covering concepts, c pointers, c structures, c union, c strings etc.
The built-in assignment operators return the value of the object specified by the left operand after the assignment (and the arithmetic/logical operation in the case of compound assignment operators). The resultant type is the type of the left operand. The result of an assignment expression is always an l-value.
Since user defined classes and structs can be complex sometimes you need to provide a custom assignment operator to do things like deep copies of pointer members. MyObject a; MyObject b; b = a; // calls assignment operator b.operator=(a); Note you can't overload operators in C and Java probably does it differently.
Operators are symbols used for performing some kind of operation in C. There are six types of operators, Arithmetic Operators, Relational Operators, Logical Operators, Bitwise Operators, Assignment Operators, and Miscellaneous Operators. Operators can also be of type unary, binary, and ternary according to the number of operators they are using.
In C++, the conditional operator has the same precedence as assignment operators, and prefix ++ and -- and assignment operators don't have the restrictions about their operands.
21.12 — Overloading the assignment operator. Alex July 22, 2024. The copy assignment operator (operator=) is used to copy values from one object to another already existing object. As of C++11, C++ also supports "Move assignment". We discuss move assignment in lesson 22.3 -- Move constructors and move assignment .
The assignment operator,"=", is the operator used for Assignment. It copies the right value into the left value. Assignment Operators are predefined to operate only on built-in Data types. Assignment operator overloading is binary operator overloading. Overloading assignment operator in C++ copies all values of one object to another object.
The assignment operator can't be overloaded as a stand-alone (non-member) function. If you have control of the class, and can modify it, you can make a conversion operator: operator double() const { return todouble(); } It must still be a member function though. double is not a class and does not have members.
In C++, the assignment operator forms the backbone of many algorithms and computational processes by performing a simple operation like assigning a value to a variable. It is denoted by equal sign ( = ) and provides one of the most basic operations in any programming language that is used to assign some value to the variables in C++ or in other ...
The commented assignment operator overloading is my attempt to do what I want, I thought it might provide a better description than the one above the snippet.