apa citation for pew research center

APA Citation Guide: Statistics

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How do i express numbers & statistics, statistical abstract of the united states (proquest), pew research center.

It's not always easy to convey numerical and statistical information with clarity and precision. For this reason, Sections 6.32–6.35 of the Manual  provide guidelines on using numerals vs. words. 

Here are a few pointers:

Use numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) for the following:

• numbers 10 and above
• numbers used in statistics (e.g., 2.45, 3 times as many, 2 x 2 design)
• numbers used with units of measurement (e.g., 7-mg dose, 3-in. increments) 
• times (e.g.,1 hr 34 min), ages (e.g., 2 years old), and dates (e.g., March 6)
• scores and points on a scale (e.g., score of 6, 5-point Likert scale)

Use words (one, two, three, etc.) for the following:

• numbers zero through nine (e.g., five members)
• numbers beginning a sentence, heading, or title (e.g., Sixty participants volunteered for)
• common fractions (e.g., one half, one fifth, a two-thirds majority)
• universally accepted phrases (e.g., Twelve Apostles, Five Pillars of Islam)

Commas in numbers

• Use commas between groups of three digits in most figures of 1,000 or more
• Do not use commas in page numbers, binary digits, serial numbers, degrees of temperature, degrees of freedom, and acoustic frequencies above 1000.

Statistics  (see Publication Manual Sections 6.40–6.45 for guidelines on reporting statistics)

• Do not repeat statistics in both the text and a table or figure
• In tables and figures, report exact p values (e.g., p = .015), unless p is < .001 (instead write as "<.001")
• Put a space before and after a mathematical operator (e.g., minus, plus, greater than, less than). For a negative value, put a space only before the minus sign, not after it (e.g., –8.25)
• Use the symbol or abbreviation for statistics with a mathematical operator (e.g., M = 7.7)
• Use the term, not the symbol, for statistics in the text (e.g., the means were)

For more information, check out:  Numbers and Statistics Guide, APA Style 7th Edition

The Statistical Abstract of the United States is a comprehensive summary of statistics on the social, political, and economic organization of the United States.

ProQuest provides over 1400 individually indexed tables with attached spreadsheets. Use the Abstract as a convenient volume for statistical reference, and cite it like this:

Authoring agency (Year of Publication). Title of document: Subtitle if given [often a Table]. ProQuest Statistical Abstract of the U.S . URL

Bureau of Census (2021). Resident population projections for native and foreign-born populations by age group: 2020 To 2060 [quinquennially, as of July 1]. ProQuest Statistical Abstract of the U.S.   https://0-statabs-proquest-com.

Statista provides statistical data on many topics including media, business, politics, society, technology, and education. Sources include market reports, opinion research institutions, trade publications, scientific journals, and government agencies. Charts can be downloaded in PNG, PowerPoint, Excel or PDF formats or embedded in web pages and can be great in papers or presentations. Note: under Source, look for "Survey by," and cite this as author.

Authoring agency. (Publication date). Report title: subtitle if given [Format type]. In Statista . URL

Statistics, dossiers, and reports

eMarketer. (2020, April 14). Social media platforms used by adults in the United States during the coronavirus outbreak as of March 2020 [Graph]. In Statista .  https://0-www-statista-com

Spotrac. (2020, June 10). Highest player salaries in Major League Baseball in 2020 (in million U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In Statista .  https://0-www-statista-com

Statista. (2020). National Hockey League [Dossier]. In Statista .  https://0-www-statista-com

Statista Consumer Market Outlook. (2020, November). Sneaker report 2020 [Report]. In Statista .  https://0-www-statista-com

Infographics

Richter, F. (2021, January 12). One year on, the pandemic still rages [Digital image]. In Statista .  https://0-www-statista-com

The Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan American think tank (referring to itself as a "fact tank") based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world. It also conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis, and other empirical social science research. As authoring agency, cite it like this:

Pew Research Center. (Publication date). Report title: subtitle if given [Format type]. URL

Pew Research Center. (2020, April 20). From virtual parties to ordering food, how Americans are using the internet during COVID-19  [Report].  What Americans are doing online during COVID-19 | Pew Research Center

Note: URLs for Pew Reports are often named, and don't resemble typical https:// addresses. Cut and paste the URL from its source. 

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APA Citation Guide: Web & Social Media

• In-Text Citations
• Web & Social Media
• Audiovisual
• Tables & Figures

Although it is common to refer to the source types on this page as "articles," we are treating them differently as they tend to be published initially and entirely on the web with no corresponding print publication.

New in the 7th edition: The words "Retrieved from" are no longer required for a URL unless you are including a retrieval date. Only include retrieval dates for sources that are likely to change (e.g., wikis).

Entire website

If you mention a website in general, provide the link to it in the text only. You do not need to include references to entire web sites or web tools (for example, www.qualitrics.com for surveys) in the reference list. You do, however, need to include a reference to information you took from any specific webpages, even if they are published on the same website. Only use the webpage format if the source does not fall into any of the other more specific formats on this guide. See the format below.

Webpage on a website

For web pages, provide as much information as is given on the source. If you cannot find a personal name listed, you can use a corporate author, as shown in the example below. If the author and source are the same, do not repeat the source after the title.

Basic format:

Author. (Date). Title of page you used. Source. URL

Example (group author same as source): 

National Institute for Mental Health. (2019, September). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder s. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml

Cited in text (first time): (National Institute for Mental Health [NIMH], 2019)   Afterward: (NIMH, 2019)

Example (personal author different from source): 

Horowitz, J. M., & Graf, N. (2019, February 20). Most U.S. teens see anxiety and depression as a major problem among their peers . Pew Research Center. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/02/20/most-u-s-teens-see-anxiety-and-depression-as-a-major-problem-among-their-peers/

Cited in text: (Horowitz & Graf, 2019 )

Note. You can often refer to the "About" page to find more information about the author.

Twitter profile and tweet

Each Twitter user has a page with several tabs--the homepage, you may have noticed, is called "Tweets." That is why this is listed as the title of a Twitter profile. For individual Tweets, include the date posted as well as the first 20 words of the Tweet.

Author [@username]. (Date). Title of page or first 20 words of post [Format description]. Twitter. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

Example Twitter profile: 

Trump, D. J. [@realDonaldTrump]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved January 3, 2020, from https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump

Cited in text: (Trump, n.d.)

Example Tweet: 

American Psychological Association [@APA_Style]. (2019, October 1). It’s finally here! Today we publish the 7th edition of the Publication Manual and launch a new APA Style website [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/APA_Style/status/1179019738166501377

Cited in text (first time): (American Psychological Association [APA], 2019)      Afterward: (APA, 2019)

Note. The retrieval date is needed for the profile and not the Tweet because the profile page is likely to change over time, whereas an individual Tweet is expected to remain static.

Instagram photo or video

The format for Instagram posts are very similar to the format for Twitter.

Author [@username]. (Date). Title of page or first 20 words of post [Format description]. Instagram. URL

Example Instagram post: 

High Point University [@highpointu]. (2020, January 7). Even the rainy days on this campus can't dampen our mood :) #hpu365 [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B7Bqtu1nfHI/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link

Cited in text (first time): (High Point University [HPU], 2020)   Afterward : (HPU, 2020)

Note. The APA manual says to reconstruct emojis, if possible.

Webpage on a news website

Use this format for articles published in exclusively online news sources like Salon, CNN, Vox, or HuffPost. Do not use this format for online versions of print magazines or newspapers.

Author, I. (Year, Month Day). Title of page or article in italics . Source. URL

Example: 

Allan, D. G. (2020, January 16). Reading is fundamental -- to the family's happiness . CNN Health. https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/03/health/reading-aloud-to-kids-go-ask-your-dad/index.html

Cited in text: (Allan, 2020)

Document on a website

A document on a web site should be cited using the information on the document itself and not the page you used to access it. Most PDF reports will have some sort of title page with the information you need. If it is a government document with a number, provide that before the URL. Link directly to the document.

Author. (Date). Title of document [Format description]. Source. URL

High Point University. (2020). 2020-21 Academic calendar [PDF] . http://www.highpoint.edu/registrar/files/Final-2020-2021-Academic-Calendar.pdf

Cited in text (first time): (High Point University [HPU], 2020)  

Afterward: (HPU, 2020)

The format description in brackets can be used to clarify the type of web source (e.g., [Blog post] or [Press release]). It goes directly after the title, before the period.

Author. (Date). Title of page you used [Format description]. Title of Blog. URL

Yeager, L. (2020, January 10). Adoptive families are real families: A note from a mom [Blog post]. World of Psychology. Retrieved January 13, 2020, from https://psychcentral.com/blog/adoptive-families-are-real-families-a-note-from-a-mom/

Cited in text: (Yeager, 2020)

Facebook page and post

As with Twitter, a Facebook page has several sub-pages, each with a different title. Use Home for the landing page.

Author. (n.d.). Title of page or first 20 words of post [Format description]. Facebook. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

Example Facebook page (it's ours!): 

HPU Libraries. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved January 3, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/hpulibrary/

Cited in text: (HPU Libraries, n.d.)

Example Facebook post: 

HPU Libraries. (2020, January 10). New year, new...APA style guidelines? The 7th edition is here, and you can read about the top ten changes [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/hpulibrary/photos/a.470676643001614/2804606746275247  / ?type=3&theater

Cited in text: (HPU Libraries, 2020)

Note. The retrieval date is needed for the profile and not the post because the profile page is likely to change over time, whereas an individual status update is expected to remain static.

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MSU Libraries

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APA Guide 7th Edition: Data

• Books, eBooks, Reference Works
• Reports, Dissertations, Conference Works
• Audiovisual Media
• Websites and Social Media

National Center for Education Statistics. (2016). Fast Response Survey System (FRSS): Teachers' use of educational technology in U.S. public schools, 2009 (ICPSR 35531; Version V3) [Data set and code book]. National Archive of Data on Arts and Culture. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR35531.v3

D'Souza, A., & Wiseheart, M. (2018). Cognitive effects of music and dance training in children (ICPSR 37080; Version V1) [Data set]. ICPSR. https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/37080/versions/V1

Pew Research Center. (2018). American trends panel Wave 26 [Data set]. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/dataset/american-trends-panel-wave-26/

Unpublished Raw Data

Baer, R. A. (2015). [Unpublished raw data on the correlations between the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills]. University of Kentucky.

Oregon Youth Authority. (2011). Recidivism outcomes [Unpublished raw data].

Medical Data and Patient Records

According to the APA , a reference list is supposed to be a list of retrievable sources, and a medical record is not a retrievable source, since patient privacy and confidentiality can not be observed. If you need to make general reference to a patient record, you can do so in a generalized way. For example, "The patient's medical chart contained a note about the patient's anxiety about receiving treatment" or "The medical records show the patient had lost 10 pounds in the 6 months previously" or "The patient was taking 2 acetaminophen every 4 hours for pain."

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APA Citation Guide

• About APA Style
• In-text Citations
• Referencing Articles
• Referencing Books
• Referencing Other Resources

Audiovisual Works

Audio works, visual works, social media, legal references.

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Style Manual- 7th Edition

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See section 10.4 on pp. 329-331 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association .

There are many kinds of reports, including government reports, technical reports, and research reports. These reports, like journal articles, usually cover original research, but they may or may not be peer reviewed. 

Follow the format used for books as closely as possible:

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. xxxx). Publisher.

Very often there will be a corporate or agency as author:

Agency name. (year). Title of work . Publisher.

Report by a government agency or other organization:

National Cancer Institute. (2018).  Facing forward: Life after cancer treatment  (NIH Publication No. 18-2424). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/life-after-treatment.pdf

Report by individual authors at a government agency or other organization:

Fried, D., & Polyakova, A. (2018).  Democratic defense against disinformation.  Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Democratic_Defense_Against_Disinformation_FINAL.pdf

See section 10.9 on pp. 337-338 of the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Data Set: 

Pew Research Center. (2018).  American trend panel Wave 26  [Data set]. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/dataset/american-trends-panel-wave-26/

Unpublished Raw Data:

Baer, R. A. (2015). [Unpublished raw data on the correlations between the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills]. University of Kentucky. >

Note: For an untitled data set, provide a description in square brackets of the publication status and focus of the data.

See section 10.12 on pp. 342-344 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association .

Film or video:

Forman, M. (Director). (1975).  One flew over the cuckoos nest  [Film]. United Artists.

Simon, D., Colesberry, R. F., & Kostroff Noble, N. (Executive Producers). (2002-2008).  The wire  [TV series]. Blown Deadline Productions; HBO. 

TV series episode or webisode:

Oakley, B. (Writer), Weinstein, J. (Writer), & Lynch, J. (Director). (1995, May 21). Who shot Mr. Burns? (Part one) (Season 6, Episode 25) [TV series episode]. In D. Mirkin, J. L. Brooks, M. Groening, & S. Simon (Executive Producers),  The Simpsons . Gracie Films; Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. 

YouTube video or other streaming video: 

University of Oxford. (2018, December 6).  How do geckos walk on water?  [Video].  YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?=qm1xGfOZJc8

See section 10.13 on pp. 344-346 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association .

Single song or track

Beethoven, L. van. (2012). Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major [Song recorded by Staatskapelle Dresden]. On  Beethoven: Complete Symphonies.  Brilliant Classics. (Original work published 1804)

Vedantam, S. (Host). (2015-present).  Hidden brain  [Audio podcast]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain

Podcast episode

Glass, I. (Host). (2011, August 12). Amusement park (No. 443) [Audio podcast episode]. In  This American Life.  WBEZ Chicago. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/443/amusement-park

Speech audio recording

King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28).  I have a dream  [Speech audio recording]. American Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm

See section 10.14 on pp. 346-347 in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Note: Use these formats to cite (but not reproduce) the types of works below. To reproduce these, permission and/or a copyright attribution may be necessary in addition to the reference (see section 12.15).

Artwork in a museum or on a museum website:

Wood, G. (1930).  American Gothic  [Painting]. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States. https://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/6565

Clip art or stock image

GDJ. (2018).  Neutral network deep learning prismatic  [Clip art]. Openclipart. https://openclipart.org/detail/309343/neutral-network-deep-learning-prismatic

Infographic

Rossman, J., & Palmer, R. (2015). Sorting through our space junk [Infographic]. World Science Festival. https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2015/11/space-junk-infographic/

McCurry, S. (1985).  Afghan girl  [Photograph]. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/national-geographic-magazine-50-years-of-covers/#/ngm-1985-jun-714.jpg

See section 10.15 on pp. 348-350 in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

APA Education [@APAEducation]. (2018, June 29).  College students are forming mental-health clubs-and they're making a difference @washingtonpost  [Thumb-nail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/apaeduction/status/1012810490530140161

Facebook post

Gaiman, N. (2018, March 22). 100,000+ Rohingya refugees could be at serious risk during Bangladesh's monsoon season. My fellow UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador Cate Blanchett is [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook http://bit.ly/2JQxPAD

Instagram photo or video

Zeit MOCAA [@zeitzmocaa]. (2018, November 26). Grade 6 learners from Parkfields Primary School in Hanover Park visited museum for a tour and workshop hosted by  [Photographs]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BqpHpjFBs3b/

Online forum post

National Aeronautical and Space Administration [nasa]. (2018, September 12). I'm NASA astronaut Scott Tingle. Ask me anything about adjusting to being back on Earth after my first spaceflight! [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/9fagqy/im_nasa_astronaut_scott_tingle_ask_me_anything/

See section 10.16 on pp. 350-352 in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Webpage on a news website:

Avramova, N. (2019, January 3).  The secret to a long, happy, healthy life? Think age-positive.  CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/respect-toward-elderly-leads-to-long-life-intl/index.html

Note: use this format for articles published in online news sources (e.g., BBC News, Bloomberg, CNN, HuffPost, MSNBC, Reuters, Salon, Vox). To cite articles from online magazines or newspapers, see Example 15 and 16 in section 10.1 on p. 320.

Webpage on a website with a group author:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, January 23).  People at high risk of developing flu-related complications.  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/high_risk.htm

See Chapter 11 on pp. 355-368 of the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  for information on legal citations. The APA manual refers to  The Bluebook  for legal citations. This chapter does provide basic examples of legal citations.

For examples of legal references, see the sample references from Academic Writer.

• Sample References- Academic Writer Be sure to scroll down to "Legal" and click on the specific type of reference to see the example. 

For more help on legal citations, see the resources below. 

• Citeus Legalus An automated citation generator which formats data into the proper format for legal academic use.
• The Indigo Book An open and compatible implementation of A Uniform System of Citation. However, this is not affiliated with nor is an officially version of The Bluebook.
• Law Subject Guide SCSU's guide on how to find cases, statutes, regulations, and other law-related material.
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APA Style - 7th ed.: APA Style

APA 7th Introduction - Online Exercise

References for Journal Articles

General Format: (p. 317, 7th ed.) Author, A. A., Author B.B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of

            article. Title of Journal, volume number , page 

            range. https://doi.org/xxxxxxxxxxxxx

Notes: Include doi number if one is available and include the doi resolver prefix: https://doi.org/ Here is a DOI Primer from the APA Style Blog.

For articles accessed via the library databases , include a doi if provided. If one is not, do not include a url, simply cite it as you would the print version. (p. 299, 7th ed.)

If article was retrieved in electronic format from a source OTHER than a library database and no doi number is assigned, include the most direct url for the article. (p. 298-299, 7th ed.) Do not include "Retrieved from" and do not include a period at the end of the url.

Include the issue number (non italics) in parentheses after the volume number for all periodicals that have issue numbers. (p. 294, 7th ed.) Example: 40 (2)  [no space between volume and issue number]

If an online periodical does not provide volume, issue, and/or page numbers you omit them if they are not in the work being cited.. (p. 294, 7th ed.)

Provide surnames and initials for up to 20 authors and include an ampersand (&) before the final author name.  (p. 286, 7th ed.)

Place commas and periods inside closing quotation marks.   (p. 157, 7th ed.) If an article has an article number, provide the article number instead of the page range, proceeded by the word Article, capitalized. (p. 294, 7th ed.) If an article with an article number also has numbered pages, those page numbers may be used in the in-text citation, but do not appear in the reference list entry. (p. 295, 7th ed.)

Example References:

(Journal article with doi assigned, three authors) Hudd, S.S., Sardi, L.M., & Lopriore, M.T. (2013). Sociologists

            as writing instructors: Teaching students to think,

            teaching an emerging skill, or both? Teaching Sociology, 40,

            32-45 . https:doi.org/10.1177/0092055X12458049

(Journal article from library database without doi ) Sastry, J. (1999). Household structure, satisfaction and distress in India

            and the United States: A comparative cultural examination.

            Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 30 , 135-152.

(Journal article from a library database with an article number and a doi)      Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T., Glowalla, U., Herder, M., Hendrichs, N.,              Neubauer, A., & Schaefer, J.R. (2018). Teaching medicine              with the help of "Dr. House." PLOS ONE, 13 (3), Article e0193972.               https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193972    

(Journal article from an online journal, without doi) Carter, M. J., (2013). The moral identity and group affiliation. Current

              Research in Social Psychology, 21 , 1-13.

              http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.html

References for Newspapers and Magazines

General Format: (p. 320, 7th ed.)   Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. 

            Title of publication, volume number (issue number),

             page range.

Notes: For electronic magazine and newspaper sources include the same elements as for print, as well as a doi if provided, or the most direct url to non library database sources online.   (p. 298-299, 7th ed. and p. 320, 7th ed.)

For articles accessed via the library databases, include a doi if provided. If one is not, do not include a url, simply cite it as you would the print version. (p. 299, 7th ed.)

Do not include retrieval dates unless the content is likely to change over time. (p. 290, 7th ed.)

When citing magazines, newspapers, and newsletters provide the exact date: (2019, May 23) ( p. 320, 7th ed.)

Example References:  

(Online newspaper article) Nadolny, T. L. (2013, December 19). Minister defrocked over

              same-sex marriage, will appeal. Philadelphia Inquirer .

              https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/20131220_Minister_

              defrocked_by_United_Methodist_Church_over_same-

              sex_marriage.html

(Magazine article from library database without a doi) Smith, E. E. (2013). Life on the island. New Criterion , 32 (2), 57.

References for Online Communities

General Format: (p. 347, 7th ed.) Author A. A. (Year, Month Day).  Title of post  [description of form].

            Community name. http://www.xxxxx

Notes: Include the exact date of the posting if available.

Include the name of the online community where the content was posted.

Use "Lecture notes" for description of form for lecture notes that appeared directly on a Blackboard page. If you opened a file to read the notes, use the file type (enclosed in brackets) as the format: [PowerPoint slides],[PDF document], etc.

If the content is from a learning management system, include the name of the site and login url. (p. 347, 7th ed.)

Note : Both formal lecture titles and informal discussion post titles  should be italicized. Informal posts titles consist of up to the first  20 words of the post. Include a bracketed description as well. (p. 293, 7th ed.)

(Faculty lecture notes from a JCC Blackboard class) Riehm, R. (2019). Where have all the women gone? [Lecture notes].

            SOC 241 Blackboard@JCC. https://online.sunyjefferson.edu/

References for Miscellaneous Online Sources

General Format: (p.351, 7th ed.) Personal or Corporate Author. (Date - format varies - the date posted             or full date of last update is preferred ). Title of document .             Site name. https://xxxxxxxxxx  (URL of specific document)

Omit site name if the author name and site name are the same.

Do not use copyright dates found in the footer as this does not indicate when the content was published. If no date is available for the document you are citing, use: (n.d.) in both the reference and in-text citation. (p. 289, 7th ed.; p. 291, 7th ed.)

When you site an entire website, the APA suggests simply including the url of the home page in your text. (p. 350, 7th ed.)

Include a retrieval date only when the content is designed to change over time. (Facebook, a website that changes frequently, etc.) (p. 350, 7th ed.)

(Specific page from a professional website) American Sociological Association. (n.d.). What is sociology?

              https://www.asanet.org/about-asa/asa-story/what-sociology

(Report from a Nongovernmental Organization) Pew Research Center. (2013, December 11). 10 findings about

              women  in the workplace . http://www.pewsocialtrends.org

              /2013/12/11/10-findings-about-women-in-the-workplace/

(Online sociology source) Kearl, M. C. (n.d.). Gender and society . A sociological tour through

              cyberspace. http://faculty.trinity.edu/mkearl/gender.html

  (YouTube video) Marshall, D. (2012, December 24). C. Wright Mills - The

              sociological imagination [Video]. YouTube.

              https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMR74ytkXKI

Note:   For YouTube video references, include the screen name in brackets after the author's name if one is provided. Also, include a description of the format in brackets after the title and before the period [Video]. (p. 344, 7th ed.)

References for Online Reference Works (Section updated 2/18/20)

General format: (p. 328, 7th ed.) Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In B. B. Editor (Ed.),

          Title of work (xxx ed.). http://xxxxxxxx

Notes: For specific entries from online reference works include the title of the entry in non-italics after the date. Also include the word "In" and editor(s) if listed. If editors are not listed include "In" directly before the title of the overall work. (p. 328, 7th ed.)

Include a retrieval date in the event the work is updated, but not archived. (Meaning you cannot link directly to the version you accessed.) (p. 328, 7th ed.)

Include the name of a database when it provides original information not published elsewhere. (p. 297, 7th ed.)

Example references:

(Online reference work) Elwell, F. W. (n.d.). Idealogy. In Glossary of the Social Sciences . 

            Retrieved February 17, 2020, from http://www.faculty.rsu.edu/

            users/f/felwell/www/glossary/Index.htm

(Online reference work - Data table - corporate/government authored) U.S. Census Bureau. (2013). Table 1. American Indian and Alaska

            native population by tribe for the United States: 2010 [Data table].

            In U.S. Census Bureau (Ed.), 2010 Census CPH-T-6. American

            Indian and Alaska  native tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico:

            2010 . http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/cph-t/t-6tables

            /TABLE%20(1).pdf

(Entry from a specialized reference database - without date or editor information) World Trade Press. (n.d.). Finland: Historical timeline. In A to z the world .  

          Retrieved February 18, 2020, from www.atoztheworld.com

References for Personal Communications

For private emails, personal interviews, your own lecture notes from a professor's lecture, and other forms of data that cannot be accessed by readers, do not include a citation in the reference list.  See the In-text citation information for the proper format of the in-text citation for these sources. (p. 260, 7th ed.)

References for Films and Television Programs

Motion Picture/DVD/Video Recording:

General format: (p. 342-343, 7th ed.) Director, A. A. (Director). (Year). Title of film

          [Film; include DVD version information here if appropriate]. Studio.

Example reference: Seifert, J. (Director). (2010). Dive! [Film; expanded edition DVD].

          Compeller Pictures.

Television Series Episode: General format: (p. 343, 7th ed.) Writer, A. A. (Writer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (Year). Title of episode

           (Season X, Episode X) [TV series episode]. In P. Producer (Producer),

           Series title . Production company; Studio or distributor.

Example reference: Shelly, B. & Ketchum, D. (Writers), & Bellamy, E. (Director). (1973). Tuttle

           (Season 1, Episode 15) [TV series episode]. In G. Reynolds

           (Producer), M*A*S*H . 20 th Century Fox Television.

Book References

General format: Ebook without a DOI from a library database OR Print book (p. 321, 7th ed.) Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work . Publisher.

Example reference: Marsiglio, W., & Roy, K. (2012). Nurturing dads: Social initiatives

            for contemporary fatherhood . Russell Sage Foundation.

General format: Book with a DOI Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work . Publisher.

             https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxx Notes: Ebooks without a doi, yet have a non-database url, does call for the url to be added after the publisher. (p. 321, 7th ed.)

General format: Chapter in an edited book without a DOI, from most academic research databases or print version (p. 326, 7th ed.)

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor,

     & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (xth ed., pp. xx-xx).

     Publisher.

Example reference:

Cacchione, P.Z. (2021). Sensory changes in the older adult. In M. Boltz,

        E. Capezuti, D. Zwicker, & T. Fulmer (Eds.), Evidence-based

        geriatric nursing protocols for best practice (6th ed., Chapter 8).

        Springer Publishing Company.

If an Ebook edition has no page numbers, provide a way for the reader

to locate the content. (In our example, Chapter 8 is clearly labeled as

the area being cited.) (p. 273, 7th ed.)

Book with content from additional contributors

In some cases, especially nursing textbooks and manuals, a book may include content written by individuals not listed as authors of the work. This is a different situation from a reference work that has been edited by one or more and then having individual authors for specific chapters or entries.

In these situations, if you are citing a chapter (or a forward or an introduction) that was written by a contributor not listed as an author, cite the entire book in your References list. In the text of your project, give credit to the contributor in the narrative, along with an in-text citation providing additional details.

Harding, M.M., Kwong, J., Roberts, D., Hagler, D., & Reinisch, C. (2020).         Lewis’s Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of        Clinical Problems  (11th. ed.). Elsevier. 

Example in-text citation with narrative credit for the contributor -- citing material found on page 1062 of Chapter 46, Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease, by Hazel Dennison:

As stated by Dennison, "While patients with hyperkalemia are often asymptomatic, some may have weakness with severe hyperkalemia" (Harding, et al., 2020, Chapter 46, p. 1062).

Citing in this manner gives proper credit to the author of the chapter, yet provides an accurate citation in the References list.

In-text Citations

The brief in-text citation directs your reader to the full reference for the source found in the alphabetical list at the end of the paper.

An in-text, parenthetical citation consists of the author(s)' surname(s) and the year in parentheses for a situation where you are paraphrasing the source. A narrative in-text citation includes the author(s)' surnames in a sentence, immediately followed by the year in parentheses. (p. 263, 7th ed.)

Please note:

If you are citing a specific part of a source, for example when you are directly quoting, you also need to include the page number (or other appropriate information - the chapter, table, or paragraph number for online sources without page numbers, etc.). (p. 264, 7th ed.)

If you are citing content you are paraphrasing, page numbers or other related information is usually not included, HOWEVER, you may include the additional information if you think it will help your reader locate the information within a long or complicated work. (p. 269, 7th ed.)

When a citation includes two authors, note that when listing all elements in parenthesis you use an ampersand (&), and when including the author's names within the text, use the word "and."  (p. 266, 7th ed.) If the reference includes the month and/or day in addition to the year (as is the case for a newspaper reference), you only include the year in the in-text citation. (p. 262, 7th ed.)

General Format:

In-text citation for paraphrase:   (Author surname, Year)  Example:   (Riehm, 2013)

In-text Citation for direct quote: (Author Surname, Year, page or paragraph number [if available])  Example:  (Riehm, 2013, para. 2)

Selected Variations:

Two authors: In-text citation for paraphrase: (Feld & Sharpe, 2005) In-text citation for direct quote: (Feld & Sharpe, 2005, p. 341)

Three or more authors: Note: Include first surname in listed in the work only, followed by et al. and date. Do this for all in-text citations .) In-text citation for all paraphrases: (Rogers et al., 2009)

In-text citation for all direct quotes: (Rogers et al., 2009, p. 34)

See p. 266 in APA 7th. manual for a chart outlining how to do in-text citations for various numbers of authors. (p. 266, 7th ed.)

Corporate author, no date provided on web page:

In-text citation for paraphrase: (American Sociological Association, n.d.)

In-text citation for direct quote: (American Sociological Association, n.d., para. 1)

(p. 288 & 291, 7th ed.)

You can choose to abbreviate well-known organization names, after spelling out the organization's name the first time it appears and then including the abbreviation in parentheses if first appearing in a narrative in-text citation:  The American Library Association (ALA, 2019) provides ...

or within brackets if it first appears in a parenthetical in-text citation:  (American Library Association [ALA], 2019) (p. 268, 7th ed.)

In-text citation for a personal communication: 

Do not include a reference list citation if the information you are citing will not be accessible to the reader, for example a personal email message, a face-to-face interview, etc.

To create the in-text citation include the source's initials and surname, the phrase "personal communication" and as specific a date as possible.  (p. 260, 7th ed.)

If the citation appears at the end of the sentence, include the period for the sentence after the citation.

(L. Tuttle, personal communication, February, 18, 2020)

In-text citation for a film or television episode (paraphrase or quote): (Producer Surname & Director Surname, Year) (p. 343, 7th ed.)

Citing Indirect (Secondary, per APA) Sources

Make every effort to locate the original source if possible.  If that is not possible, include a reference for the source you have in the References list. 

For the in-text citation you need to include author's surname of the original source that was mentioned in your secondary source and the year of publication for that original source in the text.  Follow this information with an in-text citation for the secondary source, beginning with the words "as cited in".

For example, if you are providing a direct quote that you found in an article written by Cynthia Coloton and published in 2012 that she quoted from a book written by Terry Brewer which was published in 1978, you would create a citation for Coloton's article and include it in your References list.  The in-text citation would look like this:

Brewer (1978) states "we are like the plebes at West Point, we do not lie, cheat or steal, or associate with those that do," (as cited in Coloton, 2012, p.14) as he describes the honor system of the organization.

(p 63 & 258, 7th ed.)

Helpful Resources - APA

• APA 7th. ed. Formatting - Purdue OWL
• OWL at Purdue:  In-Text Citations: The Basics (includes information on formatting quotations)
• OWL at Purdue:  APA Sample Papers (Student and Professional)
• Last Updated: Jan 16, 2024 1:02 PM
• URL: https://sunyjefferson.libguides.com/apa7

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General Rule:

Author. (Year). Title of report  (Report No. if given). Publisher. DOI or URL

• If the author and the publishing agency are the same omit the publisher from the citation. 

  Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics. (2013). America’s children: key national indicators of well-being. http://childstats.gov/americaschildren/index2.asp.

Author or name of group. (Year). Title of data set [description of form]. Publisher Name or Source of

unpublished data. Retrieved month day, year, from DOI or URL

• Include a retrieval date only if the data set is designed to change over time. 
• If a version number and/or database number is available include it with the data set title. 
• No need to include a publisher name if it is the same as the author.
• If the data is unpublished provide the source (e.g. university) if known. 
• If the dataset is untitled, give a description of the data and publication status in square brackets.

Pew Internet & American Life Project. (2012). November 2012- library services [Data file and code book]. http://www.pewinternet.org/Shared-Content/Data-Sets/2012/November-2012--Library-Services.aspx

Jeffri, J., Schriel, A., & Throsby, D. (2003) The aDvANCE Project: A study of career transition for professional dancers (ICPSR 35598; Version V1)  [Data set].  IPCSR.  https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR35598.v1  

Whenever possible, give a citation for the measurements' supporting literature (e.g. manual, book, or journal article ). If the supporting literature is unavailable, cite the the test itself or database record using the following rule.

Author name. (year).  Title of the test. URL

Author name. (year).  Title of the test database record [Database record] . Test Database Name. URL

Hofstede , G &  Hofstede , G. J. (2013). Values Survey Module 2013 .  https://geerthofstede.com/research-and-vsm/vsm-2013/

Castellanos, I., Kronenberger, W.G., & Pisoni, D.B.   ( 2018 ). Learning, Executive, and Attention Function Scale

(LEAF) [Database record]. PsycTESTS.  https://doi.org/10.1037/t66008-000

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• Last Updated: Feb 29, 2024 4:13 PM
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Find statistics or data with Statista

Where can i get data about my topic .

• There are many different places to find data about your topic, but I suggest starting with Statista , a website which compiles data that is available from across the web. 
• On the Statista website, search for your topic. You should see a chart of the data and a description of where it comes from below the chart.
• Example: this data on public opinion in regards to gun safety and ownership comes from the Pew Research Center, so they should be cited as the source of the data. Check out the example citation below. 
• I've also listed a variety of topic-specific websites below that you can use to find data. 

Example APA Citation:

Pew Research Center. (2012). What do you think is more imporant - proteching the right of Americans to own guns, or controlling gun ownership (United States, July 2012). Retrieved from  http://www.statista.com/statistics/237372/survey-on-the-importance-of-gun-control-and-gun-ownership-in-the-us/ . 

You could also use the link to the original article on the Pew Research Center site and cite that instead. Here is an APA citation for the page from which Statista drew the data for the ciation listed above:

Pew Research Center. (2012). Views on gun laws unchanged after Aurora shooting. Retrieved from http://www.people-press.org/2012/07/30/views-on-gun-laws-unchanged-after-aurora-shooting/ .

• Statista Statista is a search-able collection of statistics that are available on the open web.

Other Data Sources

• Pew Research Center for People and the Press The Pew Research Center compiles statistics on public opinion toward political and social issues including some major issues in the news such as immigration, health care, taxes and spending, gay marriage and attitudes towards news organizations.
• SimplyMap SimplyMap provides census and market data for the United States by state, county and even city.
• Health Statistics Health statistics from the US National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health.
• Bureau of Labor Statistics Statistics on employment, occupations, industry and demographics from the US government.
• Migration Population Statistics Statistics on Americans born in other countries from the US Census Bureau.
• Education Statistics From the National Center for Education Statistics.
• Vital Statistics on American Politics Statistics on voting and political behavior. Part of the CQ Press Political Reference Suite of Online Editions.
• Europa World Plus Demographic, economic and political data for all countries across the world.
• Statistical Abstract of the United States A collection of statistics about the US from a number of federal agencies. This series was ended in 2011.
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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

In-Text Citations

Resources on using in-text citations in APA style

Reference List

Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats

Other APA Resources

Citation guides

All you need to know about citations

How to cite “Pew” by Catherine Lacey

Apa citation.

Formatted according to the APA Publication Manual 7 th edition. Simply copy it to the References page as is.

If you need more information on APA citations check out our APA citation guide or start citing with the BibguruAPA citation generator .

Lacey, C. (2020). Pew . Granta Books.

Chicago style citation

Formatted according to the Chicago Manual of Style 17 th edition. Simply copy it to the References page as is.

If you need more information on Chicago style citations check out our Chicago style citation guide or start citing with the BibGuru Chicago style citation generator .

Lacey, Catherine. 2020. Pew . London, England: Granta Books.

MLA citation

Formatted according to the MLA handbook 9 th edition. Simply copy it to the Works Cited page as is.

If you need more information on MLA citations check out our MLA citation guide or start citing with the BibGuru MLA citation generator .

Lacey, Catherine. Pew . Granta Books, 2020.

Other citation styles (Harvard, Turabian, Vancouver, ...)

BibGuru offers more than 8,000 citation styles including popular styles such as AMA, ASA, APSA, CSE, IEEE, Harvard, Turabian, and Vancouver, as well as journal and university specific styles. Give it a try now: Cite Pew now!

Publication details

This is not the edition you are looking for? Check out our BibGuru citation generator for additional editions.

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APA (7th ed.): Citation Examples & Essential Rules

   For NPS theses, papers, and publications: to cite properly, follow the citation examples and apply the essential rules.

• APA Example List of References

Citation Examples

Essential rules, author as publisher.

When the author and the publisher are the same, omit the publisher information from the reference entry to avoid repetition.

Author Names: Honorifics

Do not include honorifics (Dr., Col., Professor, etc.) when citing author names. Including these titles in the body of your document is acceptable.

Identifying Authors of Official Documents

For the National Security Strategy , cite the president as the author.

For other official documents , the author is the organization immediately responsible for creating the document. In the example below, the author is the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the publisher is the Department of the Navy.

In the example above, the author is NOT an umbrella organization, signatory, or any of the following:

• Chief of Naval Operations
• Deputy Chief of Naval Operations
• W. F. Moran
• Department of Defense
• Navy Pentagon
• R. P. Burke
• United States of America​

Do not include acronyms for organizations listed as authors in the List of References or footnotes:

• YES: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.
• NO: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO or OCNO).
• NO: CNO or OCNO.

Bibliography vs. List of References

What is the difference between them.

• A List of References  includes all works cited in a text
• A Bibliography  lists all works cited  and consulted

The NPS Thesis Processing Office prefers a List of References for the following: 

• Capstone project report
• Dissertation

For papers, check with your professors for their preference.

Capitalization: Title Case vs. Sentence case

Note: Always format the information in your citations (titles, author names, etc.) according to the requirements of the citation style you are using, regardless of how it appears in the original source.

Country Names with Government Organizations

When naming government organizations, be consistent: for example, either Department of Defense or U.S. Department of Defense. If citing organizations from multiple countries, ensure that it is clear which organization is associated with which country—for example, Australian Department of Defence, South African Department of Defence, Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence, Singapore Ministry of Defence.

Every equation that is not field-specific common knowledge needs to be cited. You may weave the source into the narrative:

• The next step was to apply the X method (Ochoa, 2022), to describe ...
• Ochoa (2022) summarizes the derivation as follows ...

Here is an example of citing properly before the equation. Note the period at the end. Equations must function grammatically as part of the text:

Adapted from Moreau, P. P. (2022).  A cost-effectiveness analysis of C-12 variant airborne ISR capabilities in the Marine Corps  [Master's thesis, Naval Postgraduate School], NPS Archive: Calhoun. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/69689

And here is an example of how to cite an equation after it is presented:

Adapted from Moreau, P. P. (2022).  A cost-effectiveness analysis of C-12 variant airborne ISR capabilities in the Marine Corps  [Master's thesis, Naval Postgraduate School], NPS Archive: Calhoun. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/69689

Figures / Images / Graphs

A citation is required if you did not wholly create the figure—i.e., if you used someone else's image or data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the figure are your own creation.

See Figure 1 for placement of the title and the in-text citation.

• Put a period and a space after the title.
• If you use the figure exactly as it appears in the source, use “Source: ___.”
• If you alter the original figure or use someone else's image or data to create the figure, use “Adapted from ___.”

Figure 1.    A Figure with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Source: Author (2017).

Figure 1.    A Figure with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Adapted from Author (2017).

For more details, see the Thesis Template .

• Thesis Template

How Often to Cite?

• Remember: one citation at the end of a string of sentences or a paragraph cannot “cover” the entire section.  
• Cite a source the first time it is used in each paragraph.  
• Note: always use a citation (even if you also use a signal phrase) every time you quote material.

In-text Citation Placement & Signal Phrases

Where in the sentence does my in-text citation go  .

• But compare what happens when the quotation comes first: The "less than suboptimal millinerial outcomes" reported by Schartz and Metterklume (2013, p. 198), however, continue to impede the development of sufficiently dense peach-basket hats.  
• If the sentence ends with a quotation, "close the quote, then place the citation between the quotation marks and the punctuation, like this” (Woolf, 1931, p. 14).  
• Do not insert spaces between a parenthetical citation and the punctuation that follows it.

In the paragraph below, the   parenthetical in-text citations are highlighted in yellow , and the  s ignal phrases are in blue . Note that the second sentence is common knowledge, whereas the final sentence is clearly the opinion of the author.

• Using Signal Phrases Effectively

Missing Info

If any information is missing from a source (a journal with no volume number, for example), simply omit that information.  For sources consulted in hardcopy, omit the URL and any additional verbiage that introduces it. Anything retrieved online, however, MUST have a link. The only exception is journals retrieved from a subscription database such as ProQuest. 

Multiple Authors, et al.

Adapted from  American Psychological Association. (2010).  Publication manual of the American Psychological Association  (6th ed.). and   American Psychological Association. (2019).  Publication manual of the American Psychological Association  (7th ed.).

Multiple Works by the Same Author / Multiple Sources in One Citation

Examples given are for books; follow the appropriate style for the source type you are citing.

Page Numbers and Other Locators

In-text Citations

• Include page numbers in in-text citations when citing quoted material.
• Example: (Haynes, 2009, p. 70)
• If a source does not have page numbers, include as much information as needed for the reader to locate the material. Such information might include the following:
• Do not use Kindle location numbers with in-text citations. Provide the page numbers, or use one of the options above.
• In citations especially of shorter electronic works presented as a single, searchable document, such locators may be unnecessary.

See:  Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers

List of References/Bibliography

• For portions of larger documents, such as journal articles and book chapters , include the  page range. Example: Cordesman, A. H., Mausner, A., & Kasten, D. (2009). Introduction. In J. Smith (Ed.), Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces (pp. 1–12). Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Print vs. Online Sources

When citing a source retrieved online, use the "online" format even when you or someone else printed out the material. For example, if you print out a thesis or your advisor provides you with a printed thesis, it is still categorized as an online document.

Only cite as a print source when the material has been produced by a publisher in hard copy. For example, if you obtain a print journal or book from the library stacks, it is categorized as a printed source.

Retrieval Dates

Only include date retrieved if the source material has no date.

Secondary / Indirect Sources

An indirect source is a source that cites some other work that you discuss in your text.

Whenever possible, consult primary sources and your sources’ sources yourself. Upon investigation of the primary source, you may find you disagree with the indirect source author’s analysis or methods.

How to Incorporate Indirect Sources

The following passage incorporates a properly credited indirect source. The indirect source information is highlighted in yellow; the primary source information is highlighted in blue.

Walker (2008) describes Miguel Roig's 1999 experiment , which correlates inadequate paraphrasing in student writing with poor reading comprehension. Citing Roig’s data , Walker explains that "students do in fact possess skills necessary for paraphrasing but … may be impeded from applying those skills when dealing with rigorous text"  (p. 387) .

Note: Include only the indirect source (the source  you  consulted) in your reference list. 

For more information

See the TPO's " Citing Your Sources’ Sources " handout.

A citation is required if you did not wholly create the table—i.e., if you used someone else's data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the table are your own creation.

See Table 1 for placement of the title and the in-text citation.

• If you use the table exactly as it appears in the source, use “Source: ___.”
• If you alter the original table or if you use someone else's data to create the table, use “Adapted from ___.”

Table 1.    A Table with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Source: Author (2017).

Table 1.     A Table with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Adapted from Author (2017).

For more details, see the  Thesis Template .

Translations and Works Not in English

For works with a translator, follow the format for edited sources but substitute "translated" for "edited" in the list of references. 

R: Manqué,  M. Old and rejected poems. (1989). Translated by Hickinson, P. Narrow Fellow Press.

For works in languages other than English, format the title in sentence case , then give the translation, also in sentence case, in square brackets immediately following:

R: Manqué, M. (1992).  "L'esthétique de l'échec" [The aesthetics of failure]. In Sweeney H. (Ed.),  Éviter les clichés et des autres clichés [Avoiding clichés and other clichés], edited by Sweeney,  H. 3–44. Stew & Offspring.

Additional Resources

• APA Style Blog Online companion to the print guide.
• APA Style Guide (print) 7th ed. 2020.
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• Last Updated: Apr 26, 2024 4:20 PM
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Table of Contents

AAPOR. 2003. “ Interviewer Falsification in Survey Research: Current Best Methods for Prevention, Detection and Repair of Its Effects .”

Benford, Frank. 1938. “ The Law of Anomalous Numbers .” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society.

Bredl, Sebastian, Peter Winker and Kerstin Kötschau. 2012. “ A statistical approach to detect cheating interviewer falsification of survey data .” Survey Methodology.

Bredl, Sebastian, Nina Storfinger and Natalja Menold. 2011. “ A literature review of methods to detect fabricated survey data .” Discussion Papers from Justus Liebig University Giessen, Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU).

Converse, Philip E. 1964. “ The nature of belief systems in mass publics .” In Joseph W. Elder, ed., “Ideology and Discontent.”

Crespi, Leo P. 1945. “ The Cheater Problem in Polling .” Public Opinion Quarterly.

Diekmann, Andreas. 2002. “Diagnose von Fehlerquellen und methodische Qualität in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung.” Institut fuer Technikfolgenabschaetzung (ITA).

Diakité, Souleymane. 2013. “Statistical methods for the detection of falsified data by interviewers and application survey data in Africa.” Sixth International Conference on Agricultural Statistics.

Groves, Robert M., Floyd J. Fowler Jr., Mick P. Couper, James M. Lepkowski, Eleanor Singer and Roger Tourangeau. 2009. “Survey Methodology.”

Hood, Catherine C. and John M. Bushery. 1997. “ Getting More Bang from the Reinterview Buck: Identifying ‘At Risk’ Interviewers .” Proceedings of the American Statistical Association.

Judge, George and Laura Schechter. 2009. “ Detecting Problems in Survey Data Using Benford’s Law .” The Journal of Human Resources.

Koch, Achim. 1995. “ Gefälschte Interviews: Ergebnisse der Interviewerkontrolle beim ALLBUS 1994 .” ZUMA Nachrichten.

Kosyakova, Yuliya, Jan Skopek and Stephanie Eckman. 2015. “ Do Interviewers Manipulate Responses to Filter Questions? Evidence from a Multilevel Approach .” International Journal of Public Opinion Research.

Kuriakose, Noble and Michael Robbins. 2015. “ Falsification in Survey Research: Detecting Near Duplicate Observations .” American Political Science Association Annual Meetings 2015.

Li, Jianzhu, J. Michael Brick, Bac Tran and Phyllis Singer. 2009. “ Using Statistical Models for Sample Design of a Reinterview Program .” Proceedings of the Research Methods Section, American Statistical Association.

Loosveldt, Geert. 2008. “Face-To-Face interviews.” In Edith D. deLeeuw, Joop Hox and Don Dillman, eds., “International Handbook of Survey Methodology.”

Lyberg, Lars and Paul Biemer. 2008. “Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Surveys.” In Edith D. deLeeuw, Joop Hox and Don Dillman, eds., “International Handbook of Survey Methodology.”

Lyberg, Lars and Diana Maria Stukel. 2010. “Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Cross-National Comparative Studies.” In Harkness, Janet A., et al., eds. “Survey Methods in Multinational, Multiregional, and Multicultural Contexts.”

Menold, Natalja and Christoph Kemper. 2014. “ How Do Real and Falsified Data Differ? Psychology of Survey Response as a Source of Falsification Indicators in Face-to-Face Surveys .” Journal of International Public Opinion Research.

Reuband, Karl-Heinz. 1990. “ Interviews, die keine sind – ‘Erfolge’ und ‘Mißerfolge’ beim Fälschen von Interviews .” Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie.

Schnell, Rainer. 1991. “ Der Einfluß gefälschter Interviews auf Survey Ergebnisse .” Zeitschrift für Soziologie.

Schraepler, Joerg-Peter and Gert Wagner. 2005. “ Characteristics and impact of faked interviews in surveys – An analysis of genuine fakes in the raw data of SOEP .” Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv.

Schreiner, Irwin, Karen Pennie, and Jennifer Newbrough. 1988. “ Interviewer Falsification in Census Bureau Surveys .” Proceedings of the Research Methods Section, American Statistical Association.

Singer, Eleanor. 2008. “Ethical Issues in Surveys.” In Edith D. deLeeuw, Joop Hox and Don Dillman, eds., “International Handbook of Survey Methodology.”

Winker, Peter, Natalja Menold, Nina Storfinger, Sabrina Stukowski, Christoph J. Kemper, and Sabrina Stutkowski. 2013. “ A Method for ex-post Identification of Falsifications in Survey Data. ”  NTTS 2013 – Conferences on New Techniques and Technologies for Statistics.

Zaller, John R. 1992. “The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion.”

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